CHNG 1: QUAN H VIT NAM - TRUNG HOA TRC TRIU

QUANG TRUNG

1.1.QUAN H GIA HAI NC TRC KHI QUN THANH XM LC

NC TA:

Vit Nam v Trung Hoa u l nhng quc gia c lch s t rt lu i. T hng ngn
nm trc Cng nguyn khi nhng c dn Lc Vit dng nn nh nc s khai - nh nc Vn
Lang ca cc vua Hng - th trc ngi Hn thnh lp nn "nh nc u tin ca h
vng Sn Ty, Cam Tc, min Bc ". [10:8]

Vit Nam nm pha ng Nam lc a chu , li nm ngay ng t giao lu quc t,

nn ngay t thu xa xa, ngi Vit sm c giao lu, tip xc thng xuyn vi cc dn
tc v cc nn vn ha khc nhau trn th gii. Qu trnh tip xc thng xuyn y gp
phn to nn tm tnh ngi Vit: d thch nghi, ci m, hn hu, mn khch... l yu t
quan trng hnh thnh nn phong cch ngoi giao: rt ho hiu, t k th...

Khi mi lp quc, xt v mt a l, nc Vit Nam v Trung Hoa cch nhau mt khong

cch rt xa, "Hai nc xa nhau hng vn dm, cch nhau bi nhiu lnh th, nhiu a bn c
tr ca nhiu tc ngi khc nhau" [10:8], song da theo truyn thuyt v da theo nhng t
liu ngoi giao c ghi chp li trong s sch Trung Hoa, th ngay t thi by gi, gia hai
nc c nhng cuc tip xc ngoi giao u tin:

"S sch Trung Quc ghi nhn: Nm Mu Thn (tc nm th 5 i vua ng Nghiu
Trung Quc, theo dng lch l nm 2353 trc Cng nguyn, mt s b ngoi giao u tin
ca vua Hng nc ta ch ng ti thm Trung Quc, s b ca ta qua hai ln thng dch
mi ti c Trung Quc" [10 :8].

"Hn mt nghn nm sau, Vit Nam v Trung Quc vn xa nhau hng vn dm, nhiig
mt s b ca ta li sang thm Trung Quc ln th hai (Vo nm th 6 i vua Thanh
Vng nh Chu, tc nm mo trc Cng nguyn)" [10:9].

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 Nh vy, ngay trong bui dng nc, dn tc ta sm ch ng tin hnh nhng hot
ng giao thip vi nc ngoi t tnh hu ngh, thn thin. V tinh thn tr thnh
phong cch ngoi giao truyn thng ca chng ta sau ny.

Cn cc triu i Trung Hoa t coi mnh l trung tm ca thin h (Trung Quc), xung
quanh ch l gc cnh (T du). H t xem dn tc mnh l cao qu, tinh hoa nht (Hoa), ln
mnh nht (H), m khinh b, mit th cc dn tc xung quanh l Man, Di, Nhung, ch (Trong
ch "Man" c b "trng" ch su b, trong ch "ch" c b "khuyn" l ch... xem thng
cc nc khc khng ng l con ngi). Cc ch Trung Hoa t ho v truyn thng vn
ho c sc ca mnh v xem thng nhng dn tc khc l km ci, lc hu, cn phi c
khai hoa vn minh.

T , trong h hnh thnh "tinh thn nc ln" vi t tng "bnh thin h" (lm cho
thin h c bnh an), theo chnh sch "Dng H, bin Di" (dng Hoa H ci bin cc tc
ngi khc). V chnh t tng "i Hn" ny l c s hnh thnh chnh sch i ngoi ca
nh nc phong kin Trung Hoa: lun gy chin tranh nhm thn tnh cc nc lng ging
m rng lnh th. T khi dng nc vng Cam Tc vi mt quc gia nh b, thng qua cc
cuc chin tranh ln, nh, thn tnh cc nc lng ging, sp nhp thm t, m rng lnh th
v pha Nam, cho n th k in trc Cng nguyn, bin gii pha nam ca Trung Hoa m
rng st bin gii Vit Nam. Trung Hoa tr thnh quc gia c din tch ln nht lc a chu
. Cng vo thi im y, Vit Nam tr thnh nc u Lc gm hai nhm Lc Vit v u
Vit c kt cht ch to nn.

Vy l t th k III trc Cng nguyn tr i, Vit Nam v Trung Hoa thnh nhng
quc gia lng ging. Nh trnh by phn trn, ngay t thi Hng Vng, nc ta tm
cch giao ho, t mi quan h thn thit vi Trung Hoa. L ra, khi tr thnh lng ging, quan
h y cng phi gn b, tt p hn. Nhng trong khi ta mun giao ho, cc triu i phong
kin Trung Hoa vn tip tc vic bnh trng lnh th xung pha Nam. T th k III trc
Cng Nguyn, trn tin qun v pha Nam, qun Tn nh ph, xm lc u Lc. Nhn
dn u Lc anh dng chin u, nh bi k th. Sau , nhn nh Tn suy yu, mt ch
hu ca nh Tn l Triu lp ra mt nc ring ri tm mi cch chim ly u Lc. T
bt u nhng trang s bi thng ca dn tc ta hn mt ngn nm Bc thuc. Trong hn

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mt thin nin k y, cc triu i phong kin Trung Hoa k tip nhau h u Lc, xem
u Lc nh nhng qun huyn ca Trung Hoa. ( l: qun Giao Ch, thuc vng Bc b
nc ta ngy nay, qun Cu Chn thuc vng Thanh Ngh Tnh, v qun Nht Nam thuc
vng t t Honh Sn tr vo).

Trong sut hn mt ngn nm b phong kin phng Bc cai tr y, quan h gia Vit
Nam v Trung Hoa l quan h gia nc h v nc b h. Giai on ny khng cn
quan h ngoi giao m ch cn s p bc ca mt ch i h vi mt dn tc b h.
Trong sut mi th k y, nhn dn ta vn khng cam chu cnh i n l m vn lin tip ni
dy chng li ch cai tr. Cc hot ng v trang chng ngoi xm din ra khp ni. Vit Nam
tuy b h song li c khong cch rt xa trung tm ca i quc Trung Hoa nn Vit Nam
da vo sc mnh on kt qut cng ca c dn tc v khong cch xa xi y lun ni
dy, chng li ch h v c lc nh ui c k th, ginh ly c lp, c khi ch trong
vng thi gian ngn: vi ba nm, c khi trn nm mi nm...

n nm 938, chin thng Bch ng lch s a nc ta vo mt k nguyn mi, k

nguyn c lp dn tc, chm drthi k Bc thuc. T y, quan h ca Vit Nam - Trung
Hoa khng cn l quan h ca mt nc b tr vi mt nc thng tr m l quan h ca hai
quc gia c lp . Tuy vy, quan h gia quc gia i Vit nh b vi nc lng ging Trung
Hoa khng l, lc no cng lm le thn tnh cc quc gia ln cn, bnh trng, m rng lnh
th khng phi l mi quan h n gin, m cn tu thuc nhiu vo tng giai on gia hai
nc c chin tranh hay hoa bnh. Nhng nhn chung, trong giai on c lp t ch, t th k
X n th k XIX, ng li quan h ngoi giao ca Vit Nam, c bit l ngoi giao vi
Trung Hoa tng bc c ci thin. D trong thi chin hay thi bnh, Vit Nam vn gi
vng nguyn tc bt bin: Kin quyt bo v c lp ch quyn dn tc. l nguyn tc
khng th b xm phm. Sau trn Bch ng nm 938, Trung Hoa vn cha t b m mu thn
tnh nc ta bnh trng lnh th nn trong quan h vi Trung Hoa, vic gi vng nguyn
tc v c lp dn tc y cng phi da trn nhng sch lc thch hp, khi cng rn, lc mm
do... nhm t hiu qu. iu ny c th hin r nt nht trong nhng thi k chin tranh.

V d nh trong cuc khng chin chng Tng thi L hay trong cuc khi ngha Lam
Sn chng Minh do L Li - Nguyn Tri lnh o sau ny, ng cha ta bit s dng ngoi

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giao nh mt v kh sc bn, li hi trong cuc u anh chng k th xm lc. u tranh
ngoi giao c kt hp cht ch vi u tranh qun s trong khng chin ginh thng li
cui cng.

Trong cuc khng chin chng Tng, vo u nm 1077, sau khi ta chn ng qun
Tng phng tuyn sng cu, qun Tng tn tht nng n, tinh thn hoang mang, sa st. L ra
qun ta c th trn thng li m quyt nh ti cng, tiu dit k th, nhng L Thng Kit
quyt nh thng thuyt, m li thot cho gic. ng li ng n y khin ta va ui
c gic ra khi b ci m vn bo ton c lc lng, m quan ng hn c l vn gi
c ho ngh gia hai nc sau chin tranh.

Hoc vi cuc khi ngha Lam Sn, trong khi ngha qun chu nhiu tn tht, L Li,
Nguyn Tri tm thi ging ho vi qun Minh c thi gian cng c lc lng. Trong
giai on cui cng ca chin tranh, hot ng ngoi giao c Nguyn Tri s dng mt
cch rt linh hot, ti tnh, h tr hiu qu cho u anh qun s ginh thng li. Khi ginh
c thng li v qun s th li dng m phn kt thc chin tranh, t li quan h hoa
bnh gia hai nc.

l trng thi chin, cn quan h gia hai nc trong thi bnh th th no?

Thi bnh, trong quan h Vit - Hoa ni cm ln hai vn , l: vn sch phong v

vn triu cng.

Vn sch phong: Cng nh nhng nc nh lng ging khc ca Trung Hoa, Vit
Nam , mt v vua mi ln ngi phi cu phong. Khi c "Thin triu" Trung Hoa sch phong
tc vng cho th xem nh nn c lp y c cng nhn.

Vic phong vng th hin tnh cht chnh thc ca ngi c cng nhn, v th hin
tnh chnh thng ca triu i y. Khi "Thin triu" sch phong cho ngha l "Thin triu"
chp nhn v s bo v an ninh cho quc gia y, s khng tn cng vo nc y tr khi trong
nc y c nhng thay i "tri o Tri". Khi phong vng, "Thin triu" ban cho quc
vng mi sc phong v n vng tng trng cho quyn lc ca "Thin triu

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 Sau nm 938, nc ta ginh c ch quyn v c lp dn tc, nhng vn chu nh
hng nng n ca vn hoa ng, nht l Nho gio: "Tiu quc s i quc" (Nc nh th
nc ln), nn ng ch ta "trong xng , ngoi xng vng". Ta vn chu sch phong ca
Trung Hoa gi hoa hiu, m vn bo m c lp dn tc. Nh nh s hc Phan Huy Ch
tng vit: "Trong vic tr nc, hoa hiu vi nc lng ging l vic ln... Nc Vit ta c c
ci t pha Nam m thng hiu vi Trung Hoa, tuy nui dn ng nc c quy m ring ,
nhng trong th xng , m i ngoi th xng vng, vn chu phong hiu, xt l th thc
phi th" [15:135].

V l quan h gia "Thin triu" v tiu quc nn trong cc cng vn, biu, th... triu
nh ta thng dng li l ht sc nhn nhng v lun tm cch "tng bc" s sng sut, anh
minh ca "Thin triu" . l sch lc ngoi giao mm do, kho lo ca ng cha ta nhm
gi gn quan h ho hiu vi "Thin triu" m vn bo v c quc th v s ton vn lnh
th.

Vn triu cng :

c "Thin triu" sch phong, ta cng nh nhng nc nh lng ging khc ca

Trung Hoa phi thc hin ch cng np. Ta bt u thc hin ch cng np chnh thc
vi Trung Hoa t nm 1258 , di thi Trn, c ba nm, sau ny, t nm 1584, 6 nm cng
np mt ln. Vic triu cng rt tn km v vt v.

L vt cng np thng l:

- Nhng sn vt a phng nh: ng voi, sng t, trm hng...

- Ngi: Nhng th kho c tuyn chn t cc ngnh ngh, thy tu, thy bi...

- Vng bc, chu bu...

Trong thi bnh, ngoi vn sch phong v triu cng cn mt vn thng phi tranh
bin trong quan h gia hai nc, l vn bin gii, lnh th.

Ngoi nhng phn t m cc th quan Trung Hoa ln chim vng bin gii ca nc
ta ri i tn cc vng hng sp nhp vo t ai ca "Thin triu", lch s Vit Nam cn
ghi li hai trng hp nh nc ct t cho Trung Hoa, l di triu H v triu Mc. Lch
s cng ghi nhn, di thi L ta i li c nhiu phn t mt. Cuc u tranh ginh

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li t ai ca T Quc vn tip tc, quyt lit nht l di triu L Thnh Tng, ri di triu
Quang Trung sau ny...

Tm li, quan h gia Vit Nam v Trung Hoa c hnh thnh t rt lu i. Tuy tri
qua nhiu bin ng, mi quan h y ngy cng c ci thin, nht l t th k X, khi ta
ginh c c lp dn tc. Trong quan h ngoi giao ca Vit Nam vi cc nc lng ging
ni chung v vi Trung Hoa ni ring, ng cha ta xy dlig c ng li ngoi giao mm
do nhng kin quyt, kin nh trong nguyn tc giif vng c lp dn tc song li linh hot,
kho lo trong ng x, tn trng hoa hiu dn tc, rt mc khoan dung, ngay c vi k th.
Nh trong "Bnh Ng i co", Nguyn Tri vit:

" Rt cuc, ly i ngha thng hung tn, em ch nhn thay cng bo"

ng cha ta sm bit dng ngoi giao nh mt v kh sc bn trong cng cuc khng

chin, ng thi bit phi hp ngoi giao vi hot ng qun s mt cch hiu qu ng cng
cuc khng chin chng li k th xm lc. V cng chnh nhng hot ng ngoi giao kho
lo y mang li hoa hiu dn tc, dp tt nhng mm mong chin tranh vi cc nc lng
ging, c bit l vi nc lng ging ln Trung Hoa trong nhiu giai on lch s.

1.2. CUC KHNG CHIN CHONG QUN XM LC THANH.

1.2.1. TNH HNH VIT NAM TRC KHI QUN THANH XM LC

Vo th k XVIII, Vit Nam lm vo tnh trng khng hong m ng v mi mt:

chnh tr, x hi, kinh t v i sng nhn dn... Tnh trng chia ct t nc: vua L - cha
Trnh thng tr ng Ngoi, cc cha Nguyn ct c ng Trong, vn ko di dai dng t th
k XVI.

Cc tp on thng tri ch ch tm vo vic cng c quyn lc cho dng h mnh. V

cung ng cho nhng nhu cu xa x, h tng cng bc lt n p nhn dn bng ch su
thu h khc, nng n. Cuc sng ca nhn dn lao ng, ch yu l nng dn, v cng khn
kh v nn su cao, thu nng, li b bn a ch cp ot rung t. i sng nhn dn ta kh
s trm b. "Con giun xo lm cng qun", phong tro nng dn khi ngha chng li bn
thng tr v a ch phong kin bng n khp ni trong c nc, nn th k XVIII c gi l
"Th k ca khi ngha nng dn" .

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 C th im qua mt vi cuc khi ngha tiu biu nh:

ng ngoi c cuc khi ngha Nguyn Tuyn, Nguyn C vng Hi Dng, cuc
khi ngha Nguyn Hu cu vng bin Sn, cuc khi ngha Nguyn Danh Phng
vng Tam o...

ng Trong c cuc khi ngha ca nng dn v thng nhn Qung Ngi, Quy Nhn
di s lnh o ca Linh Vng v Qung Ph (nm 1695), ca ng bo Chm Trn Bin
khi ngha do Dng Bao Lai v Dip M Lng lnh o nm 1746...

Phong tro nng dn din ra rt rm r, si ni. Tuy tht bi, phong tro nng dn khi
ngha th k xvm ging nhng n ch mng vo ch qun ch Vit Nam vn v cng
ru r, to tin cho nhng thng li ca phong o nng dn Ty Sn sau ny.

Phong tro nng dn Ty Sn do ba anh em: Nguyn Nhc, Nguyn L v Nguyn Hu

lnh o. Dng c khi ngha nm 1771, ti t Ty Sn, Bnh nh, vi sch lc kho lo,
cng vi ngh thut lnh o ti tnh ca b ch huy, phong tro nhn c s ng h ca
ng o cc tng lp nhn dn. Phong tro Ty Sn ngy cng ln mnh v nhanh chng i t
thng li ny n thng li khc, tng bc tiu dit chnh quyn cha Nguyn ng Trong.

Nm 1778, Nguyn Nhc ln ngi hong , phong cho Nguyn Hu lm Long Nhng
Tng qun, Nguyn L lm Tit Ch. Th lnh ti cao ca phong tro Ty Sn l Nguyn
Nhc, nhng vi nhng chin cng lin tip ca mnh trong cng cuc nh Nguyn, chng
Xim, Nguyn Hu c nhng ng gp ln lao cho phong tro, ng thi cng t khng
nh c thin ti qun s ca mnh. c bit, chnh Nguyn Hu ch huy qun Ty Sn
bn ln tn cng Gia nh nh tan tc tn qun h Nguyn. Nm 1785, Nguyn Hu cng
ngha qun Ty Sn lm nn chin thng Rch Gm - Xoi Mt vang di, tiu dit hu ht
qun can thip Xim, "i Nam thc lc chnh bin" ( nht k, tp 2, trang 53-59 v 65) c
nhn xt "... Ngi Xim t sau cuc bi trn nm Gip Thn, ming tuy ni khoc m lng th
s Ty Sn nh s cp" [18:227].

n nm 1786, sau khi h thnh Ph Xun, Nguyn Hu lnh o ngha qun Ty Sn

tip tc ginh trn vng t Thun Ha, Qung Tr, Qung Bnh. Sau , Nguyn Hu ch kp
cho ngi v bo tin cho Nguyn Nhc v d cha c s chp thun ca v th lnh ti cao,

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Nguyn Hu v ngha qun Ty Sn vn tha thng tin qun thng ra Bc h vi s tr gip
ca Nguyn Hu Chnh.

Vi khu hiu "Ph L, dit Trnh", ngha qun c s ng tnh ca ng o qun

chng nhn dn. Ngha qun chim c Ngh An, Thanh Ha, Sn Nam... ri tin thng ra
Thng Long mt cch d dng. Vy l tnh n ngy 21.7.1786, ch trong vng mt thng, qun
Ty Sn do Nguyn Hu ch huy nh bi qun Trnh, thc s lm ch Bc h.

Vi vic tiu dit chnh quyn h Nguyn ng Trong, tiu dit tp on h Trnh
ng Ngoi, Nguyn Hu v phong tro Ty Sn c cng t c s ch vic lp li thng
nht nc nh sau hn hai th k chia ct.

Tuy nm ton b binh quyn Bc h trong tay, Nguyn Hu gi ng khu hiu "Ph
L, dit Trnh", trao li quyn hnh ng Ngoi cho vua L. Vua L Hin Tng cm kch
phong cho Hu tc Uy Quc Cng, g cng cha Ngc Hn cho Nguyn Hu v tng thm c
vng t Ngh An cho Ty Sn. Sau khi Nguyn Hu cng Nguyn Nhc rt qun v, Nguyn
Hu ng ti Thun Ho, c phong lm Bc Bnh Vng.

Sau khi Ty Sn rt i, tnh hnh Bc H tr nn ri lon. Lc lng tn d ca h Trnh

li chim quyn ca vua L. L Chiu Thng bt lc phi nh s gip ca Nguyn Hu
Chnh dp tan lc lng h Trnh. Nguyn Hu Chnh vn c xng hng, xng b
Bc h.nn khi Ty Sn rt qun, b mc Nguyn Hu Chnh li Bc h, Nguyn Hu Chnh
bit Nguyn Hu khng tin dng mnh nn li cng rp tm phn phc. Sau khi gip vua L
tiu dit tay chn ca h Trnh, Nguyn Hu Chnh li chuyn quyn, ln t vua L, li cn t
r thi th 'ch vi Ty Sn. Tha dp tnh hnh Bc h ln xn, anh em Ty Sn trong kia
li ang xch mch, bt hoa, khng rnh tay i ph, Nguyn Hu Chnh m mu c chim
Bc H, chia ct t nc: " ... p li ly c Honh Sn ,vch li sng Gianh lm bin gii
nh vic c trc y" [48: 226]. Nguyn Hu Chnh cn xi gic vua L i Nguyn Hu tr
li vng t Ngh An.

Trc s tro tr ca Nguyn Hu Chnh, Nguyn Hu cho V Vn Nhm v Ng Vn

S em qun ra Bc h, trng tr k phn c. Qun ca Nguyn Hu Chnh b nh tan tc,
Nguyn Hu Chnh b bt v b git. L Chiu Thng hong ht b chy sang vng Kinh Bc.

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 V Vn Nhm vn l con r ca Nguyn Nhc, li l tng di quyn Nguyn Hu.
Nhn lc anh em Ty Sn bt ho, V Vn Nhm ngm ngm m mu gy dng quyn lc
ring. "Trong cuc xung t gia Nguyn Nhc v Nguyn Hu, tuy b ngoi Nhm t ra trung
lp nhng trong lng vn nui mt mu " [57:39]. Sau khi dit c Nguyn Hu Chnh, lp
L Duy Cn lm Gim Quc, V Vn Nhm ngy cng kiu cng, lng hnh, chuyn quyn
nh ot mi vic, v ngy cng l r m mu lm phn.

Thng 4.1788, Nguyn Hu cng lc lng Ty Sn hnh qun ngy m ra Bc git cht
k phn bi. V phi gii quyt vn Gia nh ang ri ren do tn qun Nguyn nh quy
ph, nn sau khi giao quyn binh Bc h li cho Ng Vn S v Phan Vn Ln, Nguyn Hu
mau chng rt qun v.

Lc ny Bc h, bn L Chiu Thng vn ln trn v tm cch chng ph Ty Sn. L

Chiu Thng v mt s tng t nu mnh Lng Giang, Kinh Bc. L Duy Ch, em ca L
Chiu Thng cng mt s t trng chim gi nh Chu (Thi Nguyn). Trc , khi ri
khi Thng Long, L Chiu Thng sai L Qunh a m v con mnh ln Cao Bng ri tm
cch vt bin gii sang Trung Hoa. Thng 5 m lch nm y, d b qun Ty Sn truy ui
quyt lit, song c s gip ca qun Thanh, h cng sang c t Qung Ty, tm cch
cu cu vua Thanh l Cn Long. Cng trong thng 7 m lch nm y, t Kinh Bc, L Chiu
Thng cho bn tay chn l L Duy n, Trn Danh n sang Trung Hoa cu cu nh Thanh.
c bn vua ti nh L sang cu vin, nh Thanh khng b qua c hi, ro rit chun b k
hoch xm lc nc ta mt ln na.

