39

Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 2 (128) . 2016

THI Y VIN TRIU NGUYN I BO I

Nguyn Th Dng*

Sau Tha c Monguillot 1925, triu nh nh Nguyn hon ton mt ht

thc quyn Trung K, n 1932 Bo i v nc chnh thc chp chnh, ci t Ni
cc nhng trong thc t cng khng thay i c hin trng. Theo trt trn
b my chnh quyn trung ng ca triu Nguyn ch cn tn ti trn danh ngha y,
Thi Y Vin di i Bo i cng c mt s thay i rt ng tm hiu mc d cn
mt s vn cha t liu lm r rng.
Nm 1931, trong mt bo co v tnh hnh y t, cc bc s L. Normet, A. Sallet,
P. Daleas c cu nhc ti Thi Y Vin ca Nam triu Le Thai Y Vien ne devait pas
tarder dprir. Actuellement il ne comporte que quelques units, mdecins dges
dont le rle consultatif auprs du roi et des hauts personnages sest effac, cdant
le pas notre mdecine occidentale qui sest impose par sa valeur(1)(Thi Y Vin
chng bao lu na s tan r. Hin ti n ch gm vi thnh vin l my v thy thuc
gi m vai tr thm khm sc khe cho nh vua v cc quan ln b xa b, nhng

Bng lng ca Thi Y Vin nm 1939

trong Gouvernement annamite, Budget de
Iexercice 1939 (Hu, Imprimerie Phuc long,
1939).
* Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm.

Bng lng ca Thi Y Vin nm 1942

trong Budget du Gouvernement annamite de
Iexercice 1942 (Hu, Imprimerie Phuc long,
1942).

40

Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 2 (128) . 2016

bc cho Ty y ca chng ta bi chnh gi tr ca n). Nhn xt ni trn tuy gi ghm

mc ch chnh tr ca chnh quyn thuc a song vn xut pht t mt thc t m
trc ht l tnh hnh nhn s cng nh hot ng chuyn mn ca Thi Y Vin, thc
t ny ko di n thng 8/1945.
Di y l bng tm tt tnh hnh nhn s v lng bng ca Thi Y Vin
t 1930 n 1942 theo Gouvernement annamite, Budget de lexercice 1930, 1931,
1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939; Budget du Gouvernement annamite
de lexercice 1940; Budget du Gouvernement annamite de lexercice 1941, 1942
(Imprimerie c lp, Imprimerie Phc long, Imprimerie Ng T H, Hu).
S
Nm lng
1

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

Chc danh

2
1
1
1
2

3
Ph Ng y
Hu Vin phn
Y ph
Y sanh ( 444$)

1
1
1
2

Ph Ng y
Hu Vin phn
Y ph
Y sanh ( 444$)

1
1
2
1

Ng y
Hu Vin phn
Y ph ( 468$)
Y sanh

1
1
2
1

Ng y
Hu Vin phn
Y ph ( 468$)
Y sanh

1
1
2

Ng y
Y chnh
Y ph ( 468$)

Lng Tng cng

Phm hng
nm
trt
(ng)
(ng)
4
5
6
5-2
840
6-2
600
9-1
444
9-1
888
2.772.00
5-2
840
6-2
516
9-1
444
9-1
888
2.688.00
5-1
900
6-2
600
8-2
936
9-1
444
2.880.00
4-2
1.000.00
6-2
600.00
8-2
936
9-1
444
2.980.00
4-2
1.000.00
8-1
492
8-2
936
2.428.00

41

Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 2 (128) . 2016

1935

2
1
1
1
2
1

3
Ng y
Hu Vin phn
Ngoi khoa Y chnh
Y ph ( 468$)
Y sanh

4
4-2
8-1
8-1
8-2

5
1.000.00
492
492
936
420

3.340.00

1936

1937

1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1

Ng y
Hu Vin phn
Ngoi khoa Y chnh
Y ph ( 468$)
Y sanh
Ng y
Hu Vin phn
Ngoi khoa Y chnh ( 492$)
Y ph
Y sanh
Y sanh (Ser. Y t)

