Bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi kỹ năng Writing Tiếng Anh 12

BỒI DƯỠNG HỌC SINH GIỎI KỸ NĂNG WRITING TIẾNG ANH 12

Some concepts:

1. Sentence?

- Câu là một nhóm từ thường bao gồm một chủ ngữ và một động từ, diễn đạt một lời nói, một c6u hỏi hay một mệnh lệnh.

- Các loại câu:

+ Câu đơn (Simple sentences): là câu chỉ có một động từ được chia

Ex: The child cried.

+ Câu hợp (Compound sentences): là câu gồm hai hoặc nhiều mệnh đề độc lập được kết nối với nhau bằng liên từ (and, but, or, nor, so, yet, …) hoặc bằng một dấu ch6a1m phẩy.

Ex: She told a folk tale and we all listened to her.      

We moved to Florida in 1990; however, we stayed only five years and then returned to Ohio.

+ Câu phức (Complex sentences): là câu gồm một mệnh đề chính (min clause) và một hay nhiều mệnh đề phụ (subordinate clause).

Ex: The thief went away when he saw a policeman. 

          Main clause            Subordinate clause      

The little girl whom you saw yesterday is my youngest daughter.

                     Subordinate clause

+ Câu phức hợp (Composite sentences): là câu có hai hay nhiều mệnh đề chính và một hay nhiều mệnh đề phụ.

Ex: Because they trusted me, they gave it to me and asked me to preserve it.

      Subordinate clause

2. Paragraph?

- A paragraph includes:

+ A topic sentence   

- Supporting ideas

◦ Examples

3. Topic sentence?

- The topic sentence gives the main idea of the paragraph. It is often the first sentence in the paragraph and should express an idea you can easily write about in one paragraph. The topic sentence should not be too specific or too general. 

- A good topic sentence should have a clear focus. This means it should present a particular idea, feeling or opinion about the topic.

Ex: Too general topic sentence: My neighborhood is a nice place to live.      

A good topic sentence: My neighborhood is fascinating because people from many countries live in it.

4. Essay?

- An essay includes:

+ Introduction paragraph: 

- Restatement of the question

- Thesis statement

+ Body: - Paragraph 1

- Paragraph 2

- Paragraph 3

- ……………

+ Conclusion:

- Restatement of the thesis

5. Some kinds of essay:

- Description:

+ Description of things, places, people

+ Description of charts

- Argument

- Comparison

Steps to write a paragraph:

1. Exploring ideas:

- Brainstorming - Discussing - Listing

2. Organizing ideas:

- Order of importance: the most important ideas first and then the less important ideas ones.

- Order of time (Chronological order)

- Giving reasons: when you write you should give reasons for your opinions

Ex: Write about the advantages of a large or small college.

Advantage 1: Small schools have fewer students. Reason: It’s easier to get to know the other students.

Advantage 2: ---------------------------------------------------------------

Reason: ---------------------------------------------------------------------

Advantage 3: --------------------------------------------------------------

Reason: --------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Write the topic sentence:

Ex 1: Here is a list of topic sentences for a different paragraph about the advantages of studying abroad. Are any topic sentences too specific or too general?

1. Students who study abroad often can’t speak the language well.

2. Studying abroad has three main advantages.

3. There are several reasons why students should study abroad.

4. There are many good schools in foreign countries.

5. If possible, all college students should spend some time studying in a foreign country.

Ex 2: Write a topic sentence for your paragraph about the advantages of large or small colleges

.  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note: All the detail in the paragraph should develop the idea given in the topic sentence.

Ex 3: In the following list, one detail is not on the topic. Find it and cross it out.

Topic sentence: My room is small, but it is very comfortable and has everything I need.

- is small but has enough space for my things, with a big closet

- has a big window with a view of a beautiful oak tree

- landlord is not very pleasant - is on the second floor and is quiet - is nice and warm in winter

- has a small refrigerator and a cabinet for dishes 

4. Developing cohesion and style:

- Giving reasons: because, as, since, so, therefore, …

- Using transition words: first of all, secondly, finally, in addition, also, moreover, …

- Using connectors: and, but, or …

- Using expression of contrast: in contrast, on the other hand …

- Giving examples: for example, for instance, an example of …. is …

5. Writing concluding sentence:

- Most paragraph have concluding sentences, which may repeat the idea of the topic sentence in different words or give a personal reaction to the topic of the paragraph.

It can tell what you learned about yourself from the experience, or it can describe a hope for the future. It should leave the reader with a positive feeling.

Ex: Paragraph about ethnic neighborhood.

I don’t need to buy an airplane ticket to experience the world; a walk around my neighborhood is just as exciting.

Ex: Paragraph about how a Brazilian student felt about living in a dorm with no other students from Brazil.    