Tin L Chiu Thng cu vin nh Thanh v qun Thanh ang chun b sang xm lc
nc ta c mau chng truyn v Ph Xun. Khi qun Thanh o t vt bin gii, cng l lc
Nguyn Hu cng qun dn ta chun b sn sng chin u mt mt mt cn vi k th,
quyt bo v c lp dn tc.

1.2.2. CUC KHNG CHIN CHONG QUN XM LC THANH.

1.2.2.1. QUN THANH XM LC NC TA:

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 Cui nm 1788, sau khi nhn li sang "cu gip' ngai vng ca L Chiu Thng, nh
Thanh chun b khn trng v mi mt, quyt cp nc ta mt ln na. Ngoi vic iu
ng mt lc lng ln qun chnh quy, chng cn thm c trong vic truyn hch ku gi
chiu m qun "Cn Vng" ca L Chiu Thng, xi gic nhn dn Vit Nam chng qun
Ty Sn, tp hp Hoa kiu ti Vit Nam lm ni ng khi i qun ko vo... Nh vy, khi
chin tranh xm lc bng n, khng ch c hn hai mi chn vn lc qun Thanh trn qua
bin gii m cn c mt b phn ngi Hoa v qun "Cn Vng" ca L Chiu Thng lm
ni ng cho gic. Ngoi vic chun b lc lng, vn qun lng cng c t ln hng
u (phi chng chng "rt kinh nghim" nhng bi hc tht bi t nhng k tin bi ca
chng bi chin lc "vn khng nh trng" ca qun dn ta trong nhng cuc khng chin
trc y ? Vic "rt kinh nghim" y chng t nh Thanh c gng chun b cho cuc chin
tranh xm lc ny tht chu o, quyt tm thn tnh nc ta mt ln na). Phc Khang An
c phn cng ph trch vic tr tnh qun lng cho cuc i xm lc ny. Sau khi cng
vic chun b lc lng tng i hon tt, Cn Long h chiu cho Tn S Ngh, Tng c
Lng Qung lm Chinh Man i tng qun, thng lnh lc lng hng hu chun b xm
lc Vit Nam.

Cn Long gi cho Tn S Ngh mt bn ch d vch ra phng hng chin lc "Dng

ngi Vit Nam nh ngi Vit Nam" tht qu quyt, Cn Long mun rng khng phi hao
tn nhiu binh lc m vn chim c Vit Nam. Tuy vy qua chin lc ca Cn Long, ta
thy rng Cn Long c phn ch quan v cha nh gi ng lc lng hng mnh ca Ty
Sn. Cn Long nh rng lc lng ca L Chiu Thng s l lc lng ch lc trong vic
nh bi Ty Sn, qun Thanh ch ng vai tr ym tr, ri vo tip qun chin thng. Trong
ch d, Cn Long cn vit "... Ta nhn gi c hai. T Thun Qung vo nam th ct chia cho
Nguyn Hu, t Hoan i tr ra th phong cho h L. M ta th ng i qun nc y kim
ch" (theo i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, quyn 30 t 35). Nh vy, Cn Long mun
trit chia r dn tc, phn chia nc ta thnh hai phn lun th ch nhau nhng li phi
lun da vo "Thin triu", tun theo "Thin triu".

Cn Tn S Ngh, tuy bit s s li hi ca lc lng Ty Sn v bit rng lc lng L

Chiu Thng khng th no ch ni Ty Sn, song hn li ch quan, tin rng vi lc lng
hng hu, qun Thanh s d dng chin thng lc lng t i ca Ty Sn. V nng lng mun

21
lp cng, Tn S Ngh dng chiu thuyt phc Cn Long cho c sm tin qun. ngh
ny c Cn Long tn thnh.

Ngy 25.11.1788 i qun Thanh vt bin i, tin vo nc ta. Bn vua ti bn nc L

Chiu Thng tp hp lc lng phn ng tin n v dn ng cho qun xm lc vo Bc
h. Lc lng qun xm lc o t trn vo, trong khi qun ch lc ca Ty Sn trn gi Bc
h ch c hn mt vn ngi. Lc lng nh th, ta khng th quyt chin vi k th ngay
c. Vi diu k ca Ng Th Nhm, qun Ty Sn va nh phc kch, va ph cu ng
km chn ch, va rt lui an ton v Tam ip-Bin Sn. y l cn c lui qun c him
chn gic rt tt. Vi "nc c Tam ip", qun Ty Sn khng nhng bo ton c lc
lng m cn c tc dng su sc n chin lc, chin thut v tinh thn chin u ca ch.

Vo Bc h mt cch qu d dng, Tn S Ngh bt u ch quan, khinh ch. Thy vua

ti nh L lo lng v sc mnh ca Ty Sn, Tn S Ngh qu quyt: "Theo ta xem xt th
chng ch nh hng tru d, sai mt ngi em thng buc ly c m li v, hn cng khng
kh g." [48:345-346). Chim Thng Long mt cch d dng, Tn S Ngh v tng s tuy tng
c Cn Long ban thng hu h, khin chng li cng kiu ngo, ch quan, khinh ch hn.

1.2.2.2. NGUYN HU LN NGI HONG , LNH O CUC KHNG CHIN

TON DN CHNG XM LC.

Qun Thanh vo Thng Long, ngy m honh hnh, cp bc dn lnh v v tm mi

cch git hi nhng ngi theo Ty Sn. L Chiu Thng - c nh Thanh sch phong lm
An Nam quc vng- trc k th th n hn, qu ly, cn i vi ngi trong nc th li
i x tn t. Hn da vo qun Thanh tr th d man nhng ngi theo Ty Sn.

Bc h my nm lin mt ma i km, li phi cung ng lng thc cho qun Thanh v

b l tay sai L Chiu Thng, vy li cn b chng cp bc v cng tn t nn cuc sng
nhn dn kh s, iu ng trm b. H v cng on ght b l bn nc v cp nc, khng
cn cht o tng g v ngai vng ca vua L na.

Ngy 21.12.1788 (tc ngy 24 thng 11 Mu Thn), ti Ph Xun, Nguyn Hu nhn

c tin qun Thanh tin vo chim ng Thng Long. ng nh La Sn Phu T nhn
nh: "By gi trong nc rng khng, lng ngi tan nt. Qun Thanh t xa ko n, khng

22
r tnh hnh kho yu v phng th nh gi g u" [8:180]. Thc t lch s lc by gi t ra
cho ton th dn tc ta mt vn v cng cp bch: Phi nhanh chng tiu dit qun xm
lc, dp tt mu thn tnh nc ta ca triu nh Mn Thanh. Nu ko di thi gian, k th
c th li dng trit nhng kh khn ca ta, khi , cuc khng chin ca ta s kh c th
kt thc thng li. V th, sau khi nghe bo co tnh hnh, Nguyn Hu quyt nh s nhanh
chng tin i qun ra Bc.Trc khi tin qun tiu dit k th, ngy 22.12.1788 (Tc ngy
25.11 nm Mu Thn), Nguyn Hu lm l ng quang, ln ngi hong , ly hiu l Quang
Trung.

Vic ln ngi ca Nguyn Hu trong tnh th cp bch ny mang mt ngha lch s quan
trng. Trong khi t nc ang trong cnh "nc si, la bng" v b gic ngoi xm chim
ng, th bn vua ti bn nc h L li cam tm lm tay sai cho gic. Nguyn Nhc - v th
lnh ti cao ca phong tro Ty Sn - th li an phn th thng, khng my ch tm vo thi
cuc na. Nguyn Hu quyt nh ln ngi hong l nhm lm sng t danh ngha i vi c
nc, t mnh nhn ly trng trch lnh o ton dn khng chin chng xm lc, tuy rng
trong "Chiu ln ngi", ng t nhn mnh "Vn khng c ch lm vua". [44:172]

Tht vy, nm 1786, sau khi h c thnh Ph Xun, c Nguyn Hu Chnh thuyt
phc v dn ng, Nguyn Hu quyt nh ko qun ra Bc h tiu dit h Trnh. Vic ko
qun ra Bc h hon ton l quyt nh mang tnh tnh th ch Nguyn Hu khng h c nh
thu tm Bc h. Trong ln th nht tin qun ra Bc h y, sau khi tiu dit h Trnh Nguyn
Hu ni vi cn tng ca mnh: "Ta mang vi vn qun ra y, nh mt trn dp yn Bc
h, vy th mt thc t, mt ngi dn, by gi khng phi ca ta th cn ca ai vo y
na? Du ta mun xng , xng vng chi chi, ai cn dm lm g ta ng" [8:88]. Nhng
Nguyn Hu thc hin ng khu hiu "ph L, dit Trnh" m trao tr chnh quyn li cho
nh L khin vua L Hin Tng v cng cm kch.

Lm ch tnh th Bc h khng ch mt ln. Trong t tin qun ra Bc h ln th hai

trng tr k phn trc V Vn Nhm, Nguyn Hu cng ni vi b tng ca mnh: "Ta tht
khng coi Bc H l mi li" [64:85] cng chng t c rng Nguyn Hu khng c nh
xng hng, xng b vng t ny. Hoc theo li Nguyn Hu ni vi Nguyn Thip: "Qu
nhn theo thi dp lon, vn khng phi ly thin h lm giu" [22:123]. Qu l Nguyn Hu

23
" c sc mnh m li bit lm vic ngha" [30:394], hai ln ko qun ra n nh tnh hnh
Bc h m vn mt lng vun dng cho nh L, d vua L bn vong, vn cho ngi trng coi
tng miu h L. Sau khi n nh tnh hnh Bc h, Nguyn Hu khng mun dng L Duy
Cn lm gim quc b nhn m vn c ch tr ngai vng cho vua L: "... s T hong tranh
ginh vi Gim quc, ngi nc li li ti ta gy ra mi lon..." [8:142]. Nhng khi L
Chiu Thng sang cu vin nh Thanh, "rc voi v giy m t", Nguyn Hu quyt nh
ln ngi hong trc khi tin i qun ra Bc tiu dit qun xm lc. ng l gii vic
ln ngi ca mnh: "Trm hai ln gy dig h L m t qun h L khng bit gi x tc, b
nc i bn vong, s dn Bc h khng theo v h L, li da vo Trm. V phn i huynh v
kh nhc m ch mun gi mt ph Quy Nhn, khim nhng t xng l Ty Vng".
[44:172]

Nh vy vic Nguyn Hu ln ngi hong c xem nh mt gii php tnh th nhm

"chnh v hiu", sng t danh ngha tp hp sc mnh ton dn trong cuc khng chin
chng qun xm lc Man Thanh, ginh li c lp dn tc. Sau l ng quang, ng thn
chinh thng lnh i qun t Ph Xun tin qun ra Bc tiu dit qun xm lc.

Trong qu trnh tin binh, Quang Trung tip tc pht trin v t chc li lc lng. Nhn
dn hng hi tng qun cu nc nn lc lng pht trin nhanh chng ln n mi vn
ngi v lc lng tng binh gm vi trm voi chin. Trong qu trnh chun b lc lng,
nghe tin mt bo v, Nguyn Hu thy s ch quan, khinh ch, kiu cng, t mn ca qun
Thanh, nn tn dng sai lm ca ch, Quang Trung cn cho ngi em th tr hng ra
Thng Long cho Tn S Ngh. Trn Danh Bnh dn u s b gm tm ngi mang ba o bm
vn (mt o bm vn ca L Duy Cn, mt ca qun thn v mt ca nhn dn). Ni dung cc
bm vn phn gii l do vic Nguyn Hu ln ngi v "ni xin" Tn S Ngh hy ng qun
ca i m tra xt li ni tnh gia L Chiu Thng v Ty Sn. Quang Trung cn cho giao tr
t binh Thanh b bt trc y... Nhng cuc vn ng ngoi giao y tht bi. Tn S ngh
hng hch x phng th nm xung t, git Trn Danh Bnh, giam c on s gi... (theo th
vua Quang Trung gi cho Cn Long).

Thc ra, y ch l n ngoi giao t "cung thun" gi, nhm lm kiu lng ch m
thi. Qu tht, sau n ngoi giao y, Tn S Ngh cng t ra kiu ngo, ch quan, khinh ch

24
hn. Tranh th lc qun Thanh cm binh h tri, ngh ngi n Tt, Quang Trang quyt nh tin
cng trc. Ngay Ngy Nguyn, s gia nh Thanh, trong "Cn Long chinh v An Nam k",
trch trong "Thnh V K" cng ln n s ch quan khinh ch ca Tn S Ngh v i qun
"Thin triu" nh sau: " Tn S Ngh tham lp cng bt Nguyn (Nguyn Hu), qun khng rt
lin m li khinh ch, khng t phng b. (...). H Nguyn d bit thc h, cui nm c tt
c binh lc ra, em qun nh p quc . Th m qun ta cn tin li n ni di l ti hng, c
m m khng bit g st". [23 :253].

Hnh qun thn tc, tin cng vo lc k ch ang s h, to yu t bt ng, chc thng,
l mt trong nhng chiu thc ngh thut qun s ti tnh ca Quang Trung Nguyn Hu.
Vic ta tin cng trc lm o ln th trn, bin k i tin cng thnh k b tin cng vo
lc chng khng ng nht (trong nhng ngy Tt Nguyn n). nh ca Quang Trung l
phi nhanh chng tiu dit qun Thanh trong thi gian ngn nht, khng cho gic kp tr tay.
Quyt tm c Quang Trung nhn mnh trong ba tic khao qun ngy 15.1.1789 (tc
mng 10.12 al) ti Tam ip: " Ba nay ta hy n Tt Nguyn n trc, i n sang xun,
mng by, ta s vo Thng Long m tic n Tt Khai h. Cc ngi c nh ly li ta xem c
ng th khng ?" [8:183]. Tinh thn kin nh, ch quyt chin quyt thng y lm nc
lng tng s.

m 30 thng Chp nm Mu Thn, Quang Trung pht lnh tin cng. Qun ta chia thnh
nhiu o qun b binh, thy binh ng lot tin cng ch trn nhiu hng v nhanh chng
tiu dit cc n tri vng ngoi ca ch. Sau tip tc trin khai th trn bao vy, tiu dit
ton b cm qun ch Thng Long v cc khu vc k cn Thng Long. Mng 5 Tt, qua trn
chin v cng c lit, qun ch lc ca ta tiu dit c cc n Ngc Hi, H Hi, Khng
Thng- ng a... My chc vn qun Thanh b nh tan tc. Tn S Ngh v mt s thn
qun trn ng b chy b qun Ty Sn phc kch bt ng hong ht vt c sc th, n
tn, lun rng, li sui, i kht, vt v v cng mi tm c ng vt bin gii tr v
Trung Hoa. Trong "Qun doanh k lc", Trn Nguyn Nhip, b th ca Tn S Ngh, c vit:
"Ti v Ch Hin (tn chc quan ca Tn S Ngh) khng kim ra u c n ung, c phi i
sut by ngy by m mi ti c trn Nam Quan" [64:121]. B l L Chiu Thng cng
tm ng chy theo tn qun Thanh v sau phi kt thc cuc sng lu vong mt cch
nhc nh trn t khch, qu ngi.

25
 Cuc khng chin chng qun xm lc Thanh ca nhn dn ta hon ton thng li vi
thi gian k lc: Ch trong vng nm ngy m (T m 30 thng Chp n mng 5 Tt K
Du), qun Ty Sn anh dng chin u, qut sch hai mi chn vn qun Thanh ra khi
b ci. y l mt trong nhng chin cng lng ly bc nht trong lch s Vit Nam. Chin
cng y c lm nn t sc mnh ca mt cuc chin tranh chnh ngha, t tnh thn on kt,
ch chin u chng gic ca nhn dn ta v thin ti qun s tuyt vi ca ngi anh hng
Quang Trung Nguyn Hu.

26
CHNG 2: QUAN H VIT NAM - TRUNG HOA SAU I THNG
QUN THANH V NHNG HOT NG THNG HIU BC
U

2.1. TNH HNH SAU I THNG QUN THANH.

2.1.1. YU CU CA TRIU I QUANG TRUNG TRONG QUAN H VI NH

THANH SAU CHIN TRANH:

Thng li ca cuc khng chin chng qun xm lc Thanh l mt ng nhng thng

li v vang nht trong lch s chng ngoi xm ca dn tc ta. Vi chin thng y, ta qut
sch hn hai mi chn vn qun Thanh v b l bn nc L Chiu Thng ra khi b ci.
Song nn ngoi xm vn cha hn hon ton b y li v ai cng bit rng vic i qun
Thanh b Ty Sn tiu dit trong vng mt thi gian ngn l mt tht bi au n, mt ni
nhc nh m "Thin triu" khng d g b qua, nn chc chn chng s tm cch tr th . Qu l
nh vy ! c tin Tn S Ngh v i qun thua n thm hi, vua Cn Long v cng tc
gin, c ngay mt i thn thn tn l Phc Khang An thay Tn S Ngh lm Tng c
Lng Qung v cho Phc Khang An c ton quyn iu ng qun chn tnh min nam
Trung Quc, ly nm mi vn qun chun b tin nh Vit Nam mt ln na ra nhc.

V pha nc ta, sau cuc khng chin chng Thanh thng li, tuy nn c lp dn tc
c bo m, song ni tnh trong nc gp mun vn kh khn:

- Sau hai th k t nc b chia ct, chin tranh lin min, ton dn tc li va dn ht

sc ngi, sc ca vo cuc khng chin chng xm lc nn kinh t sa st, nh tr. Vng
Bc h nhiu nm mt ma, i km, thi gian qua li phi cung n lng thc cho qun xm
lc v b l bn nc, li cn b chng cp bc tn t nn kinh t kit qu, i sng nhn
dn kh cc v cng.

- Tnh hnh chnh tr, x hi li cha n nh, nhng lc lng phn ng vn tm cch
quy nhiu, chng ph nh: bn tay chn ca L Chiu Thng Bc h, lc lng ca Nguyn
Anh pha nam... c bit l ng lc ton dn ang dc sc vo cuc khng chin nh ui

27
qun Thanh xm lc, th pha Nam, lc lng Nguyn Anh nh ph, chim c Gia
nh v mu tin cng Ty Sn.

Nh vy, Ty Sn ang ri vo tnh th him ngho: nguy c b qun xm lc Thanh t

Bc nh xung v nguy c lc lng Nguyn nh t pha nam nh ln. Trc tnh trng t
nc vi mun vn kh khn nh vy, i hi nhng ngi ng u nh nc phi tm ra
nhng ng li, sch lc sng sut a ton th dn tc vt qua tnh th him ngho
ny.

Yu cu bc thit ca lch s t ra cho triu i Quang Trung lc by gi l phi lm sao

dp tt hoc y li nguy c chin tranh ta c thi gian n nh tnh hnh chnh tr, cng c
quc phng, ci thin i sng nhn dn...

Nguy c chin tranh trc mt m ta ang phi i mt l: t phng bc, nm mi

vn qun Thanh ang ro rit chun b xm lc nc ta mt ln na. Tuy chng ta nh
thng gn ba mi vn qun Thanh xm lc mt cch oanh lit song nu phi tip tc ng
u vi nm mi vn qun xm lc na th vic ginh thng li khng phi l d dng. V
vy, gii php i ph tt nht vi nh Thanh lc ny khng phi l gii php qun s, m phi
bng gii php ngoi giao kho lo y li nguy c chin tranh ang n gn.

Trong quan h ngoi giao vi nh Thanh lc ny, Quang Trung ch trng dng bin
php ngoi giao khim nhng phng nga chin anh. Sau khi xem xt tnh hnh, Quang
Trung nhn nh rng: "B ta nh, ph, h nhn i th xu h m liu chng mun bo th
cng kh lng. Ta nn tha c mua chuc lng h" [16:195], v vy, ta cn phi s dng nhng
chiu thc tip xc tch cc vi nh Thanh, t r mun sm ging ho, khi phc li mi
bang giao, nhm xo b s cay c, phc th ca vua ti nh Thanh. Quang Trung ch trng:
trong ngoi giao vi nh Thanh, ta phi khim nhng , nhn nhn , xoa du t i, th din cho
"Thin triu" song vn phi gi gn quc th v phi t li ch ca quc gia, an tc ln trn
ht.

Ch trng ny c th hin r nt qua nhng hot ng ngoi giao c th ca triu

Quang Trung i vi nh Thanh sau ny.

28
 2.1.2.NHNG YU SCH CA NH THANH TRONG QUAN H VI TRIU I
QUANG TRUNG SAU CHIN TRANH.

2.1.2.1. VI NT V NH THANH DI TRIU CN LONG.

Triu i Mn Thanh l vng triu qun ch cui cng Trung Hoa do dn tc Mn

dng nn (Tc ngi Mn ban u gi l N Chn, cui triu Minh gi l Mn Chu). u thi
Minh, h chia thnh Kin Chu, Hi Ty, ng Hi (hay cn gi l D Chn). Cui th k
XVI, u XVII, N Nh Cp Xch (Nurkhachi) thng nht c cc b tc N Chn, lp ra
nc Hu Kim (nm 1616), tin thn ca nh Thanh sau ny.

Nh Hu Kim lin tc em qun tn cng v chim nhiu vng t ai k cn, m rng

lnh th, ln chim c Mng c, Trung Hoa. Nm 1618, Hu Kim khiu chin vi nh Minh, t
y bt u hn su mi nm quan h cng thng, chin tranh quyt lit m mu gia hai
nc tranh ngi v. Nh Hu Kim cho tin hnh ci cch ton din: chnh tr, kinh t...,
chuyn t x hi n l sang x hi phong kin, chnh quyn ngy cng c cng c vng
mnh.

Nm 1636, nh Hu Kim c i tn thnh nh Thanh. T , nh Thanh ro rit chun

b lc lng tin ti thn tnh c Trung Hoa. Trong lc , nh Minh ang trn suy vong.
Cuc i khi ngha nng dn nh v bo vo cui triu Minh lm lung lay tn gc r vng
triu Minh qu mc nt, suy i. l nguyn nhn tt yu dn n s sp hon ton ca
triu Minh trc s tn cng tiu dit ca triu Thanh vo nm 1664.

n nm 1681, sau khi dp c lon "Tam phin", triu Thanh mi chnh thc nm
quyn trong c nc. Sau , nh Thanh tin hnh mt cuc ci cch ton din, n nh tnh
hnh chnh tr, x hi khi phc v pht trin nn kinh t dn n s phn thnh gn mt trm
nm. Thi k cc thnh y ko di n gia thi Cn Long tr v.

