Nghin cu Tn gio.

S 2 2015 79

INH HNG HI*

THN BP TRONG VN HA VIT NAM

Tm tt: Bi vit kho cu tc th la trong cc nn vn ha khc

nhau nh n , Trung Hoa, Hy Lp - La M. Bi vit cng
cp ti tc th la qua cc nghi l ca cc dn tc Vit Nam nh
ngi Kinh, Mng v cc dn tc thiu s Ty Nguyn. T hnh
thc th la s khai chuyn thnh tc th Thn L vi ci tn
To Qun trong vn ha Trung Hoa, Thn Bp vi ci tn ng
To trong vn ha Vit Nam. Tc gi m hnh ha qu trnh
pht trin loi hnh tn gio ny trong vn ha Vit Nam. Mc d
tha nhn s du nhp mt s yu t vn ha t Trung Hoa, tc gi
ch ra nhng c trng bn a ca ngi Vit bng vic so
snh nhng tng ng, d bit trong cch th cng To Qun ca
ngi Vit v ngi Hoa. Bi vit cn cp n nhng bin i
th cng ng To trong x hi Vit Nam ng i.
T kha: Thn Bp, th la, tng ng, d bit, vn ha, Vit Nam.
Trong nhng ngy cui thng 8/2014, bo ch quc t lin tc a tin
phin qun IS (t chc Nh nc Islam gio ti Iraq) cng hip v tn
st nhiu ngi thiu s Yazidi. iu ny khin cho Hoa K v Lin Hp
quc buc phi c bin php khn cp v mnh tay ngn chn nn
dit chng i vi ngi Yazidi. Vy ngi Yazidi l ai? V sao Hoa K
v Lin Hp quc cn phi c s tr gip ngay lp tc i vi h? Xin b
qua cc vn chnh tr, chng ti ch xin cp n vn ha ca ngi
Yazidi nh mt hin vt sng v mt tn gio nht thn lu i nht
trn th gii cn tn ti n ngy hm nay, l Bi Ha gio. Bi Ha
gio (Zoroastrianism) do Nh Tin tri Zoroaster (Zarathustra) sng lp t
3.500 nm trc ti mt vng thuc Iran ngy nay. y l tn gio chnh
thng ca quc Ba T hng mnh trong khong t nm 600 tr. CN n
nm 650, nhng hin nay s lng tn ch cn khong 190.000 ngi
(theo The New York Times, 2006). Tn gio ny c nh hng mnh m
n qu trnh hnh thnh nim tin ng Cu th Pht gio (qua biu

*
TS. Vin Nghin cu Vn ha, Vin Hn lm Khoa hc x hi Vit Nam.
80 Nghin cu Tn gio. S 2 - 2015

tng Di Lc - Maitreya) m chng ti cp n trong mt nghin

cu gn y1. Tuy nhin, trong tn ngng a thn, Thn La/Thn Bp
ch l mt trong s cc v thn s khai ca nhiu nn vn ha, trong c
vn ha Vit Nam. V vy, tm hiu v Thn Bp ca ngi Vit,
chng ta cn bt u t loi tn ngng s khai ny.
1. Tc th la cc nn vn ha
Th cng hoc thing ha la c bit n nhiu nn vn ha
trn th gii. iu ny d hiu bi v la l mt phn quan trng trong
i sng vn ha ca con ngi t S k c, khi h bit dng la
nng chn thc n, si m v xua ui th d. Cc du vt sm nht
ca la c tm thy ti Gesher Benot Yaaqov, Israel cch ngy nay
khong 790.000 nm2 . Bng chng Kho c hc sm nht v loi tn
ngng ny c tm thy ngi n - Ba T (Indo - Iranian)3 khong
1500 tr. CN. y cng l ni cc nh kho c hc tm ra vt tch u tin
ca tc ha tng. Trong khi ha tng tr nn ph bin trong n gio
th n li b chi b trong tn gio ca nhng ngi theo Bi Ha gio
sau ny. Trong kinh Veda ca ngi Hindu, la l mt yu t trng tm
ca l Yajna, vi thn Agni - Thn La. V thn ny ng vai tr l trung
gian kt ni v ha hp cc tn vi nhau v vi cc v thn khc.
Trong nhnh Vaishnav ca Hindu gio, Thn La Agni c coi nh
chic li ca ng ti cao Narayana, v vy, tt c nhng s hin t
c thc hin u l s hy sinh cho ng ti cao Narayana4.
Trung Hoa, vt tch ca vic th la mun nht cng c pht
hin t i Hn qua cc bng chng ngn ng gn vi chic bp l bng
t, ch To (/) trong To Cng (ng To) c ngha l bp l. V
vy, To Qun mang hm ngha l Vua bp. T liu u tin c ghi chp
v To Qun l thi tuyn Thch H T ca thi s Phm Thnh i sng
di triu vua Cao Tng (1127 - 1126) ca nh Tng (960 - 1280). Trong
tp thi tuyn, Phm c bo mi gia nh dn chng thng cng ng To
vo dp cui nm Ngi bay v Tri bo co Ngc Hong Thng
bit vic thin c ca gia ch lm5. Cn Hn Quc, tn gi ca v
thn c lin quan n bp nc cng c gi l To Vng Thn
(Jowangshin / ). y l v n thn ch v sc khe, c
bit l i vi nhng ngi ph n trong gia nh. Trong khi, Nht Bn,
li ph bin v thn bp c tn gi l Kamado-no-kami () c ngha
inh Hng Hi. Thn Bp trong vn ha Vit Nam. 81

