Khóa luận tốt nghiệp- Kinh nghiệm phát triển dịch vụ Logistics tại một số nước Asean và bài học đối với Việt Nam PDF

TRNG I HC NGOI THNG
KHOA KINH T V KINH DOANH QUC T

CHUYN NGNH KINH T I NGOI
--------***-------

KHA LUN TT NGHIP

ti:
KINH NGHIM PHT TRIN DCH V LOGISTICS
TI MT S NC ASEAN V BI HC I VI
VIT NAM

Sinh vin thc hin : Phm Qunh Anh
Lp : Anh 6
Kho : K43B - KT&KDQT
Gio vin hng dn : TS. Trn S Lm

H Ni - 2008

hon thnh Kho lun ny, em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio Trn S Lm,
PGS.TSKH. Nguyn Vn Chng, Ph Vin trng Vin Chin lc v Pht trin Giao
thng vn ti tn tnh gip em trong sut qu trnh thc hin Kho lun.
Em cng xin gi li cm n ti cc cn b v chuyn vin ang cng tc ti V
a bin, V Th trng trong nc, Cc Php ch v Cc Qun l cnh tranh - B
Cng Thng nhit tnh cung cp nhiu ti liu qu bu em hon thnh Kho
lun ny.
MC LC
LI M U ........................................................................................................... 1
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V DCH V LOGISTICS ................................. 1
I. Khi qut chung v logistics .......................................................................... 1
1. Khi nim logistics ..................................................................................... 1
2. Qu trnh pht trin ca logistics .............................................................. 3
3. Vai tr ca logistics .................................................................................... 5
3.1 Vai tr ca logistics trong doanh nghip ................................................. 5
3.2 Vai tr ca logistics i vi nn kinh t .................................................. 6
4. Logistics ton cu (Global Logistics) ........................................................ 8
5. Qun tr chui cung ng - bc pht trin cao hn ca logistics .......... 10
II. Khi qut chung v dch v logistics ......................................................... 13
1. Dch v logistics ........................................................................................ 13
1.1 Khi nim dch v logistics ................................................................... 13
1.2 Cc loi hnh dch v logistics ch yu ................................................. 15
2. Nh cung cp dch v logistics ................................................................. 16
2.1 Khi nim nh cung cp dch v logistics ............................................. 16
2.2 Mt s loi hnh nh cung cp dch v logistics .................................... 18
2.2.1 M hnh pht trin chung ............................................................... 18
2.2.2 M hnh 3PL v 4PL ....................................................................... 20
3. Ngi tiu dng dch v logistics ............................................................ 22
CHNG II: KINH NGHIM PHT TRIN DCH V LOGISTICS
TI MT S NC ASEAN ............................................................................. 25
I. Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics khu vc ASEAN .......................... 25
1. Tnh hnh pht trin kinh t, thng mi khu vc ASEAN .................. 25
2. Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics khu vc ASEAN ...................... 27
2.1 Thc trng kt cu h tng logistics khu vc ASEAN........................... 27
2.2 Thc trng ngun nhn lc v h thng chnh sch iu chnh dch v
logistics khu vc ASEAN ..................................................................... 30
2.3 Xu hng hp tc pht trin dch v logistics khu vc ASEAN ............ 32
II. Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti mt s nc ASEAN ............. 33
1. Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti Singapore. ........................... 33
1.1 iu kin pht trin kinh t x hi ........................................................ 33
1.2 Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti Singapore............................. 34
1.2.1 Thc tin th trng ........................................................................ 34
1.2.2 Chng trnh pht trin dch v logistics ti Singapore ................ 36
1.2.3 C s h tng logistics hin i ...................................................... 37
2. Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti Malaysia .............................. 41
2.2 Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti Malaysia .............................. 42
2.2.1 Thc tin th trng ........................................................................ 42
2.2.2 Chng trnh pht trin dch v logistics ti Malaysia ................... 43
2.2.4 C s h tng logistics ti Malaysia ............................................... 44
3. Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti Thi Lan ............................. 48
3.2 Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti Thi Lan .............................. 49
3.2.1 Thc tin th trng ........................................................................ 49
3.2.2 Chng trnh pht trin dch v logistics ti Thi Lan ................... 51
III. Kinh nghim pht trin dch v logistics ti mt s nc ASEAN ........ 56
1. nh hng pht trin dch v logistics ph thuc vo trnh pht trin
hin ti ...................................................................................................... 57
2. u t ton din v ng b vo kt cu h tng logistics ................... 58
3. Cc chnh sch v bin php kch cung, cu dch v logistics ............... 60
4. Pht trin h tng cng ngh thng tin trn nn tng trin thng mi
in t ....................................................................................................... 61
5. o to ngun nhn lc v dch v logistics ........................................... 62
6. Thc y hp tc quc t v dch v logistics ......................................... 63
CHNG III: PHT TRIN DCH V LOGISTICS TI VIT NAM
TRN C S KINH NGHIM CC NC ASEAN .................................... 64
I. Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti Vit Nam ................................. 64
1. iu kin v trin vng pht trin dch v logistics ti Vit Nam ........ 64
2. Thc trng v kh khn trong pht trin dch v logistics ti Vit Nam
.................................................................................................................. 67
2.1 Thc tin th trng dch v logistics ti Vit Nam .............................. 67
2.2 Nhng kh khn trong pht trin dch v logistics hin nay ti Vit Nam
............................................................................................................. 71
2.2.1 Mi trng php l iu chnh hot ng kinh doanh logistics....... 71
2.2.2 C s h tng logistics v trang thit b h tr dch v logistics ..... 72
2.2.3 ng dng cng ngh thng tin ........................................................ 74
2.2.4 Ngun nhn lc .............................................................................. 75
2.2.5 Mt s bt cp khc ........................................................................ 77
II. C hi v thch thc i vi vic pht trin dch v logistics Vit Nam
trc bi cnh hi nhp .................................................................................. 79
1. Nhng cam kt quc t ca Vit Nam v dch v logistics ..................... 79
1.1 Cam kt ca Vit Nam v dch v logistics khi gia nhp WTO ............. 79
1.2 Cc tho thun khu vc......................................................................... 80
2. C hi v thch thc i vi vic pht trin dch v logistics Vit Nam
trc bi cnh hi nhp .......................................................................... 81
2.1 C hi trong vic pht trin dch v logistics Vit Nam ........................ 81
2.2 Thch thc trong vic pht trin dch v logistics Vit Nam ................. 83
III. nh hng pht trin dch v logistics Vit Nam trn c s kinh
nghim mt s nc ASEAN .......................................................................... 85
1. D bo nhu cu dch v logistics trong tng lai ca nn kinh t Vit
Nam .......................................................................................................... 85
2. nh hng pht trin dch v logistics Vit Nam trn c s kinh
nghim cc nc ASEAN ........................................................................ 88
2.1 Xy dng chin lc ph hp vi thc trng pht trin dch v logistics
hin nay ti Vit Nam ........................................................................... 89
2.2 Xy dng v hon thin mi trng php l pht trin dch v logistics
............................................................................................................. 90
2.3 u t xy dng c s h tng v trang b phng tin k thut h tr
cho s pht trin ca h thng logistics ................................................. 91
2.4 Xy dng mi trng cnh tranh lnh mnh trn c s tun th cc cam
kt quc t v dch v logistics ............................................................. 94
2.5 Xy dng v pht trin ngun nhn lc trong lnh vc dch v logistics
.96
2.6 Thc y hp tc quc t v hng ti xy dng th trng chung v
dch v logistics trong cng ng kinh t ASEAN (AEC)..................... 98
KT LUN .............................................................................................................. 99
TI LIU THAM KHO ..................................................................................... 101
DANH MC BNG BIU