4-1
7-2
8-1
8-2
4-1
7-2
8-1
8-2
9-1

1.200.00
516
492
936
420
1.200.00
516
984
468
444
180

3.564.00

3.792.00

1938

1
1
1
2
1
1

Ng y
Hu Vin phn
Ngoi khoa Y chnh
Ngoi khoa Y chnh ( 565, 80$)
Y sanh
Y sanh (Ser. Y t)

4-1
7-1
7-2
8-1
9-1

1.200.00
621
593
1.131.60
510
220
4.277. 40

1939

1
1
2
1
1
1
1

Ng y
Hu Vin phn
Y chnh ( 593$)
Y chnh
Y ph
Tham l Y t
Y sanh thuc Ser. Y t
(Y sanh du Ser. Y te)

N Y t tm thi thuc Ser. Y t

(Infirmires temporaires au Ser. Y te)

4-1
7-1
7-2
8-1
8-2

1.200.00
621
1.186.80
565
538
1.000.00
252
324
5.687.00

42

Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 2 (128) . 2016

1940

2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1

3
Ng y
Hu Vin phn
Y chnh
Y chnh ( 650$)
Y ph
Tham l Y t
Y t hp ng (Infirmier contractuel)
Y sanh
N Y t (Infirmires 108$)
Y t tm thi (Infirmier temporaire)

4
4-1
6-2
7-1
7-2
8-2

5
1.320.00
760
685
1.300.00
590
1.000.00
300
180
324
60

6.519.00
1
1
2
1
1
1
1941

2
1
1
1
1

Ng y
Hu Vin phn
Y chnh ( 685$)
Y chnh
Y ph
Y sanh tm thi (Y sanh temporaire)
N Y t tm thi
(Infirmires temporaires)
Tham l Y t
Y sanh tm thi (Y sanh temporaire)
Y t tm thi (Infirmier temporaire)
N Y t tm thi
(Infirmire temporaire)

3-2
7-2
7-1
7-2
8-1

1.560.00
760
1.370.00
650
620
180
216
1.180.00
216
180
108
7.040.00

1942

1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1

Ng y
Hu Vin phn
Y chnh ( 685$)
Y chnh
Y ph
Y sanh tm thi (Y sanh temporaire)
N Y t tm thi (Infirmire temporaire)
Tham l Y t
Y sanh tm thi (Y sanh temporaire)

3-2
6-1
7-1
7-2
8-1

1.560.00
880
1.370.00
650
620
180
108
1.180.00
312

Y t tm thi (Infirmier temporaire)

180

N Y t tm thi (Infirmire temporaire)