l To thn - Thn L. Thn L Nht bn c hai loi, mt i din cho

thuyt m - Dng (la/nc, nng/lnh,) v mt c lin quan n
Pht gio vi tn gi Sambo-Kojin (Tam bo hoang thn ).
c im nhn dng ca v thn ny l c hai i tay v ba chic u.
Chu u, trong truyn thng vn ha Hy Lp - La M (Graeco-
Roman) th la c hai hnh thc ring bit: La l si v la l rn.
Th la l si c duy tr Roma vi c b ng trinh Vestal, v h
thn ca N thn Vesta v cng l v h thn ca cc gia nh. Hy Lp,
v n thn trong nn vn ha ny c tn gi l Hestia. Nhng g c lin
quan n khi la cng c mi lin h vi thn Hephaestus ca ngi Hy
Lp v thn Vulcan ca ngi La M. Tuy nhin, hai v thn ny dng
nh l cc v thn bo v phng hi v chng ha tai cc thnh ph
hn l nhng v Thn La thc th. Mt chi tit khc c lin quan n
tc th la l s m hoc thn Prometheus (Prmt) trong vn ha Hy
Lp - ngi nh cp la cho con ngi t cc v thn trn Tri.
Hu ht cc hnh thc th la trong cc tn gio Hy Lp - La M u c
lin quan n cng vic nu hoc nng chn con vt trc mt bn th
ca mt ngi n. Ngoi ra, trong cc nn vn ha khc chu u cng
c cc v thn c lin quan n tc th la hoc cc huyn thoi v la
nh thn Belenus ca ngi Celtic, thn Svarog ca ngi Slavic,
Vit Nam, mc d cha tm thy vt tch ca tc th la qua cc
hin vt kho c hc nhng trong i sng vn ha cc tc ngi th la
lun l mt thnh t quan trng trong mi nghi l. Chng hn, cc nghi l
ca ngi thiu s lun c thc hin bn ng la, cn trong vn ha
ca ngi Mng c c mt huyn thoi v Buil Mong (mt loi rui to)
ln Cm-ct-vt-nhui hc cch lm ra la cho Lang T Cn bng cch
dng mng cy kh v lt giang gi c xt to ra la6. Ring ngi Kinh,
mc d x hi pht trin mt mc cao, nhng di vt ca mt loi
hnh tn ngng c lin quan n la vn tn ti qua vic t cc nh
trm v cy hng/nhang trong cc nghi l cng t hin nay.
c bit, tn ngng Vua La vn tn ti trong vn ha ca ngi
Ty Nguyn ti u th k XX. Ba ng vua l Vua nc, Vua la v Vua
gi, du khng h l mt th ch php tr, ch n thun mang tnh cht
thn quyn, nhng s chi phi ca h trong i sng tm linh ca nhng
c dn bn a, vi nn vn minh la nc vn c nh hng kh ln t xa
82 Nghin cu Tn gio. S 2 - 2015

