GS. TS Nguyễn Thị Hiền (chủ biên). THE LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY,FOOD AND BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY IN ENGLISH (NGÔN NGỮ TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH CÔNG NGHỆ HÓA HỌC, CÔNG NGHỆ THỰC PHẨM VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ SINH HỌC

- Lê Thị Lan Chi THE LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY,FOOD AND BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY IN ENGLISH (NGÔN NGỮ TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH CÔNG NGHỆ HÓA HỌC, CÔNG NGHỆ THỰC PHẨM VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ SINH HỌC) ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA HÀ NỘI 2009 LỜI NÓI ĐẦU Cuốn sách Tiếng Anh “The language of Chemistry, Food and Biological Technology in English” (TACN) được biên soạn để cung cấp những kiến thức cơ bản thuộc các chuyên ngành Hóa, Thực phẩm và Công nghệ sinh học.
- Đại Học Bách Khoa Hà Nội Hà Nội 2009 http://www.ebook.edu.vn 2 LỜI CẢM ƠN Cuốn sách “The language of Chemistry, Food and Biological Technology in English” được biên soạn dành cho sinh viên ngành Hóa học - Thực phẩm – CN Sinh học, các độc giả ở Việt Nam có quan tâm đến ngành học này cùng các ngành khác có liên quan.
- Organic chemistry, which is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon.
- Biochemistry, which is the chemistry of the substances comprising living organisms.
- http://www.ebook.edu.vn 9 UNIT 3 : WATER Water is one of the most important of all chemical substances.
- All nuclei have positive electrical charges which are equal to or integral multiples of the charges of the electron/ with an opposite sign./The integer which expresses this relation is called the atomic number.
- The first portions/fractions/ of the distillate tend to contain the more volatile impurities, and the residue in the flask tends to retain the less volatile ones.
- the temperature of the system is changed by the heat evolved or absorbed by the reaction.
- For many years there was discussion about the structure of the benzene molecule.
- The equipment of a chemical laboratory varies according to the nature of the work, which is to be carried out.
- http://www.ebook.edu.vn 17 UNIT 10 : CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE A systematic nomenclature was devised towards the end of the 18th century.
- The size of the suspended particles can also vary greatly.
- This is necessary because of the low penetrating power of ultraviolet radiation.
- It is recommended that the first one or two pages of the notebook be used for a constantly updated table of contents.
- This statement is followed by a brief discussion of the theory behind the experiment.
- and ” What is the significance of the data.
- The molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule.
- http://www.ebook.edu.vn 26 Biochemical Oxygen Demand Primary treatment removes approximately 25% to 35% of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the sewage.
- Each bottle is first filled with the test water or dilutions of the test water.
- Secondary Treatment After primary treatment, the great part of the BOD remaining in the sewage is in the form of dissolved organic matter.
- In the aeration tanks of the activated sludge system, air or pure oxygen is added to the effluent from primary treatment.
- An especially important ingredient of the sludge are species of Zoogloans and bacteria, which form flocculent masses (flocs) in the aeration tanks.
- Most of the settled sludge is removed from the digester.
- some of the sludge is recycled to the activated sludge tanks as a starter culture for the next sewage batch.
- One of the most important contributions of the chemical engineer is to guide industry in the choice of materials for the construction of plant.
- Today there is much talk of the production of motor spirit and other oils by high-pressure reactions.
- What is the most important contribution of the chemical engineer? 3.
- Most of the town gas supplied by the gas industry is made in horizontal or vertical retorts.
- http://www.ebook.edu.vn 29 UNIT 20 : SULFURIC ACID Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is one of the most important of all chemicals, finding use throughout the chemical industry and related industries.
- The principle of the lead-chamber process is shown by the following experiment.
- Three of the tubes come from wash bottles, and the fourth from a flask in which water may be boiled.
- What is the main principle of the lead-chamber process? 5.
- Then 0.2g of the mineral is placed in a crucible of high-quality graphite.
- Later complete dissolving of the salts from the crucible requires about 3 hrs.
- A sketch of the app.
- By the use of these isotopes an element can be observed in the presence of large quantities of the same element.
- that it is difficult to determine the state of the organic material in the body.
- Is it difficult to determine the state of the organic material in the body.
- UNIT 24 : ACETONE Acetone is the simplest and most important of the ketones.
- Can you describe one of the methods for preparing acetic acid? 4.
- The latex emulsion will gradually settle to the bottom of the container.
- http://www.ebook.edu.vn 37 UNIT 29 : PETROLEUM Petroleum, or crude oil, is a dark oily liquid found in underground deposits in various parts of the earth.
- Because water is a polar molecule of the decomposition reactions of digestion.
- Confusion in the use of the term "marmalade" could be avoided if it were restricted to preserves made http://www.ebook.edu.vn 44 from citrus products since the other definitions apply more nearly to fruit preserves or jams.
- The size of the kettle is usually limited to 50 gal.
- the concentration of the product.
- modification of the genetic structure of the organism to increase the product formation.