Cn Long l v vua th su ca nh Thanh, ti v t nm 1735 n nm 1796. Vo thi k

ny, cng gii lnh th ca quc Thanh rt rng ln, bao gm lnh th ca triu Minh
trc y, cng t Mn Chu, Mng C, Tn Cng, Ty Tng, i Loan. Song vi bn cht
bnh trng ca mnh, quc Thanh vn nui tham vng m rng lnh th, c bit l xung
vng t pha nam.

29
 Nh Thanh nhiu ln cho qun xm lc Min in vo nhng nm 1766, 1767, 1769,
nhng u tht bi thm hi. n nm 1788, nhn khi L Chiu Thng sai ngi sang cu vin,
nh Thanh mng r, khng b qua c hi chim c nc ta. Cn Long mun thn tnh i
Vit, ri dng i Vit lm bn p tn cng xm lc nhng nc ng Nam khc. Theo
"i Thanh Thc lc" do Quc S qun triu Thanh bin son (tp 53, quyn 1319, trang 6) th
Cn Long tng tuyn b: "Trm tr v c nm mi nm, bnh nh cc x Y L, Hi
B v hai t Kim, Tuyn, m rng t ai hn hai vn dm, v cng oanh lit bit dng no
? S g bn "gic c" Qung Nam (tc Ty Sn) cy him m chng c" [4:29].

Cn Long c Tn S Ngh, mt vin tng c nh gi l ngi uyn thm, dng

lc, c nhiu mu c i s, vn v ton ti [4:27] lm thng lnh i qun xm lc hn 29
vn qun. Trc s qun ng o ca ch, Ty Sn thc hin mt cuc rt lui chin lc
v Tam ip-Bin Sn, Thy Tn S Ngh ko qun vo Thng Long mt cch d dng, Cn
Long ngi khen ht li: " Nh nc c mt vin i thn ton ti v bnh nh nc An
Nam, trm v cng sung sng" (theo i Thanh thc lc quyn 1318, t 25) v phong thng
cho Tn S Ngh rt hu h.

Theo i Thanh thc lc (quyn 1318 t 26b) , Cn Long cho rng: "C hin tnh nh
Tn S Ngh tu m xt th vic xong n tm phn mi" [4:30] nhng cng theo i
Thanh thc lc (quyn 1317, t 14a, 15b) sau "Tn b tng Ha Xng Ngha i do thm
trn bin, b bo to phi cho tu dt vo trnh bo trong vng kim sot ca Ty Sn. Hn
tn mt chng kin cnh Ty Sn thao din vi lc lng ng o, thuyn chin c trang b
h thng sng nng t 20- 30 cn" [4:30]. Lc ny, Cn Long mi git mnh lo lng, mun
hon binh ngay, nhng lc y qu mun v Tn S Ngh tin qu su vo ni a Vit
Nam; Cn Long ra ch d "Khng nn em s ni cho binh s bit v vic hnh qun ct
kh th hng trng, e rng qun ta khng xt h thc th no nghe rt nht ch, rt l quan h"
(Theo i Thanh thc lc quyn 1317, t 14a, 15b)[4:30). V ch trong vng hn mt thng (t
ngy 9 .1.1789 n ngy 14.2.1789), Cn Long 11 ln xung d v cho nga phi trm "ha
tc" n Thng Long gi Tn S Ngh mang qun v gp [4:31] . Nhng Tn S Ngh rt hng
mu, bt chp lnh rt qun ca vua Cn Long, khc t mi ngh m phn t pha Ty
Sn, vo lc lng hng hu ca i qun xm lc, li tham vng "lm nn nghip ln sau

30
chuyn v cng ny" [4:32] nn hn hunh hoang tuyn b: "Sang xun mng 6 s cho qun
vo tn so huyt bt sng ch tng ca gic" [48 :350].

S hunh hoang, t ph y phi tr gi bng tht bi thm hi ca i qun Thanh

trc cn lc tn cng thn tc, bt ng ca Ty Sn. Tn S Ngh khng kp mc o gip,
nga khng kp thng yn cng, tm ng trn chy. S b Ty Sn pht hin, Tn S Ngh
phi ci trang, vt b ht cc sc th, n tn m Cn Long cp cho, chy thot thn v nc
chu ti. Tn tui, s nghip ca Tn S Ngh sp tan tnh theo tham vng in cung ca
tn tng bi trn, kt thc thm hi cuc chin tranh xm lc c quy m to ln cui cng ca
nh Thanh trong lch s.

2.1.2.2. NHNG YU SCH CA NH THANH TRONG QUAN H VI TRIU I

QUANG TRUNG SAU CHIN TRANH:

Cng nh nhng triu i qun ch Trung Hoa trc , nh Thanh k tha truyn
thng b quyn trong lch s Trung Hoa. Sau khi tiu dit v thay nh Minh thng tr Trung
Hoa, nh Thanh khng ngng cng c nn thng tr ca mnh v thc y cng cuc xm lc
nhng nc lng ging, bnh trng lnh th. Phm vi thng ca nh Thanh ngy cng c
m rng m vn khng sao lp y, tho mn c tham vng bnh trng. Ring ch trong
su mi mt nm tr v ca Cn Long, nh Thanh hn mi ln xut qun, xm lc cc
nc lng ging, trong c nc ta. V trong hi k "Thp on k" vit nm 1792, Cn
Long cng phi tha nhn rng "ln tn cng xm lc i Vit nm 1788-1789 i bi l mt
iu v cng nhc nh" [68:28]. Nh Thanh tng rng vi mt o qun "Thin triu" hng
hu, vi mt vin tng ti ba nh Tn S Ngh cm u, li c bn L Chiu Thng v mt
b phn Hoa kiu ti Vit Nam sn sng tip ng khi i qun trn sang bin gii, th vic tiu
dit m "gic c" Ty Sn l mt vic qu d dng. Song chng phi tr gi cho s sai
lm y.

Khi Nguyn Hu ln ngi Hong , t nhn ly trch nhim lnh o ton dn khng
chin chng xm lc, ng tp hp c sc mnh ca ton dn tc. Di ngn c Ty
Sn, nhn dn ta mt lng dc sc v s nghip chung, pht huy cao truyn thng yu
nc, on kt, sn sng x thn v c lp, t do ca dn tc. Ton dn tc vng dy, to
thnh mt sc mnh qut cng, qut sch qun xm lc ra khi b ci. i qun "Thin

31
triu" i bi, s th t trn, s b thng, b bt lm t binh, s tn qun trn c v nc
cng ch hn nm ngn. Tht l mt kt cuc thm hi cho cuc i xm lc ca nh Thanh !
Tht bi nhc nh y lm mt "th din Thin triu". M "th din Thin triu" c xem l
vn quan trng hng u i vi cc hong Trung Hoa. Mt "th din" ng ngha vi
vic suy gim uy quyn, v vy phi nhanh chng tm cch g gc, ly li "th din". Do vy,
khi nghe tin bi trn, Cn Long v cng tc gin, sai Phc Khang An gp rt iu ng qun
chn tnh pha nam Trung Hoa p st bin gii, chun b cho cuc tin cng phc th. Vy thc
cht, y c phi l s huy ng lc lng chun b cho cuc i phc th nh Cn Long tuyn
b hay ch l vic iu qun ln trn gi bin gii v s Ty Sn ang trn tha thng
nh sang bt git cho c bn L Chiu Thng v ging ngi Mn Thanh nh tin n? Tin
n ny khin " t Trung Quc, dn chng li cng nhn nho. T ca i Nam Quan tr
v Bc, trai gi, gi tr bng b, dt du nhau chy trn, sut vi trm dm lng ngt khng
bng ngi" [48:371].

Thc t chin tranh chng t rng Ty Sn c mt lc lng hng hu, ch chin u

cao, li c s ng h mnh m ca ton dn tc, nn tiu dit Ty Sn khng phi vic d
dng. Nhng vin tng bi trn nh Tn S Ngh, Phc Khang An, Thang Hng Nghip l
nhng ngi thu hiu iu hn c. Chnh Tn S Ngh, sau ln cht ht y, bng kinh
nghim xng mu ca mnh khuyn Phc Khang An: "Tnh th nh hoc gi cng u
kh c, chi bng ta chiu d, v v l hn c" (theo lch triu tp k), [65:192]. Chnh Phc
Khang An chng kin vic Ty Sn ph tan i qun "Thin Triu", Phc Khang An cng
hiu ton dn tc Vit Nam u ng h Nguyn Hu, v bn L Chiu Thng khng h c nh
hng g trong nhn dn. D c mt ln na tin qun sang Vit Nam th nm mi vn qun
Thanh cng ch c th gy kh khn, ch kh c th khut phc c sc mnh ca c dn tc
Vit Nam ang hng hc kh th chin u v chin thng. Phc Khang An cng thy th kh
thng nn c ch ho, khng mun tin binh sang i Vit ln na, nn cy nh cn thn
Hoa Thn gip li can gin vua Cn Long. Cn Long nghe cc cn thn lun bn th cng c
ging ho. Trong ch d gi Phc Khang An v triu thn, Cn Long vit: "Trm ngh k,
thc khng nn lm (...) Tm li, by gi khng nn nh. Sau , trong lnh d gi qun c
i thn, Cn Long cng vit: " trm nht nh khng cho tin binh na" [4:32].

32
 Nh vy, v qu khip nhc sau trn i bi nm 1789, v qua vic phn tch tnh hnh
thc t lch s lc by gi, nn nh Thanh mun ging ho vi Ty Sn.

Song ging ha tc l tha nhn s tht bi th tht l b mt, v vy, ging ho nh th

no m vn gi c "th din Thin triu" l vn quan trng c t ln hng u lc by
gi v ng thi cng l yu cu quan trng nht ca nh Thanh trong quan h ngoi giao vi
nc ta sau chin tranh.

2.2. NHNG HOT NG THNG HIU BC U

Quan h ngoi giao vi nh Thanh sau chin tranh l cng vic v cng kh khn, phc
tp, i hi chnh quyn Quang Trung phi c nhng ch trng, bin php ph hp, va xoa
du t i, gi c th din cho k va tht trn, nhm y li c nguy c chin tranh, va
bo m c c lp, ch quyn dn tc.

Do xc nh c tm quan trng ca nhng hot ng thng hiu vi nh Thanh nh

vy, nn ngay t khi cn Tam ip, chun b cho chin dch nh ui k th xm lc ra
khi b ci, Quang Trung tnh n chuyn phi thit lp quan h vi nh Thanh nhm kt
thc chin tranh nhanh gn, trnh nhng mt mt, au thng khng cn thit cho nhn dn.
ng tng ni: "... Nhng ngh chng l nc ln gp mi nc mnh, sau khi thua mt trn
t ly lm thn m lo mu bo th. Nh th vic binh ao khng bao gi dt, khng phi l
phc cho dn, n no m lm nh vy. n lc y, ch c ngi kho li l mi dp ni vic
binh ao, khng phi Ng Th Nhm th khng ai lm c"[48 :362-363]. Sau khi i ph
qun Thanh, Quang Trung sai Ng Th Nhm phi kho dng ngi bt, s dng th t ngoi
giao sao cho tht nhn nhng, tht kho lo dn ho, trnh quan h cng thng d dn n
xung t mt ln na, khng c li cho nc, cho dn: "Mun cho dn ngh, nc yn, ta tt
phi tm gc can qua, dng n ngc bch. Vy khanh l tay kho t lnh, phi nn lp tc a
th sang Thanh dn xp cho xong vic i" (8:204).

Ng Th Nhm tin s nm 1775, thi nh L. ng l mt ngi a ti, tng c cha

Trnh Sm khen :"Ti hc bt ti nhn h" (Ti hc khng di ngi khc). Sau nhiu bin c
thng trm ca cuc i, ng v vi Ty Sn nm 1788 v c Nguyn Hu rt trng vng:
"Nu ta khng n y, ngi lm sao thy bng mt tri ? C nh l Tri mun dnh
ngi ti cho ta dng." [48 :293].

33
 Chnh sch "Cu hin" (tm kim v trng i ngi ti) ca Quang Trung Nguyn Hu
khin Ng Th Nhm v cng cm ng. Quang Trung Nguyn Hu khng phn bit
ngun gc xut thn, m hiu v n trng Ng Th Nhm, tn Ng Th Nhm m giao cho ng
c mt cng vic ngoi giao h trng nh vy. p li, Ng Th Nhm em ht sc lc,
ti nng ca mnh ra phc v cho s nghip chung. Nhng th t, vn kin ngoi giao gia
triu Quang Trung v nh Thanh phn ln do Ng Th Nhm son tho theo nh hng Quang
Trung vch ra, v chnh Ng Th Nhm nhiu ln trc tip i s sang nh Thanh vo nm
1790 bn vi Phc Khang An v vic chun b cho An Nam quc vng gi sang Thanh
triu cn, v ln i s nm 1792-1793 bo tang sau khi vua Quang Trung mt.

Khng ch ring trng hp Ng Th Nhm m cn rt nhiu trng hp khc na. L

tng v dn, v nc v chnh sch trng nhn ti ca Quang Trung Nguyn Hu thu phc
c cc s phu ti gii ca ch L-Trnh, Nguyn trc y nh Nguyn Thip, Phan Huy
ch, V Huy Tn.... Vi kh nng s dng nhn ti ng ngi, ng vic, Quang Trung
pht huy cao ti nng v sc lc cng hin ca mi ngi trong cng cuc bo v v xy
dng t nc. Triu i Quang Trung lm nn nhiu k tch, c bit l k tch v ngoi
giao vi nh Thanh, trong c mt phn ng gp khng nh ca h.

Nh trnh by trong phn 1.2.2.2, khi tin qun thn tc t Ngh An ra dit ch,
Quang Trung cn cho tin hnh mt cuc vn ng ngoi giao ht sc "nhn nhn" : c s b
mang ba o bm vn trnh cho Tn S Ngh, ng thi cn giao nhng t binh b Ty
Sn bt trc y. S vn ng ho bnh y b Tn S Ngh th bo t chi.

Bng n ngoi giao ny, Quang Trung bn "mt mi tn trng hai ch": Sau khi
nhn th "cung thun" ca Ty Sn, Tn S Ngh cng t ra ch quan, khinh ch hn, cn
Quang Trung li "c ting'* l "vn chm chm t cung thun, ch c dm cng nhin
chng c u" [8:214] nh trong biu Quang Trung gi cho Cn Long. Cng trong th ny,
Quang Trung vit: "Mng 5 thng ging nm nay (K Du 1789) ti tin n L thnh, nhng
mong Tn S Ngh ngh li, ha may c th em ngc la thay can qua, xoay binh xa lm
hi xim o. Ti nhn nhn xin yt kin nhng Ngh khng h tr li". [8:215].

34
 Sau chin tranh, ngi chu trch nhim v vic qun bin gii Qung Ty l Thang
Hng Nghip - ngi va cht ht trong trn chin Vit Nam, mi trn c v bin gii.
Tn mt chng kin s tht bi thm hi ca Tn S Ngh v i qun "Thin Triu" trc n
tn cng thn tc ca Ty Sn, Qung Ty T giang b o Thang Hng Nghip v cng s hi
ch mong mau chm dt chin tranh mi c yn thn. Nhng mun "gi th din Thin
triu" th vic ging hoa phi do Ty Sn ngh trc. V vy, Thang Hng Nghip bn
ln gi mt th cho Quang Trung [39:282], khuyn Quang Trung nn vit biu "cu ha" v
tnh nguyn lm trung gian cho vic ho gii gia Quang Trung v nh Thanh.

Quang Trung mt phn v khoan dung lng, mt phn v mun ging hoa, trnh vic
chin tranh vi nh Thanh, nn ngay t khi ko qun vo thnh Thng Long, Quang Trung
ra lnh khng c git by nhng bi binh nh Thanh ang ln trn. ng nh trong th
Quang Trung vit gi cho Thang Hng Nghip: "Ch v trng phu lm vic bao gi cng minh
bch, khng git k xung nga xin hng, nn i vi h, ti nht nht thu nui c"
[8:202]. Nhng k b bt v nhng k ra u th ln n 800 ngi, u c cp lng n v
qun o mc chu o, hng lng khoan hng ch ngy c trao tr v nc hoc "nu
mun th s c xung vo i ng lc lng Ty Sn" [11: 198].

Chnh sch khoan hng ca triu Quang Trung tht ph hp vi truyn thng nhn o
bao i nay ca dn tc. Thi no cng vy, sau chin tranh, d l ngi chin thng, ng cha
ta vn lun i x t t vi k va b mnh nh bi: Nhng k cht trn lun c chn ct
chu o, t binh v hng binh th c cp lng n, o mc ch ngy c trao tr v nc...
Di triu Quang Trung cng vy. Ngoi ra, Quang Trung cn giao cho quan hn lm V Huy
Tn lm mt bi "Vn t cc tng s t Bc ti cht trn" [11:193], trong c nhng cu
nh: "Lng ta thng chng k ngi phng Bc, xut ca kho m p im xng kh" hay
"Cng l m rng o th tri dt do tm " [11:95].

Tm lng nhn o, khoan dung, lng vi k th th dn tc ta thi no cng c,

nhng thng cho k th cht trn m sai lm vn t cho chng th trong lch s mi ch c
Quang Trung m thi.

Sau khi c Thang Hng Nghip m li, Quang Trung lnh cho Ng Th Nhm vit
biu a sang nh Thanh cu ho. Ng Th Nhm da theo ca Quang Trung, tho mt bc

35
th gi sang nh Thanh. Ni dung th t ra nhn nhn, "mt lng knh thun, s mnh tri, th
nc ln, sao dm c g khc" [48:372]; mt mt cng t thi ngo ngh ca k chin
thng, khng d g khut phc: "i ! ng ng l Thin triu m li i tranh hn vi tiu
di, th tt phi chin tranh lin min lm cho dn kh s. l iu thnh thng khng n.
Vn nht chin s ko di, th n nh vy, thn khng c ly phn nc nh th nc
ln na. (Lc y), thn cng nh ph mc mnh Tri, m khng dm bit n" [44:310]. Li
th y v ma mai, chm chc v cn c v thch thc "Thin triu bi trn" na.

Km theo t biu l l th gi cho Thang Hng Nghip. Ni dung th kt ti b l L

Chiu Thng bn nc v cho rng v Tn S Ngh c hip nc Nam nn chuc ly tht bi
thm hi. Trong th t cu hoa nhng thi li rt cng ci, li l li cn c v nh mun
e doa c "Thin triu": "Nu Thin triu khng chu khoan dung mt cht, c mun ng binh
anh chin , th l lm nc nh khng c phng s nc ln th by gi i quc (ch
nh Thanh) c dy bo g; ti cng ch xin theo thi. ( ni c mun nh nhau th s nh cho
m coi). [8:218 ]. L th nh mun khiu chin, khin Thang Hng Nghip hong s v
quyt nh dm bc th i gi "th din Thin triu".

V phn Phc Khang An - ngi thay Tn S Ngh lm tng c Lng Qung, cng
chnh l ngi tng ph trch vn qun lng cho i qun xm lc ca Tn S Ngh trc
y. Tng chng kin tht bi thm hi ca i qun "Thin triu" trc s tn cng dng
mnh ca Ty Sn, sau khi thay Tn S Ngh lm Tng c Lng Qung, theo i Nam chnh
bin lit truyn (quyn 30 t 36b, 37a), Phc Khang An tng ni vi thuc quan rng: "
Nam - Bc thi vic binh ao, l phc ca sinh dn, m l iu may mn cho quan b ci
"[3 :126]. Nh vy, Phc Khang An sn c ch ho nn gp ch trng ging ha ca
Quang Trung th rt vui mng v ra sc dn xp .

Phc Khang An to iu kin cho ngi ca Ty Sn tm cch tip cn vi Ha Thn -

cn thn tin cy ca Cn Long, nh Ho Thn dng li l thit hn phn tch vi vua Thanh.
Ho Thn tu vi Cn Long rng: "T xa ti gi, Trung Quc cha bao gi c ch phng
Nam c. Chnh Tng, Nguyn, Minh rt cc cng u thua hng, gng y khng xa, hy cn
tr tr" [8: 220]. Rt cuc, vua Thanh cng chp nhn ngh ging ho .

36
 Thng t nm K Du (1789), Quang Trung c chu ca mnh l Nguyn Quang Hin
dn u mt s b sang Thanh, dng biu xin phong vng v triu cng: "Ngh li, nc
chng ti va mi gy dng, cng vic rt nhiu, chng ngy no ri, khng th ri xa quc
thnh. Cho nn knh y cho chu l Nguyn Quang Hin n ca i, thay ti lm l v dng
np bm vn, trnh by r s tnh ri ku xin v vic thnh phong v n tn. (...) Knh ngh i
Hong che ch mun nc, mt lng nhn i vi tt c mi ngi, tha th ci li khng
phi do mnh gy ra, ban n ln cho khp thin h, ti may c d vo hng phin thn,
dng tu cng" [44:314].

S b Ty Sn sang Yn Kinh c nh Thanh n tip rt long trng. Vua Cn Long

cho v tranh, ghi li cnh Nguyn Quang Hin vo b kin v Cn Long cn t th ln
tranh, vn bit, theo l thng trong lch s, mi khi s b cc nc sang Trung Hoa thng
giao dch, lm vic vi b L, cao nht l vi thng th b L... Vic s b c vo yt kin
hong Trung Hoa l nhiig trng hp c bit him hoi. S b Nguyn Quang Hin c
vua Cn Long cho tip kin l vinh d c bit, nht l li cn c vua cho v tranh , t
th ln tranh th qu l mt "n sng" v cng c bit.

Bc tranh " Ng ch An Nam Nguyn Hu khin dit Nguyn Quang Hin nhp cn t
yn " (An Nam Nguyn Hu sai chu l Nguyn Quang Hin vo ra mt v c ban cho
yn tic, tranh do nh vua sai lm) l mt trong su bc tranh trong b: "Bnh nh An Nam
chin " vua Cn Long cho v li sau trn chin nm 1790, hng chng ch cho vic tht bi
v qun s v vt vt "th din Thin triu" qua "thnh cng ln lao" v mt ngoi giao khi
Ty Sn dng biu cu ho, xin phong vng v triu cng. (Xem thm Ph lc3 ).