STT Tn bng biu Trang
1 Hnh 1.1. Chui cung ng trong bi cnh vi cc thut ng: qun
l cung ng (supply management), phn phi hng ha
(physical distribution), chui gi tr (value chain)
11
2 Hnh 1.2. Tn trnh pht trin ca nh cung cp dch v logistics 21
3 Bng 2.1. Cc ch s kinh t Singapore giai on 2003 2007 33
4 Bng 2.2. Cc ch s kinh t Malaysia giai on 2003 - 2007 41
5 Bng 2.3. Cc ch s kinh t Thi Lan giai on 2003 - 2007 49
6 Hnh 2.1. Chi ph logistics ti Thi Lan trong tng quan so snh
vi mt s nc trn th gii
50
7 Hnh 2.2. Cc hot ng gip ct gim chi ph logistics ti Thi Lan 53
8 Hnh 3.1. ng gp ca cc ngnh kinh t trong tng trng GDP
ca Vit Nam
65
9 Hnh 3.2. Nhu cu chuyn ch hng ho xut nhp khu Vit Nam
giai on 2000 - 2010
86

Kho lun tt nghip Trng i hc Ngoi Thng - 2008
Phm Qunh Anh Anh 6 K43B KT & KDQT
1
LI M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
Ngy nay, dch v logistics ng vai tr rt quan trng v c mi quan h mt
thit vi nn kinh t hin i. Mi trng kinh t cng pht trin, nhu cu v dch
v logistics cng nhiu; ngc li, tnh chuyn nghip v khoa hc ca dch v
logistics s gip cc doanh nghip v nn kinh t pht trin hiu qu v bn vng.
Tuy nhin, ngnh dch v logistics ti Vit Nam hin nay cn trong giai on
hnh thnh ban u vi trnh pht trin tng i thp. Xy dng chin lc
pht trin ngnh dch v logistics ng n l mt i hi thit yu i vi cc cp
qun l trong bi cnh hin nay. Trong qu trnh xy dng v pht trin ny, s c
lc Vit Nam phi ng trc nhng bi ton kh m hu ht cc quc gia i
trc gp phi. V vy, vic tch cc nghin cu, c rt v hc tp kinh nghim
pht trin dch v logistics ca cc nc i trc s gip Vit Nam nhanh chng
bt kp vi trnh pht trin dch v logistics trong khu vc v trn th gii.
Vit Nam c nhiu im tng ng vi cc nc trong khu vc ASEAN v
c kinh t, chnh tr v vn ho. Khong cch pht trin kinh t gia Vit Nam vi
mt s nc pht trin hn trong khu vc nh Singapore, Malaysia v Thi Lan
khng qu xa v c nhiu nt tng ng. Trn nn tng , ngnh dch v
logistics ca cc nc ny cng tng tri qua giai on s khai nh Vit Nam hin
nay. Do , nghin cu kinh nghim pht trin dch v logistics ti mt s quc
gia ng Nam s em li nhiu bi hc qu bu v thit thc i vi Vit Nam.
Chnh v vy, ti Kho lun tt nghip em la chn nghin cu l: Kinh
nghim pht trin dch v logistics ti mt s nc ASEAN v bi hc i vi
Vit Nam

2
2. Mc tiu nghin cu
ti kho lun c mc tiu nghin cu:
Tm hiu kinh nghim pht trin dch v logistics ti cc nc ASEAN.
a ra nhng kin ngh i vi vic pht trin dch v logistics Vit Nam trn
c s bi hc kinh nghim pht trin dch v logistics ti cc nc ASEAN.
3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu
i tng nghin cu ca ti l vn pht trin dch v logistics ti mt
s nc ASEAN v ti Vit Nam.
Phm vi nghin cu ca ti gii hn vic phn tch v m thc trng pht
trin dch v logistics ti mt s quc gia ng Nam ch yu l Singapore,
Malaysia, Thi Lan v ti Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y.
4. Phng php nghin cu
Trn c s vn dng php duy vt bin chng v duy vt lch s ca Ch
ngha Mc Lnin, nhng phng php nghin cu c s dng trong Kho
lun ny bao gm: phng php thu thp & tng hp ti liu, phng php din
gii, quy np, phng php phn tch, tng hp, phng php so snh,
5. Kt cu kho lun
Ngoi Li ni u, Kt lun v Ti liu tham kho ni dung ca Kho lun
chia thnh 3 chng nh sau:
Chng I: Tng quan v dch v logistics
Chng II: Kinh nghim pht trin dch v logistics ti mt s nc ASEAN
Chng III: Pht trin dch v logistics ti Vit Nam trn c s kinh nghim
cc nc ASEAN
Sau y l ton b ni dung Kho lun tt nghip ca em.

1
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V DCH V LOGISTICS

I. Khi qut chung v logistics
1. Khi nim logistics
Cng vi s pht trin ca lc lng sn xut v s h tr c lc ca cuc
cch mng khoa hc k thut trn th gii, khi lng hng ha v sn phm vt
cht c sn xut ra ngy cng nhiu. Bn cnh khong cch trong cc lnh
vc cnh tranh truyn thng nh cht lng hng ha hay gi c ngy cng thu
hp khin cc nh sn xut chuyn sang cnh tranh v qun l hng tn kho, tc
giao hng, hp l ha qu trnh lu chuyn nguyn nhin vt liu v bn
thnh phm, trong c h thng qun l phn phi vt cht ca doanh nghip.
Thc t khin logistics c c hi pht trin mnh m trong lnh vc kinh
doanh.
Tuy nhin logistics c pht minh v ng dng ln u tin khng phi
trong hot ng thng mi m l trong lnh vc qun s. Logistics c cc
quc gia ng dng rng ri trong 2 cuc i chin th gii di chuyn lc
lng qun i cng vi v kh c khi lng ln v m bo hu cn cho lc
lng tham chin. Hiu qu ca hot ng logistics l yu t c tc ng rt ln
ti thnh bi trn chin trng.
Tri qua dng chy lch s, logistics c nghin cu v p dng sang lnh
vc kinh doanh. Di gc doanh nghip, thut ng logistics thng c
hiu l hot ng qun tr chui cung ng (supply chain management) hay qun
l h thng phn phi vt cht (physical distribution management) ca doanh
nghip . C rt nhiu khi nim khc nhau v logistics trn th gii v c
xy dng cn c trn ngnh ngh v mc ch nghin cu, tuy nhin, c th nu
mt s khi nim ch yu sau:

2
Theo Hi ng qun tr logistics Hoa K-1988
Logistics l qu trnh ln k hoch, thc hin v kim sot hiu qu, tit
kim chi ph ca dng lu chuyn v lu tr nguyn vt liu, hng tn, thnh
phm v cc thng tin lin quan t im xut x n im tiu th, nhm tha
mn yu cu ca khch hng.
Theo gio s ngi Anh Martin Christopher
Logistics l qu trnh qun tr chin lc thu mua, di chuyn v d tr
nguyn liu, bn thnh phm, thnh phm (v dng thng tin tng ng) trong
mt cng ty v qua cc knh phn phi ca cng ty ti a ho li nhun hin
ti v tng lai thng qua vic hon tt cc n hng vi chi ph thp nht.
Theo Quan im 5 ng (5 Rights)
Logistics l qu trnh cung cp ng sn phm n ng v tr, vo ng
thi im vi iu kin v chi ph ph hp cho khch hng tiu dng sn phm.
Theo Ma Shuo, tc gi cun Logistics and supply chain management
Logistics l qu trnh ti u ho v v tr, lu tr v chu chuyn cc ti
nguyn/yu t u vo t im xut pht u tin l nh cung cp, qua nh sn
xut, ngi bn bun, ngi bn l, n tay ngi tiu dng cui cng, thng
qua hng lot cc hot ng kinh t.
Nh vy, trong ni dung tt c cc tc gi u cho rng logistics chnh l
hot ng qun l dng lu chuyn ca nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm, thnh
phm v dng thng tin t khu mua sm qua qu trnh lu kho, sn xut ra sn
phm v phn phi ti tay ngi tiu dng. Mc ch gim ti a chi ph pht
sinh hoc s pht sinh vi mt thi gian ngn nht trong qu trnh vn ng ca
nguyn vt liu phc v sn xut cng nh phn phi hng ho mt cch kp thi
(Just-in-Time).

3
Tm li, logistics c th c hiu nh sau: Logistics l qu trnh ti u
ho v v tr v thi gian, vn chuyn v d tr ngun ti nguyn t im u
tin ca dy chuyn cung ng cho n tay ngi tiu dng cui cng, thng
qua hng lot cc hot ng kinh t.

2. Qu trnh pht trin ca logistics
Nh cp, logistics l mt thut ng qun s, dng trong qun i.
Logistics c coi l mt nhnh trong ngh thut chin u, chnh l vic vn
chuyn v cung cp lng thc, thc phm, trang thit b qun dng ng ni,
ng lc khi cn thit cho lc lng chin u. Logistics gip qun i cc
nc tham chin gt hi c nhng chin thng, c bit l trong chin tranh
th gii th hai.
Xut pht t bn cht u vit ca logistics, sau khi chin tranh th gii th
hai kt thc, cc chuyn gia logistics trong qun i p dng cc k nng
logistics ca h trong hot ng kinh t thi hu chin p ng nhim v thc t
l ti thit t nc sau chin tranh (i vi cc nc Chu u) hay tr gip ti
thit (i vi nc M).
T nhng nm 50 ca th k XX n nay, cng nghip v thng mi th
gii tri qua nhng bin i su sc t nn kinh t da trn c s sn xut hng
lot, i hi mt lng hng ln ng nht sang nn kinh t m tnh c o v
a dng ca hng ho c nhn mnh. Trong bun bn, ngi bn khng nht
thit l ngi sn xut, ngi mua cng cha chc l ngi tiu dng. Qu
trnh hng ho t tay ngi sn xut n tay ngi tiu dng c th qua nhiu
trung gian ln lt ng vai tr l ngi bn hay ngi mua v l mt b phn
ca ton b qu trnh lu thng hng ho. Tnh cht phong ph ca hng ho
cng vi s vn ng phc tp ca chng i hi phi c mt s qun l cht

4
ch iu ny t ra cho cc nh sn xut kinh doanh mt yu cu mi. ng
thi trnh ng vn, cc nh sn xut kinh doanh lun tm cch duy tr mt
lng hng tn kho nh nht. T nhng l do trn yu cu hot ng vn ti giao
nhn ni ring v phn phi ni chung phi m bo cho nguyn liu hng ho
c cung ng kp thi, ng lc (Just-in-Time) mt khc phi tng cng vn
chuyn vi mc tiu khng hng trong kho nhm gim ti a chi ph pht sinh
trong sn xut v lu thng logistics trong doanh nghip ra i.
Nghin cu cc giai on pht trin ca logistics, U ban kinh t v x hi
Chu Thi Bnh Dng (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and
Pacific ESCAP) ca Lin hip quc chia thnh 3 giai on nh sau:
Giai on 1: Phn phi vt cht (Physical Distribution)
Vo nhng nm 60, 70 ca th k XX, ngi ta bt u quan tm ti vic
qun l c h thng nhng hot ng c lin quan vi nhau m bo phn
phi sn phm, hng ho cho khch hng mt cch c hiu qu. Nhng hot
ng bao gm: vn ti, phn phi, bo qun hng ho, qun l hng tn kho,
bao b ng gi, phn loi, dn nhn Nhng hot ng ny c gi l phn
phi/cung ng sn phm vt cht hay cn c tn gi l logistics u ra (out
bound logistics).
Giai on 2: H thng logistics (Logistics Systems)
Thi k ny khong nhng nm 80 90 ca th k XX, cc cng ty tin
hnh kt hp cht ch s qun l gia hai mt, u vo (in bound logistics) vi
u ra (out bound logistics) gim ti a chi ph cng nh tng thm hiu qu
ca qu trnh ny. Nh vy s kt hp cht ch gia cung ng nguyn liu cho
sn xut vi phn phi sn phm ti tay ngi tiu dng m bo s n nh
v tnh lin tc ca cc lung vn chuyn, s kt hp ny c m t l h thng
logistics.

5
Giai on 3: Qun l dy chuyn cung cp (Supply Chain Management)
Giai on ny din ra t nhng nm 90 ca th k XX cho n nay. Qun l
dy chuyn cung cp l khi nim c tnh chin lc v qun l dy ni tip cc
hot ng t ngi cung ng - n ngi sn xut - n khch hng cng vi cc
dch v lm tng thm gi tr ca sn phm nh cung cp chng t lin quan,
theo di, kim tra Khi nim ny coi trng vic pht trin cc quan h vi i
tc, kt hp cht ch gia ngi sn xut vi ngi cung ng, vi ngi tiu
dng v cc bn c lin quan ti h thng qun l nh cc cng ty vn ti, kho
bi v nhng ngi cung cp cng ngh thng tin.
Nh vy logistics c pht trin t vic p dng cc k nng tip vn,
hu cn trong qun i gii quyt nhng vn pht sinh ca thc t sn
xut - kinh doanh v hin nay c hon thin tr thnh h thng qun l mang
li hiu qu kinh t cao.