- http://www.ebook.edu.vn 48 Different screening techniques select therefore different types of organisms and it is in the experimenter's hand to choose which one of these techniques will lead to the isolation and selection of the microorganism wanted for the envisaged development.
- In a bioreactor, this tendency of the cells is assisted.
- Most of the information that is discussed below was obtained on small pilot plants.
- The temperature of the mash when inoculated should be in the range 60 - 800F, depending on the external temperature.
- What is the fermentation of the molasses in producing ethyl alcohol? 3.
- What is the concentration of the yeast cells in the starter for inoculation in fermentor? C.
- http://www.ebook.edu.vn 51 UNIT 38 : DISTILLATION Distillation consists in the vaporization of a substance, either liquid or solid, and the condensation of the vapors in a vessel other than the one used for the vaporization.
- Give the definition of the distillation.
- The following main components of the post-harvest food system are discussed.
- Threshing and Winnowing Threshing is the removal of the grains from the rest of the plant.
- In the case of maize the removal of the grain from the cob is referred to as shelling.
- Drying During drying the moisture content of the grain is reduced.
- Some of the following traditional drying methods highlight where losses can occur.
- What are the main steps of the post-harvest food system? 2.
- This work is converted to heat via frictional forces and produces a significant increase in the temperature of the dough.
- Can you tell some things about dough mixing and formation of the dough pieces? http://www.ebook.edu.vn 59 4.
- The quality of the salt is also of great importance.
- Any auditing carried out was of the traditional floors, walls, ceiling approach.
- The true density of molasses is generally of the order of 1.4 – 1.5.
- http://www.ebook.edu.vn 65 It is important to highlight further the implications of the term ‘local availability’.
- They also made a thick drink from the pounded beans mixed with maize, which was called by the Aztec name chocolate .The Spaniards, who invaded Central America in 1519, did not find this beverage much to their liking and they added sugar, a practice that has continued until the present day.
- From these offshore islands cocoa reached the African mainland and by the end of the 19th century Ghana, Nigeria, the Ivory Coast and the http://www.ebook.edu.vn 68 Cameroons were being established as major producers.
- At the end of the fermentation, approximately 86% of the total nitrogen was organic and of this 63% titrated in the presence of formol.
- Of the individual amino acids glutamic acid and proline are present in the highest amounts.
- The yield claimed is 70% of the added sugar, presumably as monohydrate citric acid.
- Because of its tremendous current interest, the developments relating http://www.ebook.edu.vn 78 to interferon have proceeded furthest and will be reported in greatest detail below as they represent an example of the rapid advance that is possible today as the result of directed development in such systems.
- Describe some main operations of the establishment of plant cell cultures.
- Modification of the strain by - random search for mutants with higher yields.
- search for mutants in the intermediate metabolism in those areas that are related to the biogenesis of the metabolite with the aim of increasing the availability of constructional units.
- search for mutants with other properties favorable for the fermentation process, e.g., the absence of undesired components, with higher osmotolerance, etc.
- Read and translate into Vietnamese fluctuate, raising the yield, in parallel, inoculation, biogenesis, biosynthesis, a program of mutation, modification of the strain, search, osmotolerance, fusion of protoplasm, the gap, modification, inhibitor, mutant, propagation http://www.ebook.edu.vn 80 B.
- What are the main technical conditions for optimization of the fermentation process? 2.
- What are the purposes of the study of biogenesis and biosynthesis of the metabolites? 3.
- Here, the main interest is in protein component of the biomass.
- Can you tell the advantages of the production of microbial biomass? 5.
- Other considerations include the potential toxicity, functionality, and organoleptic performance of the SCP.
- The history of the transposon is interesting, as this phenomenon was first observed in the early 1950s by Barbara McKlintosk.
- She observed that the control of the dormant genes in corn were often unstable.
- http://www.ebook.edu.vn 85 Protoplast formation is generally simple in that it requires digestion of the cell wall and liberation of membranous structures called protoplasts.
- In the first place, therefore, this analysis follows the aim of broadening our knowledge on the interaction of the organisms with their environment.
- Consequently, the interrelationship of the techniques of measurement, control, and computering must be studied.
- The specific gravity of bacterial cells is in the order of 1.03, i.e., the difference in density between the particles to be separated and suspending medium is very small, which makes separation extraordinarily difficult.
- The separation of bacteria therefore, as a rule, requires a pretreatment of the suspension to be separated.
- Flocculation and flotation It can be deduced from the Stokes law for the setting velocity can be achieved by increasing the diameter of the particle, i.e., the separation of cells from culture solutions can be facilitated by agglomeration of individual cells to larger flocs.
- The separation effect in flotation is highly dependent on the size of the gas bubbles.
- Water is one of the most important of all chemical substances.
- He opened the door of the laboratory and came in.
- Hydrogen found in most of the substances which constitute living matter.
- side of the moon.
- Of the two procedures, the later is the more widely used.
- He wants to finish his experiment by the end of the term.
- They may conveniently separate two liquid phases by use of the separatory funnel.
- The principles of the Craft