Tm li, khng phi i ti khi chin tranh kt thc m ngay t khi chun b cho cuc
khng chin chng xm lc, triu Quang Trung xc nh c tm quan trng ca vic ti
thit lp quan h ngoi giao vi nh Thanh v c s ch ng chun b thc hin nhim v
lch s h trng ny. Nht l trong giai on u sau chin tranh, d trn a v ngi chin
thng, Quang Trung vn rt mm mng, dng nhng bin php ngoi giao tch cc, ch ng
xc tin cng cuc ging ho vi nh Thanh, v pha nh Thanh, sau tht bi thm hi y, d
rt cm gin, nui ch phc th bng mt cuc xm lc mi, nhng cng c chn, nh
chp thun tm thi ging ho vi ta.

37
 Cn Long ng h chiu bi binh nh Vit Nam, nhn cho Quang Trung xng thn,
nhng theo bc th thng 5, nm Cn Long 54 (1789) gi cho Quang Trung, Cn Long c
vt vt "th din" bng vic r hai iu kin:

" 1. n b ci cht ca trn Ha Th Hanh, Ty Sn phi lp cho ci n th m

xun thu tr t vin tng t n y.

2. Quc vng An Nam, sang nm, nhn dp bt tun khnh th ca vua Cn Long, phi
thn sang triu cn." [8:221]

Phi chng Quang Trung xt thy vic lp n th tng Thanh t trn c th chp nhn
c v n th y khi c lp nn c khc no l bng chng v chin thng lng ly ca ta
v cng l bng chng v s tht trn thm hi ca chng ? Cn vic sang triu cn vua Thanh
th ta vn cn thi gian s "tu c ng bin". V vy, hai iu kin ny c Quang Trung chp
thun, bt u mt thi k giao thip ho bnh gia triu i Quang Trung v nh Thanh sau
chin tranh.

38
CHNG 3: QUAN H NGOI GIAO CA TRIU QUANG TRUNG
VI NH THANH

3.1. VN SCH PHONG - TRIU CN - TRIU CNG.

3.1.1. VN SCH PHONG:

Nh trnh by trong phn 1.1, nc ta cng nh nhng nc ch hu, "phn giu"

khc ca Trung Hoa, mi khi c s thay i triu i, hay mt v vua mi ln ngi th phi cu
phong. Khi c "Thin triu" sch phong cho th c ngha nh s chnh thc cng nhn tnh
hp php ca triu i y.

Cn trong trng hp ca Quang Trung Nguyn Hu th sao?

Cui nm 1788, khi Nguyn Hu ln ngi hong l t nhn ly trng trch lnh o
ton dn khng chin chng xm lc. Sau khi nh tan qun Thanh, dp yn b ci, bt tay
vo n nh v xy dng t nc, liu Quang Trung c thy cn thit phi c s cng nhn
ca "Thin triu" hay khng?

Sau chin thng ma xun t Du (1789), i vi "Thin triu" i bi, hn l Quang

Trung cng t nhiu c xem thng. Song xt thy ta l nc nh bn cnh nc lng ging
Trung Hoa l nc ln, m trong quan h gia cc quc gia qun ch phng ng, nc ta
cng nh nhng nc nh khc u phi chu nh hng phn no i vi nc ln Trung
Hoa.

Nh vy, d mun, d khng, Quang Trung vn thy cn phi nhn nhng c c

s cng nhn chnh thc ca "Thin iu". Nhng on trong th gi Thang Hng Nghip v
Phc Khang An dn phn nh kh r nt thi ny ca Quang Trung.

Sau khi chp thun ging ha, Cn Long ra lnh bi b vic tin binh sang xm lc Vit
Nam mt ln na v ng vic phong vng cho Quang Trung, nhng li mun k chin
thng phi ch thn sang triu cn mi c phong vng. ny b Quang Trung t
chi.

39
 Theo l c trong lch s, mi ln phong vng cho cc nc ch hu, "phn giu", vua
Trung Hoa thng c mt s b mang sc phong v n (bng vng hoc bc) sang tn kinh
nc v vic phong vng phi c din ra theo nhng nghi thc ht sc trang trng
c nh sn. Trong lch s Vit Nam, cha h c v tn vng no ca ta phi sang triu cn
"Thin triu" mi c phong vng, nht l khi v vua mi y li l ngi va chin thng i
qun "Thin triu" hng mnh.

Nhng trc yu cu ca "Thin triu" m chi t thng thng, gay gt qu cng khng
c li cho quan h gia hai nc, nn trong th gi Phc Khang An, Quang Trung a ra l
do nu cha c phong vng m sang kinh triu cn mng th vua Cn Long th c nhiu
iu bt tin. Do , Quang Trung i phi c tuyn phong trc khi sang triu cn, m phi
l tuyn phong ti kinh nc mnh: "Snh vi cc triu L, Trn, L ca nc ti khi mi
c phong, cng l vic th "Thin triu" khng tht l, "Thin triu" b qua li lm nh nht,
du dt vo con ng ln, ra n vinh phong i in, cha tng c chuyn ch n lc i mi
c hnh mt cch vi v, qua loa. Ngc mong i nhn xt tnh, ht lng v ti cu xin phong
tc trc lc ra i noi theo l c ca nc ti ti phng mnh lm phn giu sm c lm
l (th phong) kinh " [44: 321-322].

Nh Thanh nh chp nhn, khng bt Quang Trung n tn kinh mi phong vng

na, m i n khi Quang Trung sang triu cn "Thin triu", qua ca Nam Quan s phong
vng. Nhng Quang Trung li mt ln na tm cch chi t: "Nu phi i sau khi n ca
khuyt mi c phong in, ngi bit ni l "Thin triu" c thnh mnh, ngi khng
bit ni l i Hong s c s phn x khc, li ba t phao n, t s sinh lm vic, tn
cng kh nhc mt phen v yn, chng bng ngay ngy nay sm d nh" [44:323]. Nh vy,
mc cho mun ca "Thin triu", Quang Trung vn mt mc mun c lm l tuyn phong
ti kinh nc mnh trc khi sang nh Thanh triu cn Cn Long.

Nh Thanh nh phi chp thun yu cu ca Quang Trung, c mt s b mang sc th

v bi th ng ch sang phong vng cho Quang Trung. Theo "Lch triu tp k", ngy mng
mt thng tm nm K Du (1789) s b Thanh ( do s thn Thnh Lm, Hu b tnh Qung
Ty dn u) c lnh khi hnh sang Vit Nam.

40
 Vy l nh Thanh phi nhiu ln nhng b Quang Trung trong vic chn thi gian,
a im lm l tuyn phong.

Theo l c, l phong vng thng c c hnh ti Thng Long, nhng Quang Trung
khng mun ra Thng Long nhn sc th nn c tm cch ln la mi.

- Ngay t khi s b nh Thanh va n ca Nam Quan nhn c th Quang Trung

ly l do ng s h hng nn phi chm tr vic ra Thng Long th phong: "Duy c kh hu
nc ti t Thanh Ho tr ra Bc lt to, v ma h t Thanh Ho tr vo Nam lt to v ma
thu, ti nh h tun thng tm t Ngh An khi hnh, ln li khe ni, gp nc bc cu, th tt
phi chm t nhiu ngy, c chng n mi lm thng chn mi n Thng Long c"
[44:334].

- Trong mt th khc Quang Trung li ly l do b bnh, xin hon l tuyn phong: "Ch v
ti mnh eo bnh, cht gp ngay vo k lm l, u dm khng c tnh thc ku trc thi
gim, rt mong tit ngc tm nh, xe hng dng, li dung cho tiu phin ti khi bnh, ngay
sau khi tham yt, s chn ngy tt lm l th phong, cho trn c in l" [44: 338]

- Quang Trung khng mun ra Thng Long nhn phong vng nh l c trc y, m
mun s Thanh mang sc th n Ph Xun tuyn phong, nn trong l th sau , ng vin
mi l do thuyt phc: No l t Thng Long ht vng kh, no l chnh Ph Xun l
ni hi mi xng ng l ni nhn l th phong: "t Thng Long du l quc ca i
trc m vn tri c khi ly, b, vn t c lc thnh suy, khng th ly nht khi m n nh"
[44:345]. "Bi t khi nh Tin L mt quyn, vng kh thnh Thng Long b tiu tan, ni Tn
Vin xung mch, di, trn mt gn hai ngn. Ph Lng sng l, v t hu u. Gn
y hn mt trm nm nn trong chng yn, lo ngoi ni n, thm ly vi nm lon lc, cung
khuyt hoang, s ngi trong thnh cng li tha tht." [44:354] . V: "Thnh Ph Xun
trc lp thnh p, t khi tiu phin ti sa sang chiu tp n nay hi thnh ni hi"
[44: 344^. Quang Trung li bin minh rng vic n sc th ca "Thin triu" cn phi ni
hi sum vy mi xng ng: " i ! n phong l mt l to vy. Vng kh Thng Long tiu
tn, ngi v khi bp cng t, cho gia tng ca ti trn v, khng phi nn gc ca
ti . Nay vng mnh cho m nc, khng c t by chn thnh hp tp ng c,

41
m li t chn hoang tn tiu iu, knh vng n mnh Thng Long thc cng cha yn"
[44:356].

n thng mi nm K Du, s b n Thng Long. Sau Quang Trung my ln

vit th ly l do sc khoe yu nn khng ra Thng Long c, ngh s b nh Thanh vo
Ph Xun lm l th phong. Nhng Thnh Lm v s b khng dm tri l t xa ti nay (v
y cng l ca Cn Long); L th phong phi c c hnh Thng Long nn s b Thanh
nht nh khng vo Ph Xun.

Quang Trung nhiu ln vin l do thoi thc, ln la mi vic th phong, chng t Quang
Trung chng mn m g vi ci tc "An Nam quc vng" m "Thin triu" ban cho. Nhng
Quang Trung thy vn cn chnh thc c "Thin triu" tuyn phong m bo danh chnh
ngn thun v mt php l, nhm ngn chn nhng m mu phc th ca nhng lc lng
phn ng trong v ngoi nc.

Nh trong phn 1.2.1.2.2. trnh by, sau khi i qun "Thin triu" tht n, L Chiu
Thng v b l theo tn qun chy sang Trung Hoa, hy vng "Thin triu" s mt ln na
xut qun gip sc "phc quc". Mt mt chng ra sc ku xin nh Thanh ra qun cu gip,
mt mt nhm hp lc lng v tm cch lin h bn cu thn, nhng nhm phn ng trong
nc tm cch chng i Ty Sn.

V vy, trnh s cng thng trong quan h vi "Thin triu", Quang Trung sai Phm
Cng Tr, chu gi Quang Trung bng cu, gi mo Quang Trung ra Thng Long nhn tuyn
phong. Cn sc v n ca vua Thanh ban cho th n ngy mi hai thng Chp, nm Canh
Tut (1790), tc l i khi phi on ta sang triu cn d l bt tun vn th ca Cn Long mi
nhn lnh. "Nh vy l t sau khi nhn c tin vua Cn Long phong vng ngy 26 thng by
nm K Du (Sau by thng chin thng ng a) mi n cui nm sau mi nhn sc v
n, bit rng Quang Trung cng rt coi nh vic phong ny" [39:295].

Nh vy, vic Quang Trung ln la mi trong vic nhn l tuyn phong v chm tr trong
vic nhn sc v n chng t Quang Trung chng my coi trng s cng nhn ca nh Thanh,
kha cnh no li c v nh xem thng k va b mnh nh bi, d c l "Thin triu".

42
 Vic triu nh Mn Thanh nhiu ln nhng b Quang Trung trong vic chn thi gian,
a im tuyn phong chng t phn no s n s trc "khch chin thng". "Cha bao gi
trong lch s ngoi giao ca nc ta, Thin triu li b ng, xung thang, khng trch thng
n nh th" [39:281]. Trc thi ln la ca Quang Trung, c th nh Thanh khng my
hi lng nhng vn phi "ngm b hn lm ngt".

D sao, vic Quang Trung c nh Thanh tuyn phong, chnh thc cng nhn thc s l
mt bc tin di n mt trn ngoi giao. Thm na, khi Quang Trung c nh Thanh tuyn
phong, ngha l nh Thnh phi cng nhn triu i Quang Trung l triu i chnh thng,
khng cn cng nhn nh L na. Do , L Chiu Thng v bn phn ng trong v ngoi
nc khng th tip tc dng danh ngha "phc quc", "ph L" chng ph Ty Sn c.
Nh vy, vic tuyn phong ny xt mt gc no cng c tc dng tch cc gp phn
cng c tnh hnh an ninh chnh tr, x hi Vit Nam lc by gi.

3.1.2. V VN TRIU CN:

Mt trong nhng vn ng lu trong quan h gia Quang Trung v nh Thanh sau

chin tranh l vic Quang Trung phi ch thn sang triu cn Cn Long nhn l mng th Cn
Long tm mi tui nh ha. Phi chng Hong "Thin triu" rt mun c nhn tn
mt v anh hng lnh o ngha qun Ty Sn nh bi i qun "Thin triu" ch trong mt
trn, nm K Du, 1789, nn trong cuc ging hoa sau chin tranh, mt ng nhng iu kin
nh Thanh a ra l: Quang Trung phi ch thn sang triu cn ? Cn Long nhiu ln xung
chiu d Quang Trung sang triu cn: Ln u, Cn Long mun khi Nguyn Hu sang triu cn
th mi phong vng, nhng Quang Trung khng ng , buc nh Thanh phi nhng b. Ri
sau , tuy c s b mang sc th sang Thng Long lm l th phong cho Quang Trung ri,
Cn Long vn mun Quang Trung sang yt kin nhn l "bt tun vn th" ca mnh. Theo i
Thanh thc lc (quyn 1346, t 13a, 14b), khi nhn c t biu ca Quang Trung ha s sang
triu cn theo yu cu ca nh Thanh, Cn Long rt vui mng, ph ngay vo t biu: "Ta sp
gp nhau l iu mong c ln" ri a li cho s thn chuyn v cho Quang Trung [3:86].

Thc ra, trong lch s dn tc ta, cha c trng hp no "An nam quc vng" sang
triu cn "Thin triu" c. (ngoi tr vic Mc ng Dung t tri mnh n dinh tng nh
Minh bin gii Trung Hoa xin hng).

43
 v phn Quang Trung, tuy phi chp thun iu kin ging ho cho m chuyn, nhng c
th c nhiu l do gii thch vic Quang Trung khng mun ch thn sang triu cn vua
Thanh. Quang Trung vin c ang c i tang (m ng va mt vo thng ging), nn khng
th sang triu cn c, nh xin php cho con th l Nguyn Quang Thy i thay.

Bit Quang Trung khng mun i, Phc Khang An vi phi ngi sang khuyn rng:
Vic triu cn khng th khng thi hnh, " Nu quc vng khng sang triu cn c th nn
chn ly mt ngi trng mo ging mnh m cho i thay" [8:233].

Nh vy, Tng c Lng Qung Phc Khang An -v i thn thn tn ca vua Thanh -
ch ng dn xp mt mn kch ngoi giao va c th chiu Hong "Thin triu", li
va khng lm mt lng khch chin thng.

V pha ta, tuy Quang Trung khng mun sang triu cn nhng ng tha hiu rng trong
quan h ngoi giao vi "Thin triu" cn phi ht sc mm do. Quang Trung chp thun
ngh ca Phc Khang An nn cho chn ngi thay mnh sang triu cn. Phm Cng Tr, chu
gi Quang Trung bng cu, ngi tng thay Quang Trung ra Thng Long lnh sc th tuyn
phong, c chn lm "Gi vng" (Theo i nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, quyn 30, t
39a). Cn theo [48:375], ngi ng gi Quang Trung tn l Nguyn Quang Thc, mt v v
quan ngi Ngh An, do Ng Th Nhm kn chn. Cn theo "Ty Sn thut lc" th gi
vng do mt ngi tn l Nguyn Hu Chn m trch). on s b gm 159 ngi, trong
c c Nguyn Quang Thy, con th ca vua Quang Trung , cc i thn cng i l Ng Vn
S, Phan Huy ch, V Huy Tn... v c mt on nhc cng vi mi bi t khc chun b
cng phu biu din mng th i Hong . Ngoi cc cng phm theo l thng, ta li
chun b thm hai tht voi tin cng. Mn qu ny thnh gnh nng i vi quan lnh nh
Thanh, v phi chm sc, h tng voi chu o sut chng ng di t bin gii n tn kinh
.

on s gi khi hnh t Ngh An vo cui thng 3 nm Canh Tut (1790), n thng 7

th ti kinh nh Thanh. c lnh ca triu nh, tng c Lng Qung Phc Khang An
phi ch thn h tng on t bin gii n kinh . Triu nh cn lnh cho cc a phng,
ni c phi on i qua, phi t chc n tip tht chu o, trng hu, mi ph tn do triu nh
chu.

44
 Theo i Thanh thc lc (quyn 1356, t 21b, 26a), ngay t khi on va ti Lng Sn,
vua Cn Long cho gi tng Quang Trung (gi) mt bi th c in trn v mt bi th ng
ch. Ri sau , trn ng phi on tin kinh, h c ca ngon, vt l, vua Cn Long li sai
chy nga trm a tht khch, cha k nhng qu tng nh thc phm, o mo v nhng vt
dng qu c ch to tinh xo ti Trung Hoa "Tht l mt th ban n ngoi l thng"
[39:301].

Trong qu trnh h tng on, Phc Khang An cn lm nhim v theo di tnh hnh, bo
co cho Cn Long. Nhng th t Quang Trung (gi) gi v nc u b kim sot, sao lc li.
(iu ny phi on liu trc nn khng li s sut g). Sau, thy khng c g ng ng,
v li, thy vic kim sot tht khim nh nn Cn Long cho bi b lnh "th gi khng c
dn kn" i vi s b ta. iu chng t s u i v thi ht sc tn trng ca nh
Thanh ginh cho Quang Trung .

Nghe tin c con trai ca Quang Trung l Nguyn Quang Thy cng i trong on, Cn
Long tng Thy l con trng ca Quang Trung nn c cch phong cho Nguyn Quang
Thy lm "Th T" v ban cho nhiu tng phm. Sau, bit mnh lm, Cn Long sai ngi
i sc th phong cho con trng ca Quang Trung l Nguyn Quang Ton lm "Th t" , cn
Quang Thy vn c hng nhng qu ban tng. Khi nghe Thy b m, phi v nc tr
bnh, vua Cn Long cho gi tng Thu mt ci nh bng ngc v km theo li chc lnh "...
lm im tt lnh ln, tc khc ngy nay qua khi, yn lnh" [8: 239]. Tt c nhng n cn,
chu o m triu Thanh dnh cho Nguyn Quang Thy v s b chng t s tn trng , i i
cc k trng hu.

Khi phi on n kinh nh Thanh, vua Cn Long mi n hnh cung Nhit H, ni

vua ang ngh mt. Hnh trnh ca on c s chm tr v thi gian, on khng b "qu trch"
m cn c Cn Long ban thng nhiu tng phm qu gi v ban tng bi th ng ch. i
bi th: "Nm trc phi em binh sang Nam, ct khi phc cho nh L, nhng nh L
n lc khng c tri ta nn phi phong cho Nguyn (Ty Sn) v Nguyn quy phc tht
tnh" [8: 245].

Vua Thanh n tip Quang Trung (gi) "ngang hng vi nhng bc thn vng Trung
Quc, l mt n in xa nay cha v phin vng no c hng" [16:213 ]. Gi

45
vng"cn c Cn Long cho lm l "bo tt" (l m u gi, th hin tnh cm cha con).
y l mt n sng c bit khc thng m cha mt v quc vng ch hu, phn giu no
c hng. Vua Cn Long cn ch thn vit tng bn ch "Cng cc quy thnh" (Cng cc:
Gc v sao chu v sao Bc u, l hnh nh tng trng cho s thn phc ca ch hu i vi
Thin t. Quy thnh: hng v vi tt c s trung thnh, thnh thc), c khen ngi s "quy
phc chn thnh" ca Quang Trung i vi "Thin triu". Khi s b vo b kin, t bit v
nc, vua Cn Long cn cho hoa cng v mt bc chn dung "gi vng" ri ban tng lm k
nim. (Xem Ph lc 4),Thm na , Cn Long cn t tay vit ch "Phc", ch "Th" lm qu
tng tt lnh cho Quang Trung nhn dp u xun. Cc v cng i trong on cng c i i
n cn v c ban tng nhiu tng phm qu gi. Trong "Tinh sa k hnh", Phan Huy ch
nhn xt: "Ngi mnh i s Tu cha c ln no l lng v v vang n nh vy". [8: 258].
c i x "l lng, v vang" nh vy l v nc ta di triu Quang Trung l mt quc gia
hng mnh, nh bi i qun "Thin triu" ngt nght ba mi vn qun, khin "Thin
triu" v cc nc ln bang cng phi nghing mnh n s. Thi no cng vy, t nc c
thc lc hng mnh ri mi ni n chuyn ngoi giao bnh ng vi Trung Hoa c. Thi
Quang Trung, Vit Nam ta khng ch c i x bnh ng m cn c ht sc trn trng,
hu i.

Ngoi chi ph cho vic sa li ng s, cu cng ... ph tn cung ng cho phi on ca

"Gi vng" mi ngy ln ti bn ngn lng bc, m hnh trnh c i v v ca phi on ln
n hai trm ngy. Theo "i Thanh thc lc" (quyn 1356, t 26a), chi ph tip n y qu tn
km, n ni Cn Long cng phi bc mnh, xt xa: "Gi ly s tin y m lm qun ph em
sang nh bo th cho bn Ha Th Hanh cn hn" [3:130]. Qua on ch d ca Cn Long ta
cn thy nh Thanh tuy chu ging ho vi triu Quang Trung nhng vn cay c v tht bi
thm hi v vn cha t b nh bo th. Hn rng nh Thanh cng hiu rng vic bo th
u phi d dng, vy nn nh tm vut gin lm lnh.

Mt cu hi c t ra trong vn triu cn ny: Liu nh Thanh, m ng u l Cn

Long, c bit c rng ngi sang triu cn ch l "An Nam Quc Vng gi" hay khng?