Although I often felt lonely and homesick at first, I feel that I made some good American friends because I didn’t have people from Brazil to talk to. 

Ex: - I hope that my experience raising my own children will help me be a better teacher.

- I feel that I have experienced the best of both cultures, and I hope to use the experience in my future work.

- Now I know that if I enjoy something and know it is important, I can work really hard to make it a success.

* Some writing topics:

1. Describe a festival or celebration in your country, using the following brief notes.

Opening: Which festival? Where? When? Why?

Main body: How is it celebrated? (general)

What happened? (details) 

Food and drink?

Ending: How does it end?

2. The world is experiencing a dramatic increase in population. This is causing problems not only for poor, developing countries but also for industrialized and developed nations. Describe some of the problems that overpopulation causes and suggest at least one possible solution. (You should write from 200 to 250 words)

Sample Answer 1:

For the past few decades, planet earth is observing a significant rise in world population which is very alarming. Substantial increase in population is also causing problems in growing countries. This essay will explain some of the problems caused by overpopulation and will recommend few possible remedies to overcome this issue.

The very first problem caused by overpopulation is in providing basic necessities of life to inhabitants. Governments find it very hard to provide adequate food and water to residents, provide quality educational services and faces problems in facilitating proper health services both in urban and rural areas. For instance, in India, more than 70% people lives below the poverty line. Moreover, overpopulation destroys the ecosystem of the society.

Another cause due to the increase in population is that governments and administrators of the emergent countries fail to arrange proper public services. This includes logistics, mass transit system, power generation and arranging housing facilities for people in overcrowded cities. For instance, people in Pakistan are facing crisis in the energy sector and public transport system due to overpopulation. This also gives rise to unemployment which results in increased crime rate. 

There are few remedies to over this acute problem. One of them is through having awareness programs for families to control birth rate. For instance, family health workers in Sindh created a huge impact in rural areas by educating families about the issues caused by overpopulation. Government should also put in place strong policies and high tax rate on families having more than two children 

To conclude, overpopulation causes problem in health, academic and other public services domain and place a huge burden on the government. If the problem continues to grow without having proper control of it, many more people will die due to starvation in poor countries and life in growing countries will become increasingly difficult. 

[ Written by - Tauseef Raza ]

Sample Answer 2:

Today’s world faces an immense explosion of population. In most countries, the population has been increased alarmingly. Increased population is a serious problem not only in poor or developing countries but also in developed countries. Our resources are limited. So overpopulation can cause problems like starvation, unemployment, etc.

In poor countries where the economy is not strong enough to feed all the people, overpopulation causes starvation. More land is required to provide accommodation to the people. Thus the land available for farming is used for accommodation purpose. Generally, in poor countries, technological development is less. Due to less land available for farming, starvation comes often in this type of countries. The government is not capable enough that can provide a quality education to all the children. Thus it leads to unemployment.   

In developing and rich countries where most of the cities have become crowded, the government faces a great challenge of providing good public services. Health services have become very poor, especially in developing countries due to overpopulation. Water, electricity and other resources are limited available. The crime rate is increasing due to unemployment. Land available in big cities is very expensive. Common or middle-class people are not capable of buying houses.

There can be two possible solutions for the problem of overpopulation. The government must provide education to the people to limit the size of the family. Women, who are pregnant and do not want to give birth, should be allowed to have an abortion. The government can form some revolutionary rule like ‘one child’ policy. People having more than one child should be punished by not providing public services.

As a conclusion, I will say overpopulation is a serious issue and must need great attention to overcome.  

[ Written by - Ashish Nimavat ]

Sample Answer 3:

Our world is experimenting massive increase in population and thereby not only well-developed countries suffer from this overpopulation. Despite governments are trying to solve this issue, population increases year by year. This causes huge problems in all of the countries like scarcity of foods, unemployment, crowded cities, increased crime and  so on. Educating people would be the best possible solution to tackle this problem.

The most common problem of overpopulation is that people cannot find jobs. Thereby, people cannot get the opportunity to work, because that country is overflooded with population and there is the scarcity of employment. And, also, crowded cities are not attractive and there persists a lot of noise that is very annoying. For this reason, this may lead to depression in the tourism of cities. Also, increasing in the population is inversely proportional to the development level of the country. And this might have enormous effects on government politically. The food crisis, growth in crime rates, noise and air pollution, housing problem all emerge only because of the increased population.

In spite of these issues, governments have solutions to cope. Even, there are some regulations that are dedicated to solve this problem. For instance, overpopulated countries have such legislation which prohibits 2 and more children per family. Educating people and building an educated nation is the only solution to this heinous problem. Until the citizens become educated and understand the effects of having more family members in their family and in the country, other measures that the government take would be valueless.  