xa. i Nam Lit Truyn Chnh Bin khc ha kh r nhng vng t ca

Thy X (Vua Nc) v Ha X (Vua La). Trong nhng kho cu ca
cc nh dn tc hc ngi Php cng nh trong Ph Bin Tp Lc, L Qu
n tng nhc n vng t ny. Nhng ngi k tc Ha X theo
truyn thng l phi mang h Siu. V th, ngi v ca cc Ptao Apuih
khng phi l cha truyn con ni m l s la chn nhng ngi trong h.
Nu ngi c chn ng thun, ngi trong vng s chun b l cng
gm tru, heo, g, ru, tuyt nhin khng c b. V c bit, nhng
ngi mang h Siu cng khng c nui b. Vua cng ch c ly mt
v nh ngi bnh thng. Con ca vua u phi ln lng trn ry, vt ln
vi thin nhin, mung th kim ci n7.
C th thy tc th la cc nn vn ha ni trn hu ht u c lin
quan n bp l v cng vic bp nc v hu ht u l cc tc l dn
gian. Ch ring ngi Yazidi s hu mt tn gio nht thn c lin quan
n la, l Bi Ha gio v Vit Nam c tn ti tc th Vua La
Ty Nguyn. Trong vn ha ca ngi Vit, vic th la hoc c lin
quan n la dung hp vi tc th To Qun ca ngi Trung Hoa v
pht trin thnh mt loi hnh tn gio mang tnh ph qut khp ba min
Bc, Trung, Nam, ng thi tr thnh mt nghi l khng th thiu trc
dp Tt m lch. c bit, trong hn mt thp nin qua, vi s pht trin
ca cng ngh thng tin truyn thng, mt chng trnh gii tr c lin
quan n ng To - To Qun ca i Truyn hnh Vit Nam c tn Gp
nhau cui nm vo bui ti giao tha. y l mt trong nhng mt
chng trnh c sc khng ch c ngi dn yu thch di gc
gii tr m cn c nhiu ngi quan tm di gc nhn x hi.
2. Thn L trong vn ha Trung Hoa
V Thn L mang tn To Qun trong vn ha Trung Hoa khi c
a vo vn chng hnh thnh nn v s huyn thoi nh Vim
(tc Thn Nng) mang la n cho dn nn khi cht c th lm thn
bp (theo Hoi Nam T), Chc Dung l thn qun l la do Vim
mang ti, khi cht ngi dn th lm Thn La (theo L Th Xun Thu),
To Qun tn T Ct Li, v l Vng Th (theo Ng Kinh Di Ngha)
Nhng truyn thuyt ny nhiu ti mc cc nh khoa hc thng k c
t nht l 40 truyn thuyt v ngun gc ca To Qun. Truyn thuyt
ph bin nht nh sau: C ngi tn l Trng To Vng ly v tn
Quch inh Hng, mt ngi c hnh v gii giang. Mt thi gian sau,
inh Hng Hi. Thn Bp trong vn ha Vit Nam. 83

Trng chn ch v, bn dan du vi mt k n tn l L Hi ng.

L xi gic Trng b v theo . inh Hng ra i vi hai bn tay
khng, ri tr v nh b m rut. Trng v L chung sng vi nhau, gia
nh dn dn suy sp, L quay tr li ngh bn phn bun hng, Trng
ngho i, m la, bn i n xin. Tnh c, Trng lc bc n nh v.
inh Hng nhn ra chng ngy xa, au lng thy chng m mt, xin
n, bn dn cho chng c mn m si m ngy xa chng rt thch.
Trng n, bng sng s, sao mn n ny ging mn n ngy xa v anh
tng nu, bn khc. inh Hng gi: Trng Lang! Trng Lang! M
mt ra! Trng m mt ra, mt sng tr li, nhn thy v c, lng h
thn bn chy trn, no ng chy tt vo bp l cht chy. inh Hng
c sc ko chn chng ra, ai ng chn la ra. K t ngi i gi dng
c co than trong bp l Trng Lang Tc (chn Trng Lang.)
inh Hng thng xt chng v th ti bp l ni chng mt mng.
Tc th To Qun c l t 8.
B qua nhng ni dung hoang ng t cc truyn thuyt, tc th
Thn L Trung Hoa c th tm lc nh sau: Tc th ny ra i trong
vn ha Trung Hoa t hn 2.000 nm qua. Loi hnh th cng ny mang
n cho ngi Trung Hoa mt nim tin rng v Thn L trong gia nh s
ghi chp li mi vic lm ca gia ch trong c nm v s bo co ln
Ngc Hong vo cui nm. Ngy v Thn L ny ln bo co vi Ngc
Hong l ngy 23 thng Chp m lch. Trc khi v Thn L ln Thin
nh bo co, gia ch phi chun b mi hnh trang v thn ny ln
ng. Ngi Trung Hoa tin rng, vic cng thn bng cc thc phm c
v ngt s mang li nhng li ngt ngo t v Thn L ti Ngc Hong.
Sau khi bo co vi Ngc Hong, v Thn L ny s tr v vi gia nh
vo ngy u tin ca nm mi.
Nh vy, t khi hnh thnh tc th la, thay v mt v Thn La nh
v thn ca ngi Yazidi, ngi Trung Hoa sng to nn mt v Thn
L. V thn ny c o gio ha thnh To Vng ca ngi Trung
Hoa. T y, To Vng pht trin thnh b ba Th Cng, Th a, Th
K v nh hng ti cc nn vn ha ng vn nh Hn Quc, Nht Bn
v Vit Nam. mi nn vn ha du nhp tc th ny, biu hin ca v
Thn L li c nhng bin i thch nghi vi nn vn ha tip nhn n.
Chnh s bin i ny to nn nhng khc bit trong tc th Thn Bp
ca Hn Quc, Nht Bn, Vit Nam v khc vi Thn Bp Trung Hoa.
84 Nghin cu Tn gio. S 2 - 2015