3. Vai tr ca logistics
3.1 Vai tr ca logistics trong doanh nghip
Trong mi doanh nghip tn ti t nht mt trong hai hot ng ch o
l t chc sn xut v xy dng knh phn phi. Vi vai tr h tr cc hot ng
khc trong doanh nghip, logistics lun c mi tng tc cht ch vi c hai hot
ng ny. Thiu logistics, sn xut cng nh phn phi kh c th hot ng
trn chu v hiu qu.
Trong hot ng sn xut, logistics gip cho doanh nghip c th rt ngn
thi gian hot ng ca dy chuyn sn xut m vn t c hiu qu kinh t
cao. Trn thc t, nhiu doanh nghip quan nim rng phi khai thc ht cng
sut ca my mc t mc sn lng ti a. Kt qu l h phi b ra chi ph
lu kho rt cao v tiu th khng ht sn phm. V vy, vai tr ca logistics y

6
l b phn s dng cc thng tin nghin cu th trng gip doanh nghip
nhn nh c nhu cu trong tng giai on trc khi bt tay vo sn xut,
trnh lu kho nhiu, gim chi ph vn hnh my mc lin tc.
Vai tr th hai ca logistics l gip cc doanh nghip m bo ngun
nguyn liu u vo tun th k hoch sn xut v c bit trnh tnh trng sn
xut b gin on. Nh qun tr logistics s kh khn hn khi trong dy chuyn
sn xut ca doanh nghip s dng cc nguyn liu mang tnh thi v hoc
doanh nghip l nh sn xut, lp rp thnh phm cui cng trong mt chui ni
tip cc hot ng sn xut. i vi doanh nghip s dng nguyn liu mang
tnh thi v, v d nh cc cng ty ch bin lng thc thc phm, khi nguyn
vt liu khng th lu kho trong thi gian di nh qun tr logistics cn tm ra
ngun nguyn liu thay th, c th phi chp nhn nhp khu nguyn liu. i
vi cc cng ty hot ng trong chui sn xut, v d ngnh sn xut t,
logistics thc hin chc nng lin lc vi cc n v ng sn xut m bo hp
tc sn xut hiu qu khng b gin on.
Bn cnh hot ng sn xut, logistics h tr c lc cho hot ng
marketing c bit l marketing hn hp. Trong qu trnh xy dng chnh sch
marketing, nh qun l phi bit u l th trng ca doanh nghip, thc hin
cc dch v khch hng nh th no em li hiu qu t c th xc lp mt
knh phn phi c th ti a lng hng ho bn ra vi mc gi hp l. Logistics
gip doanh nghip d on chnh xc nhu cu ca th trng, c vai tr quan
trng trong qu trnh khch hng tip cn, tin tng v chp nhn sn phm.
3.2 Vai tr ca logistics i vi nn kinh t
Logistics l mt hot ng tng hp mang tnh dy chuyn, hiu qu ca
qu trnh ny c tm quan trng quyt nh n tnh cnh tranh ca ngnh cng

7
nghip v thng mi mi quc gia. Logistics ng vai tr quan trng trong nn
kinh t th hin trn nhiu phng din.
Th nht, logistics l mt trong cc chi ph ln trong kinh doanh, tc ng
qua li vi nhiu hot ng kinh t khc. i vi nhng nc pht trin nh
Nht v M logistics ng gp khong 10% GDP. i vi nhng nc km pht
trin th t l ny c th hn 30%. Chi ph sn xut kinh doanh ln khin ngi
tiu dng phi mua hng ho, dch v vi mc gi cao cn li nhun ca doanh
nghip gim st. Nu chi ph cho hot ng logistics tng cao trong mt thi
gian di th c th ko theo s pht trin tht li ca ton b nn kinh t, cht
lng cuc sng ca ngi dn suy gim v ngn sch nh nc c hnh thnh
ch yu t khon thu thu cng b nh hng. Nh vy, logistics pht trin tt s
khng ch mang li kh nng tit gim thi gian, chi ph v nng cao cht lng
hng ho, dch v m logistics cn l mt ng lc quan trng thc y nn kinh
t pht trin.
Th hai, logistics ng vai tr l nhn t h tr cho dng lu chuyn ca
nhiu giao dch trong nn kinh t, n ng thi cng l mt hot ng quan trng
to thun li cho vic kinh doanh hu ht cc loi hng ha, dch v.
Th ba, logistics l cng c hu hiu nng cao sc cnh tranh ca nn kinh
t v hi nhp vi th gii. Trong xu th ton cu ho nn kinh t hin nay,
khong cch thi gian v khng gian gia nh sn xut v ngi tiu dng khng
dng li trong phm vi tng quc gia hay tng khu vc m ngy cng m rng
trn phm vi ton cu. Trong mi trng ton cu cnh tranh gay gt, cc nh
sn xut kinh doanh phi tin hnh tit kim chi ph sn xut ti a, h gi thnh
sn phm, rt ngn thi gian giao hng, tng cng kh nng cung ng
v.vMun t c cc mc tiu i hi cc doanh nghip phi p dng
cng ngh logistics.

8
4. Logistics ton cu (Global Logistics)
K nguyn ton cu ho chnh thc thay th thi k chin tranh lnh
ko di t sau chin tranh th gii th hai n cui thp nin 80 ca th k XX,
vi du mc l s kin bc tng Berlin sp nm 1988. Ton cu ho tc
ng mnh m, em li s pht trin nng ng v vng chc cho nn kinh t
th gii.
Khi nn kinh t th gii ngy cng m rng, phm vi gia cc quc gia dn
b xo nho, khi lng thng mi pht trin nhanh chng v c bit mng
li thng tin ton cu ngy cng hon thin, vic lu thng cc yu t sn xut
kinh doanh gia cc nc l mt thc t ng nhin. Xu th mi ca thi i s
dn n bc pht trin tt yu ca logistics logistics ton cu (Global
Logistics).
Ton cu ha logistics l xu hng xy dng mt mng li ton cu lu
chuyn vn, hng ho, thng tin v tin t gia cc quc gia, cc khu vc. y l
xu hng pht trin tt yu ca dch v logistics trc yu cu hp tc a dng
ang din ra ngy cng mnh m trong nn kinh t ton cu. Logistics ton cu
phc tp hn logistics trong ni b mt doanh nghip hay mt quc gia rt nhiu
do vn cn tn ti nhng ro cn v ngn ng, vn ho, th ch chnh tr, h
thng lut l, nhng mu thun gia tp qun kinh doanh ca cc nc, chnh
lch tin t, s khc bit v thi gian nhng vn mun thu trong nn kinh
t th gii.
Trong xu hng chung hin nay, cc cng ty a quc gia, nhng ch th
chnh ca nn kinh t mi, hng ti xy dng c s sn xut v h thng phn
phi ca mnh nc ngoi, thit lp mng li thng tin ton cu, tn dng ti
a cc ngun lc ti ch cc a phng v thc hin qun l xuyn lc a.
Tt c nhng iu kin v xu hng mi ang t cc doanh nghip xy dng