108
7.148.00

Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 2 (128) . 2016

43

Bng trn cho thy, ng u danh sch Thi Y Vin nm 1930, 1931 l Ph
Ng y, t nm 1932 tr i l Ng y. Chc danh Ng y vn c t t nm Gia Long
th 4 (1805), trt Chnh Ng phm nhng b ct gim vo cui triu Duy Tn (cng
vi cc chc danh Vin s, Ph Ng y). i Nam thc lc chnh bin tht k cho
bit chc danh Ng y c Nam triu t li vo nm Khi nh th 4 (1919) cng
vi trt Chnh Ng phm.(2) iu c bit l trong khi phm trt ca cc thnh vin
khc trong Thi Y Vin triu Bo i ni chung khng khc vin chc Thi Y Vin
cc triu trc th phm trt ca Ng y li c s tng cha tng thy: nm 1932
l Chnh Ng phm (5-1), t 1933 n 1935 l Tng T phm (4-2), 1936-1940 l
Chnh T phm (4-1), n 1941-1942 l Tng Tam phm (3-2), vt trn c phm
trt ca Vin s l chc danh cao nht trong Thi Y Vin cc triu trc (Chnh T
phm). Ngoi Ng y, Thi Y Vin i Bo i c Hu Vin phn (khuyt nm 1934),
Y chnh (khuyt cc nm 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933), Y ph (khuyt nm 1938) v Y
sanh (khuyt cc nm 1934, 1939-1942). Cc thnh phn ny gn nh khng khc vi
thnh phn Thi Y Vin i Khi nh, song gn nh nm no cng c chc khuyt
nn nhn s Thi Y Vin triu Bo i theo c cu truyn thng ch dao ng trong
khong 4-6 ngi. Vic khuyt chc ny phn no cng phn nh s thu hp hot
ng ca Thi Y Vin triu Bo i.
ng lu hn c l bn cnh cc thy thuc ng y th danh sch thnh vin
Thi Y Vin hng lng ca Nam triu t 1937 cn gm c cc nhn vin Ty y
thuc S Y t (Service du Y t). S Y t ny c lc li tch ring khi Thi Y Vin (cc
nm 1944, 1945) nhng vn nm trong danh sch nhn lng t triu nh vi thnh
vin l Tham l Y t cng vi Y sinh v cc Y t. Hin cha thy t liu no cho bit
c th v vic hnh thnh S Y t ca Nam triu, y vn l mt chi tit cn tip tc
tm hiu. Tuy nhin Souverains et notabilits dIndochine c vit v mt vin Tham
l Y t ca Nam triu t 1933 tn ng Thng, tng theo hc Trng Y H Ni kha
u tin,(3) theo c th khng nh t nht t 1933 nng ct S Y t ca Nam triu
xut hin.
Cng bng trn cho thy mc lng cao nht trong S Y t (i din Ty y)
thuc v Tham l Y t v mc lng ny ch di mc lng Ng y Thi Y Vin, c
th hiu trong thc t nhn vt ny l Ph Vin trng Thi Y Vin ph trch b phn
Ty y. V i th, so vi tng s lng ca cc thy thuc triu nh, tng s lng
ca nhn vin S Y t lun thp hn nhng s tn ti ca n trong danh sch chi tr
lng cho Thi Y Vin Nam triu chng t Ty y thc s c mt v tr chnh thc
trong hot ng y t ca triu nh, y l cha ni ti nhng chi ph v trang thit
b ring ca Ty y Vic Bo i b dng chnh thc cc bc s Dorolle v Terrisse
lm vic ti i Ni v cp th ng c cc chNam triu Ng y cng khng nh
r hn iu ny.(4)
Nh vy Ty y c ch ng chnh thc trong hot ng y t triu nh song
khng nh cc bc s ngi Php d on, ng y khng b y lui. N vn song hnh
cng vi Ty y v hn na, nh ta thy, ngi ng u Thi Y Vin cn c tng
phm trt ln ti Tng Tam phm l iu cha tng tn ti trc . V saoli c hin
tng c bit ny?