Di y, chng ti s tm hiu nhng khc bit ca loi tc th cng

ny cng nh nhng biu hin ca n trong vn ha Vit Nam.
3. Thn Bp trong vn ha Vit Nam
Mc d tip nhn To Qun t vn ha Trung Hoa, nhng khi vo
Vit Nam, v thn ny khng cn l Thn L m thc t li l v Thn
Bp. Gi l Thn Bp v trong vn ha Vit Nam Min bc cng nh
Min Nam hu nh khng s dng l t (ch To () trong vn ha
Trung Hoa gm b Ha t cnh ch Th - La v t) m thay v l
chic king (theo cch gi Min Bc) hay c-rng (theo cch gi ca
Min Nam). Cn cc v Th Cng, Th a, Th K trong vn ha Trung
Hoa khi du nhp vo Vit Nam c gi l Thn t, Thn Nh v Thn
Bp. Nh vy, Thn Bp trong vn ha Vit Nam c s an xen (hay ln
ln) gia cc v thn ni trn trong vn ha Trung Hoa v cng thiu s
rch ri gia Thn t v Thn Bp trong vn ha Vit Nam. iu ny
c th hin qua cc nghi l th cng ng To ca ngi Vit. Theo ,
vai tr ca v Thn La khng r rng trong khi vai tr ca v Thn Bp
th ht sc m nht. Dng nh vai tr ca ng To trong vn ha Vit
Nam ging nh mt v thn chuyn trch vic gim st hnh vi v sinh
hot ca gia ch bo co vi cp trn Thin nh (!).
Vit Nam, s tch ng To c kh nhiu phin bn (thut ng
thng dng trong nghin cu vn ha dn gian gi l d bn) v c
Nguyn ng Chi ghi li kh y trong Kho tng truyn c tch Vit
Nam t trang 207 n trang 2109.
Qua cc cu chuyn trong cun sch nu trn, c th i n mt nhn
xt nh sau:
Cc truyn thuyt v Thn bp Vit Nam c nhiu loi/d bn khc
nhau. Kt cu ca ct truyn thng c ba nhn vt chnh gn vi mt cuc
tnh au kh, oan c cho c ba nhn vt chnh. Kt cc l cc nhn vt u
cht nhng ci cht ca h sau c gii oan v c cc ng ti cao
(nh ng Tri, Ngc Hong,) cu ri v h c phong thn. Cc cu
chuyn xoay quanh ni dung gia nh (cu chuyn mang tnh bp nc), c
tnh yu, c bi thng nhng kt thc thng l c hu. Tm hiu cc tnh
tit lp li thng thy cc huyn thoi, truyn thuyt ni trn, chng ta c
th nhn ra mt biu tng trng tm (core symbol) y l mt b ba
nhn vt gn vi mt thc ti (fact) 10 c biu hin qua chic king ba
inh Hng Hi. Thn Bp trong vn ha Vit Nam. 85

chn hay ng u Rau ba cc Vit Nam cng nh v thn ba u Nht

Bn. hiu hn v qu trnh pht trin ca dng th cng ny trong vn
ha Vit Nam, chng ta c th m hnh ha nh sau:
M hnh 1: Qu trnh hnh thnh Thn Bp trong vn ha Vit Nam