Theo cch i i trng hu ca Cn Long vi "Quang Trung gi", c th xem l Cn

Long khng h bit s tht. S tht ny c ghi li rnh rnh trong sch s Vit Nam. v pha

46
Trung Hoa vo thi im cng c khng t ngi bit s tht: Phc Khang An, Thang Hng
Nghip, Tn Vnh Thanh v vin s do Phc Khang An c sang khuyn Quang Trung tm
ngi thay th sang triu cn vua Thanh... Chc chn l c khng t ngi Trung Quc nghi
ng v vic khng phi ch thn An Nam Quc vng sang triu cn vua Thanh, m ch l
"gi vng". Trong "Ty Sn s truyn" ca Trung Quc [Bn dch ca Hong Xun Hn, Tp
san S a s 9, SG 1968] c ghi: " Ngi Thanh c k hoi nghi l c s gi mo, nhng
Thanh trc sau vn khng bit g ht". Ngay c mt thng gia ngi Anh, ch sau ba
nm cng bit c vic ny, ng ta vit: "Ngi c tip n Bc Kinh vi tt c vinh
d dnh cho mt hong , ch l mt ng vua gi". [3:103-104].

Nh vy, phi chng khi n tip s b ca ta, Cn Long v triu thn khng h bit l
"gi vng", n khi v l ra, bit c s thc, vua ti nh Thanh nh nut gin lm ng
gi gn th din ?

V pha Quang Trung, tuy khng phi ch thn sang triu cn m vn thc hin c li
ha khi chp nhn iu kin ging hoa ca Cn Long . Hn na, mn kch ngoi giao ny li
do chnh nhng v i thn nh Thanh ng ra xp t.

y thc s l mt chin cng v vang ca triu i Quang Trung trn mt trn ngoi
giao vi nh Thanh - mt mt trn u tranh khng dng gm sng song cng khng km
phn gay go, v y ry kh khn.

3.1.3.V VN TRIU CNG.

VI NT V VIC TRIU CNG TRUNG HOA:

Ngay t th k X, sau khi ginh c c lp v thit lp li mi quan h ngoi giao vi

Trung Hoa, mi khi s thn nc ta i s Trung Hoa cng u mang tin cng. Di thi
Tin L, thi L? nhng tin cng y ch c ghi l "biu". Phi n thi Trn, vo nm
1258, l cng np cho Trung Hoa mi chnh thc c quy nh thnh thng l. v thc cht
cng np l mt hnh thc thu m nc nh c ngha v np cho nc ln. Nhng cng
np thng c gi tr kinh t kh cao.

Ban u, vo thi Tin L, thi L..., khi vic tin cng cn mang tnh cht qu biu th
tin cng ch yu l cc sn vt a phng nh sng t gic, ng voi, trm hng, tuy v

47
sau cng c vng, bc... nhng khng r c th l bao nhiu. Sang thi Trn,Trung Hoa quy
nh ta phi tin cng ba nm mt ln, sau do ng s xa xi, i li vt v, vua nc ta xin
c su nm tin cng mt ln. L ny c bt u t nm 1538 vi vt phm cng np gp
i. Ngoi cc sn vt a phng, cn vng bc v ngi nh: thy thuc, thy bi... " cng
thi ny c gi tr hng trm kg vng bc". [39 :43].

T thi Hu L tr i, ta mi bt u phi c ngi vng tin cng cho Trung Hoa. S

ghi: sau chin thng Chi Lng, ngoi nhng cng phm nh thng l,"Thin triu" p ta phi
tin cng ngi vng th mng Liu Thng - mt vin tng ca nh Minh, b qun ta git
cht nm 1427. Vua L nh phi chp thun cho m chuyn. "Vua L Thi T lm vic quyn
nghi l do s tnh ngy by gi c ch khng ng c y thi" (Theo li ph trong Khm
nh Vit S quyn 14, t 22). "Ta nn nh rng, cuc i nh ca vua L Thi T nu phi
tn km mt, hai pho ngi vng lm vt i gi khi chy thm mu o ca chin s i
Vit, tng cng khng phi l t u" [9:3]. Vic triu cng ngi vng cho Trung Hoa
thnh l, t , nc ta mi khi c s thay i triu i li phi c ngi vng triu cng
"Thin triu".

Sau khi nh Mc chim ngi ca nh L, phn v s "Thin triu" hi ti cp ngi, phn

v nhu nhc, mun hi l "Thin triu" tht nhiu cho m chuyn, nn nh Mc c ngi
vng to hn, nng cn hn bnh thng vi t th ci mt tin cng nh Minh.

Sang thi L Trung Hng, nh Minh li hch hi, yu sch v vic cng ngi vng. Khi
nh L sang tin cng, nh Minh thy ngi vng khng c c to, nng nh ngi vng ca
nh Mc m theo khun mu ngi vng tin cng ca cc triu i trc nn hch hi. S gi
Phng Khc Khoan kho l gii: "... H Mc cp ln th danh l nghch, h L khi phc
th danh l thun. H Mc c theo hnh thc lm ngi vng th thn l hng n may
mn lm ri. n nh h L i i lm cng thn th hnh dng ngi vng c mu sn
. Nay nu vin ly h Mc lm l th sao nu rt c ci ngha rn d, khuyn lnh ? Li
trng ca ng c thu n tai vua Minh ri cng thun theo ci hnh thc ca nh L " (Theo
Nhn vt ch. Lch triu hin chng loi ch" [9:3].

n thi L D Tng, nm 1718, Binh B hu th lang Nguyn Cng Hng i s sang

nh Thanh u tranh phn i vic cng np ngi vng v xin bi b l cng y: "Nh

48
Thanh ta rng ln mun nc th m li bo bo i ca t lt bo th cho ngi xa th ly
g khuyn ngi ta n vi mnh?". Trc l l thuyt phc ca ng, nh Thanh nh chp
thun b qua vic tin cng ngi vng.

Nh vy, l cng ngi vng cho Trung Quc ko di t nm 1427, di thi Trn n
nm 1718, i L D Tng, Binh B hu th lang Nguyn Cng Hng bng ti nng ng i
xut chng v ngoi giao u tranh "nh" c l y.

DI TRIU QUANG TRUNG, L CONG NGI VNG CHNH THC C

BI B:

Sau trn i bi ma xun K Du, nh Thanh e d, n s Ty Sn v cng c ch dn

ho. Khi Phc Khang An c lnh thay Tn S Ngh lm Tng c Lng Qung, Phc
Khang An i Quang Trung phi tin cng ngi vng nh l c th "Thin triu" mi dung
th v phong vng cho. Nhng Quang Trung khng ng theo l y : "L cng ngi vng
l l ca k mnh bt k yu phi tun theo" [39:297] Trong khi i qun ca "Thin triu"
sang xm lc va b Ty Sn nh cho tan tc th khng l do g bt ta phi thc nhin yu
sch v l . Quang Trung sai Ng Th Nhm vit mt bc th yu cu vua Thanh bi b l
cng ngi vng: "Quc trng nc ti ngy nay, vng ln t thu o vi, nhn thi bit vic,
cng vi vua L vn khng phi l danh phn vua ti: s kh lu do s i, cuc hng bi
u bi lng dn, ch c g n nc nh L c, c phi nh nhng bn thon ot u? V
trc y Tn B ng cm qun li nh, quc trng nc ti khng dng c m phi
ng chin, t ch khng xm phm vo bin cnh, b ti vi thng quc. Nay vng i
nhn khi em l i cng ngi vng, th th quc trng nc ti c nc bng mt cch
rt minh bch, li phi snh hng vi bn ngy Mc m tm lng knh thun, s tri th nc
ln khng c ch g ?" [44 :348-349].

Nh vy, Quang Trung cho rng s d c vic tin cng ngi vng l do cc vua thi
trc "c li no vi "Thin iu" nn phi cng ngi vng chuc li" [65 :208], cn
Quang Trung "c nc mt cch minh bch" nn khng h c li vi nh L, khng h c
ti vi "Thin triu" nn khng chu tin cng ngi vng nh l c. Trong th cn ma mai:
"Hai i Nguyn - Minh lm vic khng theo i xa sao bt chc" [44: 349].

49
 Trc s bin lun kho lo, ti tnh y ca ta, vua Cn Long ra lnh bi b l tin cng
ngi vng. Khi An Nam Quc Vng gi sang mng th, c Cn Long tng cho bi th,
trong c cu: "Thng triu vng s b kim nhn" (ngha l: "Triu trc bt cng ngi vng
tht l ng b") [3:129]. C tht l Cn Long thy vic cc triu trc i nc ta tin cng
ngi vng l ng b ? Nu tht th, sao Cn Long cn sai Phc Khang An i ta phi em
ngi vng tin cng? Nu khng c chin thng K Du ly lng lm hu thun ngoi giao
cho Ty Sn th liu Cn Long c d dng chp thun li ngh b l cng ngi vng ?

Triu i Quang Trung, bng thc lc hng mnh, bng s ti tnh trong ng i mt
ln na lp k tch trong u tranh ngoi giao: buc nh Thanh phi xo b l cng ngi vng
c t thi Trn, ci b c gnh nng v l m ta phi chu t cch hn 360 nm. Thi
L D Tng, Nguyn Cng Hng c cng u tranh "nh" l ny li, nhng phi ti thi
Quang Trung, l ny mi c xo b hon ton, xa i "n Liu Thng ", mt mn n nng
gnh, cng l mt ni au trong lch s dn tc hng my trm nm qua.

3.2. VN KHI PHC GIAO THNG GIA HAI NC VNG BIN

GII:

Vit Nam v Trung Hoa l nhng quc gia lng ging, "ni lin ni, sng lin sng", nn
ngay t thu xa xa, do nhu cu giao lu t nhin ca c dn hai nc, vic mua bn vng
bin gii dn c hnh thnh.

Theo nhiu ngun ti liu, quan h mua bn ny dn c hnh thnh t thi nc Nam
Vit ca Triu : " Sng Tng Giang ( Ty Giang) l ng giao thng thin nhin quan
trng khin Phin Ngng trao i bun bn vi cc b lc ngi Lo, ngi Khng d Ty
Nam Trung Quc. Qua trung gian , hng hoa ca t Thc cng c truyn vo Vit Nam.
Mt khc, Vit Nam cng tin hnh trao i vi Trung Nguyn, mua ca Trung Nguyn
in kh, st, vng, tru, b, nga, d..." [24:14].

Sut mt ngn nm Bc thuc, Trung Hoa nm c quyn mua bn nc ta v thu

c nhng ngun li ng k. Sch Tin Hn Th chp: "Min ny gn b, c nhiu sng t
gic, ng voi, i mi, chu ngc, bc, ng, hoa qu, vi, ngi Trung Quc n mua bn
phn nhiu c giu c" [79: 36].

50
 Sang k nguyn c lp t ch, vo thi L Trn, nc ta vn m ca bin gii mua bn
vi Trung Hoa, song v l do chnh tr nn hot ng thng mi phn no b hn ch. T th
k XVI n th k XVIII, vic mua bn qua bin gii b triu nh hai nc qun l cht ch
hn. nc ta, nh nc lp ra cc c quan kim sot ngoi thng rt kht khe, nhn dn dc
bin gii m t qua li bin gii mua bn vi ngi Trung Hoa u b pht tin rt nng, c
khi cn b pht t. Trung Hoa, nh Minh v sau ny l nh Thanh cng nghim cm vic
nhn dn t vt bin gii mua bn.

Vic giao lu, mua bn gia nhn dn hai nc qua vng bin gii xut pht t nhu cu
giao lu t nhin, nh nc v nhn dn u thu c nhng ngun li ng k t hot ng
kinh t ny. v sau ny cc triu i qun ch Vit Nam (triu L - Trnh, triu Nguyn) v
TrungHoa, (triu Minh v c triu Thanh sau ny) hn ch hot ng kinh t ngoi thng,
c bit l kim sot rt cht ch vic trao i, mua bn vng bin gii. Vic hn ch ny ch
yu nhm bo v an ninh quc gia, hn ch hot ng do thm ca nc ngoi i vi nc
mnh .

S cm on ca nh nc ch c th hn ch, km hm ch khng th ngn chn hon

ton xu th pht trin ca nn kinh t, x hi. Nhn dn hai nc vn ln vt ca i mua bn
vng trm vi nhau. Vic bun bn gia hai nc vng bin gii li cng b nh Thanh cm
on cht ch hn sau tht bi Tt K Du. C l mt phn v xu h tht bi thm hi trong
chin tranh xm lc Vit Nam, mt phn v mun bo v tuyt i an ninh vng bin gii
kp thi ngn chn s xm nhp ca lc lng Ty Sn (nu c): "Sau tht bi ca Tn S
Ngh, vic nghim cm thng thng ca nh Thanh li cng cht ch hn. Nh Thanh ra lnh:
"Vic bin gii phi rt cn mt, nhng ngi vt ca i vng trm i bun bn ln lt u
nht thit ngn cm" [57: 154]. V th, vic mua bn gia hai nc trong giai on ny sa
st li cng sa st trm trng hn.

Sau cuc khng chin chng qun xm lc Thanh, triu Quang Trung ra nhng chnh
sch tch cc khi phc v chn hng kinh t t nc.

Quang Trung mong mi xy dng c mt nn kinh t cng thng nghip pht trin,
sn xut c nhiu mt hng hoa, c th m bo c mi nhu cu thit yu ca nhn dn,
khng phi l thuc vo nc ngoi, nh ng tng ni vi Nguyn Thip: "Ti mun kh

51
dng g cng chng phi mua ca Tu" [36:33]. Quang Trung mun xy dng c mt nn
kinh t pht trin, c lp. Nhng c lp v kinh t khng c ngha l ct t mi giao lu
mua bn vi nc ngoi. Tri li, ng quan nim rng cn phi m rng giao lu, mua bn,
trao i hng ho vi nc ngoi th mi c th gp phn khi phc v pht trin nn kinh t
nc nh c. Quan nim ny hon ton ph hp vi xu th thi cuc lc by gi khi quan
nim "sng lng cht cng lng" qu li thi. "T th k XVI, vu xut hin mt tm
l mi (...) sng l phi lm giu, mnh c giu th x hi mi giu. M mun giu th phi lm
ra nhiu sn phm, tham gia vo lung giao lu hng hoa, (...) hn th, phi vn ra th gii
bn ngoi m lm n ch khng phi "b quan toa cng V [57:117].

Thc t lch s chng minh rng nn kinh t ngoi thng nc ta sau mt thi gian
di sa st, c dn phc hi v bc u pht trin di thi Quang Trung, c bit l
trong quan h mua bn vi Trung Hoa. C c kt qu l nh ch trng tch cc ca
Quang Trung trong vic ni li quan h ngoi giao vi nh Thanh sau chin tranh.

Sau khi ging ha, triu Quang Trung ch ng t vn khi phc giao thng vi nh
Thanh, c s gi sang Trung Hoa iu nh vi nh Thanh v vic m ca i, lp ch ba,
thng thng mua bn vng bin gii ca hai nc. Nh Thanh chp thun cho thng
nhn hai nc qua li mt s ca i dc bin gii mua bn. "Cc thng nhn c th qua
ca i Bnh Nhi v Thy Khu n bun bn ph Mc M (Cao Bng), Hoa Sn (Lng Sn),
hoc qua i Du Thn n bun bn ph K La (Lng Sn)" [57:154]. Theo "i Nam nht
thng ch" (Bn dch ca Vin S hc, tp 4, trang 367-368), i Bnh Nhi a gii Long Chu
nc Thanh, cn i Du Thn cch tnh l Lng Sn 30 dm v pha Bc, nhng cng vic giao
tng cng vn gia hai nc v nhng ngi dn qua li bin gii mua bn, hu ht u i qua
ca i ny. Triu Quang Trung cn ngh min vic nh thu cho mua bn cc ch bin
gii. ngh ny cng c vua Thanh chp thun.

Nh vic thng thng mua bn v min thu thng bun vng bin gii quan h
thng mi gia hai nc tin trin theo chiu hng tt p. Lng Sn - mt th trn gip
st bin gii - tr thnh trung tm bun bn, sm ut, tp np, l ni giao lu kinh t quan
trng gia hai nc.

52
 cm n vic triu Thanh chp thun m ca i, thng thng ch ba, min thu mua
bn ch bin gii, Quang Trung cho vit biu t, trong c on: " ... Ngh n nc ti
lun nm b vic binh, vt lc suy hao, c n cho m ng thng thng, mua bn, ao i"
[44:454], v trong th gi Tng c Lng Qung Phc Khang An, c on: "M ca i, thng
ng ch, khin cho trm th hng hoa khng ng. Cho li dn sinh..." [44: 376].

Quang Trung cn cho c tin "Quang Trung thng bo" gm nhiu loi tin khc nhau,
lu hnh rng ri ng nhn dn (Xem Ph lc 4). Tc gi Vn Ninh, trong "Tin c Vit
Nam", nhn xt: "Nh Ty Sn lm c mt vic ln m t u thi c lp t ch ca
lch s nc ta hi th k X cha lm c, l dng tin Vit Nam thay th tin Trung Hoa
trn th trng khp nc" [47:157].

Cng theo tc gi Vn Ninh, tin Ty Sn khng ch c nhn dn trong nc tn

nhim tiu dng m cn c lu hnh c sang Trung Hoa. Sch "Trung Quc ho t s" ca
Bnh Tin Uy (Nh xut bn Nhn dn Thng Hi xut bn nm 1965) ghi vic "cm dng
tin ngoi Quang Trung" [47:158]. Nh vy, vic lu hnh "Quang Trung thng bo" sang tn
Trung Hoa l c tht v c l y l trng hp duy nht trong lch s quan h tin t Vit -
Hoa, tnh n cui th k XVIII.

Thm na, tng cng sc mua bn, trao i hng hoa gia nhn dn hai nc, cng l
nhm m rng hot ng cho thng nhn Vit Nam, Quang Trung li yu cu nh Thanh cho
lp nha hng ph Nam Ninh (Qung Ty) gii thiu v trao i hng ha. Yu cu ny
cng c vua Thanh chp thun.

Nh vy, nh c thc lc vng mnh, nh quan h giao ho gia hai nc, v nh uy tn

ca bn thn Quang Trung Nguyn Hu, nhng xut ca triu Quang Trung nhm to nhng
iu kin d dng, thun li cho vic trao i, mua bn vng bin gii u c nh Thanh
chp thun. Vic triu i Quang Trung yu cu nh Thanh cho khi phc giao thng gi hai
nc thng li, gp phn dn dn phc hi quan h ngoi thng gia hai nc sau hng th
k b nh tr.

3.3. V VN CNG GII V LNH TH:

53
 Nh trnh by phn 1.1, ngay t th k in trc Cng nguyn, Vit Nam v Trung
Hoa tr thnh nhng nc lng ging. T th k X, khi Vit Nam thot khi ch h hn
mt ngn nm ca cc ch qun ch Trung Hoa, xy ng nn c lp, t ch th vn
bin gii tr thnh mt vn nhy cm, c cc triu i qun ch Vit Nam c bit quan
tm. Vng bin gii pha bc qu xa xi, a th him tr, ng i li kh khn nn "Triu
nh thng khng ct t quan chc cai tr, thng th dn theo phong tc, tp qun m cai
qun ln nhau. H di dn, h i t, triu nh khng bit u m tra xt c" [69: 288]. V
vy, nh nc tht vt v trong vic qun l t ai vng bin cng. Thm na, vo bui u
k nguyn c lp, "a d hc" hu nh khng c, bn khng c minh bch, thnh ra
khng my ai r c khu vc t ai, hnh th sng ni ra sao" [69: 288]. Sut chiu di hng
ngn nm di cc triu i qun ch Vit Nam, ng bin gii nc ta vi cc nc (ng
c bin gii gia Vit Nam v Trung Hoa) cha bao gi c xc nh, cm mc mt cch
chnh thc v r rng. Chnh quyn Trung Hoa nhiu ln xm chim cc vng t bin gii
nc ta hoc chiu d cc th ty Vit Nam vng bin gii em t sp nhp vo Trung Hoa,
cng c trng hp nhng th mc Vit Nam, do bt mn vi triu nh nn em t quy phc
Trung Hoa.

V d: Di thi L Thn Tng (1620 -1643), Mc Knh Khoan ni ln chng li nh L.

tranh th s ng h ca Trung Hoa, Mc Knh Khoan nhng cho Trung Quc phn t V
Xuyn (Tuyn Quang). Mi n nm 1676, nh Thanh c giao tr li cho ta vng t y nhng
v sau vng t y li c sp nhp vo ph Khai Hoa, tnh Vn Nam (Trung Hoa).

Thi L Hy Tng (1675 - 1705), V Cng Tun ni dy Tuyn Quang, Hng Hoa. Nm
1687, V Cng Tun thua, chy sang Trung Hoa. Trong thi k hn lon y, cc th ty Vn
Nam chim c nhiu t vng ny, lp trm thu thu v qun l dn c y, xem nh
t thuc Trung Hoa vy .

Cc triu i qun ch Vit Nam cng ch trng vn bin gii nn nhiu ln yt th,
ku gi dn cc vng t b chim tr v nc v gi th sang Vn Nam i t nhng cc th
ty Trung Hoa nht nh khng tr. (Nhng th ty vng bin cng Trung Hoa thng l nhng
k c cng trn, c uy tn vi triu nh, nn c triu nh cho php c ton quyn a
phng).

54
 Khng nn lng, triu nh Vit Nam nhiu ln c s b sang trnh by vi triu nh
Trung Hoa. Ta lun c gi thi ho bnh, khng mun gii quyt vic bin cng bng
chin tranh m ch dng l l hn thit chng minh vng t b chim l ca mnh.

Ngoi tr mt vi trng hp him hoi nh vo nm 1676, nh Thanh c tr li cho ta

mt phn t V Xuyn, hay vo nm 1728, vua Ung Chnh nh Thanh c ra lnh tr li 80 l
t ph Khai Hoa (V Xuyn)..., nhng trng hp tranh bin v bin gii hu nh u khng
t kt qu g. C trng hp do "Thin triu" xem thng khng thm xt n, khi th cc
quan li tu ln vua Thanh : "t y thuc Trung Hoa lu ri" [69:300] hoc: "t y ca Tu,
nay khng c g m em tr v Nam" [69:314].

Nhng vng t c b ln chim cha i c, li c thm nhng vng t khc ca ta

li b nh Thanh tip tc ln chim vo gia th k XVIII.