9
mt h thng logistics ton cu chu chuyn hng ho ti khp mi ni trn th
gii. Cc h thng logistics cc khu vc khc nhau, cc quc gia khc nhau c
th khng hon ton ging nhau. Nhng tt c cc h thng logistics u c im
chung l s kt hp kho lo, khoa hc, chuyn nghip chui cc hot ng nh:
marketing, sn xut, ti chnh, vn ti, thu mua, d tr, phn phi t c
mc ch phc v khch hng ti a vi chi ph ti thiu. Trong nhng thp nin
u th k 21 logistics s pht trin theo 3 xu hng chnh nh sau:
Xu hng th nht, vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin v thng mi in
t ngy cng ph bin v su rng hn trong cc lnh vc ca logistics, nh: h
thng thng tin qun tr dy chuyn cung ng ton cu, cng ngh nhn dng
bng tn s radio (Radio Frequency Identification RFID), h thng truyn d
liu (Electronic Data Interchange - EDI) Thng tin c truyn cng nhanh v
chnh xc th cc quyt nh trong h thng logistics cng hiu qu.
Xu hng th hai, phng php qun l logistics ko (Pull) ngy cng pht
trin mnh m v dn thay th cho phng php logistics y (Push) theo truyn
thng. Phng php y l phng php t chc sn xut theo d bo nhu cu
th trng. Phng php ny to ra hng tn kho v y ra th trng p
ng nhu cu thc t. Phng php y bc l nhng nhc im ln nh to ra
khi lng hng tn kho ln, chu k sn xut di, chi ph d tr cao, nhiu
trng hp hng d tr khng bn c do d bo nhu cu khng chnh xc.
Phng php ny i hi lng vn lu ng ln, vng quay chm Tri vi
phng php y, phng php Ko hoch nh sn xut da trn nhu cu sn
xut thc v n hng thc t ca th trng, c ngha l nhu cu ca khch hng
ko hng t sn xut v pha th trng. Phng php Ko c u im l gim
ti thiu khi lng v chi ph hng tn kho, rt ngn chu trnh sn xut, nh
gim vn lu ng, tng vng quay vn, phn ng nhanh v hiu qu hn vi

10
nhng thay i ca th trng. Nhng thc hin c phng php ny i hi
phi p ng c nhng yu cu rt kht khe nh: phi c kh nng phn ng
nhanh trc nhng yu cu ca th trng, t chc linh hot (do phi p ng
nhiu n hng c quy m nh), phi t chc v qun l tt h thng thng tin,
chu trnh sn xut c qun l cht ch, khoa hc, c kh nng p ng c
yu cu nghim ngt v tin , thi gian giao hng,
Xu hng th ba, thu dch v logistics t cc cng ty logistics chuyn
nghip ngy cng ph bin. i vi cc cng ty a quc gia, quy m cng ty
ngy cng ln, phm vi hot ng ngy cng rng, th hot ng logistics cng
phc tp, i hi chi ph u t v tnh chuyn nghip ngy cng cao. T t chc
hot ng logistics theo kiu khp kn trong ni b tng cng ty i hi chi ph
ln, dn n hiu qu thp, c bit trong lnh vc cung ng nguyn vt liu v
phn phi sn phm. Chnh v vy, ngy cng c nhiu cng ty a quc gia
chuyn t t t chc hot ng logistics sang thu dch v logistics t cc cng
ty logistics. Cn i vi cc cng ty nh v va th vic s dng cc cng ty
logistics chuyn nghip l nhu cu tt yu.
V d, theo thng k ca t chc Amstrong & Associates, th trng
logistics ton cu nm 2007 c d on t 645 t USD vi tc tng trng
l 4.1%. Trong , khu vc 3PL ton cu c tnh t doanh thu khong 430 t
USD vi tc tng trng c tnh 10%, cao gp i so vi tc tng trng
logistics ton cu. S tng trng ny ch yu do xu hng thu ngoi cc hot
ng logistics ang tng nhanh.

5. Qun tr chui cung ng - bc pht trin cao hn ca logistics
Trn thc t do tn ti rt nhiu quan im v nh ngha v thut ng
chui cung ng nn d dn n s kh hiu v nhm ln. Robert J. Trent a

11
ra nh ngha v chui cung ng nh sau: Chui cung ng l mt nhm gm ba
hoc nhiu hn cc t chc kt ni trc tip bng mt hay nhiu dng chy xui
hay ngc ca sn phm, dch v, ti chnh v thng tin t mt nh cung ng
n khch hng. Quan im ny nhn nhn chui cung ng nh l tp hp cc
quy trnh c quan h vi nhau ch khng phi l tp hp cc hot ng ring l
phi tuyn. Nhng quy trnh ny c thit k t ti nhng mc tiu hay kt
qu c th nh pht trin mt sn phm mi, hon thnh n hng, hay nh gi
v la chn nh cung ng. Da vo m hnh d i y ta c th thy cc hot
ng qun l cung ng tp trung vo phn ngc ca chui cung ng v ch yu
lin quan n nh cung cp nguyn vt liu v logistics u vo. Trong khi ,
cc hot ng phn phi lin quan n giai on m quy trnh sn xut hon
thnh trong chui cung ng v thnh phm c chuyn n tay khch hng.
Hnh 1.1. Chui cung ng trong bi cnh vi cc thut ng: qun l cung ng (supply
management), phn phi hng ha (physical distribution), chui gi tr (value chain)
w
Ngun: Robert J.Trent (2004), What everyone need to know about supply chain
managemen, Supply Chain Management Review

12
Trong khi , cc hot ng phn phi lin quan n giai on m quy trnh
sn xut hon thnh trong chui cung ng v thnh phm c chuyn n
tay khch hng. Theo Michael Porter - ngi u tin pht trin khi nim chui
gi tr vo thp nin 80 ca th k XX - chui gi tr bao gm cc hot ng ch
cht v h tr nh c minh ho trong m hnh trn. Trong khi , chui cung
ng ch bao gm cc hot ng ch cht hay l nhng mng vn hnh ca chui
gi tr. Do , chui cung ng c th c hiu nh l mt thnh phn ca chui
gi tr.
Xt theo mt kha cnh khc, chui cung ng c xem nh bt ngun t
hot ng logistics. Theo so vi khi nim logistics th khi nim chui
cung ng gn tng t nhau. Theo t in vn ti v logistics ca Kogan Page:
Chui cung ng l s kt ni lin tc gia khu cung ng nguyn liu th thnh
thnh phm thng qua qu trnh sn xut v khu giao thnh phm ti tay ngi
tiu dng cui cng; ng thi chui cung ng cng l s tip ni ca qu trnh
kinh doanh trong mi trng n thc hoc a thc nhm tho mn nhu cu
khch hng Do , im khc bit gia khi nim logistics v khi nim
chui cung ng nm ch: xt trong mi trng doanh nghip th logistics l
qu trnh ti u ho v v tr v thi gian, lu chuyn v d tr ngun ti nguyn
t im u n khi trao hng ho ti tay ngi tiu dng thng qua hng lot
cc hot ng kinh t. Cn chui cung ng bao gm c qu trnh logistics bn
ngoi doanh nghip, trong mi trng ny c c s hin din ca khch hng,
cc nh cung ng cp 1, cp 2, cp 3...Nh vy, qun tr chui cung ng (supply
chain management) cng c nhn nhn l khi nim rng hn so vi khi nim
logistics ca mt doanh nghip. Sau y l mt s quan im thng thy v
qun tr chui cung ng:

13
Theo Micheal Hugos, tc gi cun Essentials of supply chain management
Qun tr chui cung ng l hot ng phi hp sn xut, lu kho ng gi,
vn ti gia cc ch th tham gia chui cung ng nhm t ti hiu qu tt nht
cho th trng.
Theo U ban kinh t v x hi chu Thi Bnh Dng - ESCAP
Qun tr chui cung ng l tng hp nhng hot ng ca nhiu t chc
trong chui cung ng v phn hi tr li thng nhng thng tin cn thit, kp thi
bng cch s dng mng li cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng k thut s.
Theo cc tc gi cun The management of business logistics
Qun tr chui cung ng l s kt ni cc dng sn phm hay vt liu, dch
v, thng tin v ti chnh t nh cung cp u tin thng qua nhiu t chc trung
gian ti tay ngi tiu dng cui cng hay qun l chui cung cp c nhn
nhn l mt h thng kt ni cc mng li logistics bao ph t ngi cung cp
u tin cho n ngi tiu dng cui cng.
Nh vy, qun tr chui cung ng c th bao gm cc khu: pht trin sn
phm v thng mi ho, thu mua nguyn vt liu, qun l lung sn xut, x l
vt liu ph thi, qun l cung cp, phn phi, lu kho, iu hnh dy chuyn
vn ti, hon thin n t hng, qun l nhu cu, qun tr dch v khch hng.

II. Khi qut chung v dch v logistics
1. Dch v logistics
1.1 Khi nim dch v logistics
Trong thi gian u, logistics ch n thun c coi l mt phng thc
kinh doanh mi, mang li hiu qu cao cho cc doanh nghip. Cng vi qu trnh
pht trin, logistics c chuyn mn ha v pht trin tr thnh mt ngnh
dch v ng vai tr rt quan trng quan trng trong giao thng quc t.

14
Khc vi thut ng logistics, thut ng dch v logistics cha c
cp nhiu n trong cc ti liu trn th gii. Ngc li, Vit Nam, khi nim
logistics li khng c bn ti, Lut Thng mi 2005 (iu 233) ch a ra
nh ngha v dch v logistics: Dch v logistics l hot ng thng mi, theo
thng nhn t chc thc hin mt hoc nhiu cng vic bao gm nhn hng,
vn chuyn, lu kho, lu bi, lm th tc hi quan, cc th tc giy t khc, t
vn khch hng, ng gi bao b, ghi k m hiu, giao hng hoc cc dch v khc
c lin quan n hng ho theo tho thun vi khch hng hng th lao.
Lut thng mi 2005 coi dch v logistics gn nh tng t vi hot ng
giao nhn hng ha, nhng ngi kinh doanh cung cp mt trong cc dch v
nh nhn hng, vn chuyn, lm th tc hi quan, th u c coi l nh cung
cp dch v logistics. Dch v logistics theo cch nh ngha ny c bn cht l
mt hot ng tp hp cc yu t h tr cho qu trnh vn chuyn sn phm t
ni sn xut ti ni tiu th. Theo , dch v logistics mang nhiu yu t vn
ti, ngi cung cp dch v logistics theo khi nim ny khng c nhiu khc
bit so vi ngi cung cp dch v vn ti a phng thc (MTO).
Nu cho rng mt doanh nghip khi tham gia kinh doanh bt k mt trong
nhiu cng vic trn th u c xem l kinh doanh dch v logistics th s
dn n h qu l doanh nghip ch cn kinh doanh bt k dch v vn chuyn,
lu kho, lm th tc hi quan trn nguyn tc cng b xem l h kinh doanh
dch v logistics v phi p ng cc iu kin kinh doanh m php lut t ra
i vi vic kinh doanh dch v logistics (mc vn iu l 10 t ng i vi
thng nhn kinh doanh dch v logistics).
Dch v logistics y phi c hiu l mt dch v lin hon ca nhiu
dch v, cc dch v ny thuc cc giai on t tin sn xut cho ti khi hng ha
n tay ngi tiu dng cui cng. Theo , dch v logistics gn lin vi c giai

15
on nhp nguyn, nhin vt liu lm u vo cho qu trnh sn xut, sn xut ra
hng ha v a vo cc knh lu thng, phn phi.
Qua vic phn bit dch v logistics vi cc dch v giao nhn, vn ti,
v.v ta cng phn nh c r rng gia cc nh cung cp tng dch v n l
nh dch v vn ti, giao nhn, khai thu hi quan, phn phi, dch v h tr sn
xut, t vn qun l vi mt nh cung cp dch v logisitcs chuyn nghip,
ngi s m nhn ton b cc khu trong qu trnh hnh thnh v a hng ha
ti tay ngi tiu dng cui cng.
1.2 Cc loi hnh dch v logistics ch yu
Theo Hip nh thng mi chung v lnh vc dch v (GATS The
General Agreement on Trade in Services) ca t chc thng mi th gii WTO
th dch v logistics c chia thnh 3 nhm nh sau:
Cc dch v logistics ch yu (Core freight logistics services)
Dch v logistics ch yu chim phn ln trong tng chi ph logistics v
mang tnh quyt nh i vi cc dch v khc. Dch v logistics ch yu bao
gm:
- Dch v bc xp hng ha, bao gm c hot ng bc xp container;
- Dch v kho bi v lu gi hng ha, bao gm c hot ng kinh doanh
kho bi container v kho x l nguyn liu, thit b;
- Dch v i l vn ti, bao gm c hot ng i l lm th tc hi quan
v lp k hoch bc d hng ho.
- Dch v h tr khc, bao gm c hot ng tip nhn, lu kho v qun l
thng tin lin quan n vn chuyn v lu kho hng ho trong sut c
chui logistics; hot ng x l li hng ho b khch hng tr li, hng
ho tn kho, hng ho qu hn, li mt v ti phn phi hng ho ; hot
ng cho thu v thu mua container.

16
Cc dch v logistics lin quan n vn ti (related freight logistics services)
Dch v logistics lin quan n vn ti bao gm:
- Dch v vn ti hng hi;
- Dch v vn ti thu ni a;
- Dch v vn ti hng khng
- Dch v vn ti ng st;
- Dch v vn ti ng b;
- Dch v vn ti ng ng;
Cc dch v th yu hoc mang tnh b tr (Non-core freight logistics services)
- Dch v kim tra v phn tch k thut
- Dch v bu chnh;
- Dch v thng mi bn bun;
- Dch v thng mi bn l, bao gm c hot ng qun l hng lu kho,
thu gom, tp hp, phn loi hng ho, phn phi li v giao hng;
- Cc dch v h tr vn ti khc
Cc nh lm lut Vit Nam cng tham kho Hip nh ny xy dng iu
khon v phn loi dch v logistics trong Ngh nh 140/2007/N-CP.