Nh vy, Thn Bp trong vn ha Vit Nam l mt biu tng c

thing ha thnh thn t cc thnh t t nhin v vn ha. Mc d c du
nhp mt s yu t vn ha t Trung Hoa nhng tn ngng Thn Bp
Vit Nam vn mang nhiu c trng bn a ca ngi Vit khc vi vn
ha Trung Hoa. Nhng khc bit ny c nh nghin cu L Anh
Minh tng hp trong bng sau:
Bng 1: So snh im tng ng v d bit
gia To Qun Vit Nam v To Qun Trung Quc
TO QUN VIT NAM TO QUN TRUNG QUC
Tng - Thn bo h cho gia nh, nh hng phc th tng thnh
ng vin gia ch do bo co hng nm (23 thng Chp) v Tri.
- L Tng To (23 thng Chp) - L tip to (30 thng Chp
hoc t ngy sau )
- Cng t thnh khn (Hoa qu, tr ru, nhang, t pho,
vng m, xi g, c chp ... Ngi Trung Quc thng cng
mt ong v bnh np...). L vt khng bt buc, ty gia nh.
To Qun c th trong bp mi gia nh.
- c dch sang ngn ng Ty Phng: ANH (The God of
the Stove, The God of the Hearth, The Kitchen-God) - PHP
(Gnie de ltre, Gnie du fourneau) - C (Herdgott).
D bit - nh hng tc th TRI, tin - nh hng o gio
tng ngi v thn linh c th (sn phm tng tng
giao cm vi nhau. ca L Thiu Qun) -
86 Nghin cu Tn gio. S 2 - 2015

- C khong vi ba d thoi (tc l nh hng Pht gio

huyn thoi t b ci bin) (lut nhn qu bo ng
i vi Trng To
- B Tam: Hai ng mt b (ng : Vng.)
ch mu h, nguyn tc cu to
bp l) - C trn 40 d thoi,
ph bin nht l
- C t thi rt xa xa, phng nh Trng To Vng v
vo lc ngi Vit Nam bit sng Quch inh Hng.
nh c nng nghip, theo ch
mu h, bit s dng la nu - Mt ngi (ca o
nng m thc. gio) hoc hai ngi
(v chng Trng-
- Gii thch nguyn tc cu to bp Quch)
l - Nhc li v la (bt ngun cho
nn vn minh nhn loi) - Th hin - C t i Hn (206
c thng minh sng to ca t tin tr. CN - 220), thot u
ngi Vit (ch to bp l, s dng ph bin trong gii
la, i sng nng nghip, sn Luyn an (alchemy)
bn). trong L T L. V sau
(khong ng, Tng
- Tn gi: ng To, Vua Bp, To ph bin i chng
Qun, ng Cng, Thn Bp, ng thnh thn bo h gia
Thn (ng Tr T Mnh To Ph nh).
Thn Qun), ng Tr...
- Khng gii thch
nguyn tc cu to bp
l -Nhc li v la-
gii thch tn gi ca
ci co than (Trng
Lang Tc) - Du vt
nh hng ca tn gio
(o gio, Pht gio).
- Tn gi: To Qun,
To Vng, T Mnh
Ph Qun, To Thn,
Vim , Hong ,
Trng L, Ng Hi, T
Ct Li, Thn T
Quch, Trng an,
Nhng T, nh
Phc Ti Thn...11
Trong vn ha Trung Hoa v cc nn vn ha ng vn Trung Hoa,
Thn Bp thng c mt ban th ring v cc nghi l th cng thng
inh Hng Hi. Thn Bp trong vn ha Vit Nam. 87

din ra ti ni ny. Tuy nhin, trong vn ha Vit Nam, chng ta hu nh

khng thy ban th no dnh ring cho v thn ny m thng c t
ln cng cc v thn khc. Tm hiu cch thc th cng v tn gi ca cc
v gia thn hin nay trong vn ha Vit Nam, chng ti cho rng tn
ngng th Thn Bp ca ngi Vit l mt s tch hp vn ha kh
phc tp ca Thn Bp vi cc v gia thn khc nh Thn t, Thn
Ti, S tch hp ny to nn mt dng tn ngng nguyn hp m
chng ti cp n trong ni dung Thn t trong vn ha Vit Nam
phn trc.
C th ni, qu trnh hnh thnh Thn Bp l mt qu trnh bin i
ht sc phc tp ti mt nn vn ha nm ng t ng - vn ha
Vit Nam. Nhng bin i ny din ra tng i chm trong qu kh nn
chng ta kh nhn ra, nhng trong mt vi thp nin va qua, nhng bin
i ca cc biu tng c lin quan n vic th cng Thn Bp ca
ngi Vit Nam to nn nhng thnh t vn ha mi l m chng ti
s cp n di y.
4. ng To12 trong x hi Vit Nam ng i
Khc vi Bi Ha gio, tn gio nht thn ca ngi Yazidi, bt buc
cng ng phi tun theo13, th cng Thn Bp ca ngi Vit ch l mt
dng tn gio dn gian, nhng li pht trin n mt tm mc ph qut
ton x hi. Nghi l tin ng To ngy 23 thng Chp hng nm l mt
nghi l khng th thiu ca hu nh mi gia nh ngi Vit v c
thc hin mt cch ht sc thnh knh v t nguyn. V sao mt tn gio
c tnh bnh dn li c th ng mt vai tr c bit quan trng nh
vy? iu ny c th l gii thng qua mt trong nhng nghi l, lch tit
quan trng nht ca ngi Vit, l Tt m lch.
Tt m lch cn c gi l Tt Nguyn n (). Theo Hn Vit
T in trch dn th Nguyn n l Ngy u nm, tc mng mt
thng Ging m lch. Cn gi l: nguyn chnh/chnh (), nguyn
sc (), nguyn nht (). y l ngy tit u nm theo lch Mt
Trng (m lch) tn ti cc nc thuc nhm vn ha ng vn Trung
Hoa nh Hn Quc, Nht Bn, Vit Nam. Do tm quan trng ca Tt m
lch trong vn ha Vit Nam nn cng vic chun b cho ngy trng i
nht trong nm ny tr nn ht sc c bit, thng thng, cng vic
chun b bt u t ngy 23 thng Chp.
88 Nghin cu Tn gio. S 2 - 2015

