TRNG I HC S PHM

KHOA SINH MI TRNG

BO CO
KIM SOT MI TRNG
NNG NGHIP
NHM 5
L Th Dim Kiu
Dng Hoi Nam
Nguyn Th Vn Nga
Phm Th Thy Ng
L Th Hng Thy

SN XUT COMPOST T
CHT THI NNG NGHIP

CC YU T NH HNG N PHN

NH NGHA BN CHT PHN COMPOST

Compost: l s chuyn i sinh hc ca cht thi
hu c thnh mn

MC TIU CA PHN COMPOST

Bin i cc cht thi hu c thnh 1 sn phm sinh
hc n nh v gim lng cht thi trong nng nghip.
Tiu dit mm bnh, trng cn trng, cc sinh vt
khng mong mun.

Gi li ti a cht dinh dng ( m, ln, kali)

Sn xut sn phm s dng lm thuc tng trng
cho thc vt v ci to t.

Cc loi rc thi trong nng nghip

Sn xut cy trng

Chn nui gia sc

S ch nng sn

Nui trng thy sn

QUY TRNH SN XUT PHN COMPOST

QUY TRNH TI H GIA NH

Bc 1: Lm thng rc hu c v chn v tr t thng

Chn loi thng bng nha,
hnh trn, dung tch 160lt
Vch thng c khoan nhiu
l nh cch nhau 10 cm -15 cm.
Hai bn thnh thng gn mp
y thng c khoan 2 ca
vung khong 2 - 3 tc vung
Chn v tr t thng: Cch xa
ngun nc sinh hot, lm b
bng gch, b xi mng, t chu
nha thu nc r t rc.

Bc 2: Phn loi rc v b rc hu c vo thng

Bc 3: Qu trnh rc thnh phn compost

 Kim tra m

Nu bp thy nc r ra ngoi k tay l tha nc,

cn b sung thm l c kh, rm r iu chnh
m.
Nu bp thy rc dnh cht th m t yu cu.
Nu bp thy rc khng dnh cht (bi ri) th
khng nc, cn b sung thm nc (va ).

o trn v kim tra nhit

Sau 10 ngy o phn trn u trong
thng mt ln

Sau 2-3 thng, rc s phn hy thnh

phn compost
Kim tra nhit bng cch dng
mt cnh ti cm vo gia khi
phn . Sau 5 hoc 6 ngy rt cnh
cy ra khi ng phn v s vo phn
cm trong khi phn , nu thy cnh
cy nng mnh l t yu cu.

 Khi rc c mi hi, rui nhng

Ri mt lp t mng kh
hoc rm r, l c kh
Hoc dng tro bp ri ln b
mt ng gim mi hi
v rui, sau tip tc b
sung thm rc
Khng nn b sung thm
nc vo thng rc.

 Ly phn compost ra ngoi

Sau 2-3 thng th lp phn bn

di y thng s phn hy
trc. Ta ly phn ra t 2 ca
bn di.

Phn ti xp, ht mn, khng

c mi hi thi, ng mu nu
en (c im ca phn
compost) ly ra ca bn di
bn cho rau mu, cy king.

QUY TRNH SN XUT COMPOST

TRONG CNG NGHIP

CC H THNG SN XUT PHN COMPOST

H thng khng l phn ng

Sn xut compost dng nh lung

Dng lung c 3 tit din giao nhau, chiu di ln hn chiu

cao. Chiu rng gp 2 ln chiu cao. Thng thng chiu cao
l tng l 2,1-2,4m vi chiu rng t 4,2-4,8m.
Kch thc ca lung s cho php gi nhit sinh ra trong
qu trnh v cng cho php khng kh lan truyn vo cc
phn su ca lung.