2. Nh cung cp dch v logistics
2.1 Khi nim nh cung cp dch v logistics
Hin nay trn th gii c nhiu khi nim v nh cung cp dch v logistics
nhng tu chung u coi nh cung cp dch v logistics (Logistics Service
Provider - LSP) l cc cng ty c lp t thit k, thc hin v qun l nhng
nhu cu logistics trong chui cung cp ca khch hng.
Qua phn tch trn, ngi vit phn bit gia dch v logistics vi cc
dch v giao nhn, vn ti qua ta cng nhn thy rng cc cng ty logistics

17
thu c li nhun t vic cung cp thng tin v chuyn mn ngh nghip ca
chnh mnh ch khng phi l mt nh cung cp dch v vn ti giao nhn n
thun. Ta c th nhn thy quan im ny trng vi cch nhn nhn ca mt s
tc gi Vit Nam v nh cung cp dch v logistics. Tiu biu nh trong bi vit
Dch v giao nhn hng ho trong Lut thng mi lut s V Nht Thng c
nu: Nhng ngi khng ch lm giao nhn m cn lm c cc cng vic v lu
kho, dn nhn hiu, ng gi bao b, thu phng tin vn chuyn, lm th tc
hi quan v c th mua gip bo him cho ch hng na gi l ngi cung cp
dch v tip vn.
Tuy nhin thc t hin nay a phn cc hng vn ti ln nh Maersk, MOL,
NYK, NOL u m rng hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh sang lnh vc dch
v logistics. y l mt xu th tt yu do s pht trin mnh m ca nn kinh t
ton cu v khoa hc k thut. Nh cung cp dch v logistics hin nay c th l
cc hng tham gia hot ng vn ti (freight carrier); cc cng ty vn ti bin;
cc cng ty vn ti ng st; cc ch kho bi (warehouse firms); ngi giao
nhn (freight forwarder); cc nh kinh doanh logistics bn th ba (third party
logistics).
Ti Vit Nam, Lut thng mi 2005 (iu 234) a ra khi nim v nh
cung cp dch v logistics nh sau: thng nhn kinh doanh dch v logistics
l doanh nghip c iu kin kinh doanh dch v logistics theo quy nh
ca php lut
Cc iu kin kinh doanh dch v logistics c nu ln trong ngh nh
140/2007/N-CP, y l quy nh chi tit Lut thng mi 2005 v iu kin
kinh doanh dch v logistics v gii hn trch nhim i vi thng nhn kinh
doanh dch v logistics. Vi vai tr l ti liu b sung hng dn thi hnh Lut
thng mi 2005, Ngh nh 140/2007/N-CP chia ngi kinh doanh dch v

18
logistics thnh hai i tng l thng nhn kinh doanh dch v logistics ni
chung v thng nhn nc ngoi kinh doanh dch v logistics:
Thng nhn kinh doanh dch v logistics l thng nhn t chc thc
hin dch v logistics cho khch hng bng cch t mnh thc hin hoc thu
li thng nhn khc thc hin mt hoc nhiu cng on ca dch v .
Thng nhn nc ngoi kinh doanh dch v logistics l thng nhn
thuc cc nc, vng lnh th m Vit Nam c cam kt trong cc iu c
quc t v m ca th trng kinh doanh dch v logistics.
Theo cch phn bit ny cc iu kin i vi nhng i tng kinh doanh
dch v logistics khc nhau l khc nhau. Cc thng nhn nc ngoi kinh
doanh dch v logistics ngoi vic phi p ng cc iu kin ca mt thng
nhn kinh doanh dch v logistics ni chung cn phi p ng cc iu kin v t
l gp vn ti a ca nh u t nc ngoi v khng c thc hin dch v
vn ti ng ng.
2.2 Mt s loi hnh nh cung cp dch v logistics
2.2.1 M hnh pht trin chung
Cho n nay trn th gii c cc m hnh nh cung cp dch v logistics nh:
Logistics bn th nht (1PL First Party Logistics)
Ngi ch s hu hng ho t mnh t chc v thc hin cc hot ng
logistics p ng nhu cu ca bn thn. Theo hnh thc ny, ch hng phi
u t vo phng tin vn ti, kho cha hng, h thng thng tin, nhn cng
qun l v vn hnh hot ng logistics. M hnh ny lm phnh to quy m ca
doanh nghip v thng lm gim hiu qu kinh doanh, v doanh nghip khng
c kinh nghim v k nng chuyn mn cn thit qun l v vn hnh hot
ng logistics.

19
Logistics bn th hai (2PL Second Party Logistics)
Logistics bn th hai l ngi cung cp dch v cho mt hot ng n l
trong chui cc hot ng logistics (vn ti, kho bi, th tc hi quan, thanh
ton,) p ng nhu cu ca ch hng, cha tch hp hot ng logistics.
Loi hnh ny bao gm: cc hng vn ti ng bin, ng b, ng hng
khng, cng ty kinh doanh kho bi, khai thu hi quan, trung gian thanh ton,
Logistics bn th ba (3PL Third Party Logistics)
Ngi thay mt cho ch hng qun l v thc hin cc dch v logistics cho
tng b phn chc nng, v d nh: thay mt cho ngi gi hng thc hin th tc
xut khu v vn chuyn ni a hoc thay mt cho ngi nhp khu lm th tc
thng quan v vn chuyn hng ti a im n quy nh, Do 3PL bao gm
nhiu dch v khc nhau, kt hp cht ch vic vn chuyn, tn tr hng ho, x
l thng tin v c tnh tch hp vo dy chuyn cung ng ca khch hng.
Logistics bn th t (4PL Fourth Party Logistics)
Ngi tch hp (integrator) - ngi hp nht, gn kt cc ngun lc, tim
nng v c s vt cht khoa hc k thut ca mnh vi cc t chc khc thit
k, xy dng v vn hnh cc gii php chui logistics. 4PL chu trch nhim
qun l dng lu chuyn logistics, cung cp gii php dy chuyn cung ng,
hoch nh, t vn logistics, qun tr vn ti, 4PL hng n qun tr c qu
trnh logistics, nh nhn hng t ni sn xut, lm th tc xut, nhp khu, a
hng n ni tiu th cui cng.
Logistics bn th nm (5PL Fifth Party Logistics)
Gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca thng mi in t, ngi ta ni n
khi nim Logistics bn th nm (5PL). 5PL pht trin nhm phc v cho