44

Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 2 (128) . 2016

Trc ht, l do Nam triu chnh thc s dng Ty y c th c gii thch nh

sau: Th nht, y l mt bc pht trin tt yu ca Ty y trong qu trnh thm nhp
vo sinh hot triu nh nh Nguyn cng nh trong i sng x hi Vit Nam. Nu
nh t nm 1885, Khm s Trung K phi xin (thnh) Nam triu bc s Ty y vo
cung chn bnh v iu tr cho vua Hm Nghi khi nh vua khng khe,(5) cn vo nm
1889, trc cn bnh trng ca ng Khnh, Tng Tr s Rheinart cng phi nn
n pha Nam triu cho bc s Php ti khm(6) th ti triu Duy Tn, nh vua c
bc s ngi Php theo di sc khe nh k. c bit t nm Duy Tn th 3 (1909),
s hin din ca cc bc s ngi Php trong triu nh tr thnh nghim nhin bi
n c vn bn chnh thc ca Nam triu xc nhn.(7) Tri qua triu Khi nh n
triu Bo i, ch trng a Ty y vo Vit Nam ca chnh quyn thuc a t
kt qu nht nh. Li k ca ng Hot, mt thnh vin Hong tc (chu ca Tuy L
Vng) cng l mt bc s bnh vin Hu (Hpital Principal de Hu) cho thy Ty
y khng ch c s dng triu nh m cn ph bin trong x hi: Aujourdhui,
non seulement les Annamites de la classe aristocratique recourent la thrapeutique
franaise, mais les paysans eux-mmes se pressent en foule chaque matin devant la
porte des hpitaux(8) (Gi y, khng ch nhng ngi An Nam thuc tng lp qu
tc trng nh vo php cha bnh theo kiu Php m ngay c nhng ngi nng dn,
mi sng h cng vi v, l lt ti trc ca cc bnh vin).
Th hai, quan im ca ngi ng u Nam triu i vi Ty y cng l yu
t quan trng khng km. Vua Bo i tuy c hc ch Hn nhng chu nh hng
nhiu bi li sng, vn ha phng Ty. Sng Php t lc mi 9 tui, c ngi
Php nui dng v o to, c chm sc sc khe theo li Ty y th ng nhin
trong bi cnh trn, vic xut hin ca S Y t Nam triu l iu hon ton c th
hiu c.
Tuy nhin chuyn khng d gii thch y l vic Ng y - ngi ng u Thi
Y Vin triu Bo i c tng phm trt ln ti Tng Tam phm. Phi chng vai tr
ca Thi Y Vin c Nam triu coi trng hn? Xt thc t th kh nng ny kh c
th xy ra bi vua Bo i lun c mt bc s ring chm sc. Cn cc quan li trong
triu cng quen vi vic ti bc s khm bnh v dng thuc Ty y bi quy nh
hnh chnh t 1912 quan vin ang mc bnh hoc dng bnh mun co ngh phi c
giy xc nhn ca qu quan thy thuc(9) (ti triu Bo i, ti liu chu bn cho bit
cc quan bo co ngh bnh u vn trnh giy chng nhn ca bc s). Trong trng
hp vua quan Bo i phi nh n thuc ta th li cho gi thy thuc trong dn gian
ch khng phi l cc thy thuc trong Thi Y Vin. Theo Nguyn Phc Tng
trong bi Thy Vng v mt dng h danh y khoa chit thng c truyn,(10) Trn
Tn Hinh (Thy Vng Trn Triu) cha gy xng chn cho Bo i trong mt ln
i sn Lt v sau cha gy xng cnh tay cho Tham tri H Mng Hon v
Tham tri L V Honh. Hai t bm, trnh ca Thi Y Vin cho thy i tng trong
triu dng thuc ca Thi Y Vin r rng thu hp, ch gm hai b m vua Khi nh
cng ngi phc v v cc vin thi gim, cc cung nhn tin triu.(11)
Mt khc, ngay sau khi v nc chp chnh, Bo i tin hnh ci t Ni cc
Nam triu (1932), thay i php ch triu nh (Code Pnal pour lEmpire dAnnam)

45

Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 2 (128) . 2016

nm 1933, cho ra i B Kinh t X hi nm 1934 song tt c cc hot ng ny

u c cho l c s ch o ca ngi Php. Vy liu chnh quyn thuc a c
cho Nam triu t tng phm trt v tng lng cho Ng y triu nh khi m iu
i ngc li vi chnh sch y t cng nh gy bt li cho ngn sch ca chnh quyn
thuc a?
Cho n nay, vn cha thy ai cng b t liu no v Thi Y Vin triu Nguyn
sau ngy Nht o chnh Php 09/3/1945. S chm dt ca c quan ny v th vn
cn c tip tc tm hiu, nhng t nht cng c vi u mi. Theo Phm Khc He,
nguyn ng l Ng tin Vn phng ca cu hong Bo i trong hi k T triu
nh Hu n chin khu Vit Bc th Thi Y Vin cng vi mt s b phn nh nghi l,
k ton, thn binh, th v c gom vo mt b ly tn l B i Ni (khng nm
trong Ni cc) do Nguyn Duy Quang - Tun ph Khnh Ha c iu v lm i
Ni i thn.(12) Theo tin Mt b khng d vo Ni cc ng trn Vit Nam tn bo
s 59 ra ngy 04/6/1945 th B i Ni c thnh lp theo D s 36 ngy 29/5/1945.
D nhin ch ba thng sau, sau l thoi v ca vua Bo i ngy 30/8/1945, c quan
ny cng kt thc mt cch khng kn khng trng, v Thi Y Vin dng nh cng
mau chng chm vo lng qun
***
L c quan chm sc sc khe ca triu nh nh Nguyn di thi Php thuc,
Thi Y Vin cng s chia nhng b du trong lch s ca mt triu nh vong quc.
S kt thc ca triu Nguyn thng 8/1945 do cng l s chm dt ca Thi Y
Vin trong s tan r chung ca c b my hnh chnh Nam triu vn b mc rng
rut. iu l tt yu, nhng t nht ngi ta cng vn luyn tic v hin vn cha
tm c nhng t liu c th v hot ng y hc v y t ca c quan ny trc Cch
mng Thng Tm 1945.