Ngy 23 thng Chp tr thnh mt du mc quan trng cho mi s

chun b n Tt m lch (c l v th m cn c gi l Tt ng
To) mi ngi dn hon tt cc cng vic trong nm, chun b cho
ngy Tt chnh. Khong thi gian t Tt ng To n Tt m lch l
nhng ngy bn rn nhng vui v cho mi gia nh vi vic mua sm Tt,
dn dp nh ca, trang hong khng gian sng, Dng nh con ngi
c tr li l chnh mnh trong nhng ngy ny v s tp trung ca h
ch yu dnh cho gia nh. Vo ngy ny, ngi dn lm l cng ng
To, chun b hnh trang ng To ln chu Tri.
Ngoi hng hoa v c cng, l ng To cn c mt vt phm c
bit khng th khng c, l c chp - mt loi c thc nhng li c v
s huyn thoi v biu tng c to ra nh truyn thuyt c chp vt
v mn, tranh c chp trng Trng14 Mt iu kh th v l c chp
cng ng To l c chp ti, cn sng. Nhng con c ny sau
c th xung ao, h, sng, sui phng sinh - mt quan nim c lin
quan ti Pht gio. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y, do khng gian
sng ngy cng b thu hp v h ao, sng ngi dn b lp v cng ha
nn vic tm ni phng sinh cho c chp ngy cng kh khn. c bit l
trong nhng ngy bn rn cui nm. Mt gii php mi c a ra l
cng c chp giy (sau ha cng vng m). Thm ch, thay v c chp,
mt s gia nh hin nay chn phng tin cho ng To bng hng m
nh cc loi xe sang SH (xe my), Limousine ( t) thm ch c my bay,
cng xong ri cng ha (!).
i xa hn trong vic biu tng ha ng To trong x hi ng i,
i Truyn hnh Vit Nam (VTV), sau khi chm dt chng trnh gii tr
Gp nhau cui tun kh n khch15 thay th bng chng trnh Gp
nhau cui nm16. y l mt trong nhng chng trnh c a thch
nht ca VTV trong hng chc nm qua v c l y cng l chng
trnh c s lng ngi xem ng nht Vit Nam v n c pht sng
vo bui ti cui cng ca nm m lch khi hu ht mi ngi u c
mt ti nh.
C th ni, hiu ng x hi ca chng trnh Gp nhau cui nm ca
VTV vt qu ch n ca mt chng trnh hi kch thng thng
trn sng truyn hnh. Ti y, ng To (c i din bi cc To ph
trch cc lnh vc quan trng khc nhau trong x hi nh y t, gio dc,
giao thng,) c biu tng ha thnh nhng biu tng thi hin i.
inh Hng Hi. Thn Bp trong vn ha Vit Nam. 89

Mi To ny th hin mt b mt ca ngi ng u lnh vc m To

i din nh giao thng, gio dc, y t,... Vic bm bo ca cc To vi
Thin nh tr thnh vic cng khai ha nhng bt cp ca lnh vc m
mi To lm t lnh ca mt ngnh. Nhng ni dung c phn nh
y ht sc d dm nhng chn thc v sinh ng thng qua ngn ng
ngh thut hin i.
C th ni, t vic th la n vic th cng v thnh ha cng c nu
bp l mt qu trnh tch hp vn ha ht sc phc tp tng din ra nhiu
ni trn th gii. Ngoi s tch hp vn ha gia th cng (Thn Bp) vi
cng c (l/bp/king) cn c mt i tng ht sc quan trng ng vai
tr l mt trong ba thnh t cu thnh khng th thiu, l tnh biu
tng, mt c tnh khng th thiu ca mi loi hnh tn gio. Nu thiu
i thnh t th ba ny th chng ta s khng th nhn thy cc biu hin ca
Bi Ha gio (Yazidi), To Vng (Trung Hoa), To Vng Thn (Hn
Quc), Tam Bo Hoang Thn (Nht Bn) hay ng To (Vit Nam). V vy,
khi tm hiu loi hnh tn gio ny, chng ta cn xem xt c ba thnh t
cu thnh m chng ti m hnh ha trong hnh di y.
M hnh 2: Ba yu t cu thnh tc th Thn Bp