Dng lung kiu tnh

Dng lung kiu tnh thi kh t nhin

Khng xo trn lung compost
Phng php lm thi kh l t nhin
u im
D thc hin, kinh ph thp
Ph hp vi nhng nc ang pht trin
Nhc im
Cht lng compost km, khng u
Thi gian lu
Nng sut thp

 Dng lung kiu tnh thi kh cng bc

u im
D kim sot khi vn hnh h thng, c bit l kim sot
nhit v nng oxi trong lung
Gim mi hi v mm bnh

Thi gian ngn (3-6 tun)

Nhc im
H thng cung cp kh c th tc nghn, do cn phi tu sa
v bo tr thng xuyn
Chi ph bo tr h thng v nng lng thi kh lm cho chi ph
ca phng php ny cao hn thi kh t nhin

Dng lung kiu c o trn

u im
Do xo trn thng xuyn nn compost thu c kh u
Vn u t v chi ph vn hnh thp v khng cn h thng
cung cp kh.
Nhc im

Thi gian di (khong 3-6 thng)

Do s dng thi kh t nhin nn kh qun l, kh kim sot
nhit v mm bnh
Xo trn lung compost thng gy tht thot nit v gy mi
Qu trnh c th b ph thuc vo thi tit

H thng l phn ng

Mc tiu tin hnh sn xut compost trong l

Tng tc qu trnh compost thng qua vic duy

tr nhng iu kin tt nht cho vi sinh vt hot
ng.
Gim thiu hoc loi b nhng tc ng c hi
ln mi trng xung quanh

u im
t chu s tc ng ca thi tit
Kim sot qu trnh v mi hi tt hn
Thi gian ngn

S dng din tch t t nht trong cc phng php

Cht lng compost tt

Nhc im
Vn u t v chi ph vn hnh cao.
Thit k phc tp v cn trnh cao.

CC YU T NH HNG N PHN COMPOST

50-55oC cho nhng ngy u.

55-60oC cho nhng ngy cn li.
Nhit qu 65oC s lm gim
ng k cc hot ng sinh hc
Phn hu c khng
t tiu chun v
mm bnh

55 650C

Qu trnh
ch bin
phn vn
hiu qu
v mm
bnh b
tiu dit

c ch hot ng
ca vi sinh vt
*

25-75mm
Tuy nhin, nu kch thc vt liu qu nh v cht lm hn ch s
lu thng kh trong ng , iu ny s lm gim oxy cn thit cho
cc vi sinh vt trong ng v gim mc hot tnh ca vi sinh
vt.

Ngc li, vt liu c kch thc qu ln s c xp cao v to ra

cc rnh kh lm cho s phn b kh khng u, khng c li cho
qu trnh ch bin phn hu c.

 xp ti u s thay i tu
theo loi vt liu ch bin phn.
Thng thng, xp cho qu
trnh ch bin din ra tt khong
35 60%, ti u l 32 36%.

Khng kh phi
c tip xc vi
tt c c vt liu

Kch thc v hnh dng ca cc ng c nh hng n s

kim sot nhit v m cng nh kh nng cung cp oxy

25/1 hoc 50/1 (ti u l 25/1).

C rt nhiu nguyn t nh hng n qu trnh phn hy do vi sinh
vt: trong cacbon v nit l cn thit nht, t l C/N l thng s dinh
dng quan trng nht; Photpho (P) l nguyn t quan trng k tip;
Lu hunh (S), canxi (Ca) v cc nguyn t vi lng khc cng ng
vai tr quan trng trong trao i cht ca t bo.

Khong 20% - 40%C ca cht thi hu c (trong cht thi np liu)

cn thit cho qu trnh ng ho thnh t bo mi, phn cn li
chuyn ho thnh CO2. Cacbon cung cp nng lng v sinh khi c
bn to ra khong 50% khi lng t bo vi sinh vt. Nit l thnh
phn ch yu ca protein, acid nucleic, acid amin, enzyme, coenzyme cn thit cho s pht trin v hot ng ca t bo.
*

Oxy cng l mt trong nhng thnh phn cn thit cho qu trnh

phn rc. Khi vi sinh vt oxy ha carbon to nng lng, oxy s
c s dng v kh CO2 c sinh ra. Khi khng c oxy th s
tr thnh qu trnh ym kh v to ra mi hi nh mi trng g thi
ca kh H2S.
Cc vi sinh vt hiu kh c th sng c nng oxy bng 5%.
Nng oxy ln hn 10% c coi l ti u cho qu trnh phn
rc hiu kh.