Hu-H Ni, thng 3-4/2016

NTD

CH THCH
(1) Indochine Franaise, LAnnam, Exposition coloniale internationale Paris 1931, Hanoi,
Imprimerie dExtrme-Orient, 1931, p.173.
(2) Quyn 4, t 18.
(3) Trong Souverains et notabilits dIndochine, ditions du Gouvernement Gnral de
lIndochine, IDEO, 1943, tr. 87 c mt on gii thiu v ng Thng nh sau Admis
la retraite en 1933. Doyen des Mdecins Indochinois de lAnnam. Nomm la mme anne
Mdecin du Service de Sant et dHygine du Gouvernement Annamite (Nam triu Tham l
Y t) (c ngh hu nm 1933. Trng cc thy thuc ng Dng ngi An Nam. Cng
nm y c b nhim lm bc s S Y t ca chnh ph An Nam [Nam triu Tham l Y
t]). y c l l l do khin trong ngn sch chnh ph Nam triu, s tin chi tr cho chc
danh Tham l Y t li c ghi l Indemnit (Ph cp).
(4) Chu bn triu Bo i, t 117 tp 26, ngy 03/11/1944, Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia I (H Ni).
(5) , i Nam thc lc chnh bin (Tr i vit tt l TL) ng k, Quyn 7, t 5b.

46

Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 2 (128) . 2016

(6) Trung tm Lu tr hi ngoi Php (CAOM, Aix-en-Provence, Php), Phng Ton quyn ng
Dng, h s s 9574 (Le Rsident Gnral de la Rpublique Franaise en Annam et au
Tonkin Monsieur le Gouverneur Gnral de lIndochine en date du 2 Fvrier 1889).
(7) TL, lc k ph bin, Quyn 22, t 11b:
(c 3 gi ngy 15 hng thng, vin qun bin nn cho ngi em xe nga
ti bnh vin mi qu quan thy thuc vo i Ni thm khm).
(8) De la grande la petite histoire, trong Le second voyage imprial de S.M. Bao ai: Aux
lumires du pass-choses vues par Henri le Grauclaude, ditions de la presse populaire de
lImpire dAnnam Hu, 1933, tr. 46.
(9) TL, lc k ph bin, Quyn 25, t 11.
(10) Thy Vng v mt dng h danh y khoa chit thng c truyn, trong Vn ha Qung
Nam, s 22 nm 2000.
(11) Chu bn triu Bo i, t 177-179, tp 5 v t 38-40, tp 16.
(12) Phm Khc He, T triu nh Hu n chin khu Vit Bc, Nxb H Ni, 1983, tr. 35, 36.

TM TT
Di triu Bo i (1926-1945), cng nh nhiu c quan khc thuc b my chnh quyn
Nam triu, Thi Y Vin tip tc b thu hp v c cu nhn s. Tuy nhin ng ch l bn cnh
cc thy thuc ng y, danh sch Thi Y Vin triu Bo i cn xut hin mt s nhn vin y t
o to theo Ty y. S xut hin ca b phn ny nh l mt ch bo v bc ngot mi trong
hot ng chuyn mn ca Thi Y Vin th nhng y s kt hp ng-Ty y theo hng
hin i ha dng nh khng c thc hin cn l li truyn thng cng khng b th tiu.

ABSTRACT
THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE UNDER EMPEROR BO IS REIGN
Under Emperor Bo is reign (1926-1945), staffing structure of the Royal Institute of
Medicine, as well as that of many other agencies in his government, continued to be reduced.
However, it is notable that beside traditional medicine practitioners, there were physicians
practicing western medicine in the Royal Institute of Medicine under the reign of Emperor Bo
i. Their appearance showed a turning-point in the professional activities of the Royal Institute
of Medicine; but the combination between traditional and western medicine in the direction of
modernization seemed not to be carried out and the traditional practices not to be abolished.