In conclusion, the countries who are suffering from this problem should take proper initiative and measurement for solutions to fight against it. And politics and the government have vital roles to play on this occasion along with the awareness among the citizens.

[ Written by - Eldar Rehimli ]

Sample Answer 4:

The world population is increasing day by day. Every country wants to have a resounding number of population. However, this type of arranged enhancement can damage the government because the existence of more people means the coexistence of more demanding and complex issues.

This problem concerns all the undeveloped and developed countries across the world. In undeveloped countries, the situation is worse. Because in addition to overcrowding the financial budget is not sufficient to aid people and at the same time food, healthcare, education, sanitation and other shortages are incredibly widespread. In these countries, the poor underlie the society therefore the community cannot help itself.

The condition in industrialised and developing countries does not differ in great amounts. The financial aids of the governments cannot afford society's significant part. And also in developed countries, the rich, unfortunately, are not always generous enough. Consequently, the government cannot manage to provide famine relief and accommodations for all the people who are in need of it. In this case, overpopulation causes the economics of the country to depression. And that is a thing which no countries want it. The unemployment is in its highest rate and the economic inflation made the lifestyle harder even in developed countries and overpopulation is one of the main reasons for that.

Because of that, some overpopulated countries such as China and India realise some prevention policies. The government constraints having children more than an estimated number. By this way, the government can impose some punishments for not crossing the limit of having children and can control the increasing of the population. The regulation of increasing of the population can be a solution to the overpopulation issue.

[ Written by - Elruz Rehimi ]

3. Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on young children.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.

Write not less than 250 words.

Model Answer 1:

Nowadays, young children use computers so frequently that some even use them more than 10 hours every day. Although some people believe that the phenomenon has no harmful effects on young children, I agree that the disadvantages of it outweigh the advantages.

To begin with, the benefits of using a computer are widely admitted. As high-tech tools, computers provide children with diversified methods to help them learn efficiently. Animated web pages and incentive applications are designed for teaching and inspiring them to access more information  and that process expands their horizons as a result. Also, children are attracted easily by the interactions in educational computer programs, so that they absorb knowledge effectively in a lively atmosphere, and it proves to be welcomed by both parents and teachers.

On the other hand, negative impacts of using a computer every day need to be emphasised. Since young children have only acquired inadequate self-control, they are likely to be addicted to computers, video games in particular. Spending too much time on computer games, children will lose their interest in studying as well as communicating with their peers. Moreover, their values and perspectives of the real world might not be well developed once they fall in love with the virtual world, which will have a detrimental influence on their future. Again, using computers for long hours has both physical and psychological effects that would be even more devastating for young children.  

In conclusion, though computers are helpful to youngsters’ study, the adverse effects they bring weigh more. It is acceptable that youngsters use computers two or three times a week, but parents still need to be aware of the unhealthy information on the internet and video games addiction of their offspring.

[ by  - Fumi ]

Model Answer 2:

The computer is considered as a wonderful invention of the modern world and somehow young people are more attracted to using computers than the older people. Like any other technology, computers have their own demerits if overused or negatively used, but I completely disagree that using a computer every day can have more adverse effects than positive effects for young children.

A computer is a bit different from other electronics tools or gadgets like music players, gaming devices or televisions. Someone requires a great deal of knowledge and an advanced computing capability to actually create something useful in a computer. How can someone become an expert graphics designer or programmer if s/he does not use computers daily from the early age? The negative effects that computers might bring are pretty ignorable and are mostly health related issue that someone can easily overcome with a little awareness and prudent lifestyle. But this negative effect is nowhere comparable with the advancement and flexibility the computer technology has bought for our life.

Young children who play games more than 7-8 hours or do unproductive tasks in a computer are actually bringing more negative points that learning the miracle machines. But think about a child who learns programming, play games, learn advanced computing 3-4 hours a day would become a great computer professional someday.

In conclusion, if the young people are spending their time for entertainment purposes in front of a computer, then s/he  better be utilised in somewhere else. But someone with the determination to learn the computing and advancing his/her knowledge about computer software, hardware and networking would become a skilled person for the upcoming future. Hence the young people should be encouraged to use computers daily to enhance their knowledge while taking precaution so that this habit does not affect their health.

Model Answer 3:

As the role of technology has been very crucial in everyone's life, children have been accustomed to the computers. One may say using computers will give great knowledge to computers or the more negatives than positives. I believe using computers can have more negative effects than advantages because the computer makes children lazy and violent.       