Vit Nam, th k xvra l "Th k nng dn khi ngha" chng li triu nh qun ch
qu mc nt: chnh quyn L -Trnh ng Ngoi, Nguyn ng Trong. Khi ngha
Hong Cng Cht (n ra nm 1739) c nh gi l mt trong nhng cuc khi ngha bn b,
ko di nht khu vc ng Ngoi. Qun ca Hong Cng Cht chim v lm ch mi
chu ca lu vc sng , cho n khi b qun Trnh nh bi (1769). Nhn c hi ny, quan
li a phng Vn Nam (Trung Hoa) chim mt su chu: Tung Lng (cn gi l Qung
Lng), Hong Nham, Hp Ph, Khim Chu, L Ton, Tuy Ph. (c ti liu vit l by chu,
trong , c thm Lai Chu [8:314], [69:315]. Thc ra lc by gi Lai Chu vn nm trn bn
Vit Nam).

T khi nh ui c qun Thanh, dp yn b ci pha Bc, Quang Trung rt ch n

vn bin gii, quyt tm ginh li nhng vng t ca ta mt. V vy, sau khi c
"Thin triu" sch phong "An Nam quc vng", Quang Trung lnh cho Ng Th Nhm
tho mt bi biu gi cho Tng c Lng Qung Phc Khang An nh t ln vua Thanh,
yu cu tr li t su chu Hng Hoa mt.

Trong bi biu y, triu Quang Trung dng nhng bng chng thc t trong lch s
chng minh vng t su chu Hng Hoa y thuc lnh th Vit Nam: "Nc ti mt di
duyn bin, pha ty bc gip vi ba ph Lm An, Qung Nam, Khai Ha v t thng quc,
t trc Mc Knh Khoan em ba ng Ngu Dng, H ip, Ph Vin ni u knh phng

55
thnh t Nhn hong (tc Khang Hy) em gic Mc bt c giao cho nh triu L, li tr
c t l vic v nm th 28 (1689) nin hiu Khang Hy. V sau th mc l Vi Phc Khim
li em t y ni thuc, nh Tin L tit th tu xin, u b bin li ngn tr, ri khng t ln
c. n nm Ung Chnh th hai (1728) knh phng th Tn Hin hong , giao xung b
bn cho l vic ba ng ni thuc lu ngy, nh ly sng Ch nc ti lm a gii l ni
v t bin thy hai trn Tuyn Quang, Hng Ho. Trc Vn Qu c b l Ngc Nh Thi
tun ch dng bia, ly sng Ch tr sang ty cho n nc Sa Ly, by chu Trung Lng, L
Tuyn, Hong Nham, Tuy Ph, Hp Ph, Lai Chu, Khim Chu, u thuc v trn Hng Hoa
nc ti.

n i Tin L nm Canh Thn, k b ti lm phn, nc ti cho Hong Cng Tn l

Hong Cng Th ng qun c gi, tri n ba mi nm, nh Tin L nn n khng xt n,
dn trong by chu v a th xa xi, nc ti khng khng ch c, cu cnh, ph thuc vo
thng quc, t tr v sau, quan duyn bin t thng quc bt dn duyn bin phi theo
li n mc, eo bi m nh thu " [44: 441].

Vi nhng li l ht sc mm mng song cng rt cng rn, triu Quang Trung th

hin quyt tm i li vng t b mt: "Ti t khi vng mnh m nc, nh con chim mi lm
c t , vic trong nc rt cn, cn y khc tnh hnh ngoi bin cha kp bin l n.
Nhng nay trn mc trn Hng Hoa nc ti bo ni th dn by chu phi np thu v thng
quc lu, nc ti t sc thu np, nht thit tri lnh chng li, tnh do nguyn uy y bi v
nh Tin L khng gi c phong cng, nn dn d n nh th (...) Ti xin u a gii
Nam Quan sai chuyn vin ng trc, v sai vin mc vn v u n c a u trn Hng Hoa,
tit th thanh tra, hi cho ch xc a gii by chu, em v cho s sch nc ti" [44:442].

Bi biu i t ca Quang Trung khng c chp thun. Nh Thanh ly l do "By lu

b ci nh, khng th thay i c na" [8 :315].

Vic nh Thanh t chi li yu cu, khng chu tr li phn t ln chim khin Quang
Trung v cng tc gin. ng hiu rng vic ginh ly nhng phn t mt khng th ch da
vo l l , vn th ngoi giao, m cn phi da trn sc mnh qun s. Quang Trung thng
ni vi cc tng lnh thn cn rng: "Rng cho ta vi nm bi dng uy lc, nhu kh, ta no
s chng" (ch qun Thanh) [8:316]. Quang Trung lnh cho qun i thng xuyn tp luyn,

56
ng thm tu chin, b sung qun ang... chun b cho cuc i u c th kh trnh khi i
vi Trung Hoa ginh li t ai vng bin gii mt. Khi c bit ng lch s dn tc,
cha c ai tin qun sang tn Trung Hoa (ngoi tr trng hp L Thng Kit nh Tng h
thnh Khm, Uy, Lim , khng chim t m rt qun v), Quang Trung khng khi tuyn
b: "Vy th ta lm cho m xem" [8: 316]. Trong tc phm "Vua Quang Trung", theo Lam
Giang Nguyn Quang Tr, Quang Trung cho rng: "Nh Thanh bt qu ch l mt b tc
Hu Kim m thng tri ni Trung Quc, th th ti sao i Vit li khng thu li ni bn
Nam Vit ngy xa" [73 :115].

Chun b i u qun s vi Trung Hoa, ngoi vic tng cng lc lng qun i trong
nc, Quang Trung cn kho lo tranh th., li dng sc phn khng ca ngi Hn chng li
triu nh Mn Thanh, nh: gip t chc "Thin a hi" v lc lng "Tu " quy ph
Trung Hoa.

S l trc y, khi qun Mn Thanh tin vo xm lc Trung Hoa, tiu dit nh Minh,
nhiu nhn s nh Minh khng chu khut phc, h lp ra t chc "Thin a hi" nhm mc
ch tp hp lc lng, nh triu Mn Thanh, khi phc triu Minh. H hot ng mnh
vng T Xuyn. Quang Trung mun li dng t chc ny nh ph Trung Hoa nn tm cch
lin lc, gip h nh ph vng bin v vng bin gii pha Nam Trung Hoa.

Thm na, c lc lng Tu " l bn gic bin Trung Hoa thng i tu thuyn ven
bin nc ta cp bc, li cn c mt s gic cp Lng Qung b nh Thanh truy qut,
chy qua bin gii, hng ta v xin tr thn. Quang Trung thu dng nhng bn ny, phong
chc tc cho nhng k cm u ri cho chng tr v cp ph, quy ri Trung Hoa. Sch
"Gia Khnh ng Nam Tnh Hi K" vit: "Nguyn Quang Bnh (tn khc ca Quang Trung)
nhm hp qun vong mnh duyn hi, cp cho binh thuyn, phong cho chc tc, ma h
gic ko n, ma thu chng rt v, tng tch khn lng, gy hoa ln cho tnh Qung ng,
min trung duyn hi ba tnh Trit Giang, Phc Kin, Qung ng khn kh, thuyn gic cao
to nhiu sng, quan qun c gp cng cha chc d thng" [73:116].

Theo "i Thanh thc lc", mi sau khi Quang Trung mt, nh Thanh mi bit vic
Quang Trung thu np qun "Tu " quy ph ven bin Trung Hoa. Nm 1797 nh Thanh bt
c mt vin tng "Tu " khai rng: Qun "Tu " c trn mt trm chin thuyn v mi

57
hai vin tng binh do Quang Trung phong cho. Nm 1801, mt tng "Tu " ra hng nh
Thanh np n tn v bng sc tng binh do Quang Trung cp.

Cng vi vic chun b lc lng, Quang Trung tin hnh d vua Thanh, ng thi do
thm ni tnh nh Thanh, cng a hnh, a th tin b b tr khi hu s. Quang Trung c
i c V Vn Dng lm chnh s cm biu i s Trung Quc.

Trong sc ch truyn lnh cho V Vn Dng i s c on: "Sc truyn cho Hi Dng
Chiu Vin i c tng qun, c vn cng thn V Quc Cng c tin phong chc
chnh s i s nc Thanh, c ton quyn trong vic tu tha, tu xin li hai tnh Qung
ng v Qung Ty d vua Cn Long v cu hn mt v cng cha chc gin. Hnh th
dng binh u trong chuyn i ny. Ngy khc lm tin phong (nh nc Thanh) chnh l
khanh y". (Theo gia ph h V, do V Vn Th, chu ba i V Vn Dng son nm Bnh
Ng (1870) [8:329].

Vn theo gia ph h V, V Vn Dng tu ln Cn Long rng: "An Nam Quc Vng

mt nc ho lnh ng thy, ng b u khng tin, m vng kh trong ni a ht
mt ri" [8:331]. V vy phi xin hai tnh Qung ng, Qung Ty lm .

Cn vic cu hn cng cha th V Vn Dng trnh by vi Cn Long rng: "An Nam

Quc Vng ln tui m hn nhn vn cha nh (Chnh hong hu ca Quang Trung l
hong hu h Phm va mt u nm 1792). trong nc th mi ngi u l hng thn t,
cn phin phong lng ging th quc vng li khng a. Nn mun vua Thanh xt tnh cho" [8
:330-331].

Trong biu cu hn dng ln, c on : "Vua nh i Thanh ta vng chu mnh tri, c
mun phng t. Nhng ni soi n u nui nng coi nh con rng nh doanh hong, khng
ra ngoi sn in" (...) Ti va y nh b tri xung vn en, trong nh khng c ngi
cng t, c mi gy dng, chic thuyn vung t ngi gip cho. Cy ngc nng nh,
khm giu gi vng. (...)T trc ti nay ch nh tri, cng cha g xung, tt phi ngi
thn qu mi chn p duyn, vn khng l rng ra n b ti ngoi, phn trong ngoi
nghim, rt bit l khng c bc no m n c, duy c mt tm lng thn i, tnh ring
trng ngng, trn trc khng thi.." [44: 447-448].

58
 Vy kt qu ca vic xin t ng v cu hn cng cha ra sao?

Theo mt s ti liu ng tin cy nh: "Gia ph ca h V" ( nu n), "Quang Trung

anh hng dn tc" ca tc gi Hoa Bng [8:331], "Cch mng Ty Sn" ca Vn Tn [64:136],
"Vua Quang Trung" ca Lam Giang Nguyn Quang Tr [73:1.17], u cho rng: vua Cn
Long ng g cng cha cho Quang Trung v ban cp tnh Qung Ty cho Quang Trung
dng lm t ng . Song c mt s s gia nghi ng v iu , trong c kin ca Ph
tin s Muraseva G.F(Lin X) ngi tng nghin cu v lch s Vit Nam, vit trong k
yu "Cc nc Vin ng v ng Nam " nh sau: "Trong sch s Vit Nam hin nay,
ngi ta cho rng s kin Nguyn Hu i chim hai tnh Qung ng v Qung Ty l ng
tin. (."!.) Hin nay khng c iu kin xem xt tnh ng tin ca s kin v cc ngun s
liu Trung Quc khng ni g n vn ny" [61:78]. Nhn nh ca cc nh s hc trong v
ngoi nc c th khc nhau, xung quanh v vic s b V Vn Dng sang nh Thanh cu hn
mt cng cha cho vua Quang Trung v i t Lng Qung. Da trn nhng c liu hin c
trong chnh s Vit Nam cng nh trong Gia ph h V ( dn) th vic V Vn Dng t
hai yu cu ni trn vi vua Cn Long c th coi l c thc. Cn mc ch trc mt v su xa
ca vua Quang Trung khi t vn cu hn v i t l g, th nn chng cn c cc nh
s hc tm hiu thm trn c s nhng ngun t liu mi c tin cy cao.

59
 KT LUN

1. Quan h Vit Nam - Trung Hoa c hnh thnh t rt lu i v tri qua nhiu
thng trm, phc tp cng vi s pht trin v cng phc tp ca lch s.

Vit Nam, vo nhng nm u thp nin 90 th k XVIII, sau cuc khng chin chng
Thanh thng li, nn c lp dn tc c bo m, song ni tnh t nc gp mun vn kh
khn trn nhiu phng din, li phi i din vi nn th trong, gic ngoi.

V pha nh Thanh, sau tht bi nm K Du y, nh Thanh rt cay c, nung nu nh

gy chin tranh phc th, nhng trc lc lng Ty Sn hng mnh, li c s hu thun
ca c dn tc, nh Thanh cng c gm. Trong bi cnh , nh Thanh ri vo tnh th v
cng kh x: nu khng mang qun sang nh phc th l chp nhn thua cuc mt cch nhc
nh, m nh th li khng chc thng. Nu thua na th cn g l th din ca "Thin triu"?
Trc tnh th y, nh Thanh nh nut hn m chp thun ging hoa vi triu Quang Trung.
Trong "Cch Mng Ty Sn", tc gi Vn Tn nhn xt: "Trong lch s ch phong kin Vit
Nam cha bao gi nc Vit Nam c vua Trung Quc v n bng thi Ty Sn. Sut thi
Ty Sn, lc no vua quan nh Thanh cng nhn Vit Nam bng con mt e d v knh n. a
v i Vit do c cao" [64:133].

2. Triu i Quang Trung lp nn nhng chin cng k diu trn mt trn ngoi giao
vi nh Thanh sau chin tranh, vit tip nhng trang vng trong lch s ngoi giao ca dn tc
ta. Nhng so snh v rt ra nhng nt khc bit gia ngoi giao vi Trung Hoa di triu
Quang Trung so vi cc triu i qun ch Vit Nam trc l vn khng h n gin.
Khng n gin l v mi thi k lch s ca dn tc u c nhng khc bit nht nh v bi
cnh lch s, v i tng ngoi giao v v phng thc hnh ng... Nhng hot ng ngoi
giao vi Trung Hoa thi no cng u tot ln tinh thn dn tc, thc c lp t cng, vi
mt ng li ngoi giao va mm do, li va kin quyt. Ngoi giao ca triu Quang Trung
vi nh Thanh thi k ny cng mang nhng nt chung ca truyn thng dn tc, nhng t
nhng nt chung nht y vn tot ln nhng nt "rt ring" ca ngoi giao vi nh Thanh thi
k ny.

60
 Vy nhng nt "rt ring" y l g ?

Qua nghin cu ngoi giao ca triu Quang Trung vi nh Thanh thi k ny, chng ti
nhn thy: Tuy vn da trn nn tng ngoi giao truyn thng ca dn tc nhng tinh thn sng
to, t tin, t cng c th hin rt r nt.

2.1. Tinh thn dn tc c th hin r nt nht qua quan h ngoi giao vi nh Thanh
di triu Quang Trung. Tuy ch ng ti lp quan h ngoi giao ho bnh, trnh i u qun
s vi nh Thanh c thi gian cng c hoa bnh, xy dng t nc, chun b lc lng,
triu Quang Trung vn khng chu qu nhn nhng. iu th hin qua ni dung vn kin
ngoi giao thi k ny, hoc qua nhng vn th i s ca Ng Th Nhm (Tp Hong Hoa
ph), Phan Huy ch (Tp Tinh Sa k hnh), V Huy Tn (Hoa Nguyn Tuy B tp). Tt c hm
cha mt tinh thn t ho dn tc trn t th ca ngi chin thng. Khng t ho sao c khi
ch vi mt trn quyt chin nm ngy m, di s lnh o thin ti ca Quang Trung
Nguyn Hu, qun dn ta qut sch hn 29 vn qun "Thin triu" ra khi b ci khin
"Thin triu" v cng tc gin, mun nh tr th m ngn ngi, nh phi tm chp thun
ging hoa. Tinh thn dn tc vn l si ch thing ling xuyn sut lch s ngoi giao Vit
Nam, th trong quan h ngoi giao ca triu Quang Trung vi nh Thanh giai on ny, tinh
thn cng c cao.

2.2. Triu i Quang Trung k tha v pht huy ng li ngoi giao mm do nhng
rt kin quyt ca cha ng ta, lun kin nh lp trng bo v c lp dn tc, bo v quyn
li ti cao ca quc gia, bo v quc th, c coi l nhng nguyn tc bt bin. S kin
quyt ny c th hin hu nh trong mi hot ng c th vi nh Thanh, qua thi , li l
cng rn trong th t, vn kin ngoi giao, qua vic Quang Trung thoi thc khng chu sang
triu cn vua Thanh...

S kin quyt ca triu Quang Trung khin nh Thanh phi nhiu ln nhng b, v iu
ny rt him khi xy ra trong lch s bang giao Vit -Hoa trc y. Trong tc phm "Chuyn
i s , tip s thi xa", tc gi Nguyn Th Long nhn xt: "Cha bao gi trong lch s ngoi
giao ca nc ta, "Thin triu" li b ng, xung thang, khng trch thng nh th" [39:281]

61
 Phi chng v ngoi giao vi nh Thanh thi k ny da trn sc mnh t cng ca triu
i Quang Trung, li c hu thun bng sc mnh ca c mt khi on kt dn tc vi kh
th chin thng cn ang hng hc ?

Tuy vy, i vi nc ln lng ging Trung Hoa lun m p mu bnh trng, triu
Quang Trung bit khng th xem thng, nht l khi nc lng ging y li va b thua au v
ang tnh n chuyn phc th. V vy, trong quan h vi nh Thanh, tuy triu Quang Trung rt
kin quyt trong nhng nguyn tc bt bin song vn ht sc mm do trong nhng nguyn tc
kh bin nhm xoa du t i ca "Thin triu bi trn", gp phn ngn chn v tng bc y
li nguy c ca mt cuc chin tranh phc th ca nh Thanh.

S mm do y khng ch th hin qua nhng li l kin quyt m vn khim nhng,

nhn nhn trong nhng vn kin, th t ngoi giao m cn c th hin qua nhng hot ng
ngoi giao c th ht sc linh hot, sng to, y bn lnh ca cc s b triu Quang Trung do
nhng nh ngoi giao ti ba nh Ng Th Nhm, Phan Huy ch, V Huy Tn... dn u. V d
nh vic thu xp Phm Cng Tr mo vua Quang Trung ra Thng Long nhn sch phong.
Hay vic cc nh ngoi giao ca ta cng cc i thn nh Thanh kho sp t mn kch
ngoi giao, a "An Nam quc vng gi" sang triu cn mng th Cn Long 80 tui. S kin
ny c xem l mt nt c o c mt khng hai trong lch s quan h Vit - Hoa.

Nhn xt v quan h ngoi giao gia triu i Quang Trung v nh Thanh giai on ny,
hc gi B Phng vit: "Lch s quan h ngoi giao gia hai nc Vit Nam v Trung Hoa cho
n giai on y (triu Quang Trung) cha c triu i phong kin Vit Nam no c c v tr
cao, c t th vng chc, t ch mnh m nh Ty Sn" (Tp ch Th gii mi, s 301, ngy
31.8.1998).

Hoc trong tc phm "Nguyn Hu, con ngi v s nghip", tc gi Vn Tn nhn xt:
"Trong lch s ch phong kin Vit Nam, vic ngoi giao vi phng Bc cha bao gi tt
p v v vang nh thi Nguyn Hu" [65:217].

C c nhng thnh qu ngoi giao vi nh Thanh, bn cnh s hu thun l sc mnh

ca c dn tc, khng th khng ni n nhng nt ni tri trong tnh cch ca vua Quang
Trung: mt v vua bit k tha v pht huy cao ch c lp, t cng ca t tin , mt v

62
vua thc su sc "trong vng tri t chia theo sao Dc, Chn, Nam Bc ring mt non sng"
[: 180].

3. Nhng k tch trong quan h ngoi giao ca triu Quang Trung vi nh Thanh sau
chin tranh c ngha ln lao trong cng cuc bo v v xy dng t nc giai on lch s
ny.

3.1. Vi ng li ng n v nhng bin php ngoi giao kho lo, triu Quang Trung
ti thit lp c mi bang giao hoa bnh vi nh Thanh sau chin tranh, y li c nguy
c ca mt cuc chin th c th rt tn khc, gi vng c lp dn tc.

Trong bi cnh t nc ta va tri qua hn hai th k chia ct, chin tranh lin min,
vic bo v nn c lp dn tc va ginh li c cho "dn ngh, nc yn", n nh chnh tr-
x hi, phc hi v pht trin kinh t, vn ha - gio dc l rt cn thit. ng nh Quang
Trung tng ni: "C th cho ta vi nm na, ta nui vng oai lc, gy nhu kh, th ta c s
g chng (ch nh Thanh) u." [8:316].

3.2. Trong quan h ngoi giao vi Trung Hoa, tuy ht mc tn trng ho hiu dn tc,
triu Quang Trung vn lun gi vng t th ngi chin thng, khin nh Thanh phi c phn
n nang , tn trng. Trn thc t, nh Thanh nhiu ln phi nhng b nh: phi cng nhn
nn c lp ca ta, xoa b l cng ngi vng, cho m ca bin gii thng thng bun bn
gia hai nc...

Nhng chin cng qun s hin hch trong cng cuc tiu dit th trong, gic ngoi cng
vi thi n trng ca nh Thanh i vi triu Quang Trung khin cc nc lng ging v cc
nc trong khu vc phi "tm phc, khu phc", a v nc ta v th c nng ln mt tm
cao mi. iu ny to iu kin thun li v cng quan trng cho ta trong cng cuc xy dng
v bo v T Quc.

4. Qua nghin cu, chng ti nhn thy hot ng ngoi giao vi nh Thanh sau chin
tranh a li mt s bi hc kinh nghim:

4.1. Phi pht huy c lc lng ca dn tc. Phi anh th c s ng tnh, ng h

ca cc tng lp nhn dn. C c sc mnh ca khi on kt dn tc lm hu thun chnh l
nn tng cho mi thng li, c bit l thng li trn mt trn ngoi giao.

63
 4.2. S dng trit u th t nhng thng li v qun s t c nhng thng
li trn mt trn ngoi giao sau chin tranh.

4.3. Lun c sch lc thch hp trong nhng hon cnh lch s nht nh. Lun
cao tinh thn dn tc, bo v quc th, v quyn li ti cao ca dn tc, song trong quan h vi
nc lng ging ln Trung Hoa phi nhy bn v mm do trn tinh thn tn trng ho bnh,
hu ngh "d bt bin ng vn bin".

Quang Trung mt sm v triu i Quang Trung ch tn ti kh ngn ngi, nhng c

nhng ng gp ln lao ng lch s dn tc, c bit l trong lnh vc ngoi giao, li
nhng bi hc kinh nghim qu bu m cc th h sau may mn c k tha, hc hi. Nhng
bi hc kinh nghim trong quan h vi Trung Hoa mi cn nguyn gi tri , ng chng ta
suy ngm trong cng cuc i mi t nc, gia o lu tin hoa chung ca nhn loi ngy
nay.