Vit Nam, s gp mt ca ng To khng ch th hin mt loi

hnh tn gio, mt nt vn ha m cn th hin mt b mt ca x hi.
Vic sm sanh, lo lt l vt vi ng To bng tin bc v cc loi
phng tin t tin - d l hng m) c c bn bo co tt vi
Thin nh th hin tnh trng chy cht v bo co lo ph bin
trong x hi. Bn thn cc To, d c trong tay quyn lc, nhng vn
phi lo lt i vi cc cp cao hn (cc nhn vt Nam To v Bc u).
90 Nghin cu Tn gio. S 2 - 2015

V vy, nghin cu ng To di gc x hi khng ch cho chng ta

thy ci biu t17 ca ngn ng biu tng m cn thy ci c
biu t trong x hi m chng ta ang sng. Nh vy, thng qua vic
tm hiu biu tng ca mt v thn bnh dn trong vn ha Vit Nam,
chng ta khng ch hiu thm c cc gi tr truyn thng ca cc nn
vn ha khc nhau m cn c th nhn thc c nhng vn nng
bng trong x hi hin i. y chnh l mt hng tip cn mi m
chng ti ang thc hin khm ph nhng biu tng c trng trong
vn ha Vit Nam18./.

CH THCH:
1 inh Hng Hi (2013), S bin i ca tn ngng Di Lc trong Pht gio: T
ng Cu th Pht gio n cc biu tng Di Lc thi Trung i, Bo tng v
Nhn hc, s 3 v 4.
2 Goren-Inbar et al. (2004), Evidence of Hominin Control of Fire at Gesher Benot
Ya`aqov, Israel (Chng c v linh trng s dng la Gesher Benot Ya`aqov,
Israel), Science, 304: 725 - 727.
3 y l nhm c dn thuc mt chi nhnh ln ca gia nh ngn ng Aryan, c
tr vng tho nguyn u - gip sng Ural pha ty v dy Thin Sn
pha ng.
4 Madhulika Sharma (2002), Fire Worship in Ancient India, Jaipur Publication
Scheme.
5 L Anh Minh (2010), To qun Vit Nam v To qun Trung Quc trong
Vietsciences s thng 2/2007. Xem:
http://vietsciences.free.fr/vietnam/vanhoa/phongtuc/taoquanvn-tq.htm.
6 Theo li k ca ng Bi Huy Vng Lc Sn, Ha Bnh.
7 Trn Hiu (2014), Huyn thoi nhng Ptao Ty nguyn - K 2: V t Ha X,
trong
8 http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/pages/20140717/huyen-thoai-nhung-potao-tay-
nguyen-ky-2-ve-dat-hoa-xa.aspx.
9 L Anh Minh (2010), Sd.
10 Nguyn ng Chi (2000), Kho tng truyn c tch Vit Nam, quyn 1- tp 1,2,3,
Nxb. Gio dc, H Ni: 207 - 214.
11 Vn l thuyt c lin quan n biu tng, thc ti v biu tng trng
tm xin tham kho thm: inh Hng Hi (2014), Nghin cu biu tng: Mt
s hng tip cn l thuyt, Nxb. Th gii, H Ni.
12 L Anh Minh (2010), Sd.
13 ni dung ny, ng To khng ch cn l mt dng tn gio truyn thng m
cn c xem nh mt biu tng vn ha trong x hi Vit Nam ng i.
14 Do ngi Yazidi Iraq hin nay khng chu ci o sang Islam gio theo yu
cu ca phin qun Nh nc Islam gio (IS) nn h b tn st.
inh Hng Hi. Thn Bp trong vn ha Vit Nam. 91