If the children become addicted to computers, they will become lazy in their life and they will no longer concentrate on other important things they have to do. Day by day, as the computer steals their valuable time, they will not show an interest in studies and outdoor games. As a result, they will not only become lazy but also they will not be physically sound. For example, my father bought me a personal computer when I finished my 10th grade because I had got A+ in my 10th grade public exams. As I become more habituated to a computer, I became indolent to do my other activities such as studies, sports and the other extra routines. Consequently, my rank dropped to A- in my 12th standard. If anyone tried to take away my computer from me, I used to behave violently.          

Kids act unnaturally if they want to own these electronic machines. This creates abnormal behaviours in children. In future, they will not be social. On the other hand, their important role in their schools will get damaged if this continuous.                   

Another major disadvantage using computers is, children may use adult sites (above 18 years old sites) instead of using a computer for beneficial reasons. For example, today almost in every website, there are ads which promote dating services, adult contents, etc. These ads and then the time spent on those websites by a kid are enough to spoil a good child. 

My conclusion is that the parents should either supervise their children while using computers, internet and encourage them to use it for benefits or do not allow their children to use computers. Otherwise, their children will have to face a lot of problems.

[ by  - Vijay Punna ]

Model Answer 4:

These days the computer has become a part of many families. Though it is useful for every member of the family in day to day life, its dark side is more dangerous for the children.

A child learns maximum from his surroundings. It is known that the computer provides massive material for a child to learn new things at the same time enjoy games. However, a computer is not intelligent enough to filter the contents based on the age of a person who is using it. For instance, a child might search for an action game on the internet and he might find the real war videos. Frequently, watching such violent videos could harm a child's character. For example, a kid could be more aggressive in future.

Moreover, spending more time on a computer could build an isolated attitude that a child does not learn to socialise. Computers support interesting games and videos so a child would prefer to be in front of a computer as much as possible and enjoy them. Perhaps this could be one of the reasons that more and more kids suffer from eyes problems these days. Medical science has proved that a person blinks his eyes lesser time that required while using the computer. Apart from eyes, it could harm our backside as well. While sitting in front of the computer people do not realise that they are constantly sitting in the same position for longer hours which results in back pain problem.

I believe the computer is an amazing invention to reduce human efforts. However, if it is used excessively, it could turn into a weapon.

[ by  - Naaz ]

Model Answer 5:

Over the past few decades, the world has been revolutionised with computerisation. In spite of, this trend being a boon to the sectors like Information Technology, Globalization and Networking. It has now become a serious deterrent for young children. This essay will discuss its negative impacts on them.

The primary reason is that children are exposed to several health hazards due to over indulgence in the use of computers. Most of the kids nowadays have eyesight problems. This is because of too much exposure to the video display units. For illustration, a child gets more fascinated by playing computer games than outdoor games which naturally makes them idle for longer hours.

The reason stated above sows seeds for another connected problem,” lack of physical activity”. The childhood days are meant to be spent in a hale and healthy way by involving in lots of energetic activities but this has been changed completely with the advent of computers.

Further moving on the same track, a lot more children are now being addicted to social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. This is not all, they have become more dependent on the internet for everything and are likely losing their thinking ability. For instance, the younger generation prefers surfing for the details they require for an academic task like assignment which may have been given to test their imagination and cognitive skills.

In a nutshell, It is believed that computers are likely causing more detrimental effects like vision, physical activity and more dependency on the internet. Thus, in my opinion, the ideal solution for this could be taken by parents by reducing the usage time of computer and restricting few sites on the internet to make use of technology in a constructive way.

[ by  - Nivetha ]

4. Write a composition to argue for or against the following suggested solutions to traffic problems. Which solutions are you for and which ones are you against? Suggested solutions: - tax motorists more - improve public transportation - give cyclists free helmets - restrict parking in cities - build more motorways - ban car advertising - put up petrol prices - set lower speed limits

5. You borrow some books from your school library. Unfortunately you have to go away to visit a sick relative and cannot return the books in time. Write a letter to the library. Explain what has happened and tell them what you want to do about it.

6. Some people say that studying the English language in an English-speaking country is the best but not the only way to learn the language. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Write a paragraph of 200 words to express your opinion.

7. Use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and write an essay of about 200 words about the following topic: some people state that TV programs should be more educational than entertaining. Others disagree. Give your own opinion, and provide specific examples.

8. This is a part of a letter you receive from an English friend: We had dinner at a new restaurant yesterday. It was great! How often do you eat out? What’s your favorite restaurant like? Write a letter, answering your friend questions.

9. Your English teacher has asked you to write a story. Your story must begin with this sentence. I had a real surprise when I turned on the television.

10. Your Scottish pen friend has written to you for advice. Next month, I’m moving with my family to a different area. I have to choose between going to a small school in the countryside or a large school in the center of town. What should I do? Write a letter to your pen friend, giving your advice.

11. Your English teacher has asked you to write a story. Your story must begin with this sentence: As the man left the café, Maria saw that his phone was still on the table. 

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