64
 DANH MC PH LC

PH LC 1: Mt s vn kin ngoi giao ca triu Quang Trung vi nh Thanh

- T chiu ln ngi

- Biu trn tnh

- Th quc vng gi Thang Hng Nghip, Qung Ty Phn tun, T giang Binh b o
tng l vic bin gii, bin lun v duyn do gy cuc binh tranh

- Bm phc i nhn

(Li tng thuc trong nc bm v vic np thay ngi vng)

PH LC 2: Chiu pht phi hng binh ngi ni a

PH LC 3:

Gp thm t liu mi v quan h chin s v ngoi giao Vit- Thanh thi Ty Sn: B
tranh "Bnh nh An Nam chin " c th vnh bng ng bt ca vua Cn Long (lc trch)

PH LC 4: Mt s nh t liu v triu Quang Trung.

65
PH LC 1:

MT S VN KIN NGOI GIAO CA TRIU QUANG TRUNG VI NH THANH

T CHIU LN NGI

Trm ngh: Ng i h chu mnh tri, Tam vng nhn thi m mnh nc. o c
thay i, thi phi bin thng, nhng ng thnh nhn theo o i lm vua trong nc, yu
dn nh con, th ci ngha cng ch l mt.

Nc Vit ta t inh, L, L, Trn m nc n nay, bc thnh minh dy ln, chng phi

mt h. Nhng ph, hng, di, ngn, vn mnh tri cho, chng phi sc ngi lm c.

Trc y nh L mt quyn, h Trnh v h Nguyn c chia nhau cng vc, hn hai

trm nm, ging mi ri lon, ngi vua ch l h v, mi h t gy dng b ci ring mnh,
k cng i t mt phen nt khng dng ln c, cha c thi no qu qut nh thi
ny. Thm na, nhng nm gn y, Nam Bc nh nhau, dn sa vo chn lm than.

Trm l k o vi t Ty Sn, khng mt tc t, vn khng c ch lm vua. Ch v lng

ngi chn ght lon lc, mong c v minh cha cu i yn dn. Cho nn tp hp ngha
qun xng pha chng gai, ph ni m rng, gip Hong i huynh giong rui binh m, gy
dng nc ci ty, dp Tim La, Cao Min pha nam, ri h thnh Ph Xun, ly thnh
Thng Long. Bn ch mun qut tr lon lc, cu dn trong chn nc la, ri nc li
cho h L, tr t li cho i huynh, ung dung o gm, hi thu, ngm cnh yn vui hai ci
t m thi. Nhng vic i di i, rt cuc trm khng c nh nguyn. Trm dng li
nh L, nhng T qun mt x tc, b nc chy trn. S dn Bc H khng theo v h L
li da vo Trm. i huynh v kh nhc m mi mt, ch mun gi mt ph Quy Nhn,
khim nhng xng l Ty vng. My nghn dm t ci Nam thuc v trm c. Trm t
ngh mnh lng bc, ti c khng theo kp c nhn m t ai rng ln th, nhn dn ng
c nh th, ngh n vic cai qun, lo s nh cm dy cng mc m dong su nga!

Va y, tng s vn v, thn liu trong ngoi u mun trm sm nh v hiu, thu

phc lng ngi, dng biu khuyn mi n hai, ba ln. Cc t biu suy tn, khng hn nhau
m cng mt li. Trm ngh: nghip ln rt trng, ngi tri kh khn, m tht lng lo khng
ng ni. Nhng c triu ngi trong bn b trng cy vo mt mnh trm. l tri, h

66
phi vic ngi ? Trm ng mnh tri, thun lng ngi, khng th c chp nhn nhng mi,
ly ngy 22 thng 11 nm nay ln ngi thin t, t nin hiu l Quang Trung nguyn nin.

Hi trm h mun dn cc ngi! "Li ni ln lao ca ngi hong cc l li gio hun

phi thi hnh". Nhn, ngha, trung, chnh l u mi ln lao ca o lm ngi. Nay trm cng
dn i mi, theo mu m sng sut ca tin thnh tr v dy thin h!

Than i! "Tri v h dn, t ra vua, t ra thy, l gip i v yn bn phng". Trm

c c thin h, s cng dt du dn ln con ng ln, t vo i xun.

Hi thn dn cc ngi! Ai ny hy yn chc nghip, ch lm nhng iu khng phi o

thng. Ngi lm quan hy gi phong hoa mc, ngi lm dn yn trong l tc vui ho, tr
gio m mang hng khi n ch rt thun, vn hi thi thnh tr ca Ng , Tam vng,
khin cho tng miu x tc c phc khng cng, h chng p sao?

MAI QUC LIN dch

Ngun Ng Th Nhm, Ng Th Nhm tc phm I, NXB Vn Hc, 2001. trang 172-173

67
 BIU TRN TNH

Cn tu v vic gii cht lng thnh, trng ln Hong soi xt, ci xin trng tr k gian
di yn i ngi qu ph, nh ui k hn bo gip dn sinh. l nguyn vng n cn
rt ln ca ti.

Knh ngh: i Hong b h, chu mnh sng tri, lm vua mun nc, ngi 50 nm,
n to rng khp, Trung Quc ngoi di tt c cng mt phong ho. Nc An Nam ti thin'v
ci nng nc, thm nhun thanh gio lu. Th m t khi h L mt quyn, chnh quyn v
k quyn thn, trong nc ly tm, tnh dn on hn. Ti l mt k o vi gp thi ni ln i
ph, ch v ci ngi trn ti l Nguyn Chnh, chy i t co xin qun. Ma h nm Bnh
ng (1786) mi c vic L thnh, gp khi vua trc nh L mt, ti ph chu ni di l Duy
K ln ngi, ri li v Nam, vn khng phi c ly nc.

Th ri vua ni ngi nh L khng ngh g n chnh tr trong nc, tc thn Nguyn

Chnh lng quyn ra uy, git hi nhng ngi trung lng, ngi trong nc khng chu ni,
ti xin ra qun tr lon, ti ngh nc l nc ca thin triu phong cho, u dm t b i.

Ma ng nm inh Mi (1787) sai s n hi xem ai l ngi "gip Kit" hai bn t

hu m vua ni ngi nh L b nc trn ra ngoi, t v ly ci lo vo mnh. Ma h nm
Mu Thn (1788), ti li n L thnh, li lp con vua L trc l Duy Cn lm gim quc,
sai hnh nhn g ca quan, em tnh hnh trong nc tu ln, m nhng b ti nh L trn i
bm vo ch mu i xin cu vit trc. c b ng Tn S Ngh l i thn ni phong
cng, khng xt r c tnh hnh xa, em ci c ng ny vo nc, tu r vi i hong
, i hu x phn, yn bin cnh ngn thm lon. Li ch nghe li ni ca ngi a vo
trc, em t biu ca ti x ra vt xung t, truyn hch trong ci, ly vic lp li nh L lm
ting, ti cho ti, ct qun ra ca quan, ha s ct c, nh c r, bung tay git hi, tho
bng tham tn. Ti ni ho lnh mi cui tri, ng x xa xi, khng bit vic c phi
i hong sai khin khng? Hay t b ti cng trng lm tri ch sc cu cng ?
Ti nghe c binh m ra ca quan, t ngh t trc n nay mt tm lng chn thnh, s mnh
tri, th nc ln, b b ti bin khn ngn tr, vt i khng c thng t ln. Sau y,
binh ao mt khi m ra, tai hoa khng phi l t, mi hp nhng b ti c nh L li, v k
lo trong nc, hi k sch np cng khon xin ging ho, mun ngi cng ni mt li:

68
Theo v vi ti. Ti vn khng phi tham t ai li lc, thc c t chi m khng th thi
c. Nhn y cho gia tng l Trn Danh Bnh em ba o bm vn ca con vua l L Duy
Cn v thn dn, cng vi bi gii tm ngi, g ca n vin mn, khn xin Tn S Ngh
ng qun trn ca i tra r tnh hnh nc. Li gia tng ca ti l Ng Hng Chn
bt c qun i tun dng l bn Hch Thiu 40 ngi, cng cho i tt c, o t ci
cung thun, m S Ngh nht thit khng xt chi n, git Trn Danh Bnh v git c binh inh
i tun dng, giam gi lai s, ui qun ko thng n L thnh.

Tng hiu ca ti thu qun v Nam, S Ngh tha th ui git rt nhiu, cn ngi no
trong lng mc u b bt ht, git hi hn nghn ngi. Ngi trong nc ai ra sc quy phc
ti, cng nht lot git c.

i ! Ly dn en gc b, u khng l con ca triu nh, i Hong thng

o ho thnh, u phi hiu i h cng, sinh s vi ni xa ngoi cho dn khng c ti
hm vo ch gm gio, m S Ngh khng tuyn dng c c gio ca ngi trn, git
ngi coi nh c rc, khng nhng chuyn hiu mt mnh ti, li mun v tt c cc vy cnh
m git i. Ni trong cc co vn mi ngi nguy ngp s hi. Tuy ly mt di bi b dn
qun binh gip khng ng c mt phn trong mun phn ca trung triu. Nhng ci sui
su ng trc, con h d ng sau, tnh mi ngi s cht, u ngh c gng ln. Ti
khng trch li ch nm con chut mi ly dn inh nm, ba p cng i theo. Ngy mng 5
thng ging nm nay tin n L thnh, cn mong Tn S Ngh hi tm, may ra c c hi ly
ngc bch thay can qua, chuyn gip binh lm xim o. Ti h li cu yt kin, u khng tr
li, cng chng cht ln nhau m cht y c ng, lp c sng. Cn nhng nh dn chy trnh
ra ngoi thnh, li theo quanh thnh lp n nh trc. S Ngh khng cm c, hip dm n
b con gi, cp bc ch ba, nhn dn on n ct tu, cho nn tn st k ht. Ngy ti vo
thnh, lp tc cm ch nhn dn trong ci, c thy qun thua trn chy, khng c git by,
nht thit phi a n thnh, gm hn nghn ngi. Ti cho vo mt ch, cp cho lng
thc.

Trm ngh, trong khong binh cch, ng thnh nhn chc cng khng dng c. i
Hong su ch ca tng, vic ngoi Tn S Ngh khng tng tu ln, che lp c thng
sng ca nh vua s th suy di n nh th. Ti thc khng dm ly cng con b nga m

69
ging vi xe. Nhng m ca tri mun dm, ng c vic g th b b ti bin khn hip
ch, khng th nhn ni c, hnh nh l khng hnh. Trm ngh: nc ti l inh, L, L,
Trn n nay, th i i thay kng phi l mt h, c th c lm phn du ci nam, ngay
tuy nh bn M Nhi, Hong Phc khng li cho nc nh ti, lng thin triu nh ma
ma xun, nh b rng, i lc li nh i m cng a n i o. Nh cy ng vng
th vun bn cho, ch c ch cng, ch nhn m thi. S Ngh khng suy xt s l cho cng, gy
nn hn khch phi dng binh, khin cho nhn dn mc phi vng cay ng, che bt ngi trn,
ln t ngi di n nh th. Ti ng qun Long Bin, ngng trng ca tri, c phng t
biu t ti trn tnh, nh phn tun tnh Quang Ty chuyn tu ln cho. Ci ngh: i Hong
th o tri ban chnh hoa, ni kh ho c ti tt, ni vng lng c thm nhun, thun l
t nhin, tha cho ti ci ti mt ngy khng dng c phi em binh ng ph, m tin cho ti
lng thnh ba ln n ca quan np khon trn tu, t ngi t mc lp nn khin binh, ban ra
lnh mi cho t, phong cho ti lm vua nc An Nam, gi ng mt phng cung knh, phc
mnh ch hu, trong nc c ngi thng nhip.

Ti xin sai s n ca khuyt, phng lm phin thn np l cng v xin em nhng ngi
hin cn y np li t lng ch thnh.

i ! ng ng l thin triu so s thua c vi tiu i, tt mun cng binh c v,

gieo nc c cho dn v vic dng qun, chc lng thnh nhn khng n. Vn nht vic binh
c ko di mi khng thi, th n ch y th ti khng c ly nc nh m th nc ln
na. Ti cng ph mc mnh tri m khng dm bit n. Chu v phng Bc tinh thn
hng theo, kinh s qu i, knh tu ln.

TH HO dch

Ngun: Ng Th Nhm, Ng Th Nhm tc phm I, NXB Vn Hc, 2001, trang 307 - 310

70
 TH QUC VNG GI THANG HNG NGHIP QUNG TY PHN TUN, T
GIANG BINH B O TONG L VIC BIN GII, BIN LUN V DUYN DO
GY CUC BINH TRANH

Ti l mt ngi o vi t Qung Nam, sinh trng ni xa khi ho lnh, vn ngng

m thanh gio ca Trung Hoa. Gp thi th nhiu bin c, ti bn theo ui vic chinh chin.
Ma h nm Bnh Ng (1786), c vic L thnh, lin li quay v Nam. Ma xun nm
Mu Thn (1788), nhn trong nc ri ren, ti li em binh n. Nm y, ti tng sai ngi
n ca i, em ht tnh hnh trong nc tu by r ch i Hong phn x. Ngt v
Tng c Tn S Ngh nm th, ui s, bng bt khng cho thu n i Hong . Ngh li
v c iu ng i binh, gy cn vic hn khch ngoi bin gii. Vic xy ra ngy mng 5
thng ging nm nay: trc ti c t trnh gi n, mong cng Tn S Ngh gp mt
hi l do ti sao li gy vic binh o, vic y phi chng l do vng theo s sai khin ca i
Hong . Nhng S Ngh li t n n nh. Y bn b nhng ngi tuy tng ca ti nh bi,
qun lnh chng cht ln nhau m cht khng sao k xit! Hin nay s cn b bt gi l hn
1000 ngi. V khng hiu ting ni, nn chng bit ai l tng, ai l lnh. Ti cung cp
lng thc, cho h vo mt ni. Ti khng h xm phm bin gii phm ti vi thng
quc, th m tm lng cung thun chn thnh ca ti u b Tn S Ngh nm vt i c ! Y li
truyn th khp trong nc, mun bt ti cho k c mi cam lng! Nhn gy nn mi
binh ao, khin cho sinh linh mc vo vng thm thng c hi!

Ti xa lnh ni gc b, mi hnh ng u b S Ngh c hip. Ngy nay s th thay

i, ti phi mang ti oan v b gim pha l chu chu xe! Tip c li dy ca ngi, mt
lng ti u rng m. Ngi qu l k b ti ct tr ca i Hong , nn c th tuyn dng
c ca nh vua, x l tnh hnh bin gii mi thnh thc, thit tha, sng sut v gn b c
nh vy. Cn nh S Ngh mc ti la di ni sao ht c!

Nay c thnh tnh ca ngi ban chiu n, xin knh cn dng biu t, mt lng mong
ngi chuyn t ln cho. Ngc n n in ca i Hong , knh xin gi phn phin thn,
np l cng, khin cho qun, dn khi kh v binh ao. l nguyn vng ca ti.

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 Phm qun i, ct ch on kt mt lng, khng ct ch ng; binh lnh qu ch
tinh nhu, khng qu ch nhiu. K kho thng l thng d ch v cng mm do, ch chng
phi mnh ln yu, ly ng hip t u. Nu nh s tnh trc y cha c gii t m
thin triu khng cht khoan dung, c gy vic tranh chin, th l lm cho nc nh ny
khng c ht lng cung knh th nc ln, ti cng nh phi nghe theo mnh i m thi!
Li ring c mt hch vn ca Tn S Ngh, thy u l nhng li lng nhc, chn p, khiu
khch, tin th buc vo np ngi, mong ngi soi xt.

MAI QUC LIN dch

Trch t "Ng Th Nhm tc phm I" , NXB Vn Hc, trang 311-312

72
 BM PHC I NHN

(Li tng thuc trong nc bm v vic np thay ngi vng)

Ngy nay, gn tip quang nghi, nh thy sao lnh phng p n bo v l trc, tri i
thay i, nn c ngi vng thay mnh n t sc cho nc ti phi sm mt ta ngi vng
dng hin.

Thit ngh l y, t sau nm ngi nh Nguyn nh nh Trn, vua Trn hng thun,
cu phong. Nc Trung Quc nhn xung lnh, sai vua nc y vo chu. Vua Trn t chi
v c bnh, cho nn sc nh ngi vng lm nh hnh trng ca quc vng thay vic triu
kin. Vua Trn cho rng vic y c t xa, khng th thi c, kp khi nh L ln thay mi
ly c nc, by gi li c v Liu Thng, phi hin ngi vng chuc ti. Sau h Mc cp
nh L, l by ti cp ngi vua, Trung Quc sc sai c hnh ngi vng, u b t, mt
khng c, mnh ci xung, l ly danh ngha phi lm nh th. Ai cn dm ni g.

Khi nh L trung hng ln, li thn n ca Nam quan tnh nghim. By gi h L

mt, h Trnh ph L cu trong chn ni su, phng lm quc trng ca nc ti, Trung
Quc ng l vic do h Trnh lm ra tng phi h L cha chc l ng, sc bt ngi vng,
mc o chu, i m chu, mt nga ln, lm hnh vua L, ng xin n vi thng quc. Vic
khng c ng, gng p phi theo. Kp n gia i nh L, vic hin ngi vng cng
nh bi, ri t nm y tr i, l vt tu cng ch dng vng chit, can thnh mt in l c.

Quc trng nc ti ngy nay, vng ln t thu o vi, nhn thi bit vic, cng vi vua
L vn khng phi danh phn vua ti: s kh lu do s tri, cuc hng bi u bi lng
dn, ch c g n nc nh L c, c phi nh nhng bn thon thon ot u ? V trc
y Tn B ng cm qun li nh, quc trng nc ti khng dng c m phi ng
chin, t ch khng xm phm vo bin cnh, b ti vi thng quc. Nay vng i nhn
khi em ci l i cng ngi vng, th th quc trng nc ti c nc, bng mt cch
rt minh bch, li phi snh hng vi bn ngy Mc, m tm lng knh thun, s tri, th nc
ln khng c ch g ? Tri li cng chung mt lut nh nh Trn th bt M Nhi; nh L
th git Liu Thng hay sao? Th th chng nhng quc qun nc ti i vi tnh chu
khut, m i nhn cm cn ho bnh nc, nhng ngi ti thuc cng khng mong c s
ch li g hay sao?

73
 i! i xa y cc nc hu vo chu thin t, hoc chu Kinh s, ai n c th n
m ai khng n c th sai con em vo chu, qu h bng ngc tt cm vt tin, cho tnh trn
di thng nhau, cn n nh c ngi vng thay mnh vo chu th t ng, Ngu, Tam i
cho ti Hn, ng, Tng cha ttog c nh th bao gi.

Ln thay i Hong : o cao c tt sng khp bn phng, mn ngi xa, yu k

gn, ly mun nc cung dng bng chnh phm. i nhn rng tuyn thanh gio, cng ly
hay php tt ca i long c m sa tr ly triu nh, v thi hnh cho cc nc nh. Hai i
Nguyn Minh lm vic khng theo i xa, sao bt chc? Ci mong i nhn, noi theo
mnh ln, min cho nc ti v vic c dng ngi vng cn nh l tu cng phng vt,
dm xin theo y nh l. Trong kinh c cu rng: "Vua sng chn c, bn r li chu", khng k
xa gn, u phi cng hin phng vt, l ch c cc thc n, mc v dng ng Thin cng,
l bc ti thnh, c r (ly. Mong i nhn ni du nhng bc tin trit, nc ti may lm !

Nay knh bm.

THI HO (dch)

Ngun: Ng Th Nhm, Ng Th Nhm tc phm I, NXB Vn Hc, 2001. trang 348 - 349

74
PH LC 2:

CHIU PHT PHI HNG BINH NGI NI A

Chiu cho qun s tng chinh ca Trung Quc bit: Vic binh l ci c ca thin h.
nh l phi quyt thng, nn khi hai bn nh nhau, h gp gic th git, l l thng; bt
c m tha xa nay cha tng c.

Trm ng mnh tri v thun lng ngi, nhn thi th lm cch mnh, ly vic binh m
bnh nh thin h. Vin tng c Tn S Ngh nh cc ngi, ti ong u r, ngh mn thu
may, khng bit nhng iu ch yu trong vic dng binh, v c em 29 vn qun ra khi ca
quan, vt sui tro non, v c xng vo ch him gy binh hn, khin cho cc ngi: mt
l dn en v ti phi nm sng gi tuyt v cht hn n, mi tn. l ti ca tng c
nh cc ngi.

Trm mt phen vy c lnh, ch trong mt trn qut sch cc ngi nh nh qut n

kin. K cht trn xng cht thnh ni. Nhng k b bt ti trn hoc th bch xin hng,
ng l phi chiu qun lut chm php trng, song v th c hiu sinh ca thng v
ly lng c bao dung, trm tha tnh mng cho cc ngi.

Vy ban chiu ny, pht phi cho cc ngi vo cc c i, sung vo qun ng, cp cho
lng hng, cc ngi khi b ci kh gng cm, c ra trn tng qun, dng lm nanh
vut.

ng vng gi coi bn bin nh mt nh. Trm t lng mnh trong bng ngi, cc
ngi phi nn hiu r iu y, ch nn ng s. Hy nn ngui lng nh qu n n ti to.
Phi knh tun t c chiu ny."

MAI QUC LIN dch

Ngun: Ng Th Nhm, Ng Th Nhm tc phm I, NXB Vn Hc, 2001., trang 190 -191

75
PH LC 3:

GP THM T LIU MI V QUAN H CHIN S V NGOI GIAO VIT-

THANH THI TY SN: B TRANH "BNH NH AN NAM CHIN " C TH
VNH BNG NG BT CA VUA CN LONG

(Lc trch)

1. GII THIU

chun b k nim 210 nm ngy vua Quang Trung i ph qun Thanh, chng ti xin
php c dnh bi tham lun ca mnh gii thiu mt ngun t liu mi t nc ngoi, kh
c bit v l th v quan h chin s v ngoi giao Vit-Thanh thi Ty Sn vo cui th k
XVIII: l b tranh "Bnh nh An Nam chin " c th vnh bng ng bt ca Cn
Long. B tranh ny c tnh thi s v s liu kh ln v c lm v vnh vo thng 8 nm
K Du (1789), tc l ch tm thng sau khi chin s Vit-Thanh kt thc vi chin dch Ngc
Hi - ng a vo thng ging, v ngay sau khi s b Nguyn Quang Hin sang b kin v
cu ho vi vua Cn Long vo thng 7 cng nm.

c bit hn na l b tranh li c th vinh do chnh vua Cn Long ng ch v ng

bt, m theo s sch v th tch cn chp li th Cn Long ch b cng ng ch v ng bt vn
th cho mt s t cc v cng hin hch nht trong triu i ca mnh, qua cho thy tm
quan trng ca chin s v ngoi giao ca triu Thanh i vi Vit Nam, khi y vn cn l "An
Nam", khin v hong vn thng t cao, t i ny phi tn t nhiu bt mc chng ch
cho tht bi chin s bng cch vt vt th din vi thnh cng ngoi giao khi triu Ty Sn
ng cu ha.