Vt liu
Tri cy h hng

N(%)
1,52

C/N
34,8

Phn b
Phn heo
Phn gia cm
Rm yn mch

1,7
3,75
6,3
1,05

18
20
15
48

Mn ca
Rm la m

0,1
0,3

G thng
Hn hp giy

0,07
0,25

732
173

C
L ti
Lc bnh

2,15
0,5-1
1,96

20,1
40-80
20,9

Cung cp photpho, kali

v cc cht v c khc nh
Ca, Fe, Bo, Cu,... l cn
thit cho s chuyn ha ca
vi sinh vt.

200-500
128

7-7,5 l ti u cho s phn hy hiu

kh. pH<8,5 ti thiu s tht thot N
dng kh gas NH3

Hp cht
hu c

Axit hu c
Vi sinh vt,
nm

pH
gim
xung
n 4,5

h thng tr
nn ym kh

Giai on u: b
tch t v kt qu
lm gim pH

km hm s pht
trin ca nm v
vi sinh vt, km
hm s phn hy
lignin v cellulose

Ch bin phn hu c l mt qu trnh phc tp bao gm nhiu loi vi

sinh vt khc nhau. V sinh vt trong qu trnh ch bin phn hu c
bao gm: actinomycetes v vi khun (Vi khun axit lactic, Vi khun quang hp,
Bacillus Natto, Men, X khun,Cladosporium). Nhng loi vi sinh vt ny c sn
trong cht hu c, c th b sung thm vi sinh vt t cc ngun khc
gip qu trnh phn hy xy ra nhanh v hiu qu hn.

Vn tc phn hy dao ng tu theo thnh phn, kch thc, tnh

cht ca cht hu c. Cht hu c ho tan th d phn hy hn cht
hu c khng ho tan. Lignin v ligno cellulosics l nhng cht
phn hy rt chm

CHT LNG PHN COMPOST

thi gian

Thnh phn ca cc cht dinh dng v cht hu c a dng

T l C / N hp l :25 - 30
pH trung tnh hoc kim: 6 - 8
Thnh phn ca kim loi nng v cc cht nhim hu c
thp

Khng c thnh phn gy tr ngi cho tng trng thc vt

Hu ht l phi loi b cc tp cht
Hu ht l loi b ht germinatable v cc b phn thc vt
sng

Thnh phn thp

Mi c trng
Mu nu sm n en

TNH HNH P DNG SN XUT

COMPOST TI VIT NAM

U phn compost, ti x ng Ph
(Chng M)

U phn compost huyn Tnh Linh

(Bnh Thun)

 Nh my phn hu c Cu Dim, Vit Tr, Ph Th

Nh my x l rc Nam nh
Nh my phn rc Bun M Thut, c Lc

Nh my x l rc thi- ch bin phn hu c vi sinh Nam Thnh,

Ninh Thun
Nh my phn bn Hc Mn, thnh ph H Ch Minh
Nh my x l cht thi Tn Thnh, B Ra-Vng Tu
Nh my sn xut phn compost Plus, Long An
Khu lin hp X l cht thi rn Nam Bnh Dng, tnh Bnh Dng.

Nh my X l rc thi TP C Mau
Khu lin hp X l cht thi rn Nam
Bnh Dng, tnh Bnh Dng

Sn xut phn compost Hi An

Nh my sn xut phn
Compost

Xe chuyn dng ca cng ty

CTCC thu gom rc thi

Rc d phn hy chun b vo hm
ti nh my SX phn Compost
TP. Hi An

Sn xut compost quy m h gia nh

Phn compost c chn sau

75 ngy ti gc vn ca h gia
nh lng rau Tr Qu

Hc rc ca h gia nh ti
Cm Nam

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. n To ra sn phm compost cht lng cao t ph thi nng
nghip _ inh Tn Hi
2. Kim sot mi trng nng nghip Nguyn Khc Liu, i hc
Hu
3. Lun vn nghin cu sn xut phn compost t cht hu c trong
cht thi rn sinh hot ti tp H Ch Minh.
4. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1lJK6SPiHY
5. http://clip.vn/watch/San-xuat-phan-bon-cho-cay-trong,WMIH/
6. Ti liu hng dn tp hun truyn thng mi trng cng ng
ti TP. Hi An_Phng TNMT TP. Hi An