15 Cc truyn thuyt ny t nhiu u c du vt ca vn ha Trung Hoa, hoc bt

ngun t truyn thuyt Trung Hoa. Cc ti liu vit v truyn thuyt hay biu
tng c chp trong vn ha Trung Hoa khng dn ngun nhng c nhn ti
ng ng rng motif ci c chp ca To Qun Trung Hoa v Vit Nam
kh ging vi motif ci Makara ca N thn Sng Hng. Cn c chuyn
kho nghin cu ring v vn ny.
16 Chng trnh ny thc hin t nm 2000 n nm 2007.
17 Gp nhau cui nm hay cn c gi l To Qun l mt chng trnh truyn
hnh pht sng vo 20 gi ngy cui nm (m lch) trn cc
knh VTV1, VTV2, VTV3, VTV4, VTV5, VTV6 ca i Truyn hnh Vit
Nam. Da theo truyn thuyt To Qun v Tri, thng qua bui chu ni cc
To bo co vi Ngc Hong nhng vic mnh lm c trong sut mt nm
qua, Gp nhau cui nm tp trung phn nh, kch nhng vn nng bng,
ni cm trong nm va qua, thuc cc lnh vc trong i sng x hi nh kinh t,
vn ha, giao thng, in lc, y t,... mt cch hi hc, d dm. Cch th hin
kt hp tu ni, hi kch xen ln vi cc iu dn ca ci lng v nhiu bi nhc
ch (theo trang tin ca i truyn hnh Vit Nam: www.vtv.vn).
18 inh Hng Hi (2014), Nghin cu biu tng: Mt s hng tip cn l thuyt,
Nxb. Th gii, H Ni.
19 Cc biu tng thi hin i ny s c chng ti tip tc cp trong phn
tip theo ca b sch: Nhng biu tng thi hin i trong tng lai khng xa.
Hy vng, s l mt h thng chuyn kho th v v cc nhn vt, s vt, hin
tng, ang tn ti trong x hi ng i.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Nguyn ng Chi (2000), Kho tng truyn c tch Vit Nam, quyn 1 - tp 1,2,3,
Nxb. Gio dc, H Ni: 207 - 214.
2. inh Hng Hi (2012), Nhng biu tng c trng trong vn ha truyn thng
Vit Nam, tp 1, Nxb. Tri thc, H Ni.
3. inh Hng Hi (2013), S bin i ca tn ngng Di Lc trong Pht gio: T
ng Cu th Pht gio n cc biu tng Di Lc thi Trung i, Bo tng v
Nhn hc, s 3 v 4.
4. inh Hng Hi (2014), Nghin cu biu tng: Mt s hng tip cn l thuyt,
Nxb. Th gii, H Ni.
5. Goren-Inbar et al. (2004), Evidence of Hominin Control of Fire at Gesher Benot
Ya`aqov, Israel, Science, 304, 725 - 727.
6. Trn Hiu (2014), Huyn thoi nhng Ptao Ty nguyn - K 2: V t Ha X,
trong http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/pages/20140717/huyen-thoai-nhung-potao-
tay-nguyen-ky-2-ve-dat-hoa-xa.aspx
7. Glahn, Richard van (2004), The Sinister Way: The Divine and the Demonic in
Chinese Religious Culture. Berkeley: University of California.
92 Nghin cu Tn gio. S 2 - 2015

8. L Anh Minh (2010), To qun Vit Nam v To qun Trung Quc trong
Vietsciences s thng 2/2007. Xem:
http://vietsciences.free.fr/vietnam/vanhoa/phongtuc/taoquanvn-tq.htm
9. Sharma, M. (2002), Fire Worship in Ancient India, Jaipur Publication Scheme.
10. Werner, E.T.C. (1932), A Dictionary of Chinese Mythology, Shanghai.
11. Werner, E.T.C. (1922), Myths & Legends of China, Shanghai.
12. Wolf, Arthur P. (1978), Gods, Ghosts and Ancestors in Studies in Chinese
Society, Stanford University Press.

Abstract

THE KITCHEN GOD IN VIETNAMESE CULTURE

This article examines the cult of fire worship in some culture such as
India, China, Graeco - Roman. It also indicates the cult of fire worship
through the rites of the Kinh, Mng and other ethnic minorities in
Centre Highland in Vietnam. The transformation from the cult of fire
worship into the cult of Hearth God in the name of Zao Jun in Chinese
culture and Kitchen God in the name of ng To in Vietnamese culture.
This text shows the development pattern of this religion in Vietnamese
culture. Although recognizing the introduction of Chinese cultural factors,
the author indicates the Vietnamese indigenous features in comparing
homogeneity and differences of Zao Jun worship of Chinese and
Vietnamese. Furthermore, it mentions the transformation in the cult of
ng To in Vietnamese contemporary society.
Keywords: Kitchen God, cult of fire worship, homogeneity,
differences, culture, Vietnam.