(...) Ngu nhin, chng ti c may mn trc tip xem xt mt bn gc ca b tranh

"Bnh nh An Nam chin " hin c lu gi ti th vin sch qu Houghton ca trng
i hc Harvard ti Cambridge, bang Massachusetts, Hoa K. B tranh ny do mt cu sinh
vin nin khoa 1921 tn l Philip Hofer tng cho trng (cng vi 2 b "chin " khc thi
Cn Long), v cn c bo qun trong tnh ng tng i tt, mc d mt vi bc c cht

76
st m cc gc cnh v c i ch hi ng mu vng hay m mc. Chng ti yu cu
th vin cho chp li vi nh tin bo qun v tham kho b tranh.

(...) Trc y cc nh nghin cu Vit Nam cng bit n bc tranh t cnh s b

Nguyn Quang Hin vo b kin vua Cn Long ti Nhit H (l bc th 6 ca b tranh). Bc
tranh ny c tp ch Nam Phong gii thiu vo nm 1934 trong mt ph nh da theo mt
bn gc c lu gi vo u XX ti Bc Bnh th qun. Qu vy, mt bn chp li rt xu
v nho ca ph nh ny hin c trng by trong Vin bo tng lch s ti H Ni. V c l
v cc bn sao ca bc tranh ny li c cht lng km nn vn cha ai gii thiu bi th ng
ch m vua Cn Long vnh. Tuy nhin v cha r xut x ca cc bc anh n l ny t
b "Bnh nh An Nam chin " nn ngi ta vn cha c c hiu bit v nhn nh thch
ng v chng.

(...)

2. NI DUNG B TRANH V TH VNH:

B tranh "Bnh nh An Nam chin " thc ra ch gm 5 bc t cnh chin trn gia
qun Thanh v Nguyn Ty Sn, cn bc th 6 th t cnh s b Nguyn Quang Hin vo b
kin xin cu ho vi vua Cn Long. Pha trn khong gia mi bc tranh li c mt bi th
ng ch ca vua Cn Long vnh. Mi bc tranh li c du n "C hi Thin t chi t" (Con
du ca nh vua th trn 70 tui) theo dng dng khc. (...) Theo li lc khon ca "Cn
Long K Du trng thu (chi) nguyt ng bt" th y l th bt ca nh vua c vit vo
thng 8 nm K Du (1789), tc l ch tm thng sau khi chin s Vit-Thanh kt thc. Nu k
n s vic s b Nguyn Quang Hin vo b kin vo ngy Mu Thn (tc l ngy 24) thng
7 cng nm, c chp c th trong sch "i Thanh Cao Tng thc lc" quyn 1335, th b
tranh ny qu l c tnh thi s rt ln.

C l gi tr hin nhin nht ca b tranh v cc bi th ng ch vnh ny l tm quan

trng m triu nh nh Thanh phi dnh cho vic chng ch cho tht bi qun s ca mnh
bng cch vt vt th din qua thnh cng ngoi giao khi nh Ty Sn ng cu ha.

Sau y l bn dch Vit ng 6 bi th :

1.Trn nh Gia Quan v Ha H:

77
 Bn sng cu cu xt th cng (1)

Chinh pht qun vua u chng tng

Xut l cn chi ch by v (2)

Nguyn nhung ch c lnh hai vng (3)

Ngn nguy dp lon l l ng,

Bu nc gi cm lm k mng.

Chu chu chng xe lm sao ni

Gia quan mt trn ting ly lng.

(1)L thi hu sang cu cu nh Thanh Thy Khu quan thuc tnh Qung Ty.

(2)"Tht tuy" l qun ca nh vua, ly in tch t Chu Mc vng trong T truyn.

(3)Tn S Ngh lm nguyn soi cm qun Lng Qung sang nh An Nam.

2. Trn nh Tam D v Tr Hu

Qun i hai ng nh doanh mn. K hang trm mn trn vong n. (1) Qun l trong
ngoidn i gic, Tr xoay i phi trit thn man. ot lng thc lm n va . Xit gic
dy di ht chn chun. (2) Mng thay oai nc con nh tng,

T Khc cng danh cht k tn. (3)

Tam D _ Tr Hu chi chin

78
 (1)Hip trn Lng Sn l Trn Danh Bnh vn l ngi dn tc thiu s, trc u hng
qun Thanh, sau li trn v Thng Long. Cc ngun s liu Vit Nam li cho bit Trn Danh
Bnh c ng Vn S c lm s gi n hon binh ri b Tn S Ngh em chm.

(2)Tn S Ngh sai phc binh bt sng c Trn Danh Bnh ri x theo qun php.

(3)Ph tng Tn Khnh Thnh l cht ni ca Chn V tng qun Tn T Khc vn l mt

khai quc cng thn ca nh Thanh.

3. Trn nh sng Th xng (sng Thng)

Tam Giang ngang vt chn b mi, Bn him my vng c th thi. Ym tri nh

Phng nh chng toa. (1) Dng mu Triu Tit ot dng L. (2) Nhn tan rn v bay hn
phch. Trc cht b an tin mng tri. Tng lnh tin khu qun phn chn. Hn nhn hai
tng kh khen i! (3)

Th xng giang chi chin

(1)T nh Phng i ng nh sng m m nh p tri gic.

(2)Triu Tit i Tng dng k ph tng Bc Lu ca r nhung ti sng L. y chng ti

dch thot ca nguyn vn l: "(Triu Tit) vt sng L. (khin cho) Bc Lu mt i bn b
quan trng".

(3)Hai tng y ch ph tng Tn Khnh Thnh v tng binh Dng Thy Thng. H u
l ngi Hn tc ch khng phi Mn chu.

79
 4. Trn nh sng Th Cu (sng Cu)

Gp nguy kho ng nh sau lng. Cha tip d trn cng. (1) Thng qun mu k
xa nay vn. (2) Dng tng hng ti mt mc rng. (3) nh xung t n hng kh gic,
Xut k ch thng ta tanh cng. Thnh L gn st qun giong trng, Tng s mt lng i
chin cng.
(1) Hai tng y ch ph tng Tn Khnh Thnh v tng binh Thng Duy Thng . H u
l ngi Hn tc ch khng phi Mn chu.

(2)Theo nguyn ch th vua Cn Long c xung ch d cha ti th Tn S Ngh cng bit

dng k y m thng trn sng Th cu.

(3)Nguyn vn v nguyn ch y c so snh Tn S Nhg dng mu vt sng nh in

Phong i ong Hn li dng ch h m nh p H Nam.

80
 5. Trn nh sng Ph Lng

Ca ng thnh L gi Ph Lng. Ly n tuy chc, chng bng hong. Thuyn n ln

nhp, xng ti ng. Tr dng vn tha, tic gii giang. (1) V nc mt vua nh b t. (2)
Lp n ba tng mi lu hng. (3) Thng trung v thun, tn vng o. (4) Khi s binh
ao - im ct tng.

(1) y ng thng tic c Ha Th Hanh trc y c ti dng cm t ph sng

Ph Lng, sau b mnh chn hu cho Tn S Ngh tho lui khi qun Ty Sn phn cng
chp nhong trong chin dch Ngc Hi - ng a. iu l th l bi th vnh cho trn
chin sng Ph Lng ny li dnh qu na ni v nhng s kin tip theo, trong tht
bi chin s ca qun Thanh d nhin c lp lim qua thnh cng ngoi giao vi nh Ty
Sn.

(2)L Chiu Thng c qun Thanh a v nhng li mt nc ln th hai.

(3)Nh Thanh i vua Quang Trang Nguyn Hu phi lp n th cho ba tng ca h b t

trn l : c Ha Th Hanh, cng hai tng binh l Trng Triu Long v Thng Duy
Thng. Nguyn ch khng nhc g n thi th in Chu l sm Nghi ng, vn mang chc
v thp hn so vi ba tng k trn.

(4)"Th trung" ch vic bt lp n th tng thng lng trung ca ba tng nh Thanh t

trn; "ph thun" ch vic hoa hiu vi nh Ty Sn.

6. hnh v cnh Nguyn Quang Hin l chu ca Nguyn Quang Hin l chu ca
Nguyn Hu c sai vo b kin v ban cho n yn.

81
 Ai gii thng ngi, chng dng binh ?

nh cho bit s, phc tm thnh.

H L ng xt v tri ght.

Nh Nguyn nn cho hng phc lnh.

Sang nm li s t thn hnh.

Chn thnh n vy phin bang him.

Sao n chng khen, ng hin vinh !

3. GI TR V NGHA T LIU CA B TRANH:

B tranh "Bnh nh An Nam chin " vi th vnh ng bt ca vua Cn Long l mt

ngun t liu mi c gi tr khng nh cho cng vic nghin cu v quan h chin s v ngoi
giao Vit - Thanh thi Ty Sn . Vi tnh thi s rt ln ca n, chng ti trm ngh rng b
tranh ny c th b sung mt cch ng k cho nhng ngun t liu t pha Trung Quc
tng c gii thiu vi gii nghin cu Vit Nam. (...)

D nhin l ni dung v quan im ca cc ngun t liu t pha Trung Quc v quan h

chin s v ngoi giao Vit - Thanh khng khi c s lch lc ch quan v khin cng trong
s nhn nh v nh gi cc chi tit hin hin cn st li n nay m ta khng th chi b, v
nhng chng tch ny c gi tr t liu khng nh i vi hc thut, v theo thin ca chng

82
ti th bn thn t liu khng hon ton l ng hay sai nhng ch c cch nhn bit v x l
chng l c th ng hay sai m thi. V trch nhim ca nhng nh nghin cu l phi nhn
nhn v tm cch x l thch ng vi nhng ngun t liu may mn cn st li b sung
cho hiu bit ca mnh (...)

NGUYN QUC VINH

Ngun: "Vit Nam hc - K yu Hi tho quc t ln th nht", tp , NXB Th Gii,

HN, trang 298-314

83
PH LC 4:

MT S NH T LIU V TRIU QUANG TRUNG.

84
85
86
87
 TI LIU THAM KHO

TING VIT

1. o Duy Anh (1994), t nc Vit Nam qua cc i, NXB Thun Ha.

2. Trn Vinh Anh (1963), "v mt d nh ca vua Quang Trung: Vic i t

Lng Qung", Tp ch Bch Khoa, (S 146, 147).

3. Bang(1994), Nhng khm ph v hong Quang Trung. NXB Thun Ha.

4. Bang (1980), "Chnh sch bnh trng ca chMnThanh vo Vit Nam

cui th k XVIII v s tht bi thm hi ca n. Tp ch Nghin cu lch s, (s 190).

5. Hoa Bng (1943), "Chnh vua Quang Trung c cng trong vic ph b l cng
ngi vng", Tp ch Tri Tn, (s 83).

6. Hoa Bng (1944), "Mt bi th, mt s thc, mt vinh d ln ca triu Quang

Trung chin thng Mn Thanh v mt ngoai giao", Tp ch Tri Tn, (s 132).

7. Hoa Bng (1922), "Triu Quang Trung chin thng Mn Thanh v mt ngoai giao
". Tp ch Tri Tn, (s 132).

8. Hoa Bng (1974), Quang Trung Nguyn Hu anh hng dn tc 1788 -1792),
NXB Hoa Tin, SG.

9. Hoa Bng (1943), "Tr li vn cng ngi vng, triu i no lm vic

cng y trc", Tp ch Tri Tn, (s loi).

10. Nguyn Lng Bch (2003), Lch s ngoi giao Vit Nam cc thi trc, NXB
Qun i nhn dn.

11. Nguyn Lng Bch (1984), i ngha thng hung tn, NXB Thanh Nin.

12. Nguyn Lng Bch, Phm Ngc Phng (1977), Tim hiu thin ti qun s ca
Nguyn Hu, NXB Qun i nhn dn.

13. B Quc phng, Vin Lch s Qun i, Quang Trung vi chin thng Ngc Hi,
ng a 1789, H Ni.

88
 14. L Ng Ct, Phm nh Toi(1999), Vit Nam quc s din ca. NXB Vn ha
thng tin. H ni.

15. Phan Huy Ch (1992), Lch triu hin chng loi ch, phn Bang giao ch,
nguyn vn ch Hn, bn dch ca Vin S Hc, NXB KHXH, Ha Ni.

16. Phan Trn Chc (1957), Vua Quang Trung Nguyn Hu, NXB Chinh Ky.

17. Nguyn Vn D (1979), "Chin tranh thn tc - i ph qun Thanh", Tp ch

Nghin cu lch s (s 6).

18. Phan i Don (1993), Khi ngha dit Nguyn chng Xim, S Vn hoa thng
tin Bnh nh.

19. Tn Vit iu(1962), "K thoai v bang giaov nghi l giao hiu ca nc Vit
thi xa", Vn ha nguyt san, (s 75).

20. Trn B (2000), Mt s chuyn lch s Vit Nam, NXB i hc Quc gia.
H Ni.

21. L Qu n (1997), Ph bin tp lc, NXB KHXH, H ni.

22. Lam Giang(1968), Hng kh Ty Sn, NXB Sn Quang

23. Hoang Xun Hn (1968), "Vit Thanh chin s" (Theo Ngy Nguyn)Tp ch S
a, (s 9,10).

24. Nguyn Minh Hng (2001), Bun bn qua bin gii Vit Trung: Lch s- hin
trng v trin vng, Nxb KHXH, H Ni.

25. Nguyn Duy Hinh(1989). Suy ngh v nh Ty Sn. Tp ch Nghin cu Lch S,

(s 1).

26. Vn Hng (1969), "Cuc giao thip gia Quang Trung v Cn Long, v 16 chu
v xy n th sm Nghi ng", Tp ch S a (s 13).

27. Nguyn Ngu (1967), H Thm Nguyn Hu Quang Trung 1752-1792 hay gic
mng ln cha thnh, NXB v ngun .

28. V Ngc Khnh(1999), Vua tr trong lch s, NXB Thanh Nin, HN.

89
 29. Phan Khoang (dch) (1969), "Chung quanh cuc chin thng Tn S Ngh ca vua
Quang Trung ngy Tt nm K Du", Tp ch S a (s 13).

30. Trn Trng Kim (2002), Vit Nam s lc, NXB VHT, H Ni.

31. L Vn Lan ( 1989), " C mt chin dch Thng Long nm 1789. Nguyn Hu
bc thy ca t tng v ngh thut chin dch". Tp ch Nghin cu lch s (s 1).

32. Phan Huy L (1998), Mt s trn quyt chin chin lc trong lch s dn
tc,NXB QND.

33. Phan Huy L (1978), "Phong tro nng dn Ty Sn v cuc u tranh chng
ngoi xm bo v c lp dn tc th k XVIII", Tp ch Nghin cu lch s, (s ).

34. Phan Huy L (1961), Tim hiu thm v phong tro nng dn Ty Sn, NXB Gio
Dc, HN .

35. Phan Huy L cng nhiu tc gi (1961), Lch s ch phong kin, tp 3, NXB
Gio Dc.

36. Phan Huy L cng nhiu tc gi (1965), Lch s ch phong kin Vit Nam, tp
3, NXB GD, H ni.

37. Ngc Lin (1976), "T my vn bn vit i Ty Sn mi pht hin", Tp ch

Nghin cu lch s (s 162).

38. Th Long (1979), "Bc u tm hiu s phu vi phong tro nng dn Ty Sn ",
Tp ch Nghin cu lch s (s 183).

39. Nguyn Th Long (2001), Chuyn i s, tip s thi xa, NXB VHTT.HN.

40. Lu Vn Li (2004), Nhng chuyn ngoi giao ni ting, NXB Cng An nhn
dn.

41. DM (1976), "Mt cht ti liu v trn nh qun Mn Thanh nm 1789". Tp ch

Nghin cu lch s (s 170).

42. Hong Minh (1972), Tm hiu t tin ta nh gic, NXB QND.

90
 43. Hng Nam & Hng Lnh (Ch bin), (1984), Nhng trang s v vang ca dn tc
Vit Nam chng phong kin Trung Quc xm lc, NXB KHXH. HN.

44. Ng Th Nhm (2001), Ng Th Nhm tc phm, tp , bn dch do Mai Quc

Lin ch bin v kho lun, NXB Vn Hc.

45. Nhiu tc gi (1989(, Thin anh hng ca v Vit Nam ngy nay, Ban KHXH
Thnh y Tp.HCM.

46. T Ngc(1944), "Cuc giao thip ca ngi Nam v my nc lng ging t th

k XVII n the k XIX", Tp ch Tri Tn (s 22).

47. Vn Ninh (1992), Tin c Vit Nam, NXB KHXH, H Ni.

48. Ng Gia Vn Phi(1970), Hoang L Nht thng ch. NXB Vn hc, HN.

49. T Quang Pht(1968), "Vua Quang Trung trong chnh s nh Nguyn", Tp ch

S a, (s 9,10).

50. T Quang Pht. (dch)(1970), i Nam chnh bin lit truyn: Nh Ty Sn, Ph
Quc v khanh c trch vn ha. SG.

51. Nguyn Danh Phit (1989), " Nh Ty Sn vi s nghip dng nc", Tp ch

Nghin cu lch s (s 1).

52. Nguyn Gia Ph(1986), "Ni cc Trung Quc thi phong kin", Tp ch
Nghin cu lch s, (s 6).

53. Nguyn Gia Phu, Nguyn Huy Qu (2001). Lch s Trung Quc, NXB Gio dc.

54. Nguyn Phng (1968), Vit Nam thi bnh trng Ty Sn, Khai Tri, Si Gn.

55. Phm Ai Phng (1989), "Vi nt v tnh hnh cng thng nghip Vit Nam
triu Ty Sn, Tp ch NCLS (s 1).

56. Nguyn Phan Quang (1976), Lch s Vit Nam (1427-1858), Q.2, T.2, NXB Gio
dc.

57. Nguyn Phan Quang (2000), Phong tro Ty Sn v ci cch Quang Trung,
HSP Tp. HCM.

91
 58. Nguyn Phan Quang, "Mt s quan im xuyn tc phong tro Ty Sn trn sch
bo min Nam thi M Ngy". K yu hi ngh nghin cu Phong tro nng dn Ty sn v
anh hng Nguyn Hu" , Ty Vn ha thng tin Ngha Bnh.

59. Quc S Qun triu Nguyn (2002), i Nam thc lc, NXB Gio Dc.

60. Quc S Qun triu Nguyn (1969), i Nam nht thng chu nguyn vn ch
Hn, bn dch ca Phm Trng im, tp 1, NXB KHXH, H Ni.

61. Trng Hu Qunh ch bin (1988), Phong tro nng dn Ty Sn di mt

ngi nc ngoi, NXB T.H Ngha Bnh.

62. Phm Vn Sn (1968), " so snh cc anh hng trc Nguyn Hu vi Nguyn
Hu", Tp ch S a (s 9, 10).

63. L nh S (1989), "T cht qun s Nguyn Hu ", Tp ch nghin cu lch s

(s 1).

64. Vn Tn (2004), Cch mng Ty Sn, NXB KHXH.

65. Vn Tn (1967), Nguyn Hu - con ngi v s nghip, NXB Khoa Hc. HN.

66. Vn Tn (1979), "My nhn xt v chin thng ng a", Tp ch Nghin cu

lch s (s 183).

67. Vn Tn (1994), T in ting Vit, NXB KHXH.

68. Vn Tn (1980), "Vi nt v chnh sch ngoai giao ca Trung Quc i vi Vit
Nam trong thi phong kin", Tp chNCLS (s 190).

69. Nguyn Toi (1945), "My cuc tranh bin v bin gii hai nc Vit-Hoa", Tp
ch Tri Tn (s XII).

70. H Hu Tng (1968), "Mt vi phng thut nghin cu v Ty Sn", Tp chi

S a, (s 9,10).

71. Trnh (1989), " V tr ca chin thng Ngc Hi - ng a trong chin tranh
chng xm lc nm 1789", Tp ch Nghin cu lch s (s 1).

92
 72. Quang Trung(1973), i Vit quc th, nguyn vn ch Hn, bn dch ca
Hong Vn Hoe, Trung tm hc liu, B gio dc, SG.

73. Lam giang Nguyn Quang Tr (2000), Vua Quang Trung, KXB Thanh Nin.

74. Trung Tm KHXH v NV quc gia (2000), Vit Nam hc - k yu hi tho quc
t, tp , NXB Th Gii, HN.

75. T Ch i Trng (1969), "ng a, mu thun vn ha vt bin gii99, Tp

san S a (s 13).

76. T Ch i Trng (1968), "Gp v ph h Ty Sn v chn dung anh em h",

Tp ch S a (s 9,10)..

77. Nhun V (1983), Chnh sch bnh trng b quyn Trung Quc ng Nam
, NXB S Tht, HN.

78. Trn Quc Vng (1989), " Gii o hin thc v x ng a v g ng a ",
Tp ch Nghin cu lch s (s 1).

79. Trn Quc Vng -H Vn Tn (1960), Lch s ch phong kin Vit Nam, tp
I, NXB Gio Dc, H Ni.

80. Thnh Th V (1961), Ngoi thng Vit Nam cc th k XVII XVIII, u th

k XIX, NXB S Hc, HN.

81. XXX (1968), "Tn S Ngh trng k "kiu ch" ca Ng Th Nhm", Tp ch S

a (s 9,18).

TING ANH

82. Brian Harrison (1946), South - East Asa a short history, St Martin 's Press,
Newyork.

83. D.G.E.Hall (1968), history oSouth EastAsia, ST Martin 's Press, Newyork.

84. Joseph Buttinger (1958), The smaller dragon, a political history of Vietnam,
Frederick A.Praeger, Newyork.

93
 85. Thomas Hodgkin (1981), Vietnam: The Revolutionary Path, London and Basing
Stock, The Macmillan Pr.

94