- An Historical Sketch of the Progress of Opinion. - 7.1 The Nature of the Disk. - 7.3 Modelling the Medium and Details of the Calculation Method. - 9.2 The Form of the Disk. - Features of the Solar System 151 10.1 The Planets. - 11.3 The Problem of the Terrestrial Planets. - 12.2 Satellites of the Colliding Planets. - 12.3 Features of the Moon. - 12.4 The Hemispherical Asymmetry of the Moon. - 12.5 The Evolution of the Moon’s Orbit. - Mars and Mercury 219 13.1 Larger Solid Bodies of the Solar System. - 15.2.4 The survival of the Oort cloud. - 17.3 Explanations of the Anomalies. - 18.7 The Tilts of Spin Axes of the Planets and Stars. - 18.11 Small Bodies of the Solar System. - However, his most significant observations were of the planet Venus. - The development of the sphere is shown in Fig. - some other theory was needed to explain the origin of the planets.. - (i) the tidal distortion of the Sun and the formation of an escaping filament,. - This pressure depends on the product of density and temperature (on an absolute scale 1 ) of the gas. - Similarly, two units of the mineral albite will break up by. - In the inner regions of the Solar System, these directly form the. - In the outer part of the system, they become the solid cores of the major planets.. - This could be explained by the presence of a low-temperature source in the vicinity of the star. - 11 The mean distance of the Earth from the Sun is one astronomical unit (au) or 1 . - Globular clusters occur in all parts of the galaxy — the galactic plane, the nucleus and the halo (Appendix G).. - small, of the order of one second of arc. - The luminosity of the Sun is approximately W. - A representation of the full electromagnetic spectrum is shown in Fig. - find the infrared region of the spectrum. - Two properties of the curves shown in the figure are evident. - From the extent of the broadening, the equatorial speed can be estimated. - The temperature of the medium is a measure of the average. - kinetic energy of the particles within it. - One of the strongest coolants is singly ionized carbon (C. - carbon with one of the atomic electrons removed. - 2 For C + it is of the form. - This critically depends on the angular momentum of the protostar. - magnitude of the final angular momentum is given by J 2. - R is the radius of the Sun.. - The way in which this depends on the mass of the star is explained in Appendix Q.. - The right-hand side gives the products of the reaction. - Another remnant of the Crab supernova is a neutron star. - That completes my account of the life and death of stars. - 5.1 The relationship of the radiation beams to the spin axis for a pulsar.. - The scale of the motion of the star is much smaller than that of the planet. - 1 The symbol ⊕ represents the Earth so that M ⊕ is the mass of the Earth.. - Table 5.1 The contributions to the speed of the Sun due to three planets.. - The minimum mass of the planet is 2.62 times that of Jupiter.. - There are several interesting features of the exoplanets listed in Table 5.2. - The transit of the planet leads to a 1.5%. - greater the speed of the star in its orbit. - Most of the dust is tiny particles. - In the case of the Solar System we know what these sources are. - The oval represents the limit of the gaseous disk surrounding the star.. - Characteristics of the star. - Mass of the star, M. - 2 × 10 30 kg ≈ M Luminosity of the star, L. - Characteristics of the protostar. - Initial temperature of the protostar, T P = 20 K. - Mean molecular mass of protostar material, µ kg Characteristics of the protostar orbit. - Eccentricity of the orbit, e = 0.95 SPH simulation of the protostar. - Five of the protoplanet condensations are retained in orbit around the star. - The general appearance of the condensations in Fig. - 6.1 will overestimate by a factor of two the masses of the resultant planets. - The geometry that was adopted placed the star in the plane defined by the axes of the two cylinders. - The mass of each stream, M s The density of the gas, ρ. - The question then arises of what happens to the remainder of the protostar mass. - The Nature of the Disk. - The areal density of the disk, i.e. - it is the relative speed of the air and the mover that is the critical factor.. - Viscosity-based resistance is very dependent on the size of the moving body. - Modelling the Medium and Details of the Calculation Method. - 7.1, it is a sufficiently good representation for the purpose of the simulation.. - σ r , and the total mass of the medium. - Table 7.1 The variation of the final a and e with protoplanet mass for a given medium.. - 7.11 The proportion of the stellar gravitational field neutralized by stellar activity.. - of the period of the star’s enhanced activity to the period during which the medium is acting. - The inclination of the orbit was 150. - on the mass and distribution of the medium and its rate of decay.. - 1 The symbol ⊕ indicates the Earth, so M ⊕ is the mass of the Earth.. - (c) The spike shows the effect of the planet.. - From the height of the sharp rise it is possible to estimate the mass of the planet. - (vii) The mass of the protostar is selected randomly in the range of 0.25–0.75 M. - (ix) From the density of the protostar the free-fall time is found (Eq. - 1 Alfv´ en, H., 1978, The Origin of the Solar System, ed. - The Form of the Disk. - A feature of the disk not illustrated in Fig. - 9.1 is the variation in the density of the material with increasing distance from the planet.. - 9.1, with the extent of the stretch increasing with distance. - Brownian motion is due to the asymmetric bombardment of the particle by gas molecules. - 9.7 The decay of the orbit of a satellitesimal of mass 10 22 kg.. - The orbit is close to circular for the whole of the decay period.. - within the expected lifetime of the disk.. - of the angular momentum of its smaller-scale primary-secondary system. - disks with masses similar to those of the planets themselves. - Features of the Solar System. - The orbits of the terrestrial planets are contained within the black circle.. - The densities of the four planets, from Mercury outwards,. - The general appearance of the four terrestrial planets is shown in Fig