20
Thng mi in t, cc nh cung cp dch v 5PL l cc 3PL v 4PL, ng ra
qun l ton chui phn phi trn nn tng Thng mi in t.
Vic phn loi cc doanh nghip thc hin cung cp dch v logistics nh
trn cn c vo mc phn cng lao ng v tnh chuyn nghip ca cc doanh
nghip ny. Tuy nhin, trn c s nhn nhn dch v logistics khng phi l dch
v n l m l s xu chui, lin kt cc hot ng mang li hiu qu sn xut
kinh doanh, ta nhn thy rng y ch c cc nh cung cp dch v logistic bn
th 3, bn th 4 v bn th 5 mi l nh cung cp dch v logistics thc s.
2.2.2 M hnh 3PL v 4PL
Ngi cung cp dch v logistics bn th 3 theo website Supply Chain
Vision l mt cng ty cung cp cc dch v logistics mang tnh chin thut a
chiu cho khch hng. C th ni cch khc, cc cng ty 3PL l nhng ngi
cung cp cho khch hng ca h cc gii php v logistics v thng tp trung
vo mt mt xch no trong chui cung ng. V cc cng ty 3PL l ngi thay
mt cho ch hng qun l v thc hin cc dch v logistics cho tng b phn
chc nng nn mt ch hng c th quan h vi nhiu nh cung cp dch v
logistics bn th ba, mi nh cung cp dch v 3PL thc hin mt chc nng
khc nhau. Theo c nhiu loi hnh nh cung cp dch v 3PL bao gm: cc
cng ty 3PL hot ng chnh v vn ti, v lu kho v phn phi, v giao nhn,
v ti chnh, v v thng tin.
Khc vi cc cng ty 3PL, nh cung cp dch v 4PL cung cp hot ng hp
tc chin lc vi khch hng ch khng phi l cc gii php v logistics hay
chui cung ng. Theo chuyn gia ca hng t vn Accenture, John Gattorma, 4PL
khc vi 3PL c im: cc cng ty cung cp dch v 4PL thng l mt thc
th ring bit c thnh lp nh l mt lin doanh hay trn c s nhng hp
ng di hn gia khch hng chnh v mt hoc mt s i tc khc. Cc cng ty

21
4PL ng vai tr l cu ni duy nht gia khch hng v cc nh cung cp dch v
khc. Mi phng din trong chui cung ng ca khch hng u c qun l
bi cng ty 4PL. i lc cc cng ty 4PL cng lin kt vi cng ty 3PL cung
cp v hon tt ton b chc nng logistics thu ngoi.
Hnh 1.2. Tn trnh pht trin ca nh cung cp dch v logistics

Ngun: Coyle, Bardi, Langley (2003), The management of Business Logistics - A supply
chain perspective 7
th
Edition.
Cc cng ty 4PL m nhn vai tr qun tr chin lc v vn hnh ton b
chui cung ng. Do , cc cng ty 4PL cn nhiu k nng, ngun lc qun l
nhng thay i ny mt cch hiu qu v em li li ch cho khch hng. Cc
cng ty 4PL cng c th tham gia qun l mt hoc nhiu cng ty 3PL tham gia
vo cung cp dch v logistics cho khch hng. hon thnh vai tr ny, cc
cng ty 4PL cng cn phi thc hin mt s chc nng ca 3PL ngay trong mng
li chui cung ng ca khch hng.

22
3. Ngi tiu dng dch v logistics
p ng nhu cu cung ng nguyn vt liu, phn phi sn phm ngi ta
lun phi t cn nhc: t lm hay i mua dch v v mua ca ai. Ton cu ho
nn kinh t ngy cng su rng th tnh cnh tranh li cng gay gt trong mi lnh
vc ca cuc sng. ti u ho, tng sc cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip, nu
nh trc y, cc ch s hu hng ha ln thng t mnh ng ra t chc v
thc hin cc hot ng logistics p ng nhu cu ca bn thn, th gi y
vic i thu cc dch v logistics bn ngoi tr nn ph bin. Bn cnh nhng
hng sn xut c uy tn gt hi c nhng thnh qu to ln trong hot ng
kinh doanh nh khai thc tt h thng logistics ca chnh mnh, nh: Hawlett -
Packerd, Spokane Company, Ladner Buiding Products, Favoured Blend Coffee
Company, Sun Microsystems, SKF, Procter & Gamble th cng c khng t
cc doanh nghip ang tn dng thnh cng nhng li ch m dch v logistics
thu ngoi mang li.
Trn nguyn tc, tt c cc ch hng khi c nhu cu i vi mt hay nhiu
dch v logistics no cho hng ho ca mnh th u c th tr thnh khch
hng ca cc nh cung cp dch v logistics. Ch hng y c hiu theo
ngha rng ch khng ch theo ngha s hu, bao gm cc ch th sau: cc doanh
nghip sn xut hng ha (manufacturers); cc doanh nghip kinh doanh xut
nhp khu (suppliers); cc nh bn bun (wholesalers); nhng ngi bn l
(retailers); ngi gi hng (consignors); ngi nhn hng (consignees).
Nu phn chia theo nhm cc dch v logistics ch yu c tiu dng th
s tn ti 3 nhm khch hng chnh s dng dch v logistics, l: cc nh sn
xut mua dch v logistics u vo, cc nh phn phi mua dch v logistics u
ra, v bn thn cc nh cung cp dch v logistics khc. Mt doanh nghip kinh
doanh dch v logistics cng c th l khch hng ca cc doanh nghip cung

23
cp dch v khc mt khi doanh nghip ny khng kh nng cung cp dch v
cho khch hng chnh, ngi ch s hu hng ho thc s.
Trong xu th ton cu ho v phn cng lao ng quc t hin nay, khch
hng chnh ca dch v logistics thng l cc cng ty a quc gia. Cc tp on
ny c cc chi nhnh, cc c s sn xut, cung ng v dch v t nhiu ni,
nhiu quc gia khc nhau, do h nht thit phi p dng h thng logistics
ton cu m bo hot ng sn xut kinh doanh t hiu qu cao, khc phc
nh hng ca cc yu t c ly, thi gian v chi ph sn xut. Cc cng ty a
quc gia c xu hng giao trn gi cho cc cng ty logistics thit k v cung cp
ton b dy chuyn cung ng nguyn vt liu v phn phi hng ho cho cng ty
ca h. Cc cng ty ny i khi khng quan trng v gi c tng dch v ring l,
nu c dy chuyn logistics c th lm gim chi ph th h sn sng chp thun.
Cc cng ty ny thng c th b chi ph ln cho dch v logistics, chp thun
gi cao nhng cht lng dch v phi tt. iu ny i hi cc cng ty giao
nhn phi c uy tn v nng lc thc s trong lnh vc logistics.

Nh vy, logistics l mt h thng tng th nhm thc y v ti u qu
trnh lu chuyn ca hng ho, thng tin, tin tgia cc t chc, cc doanh
nghip trong nn kinh t. Nu nh trc y logistics c coi l mt trong
nhng yu t quyt nh cho mt cuc chin th ngy nay, logistics chnh l cng
c cc doanh nghip pht huy nng lc v vn ln trn th trng cnh tranh
ngy cng si ng, vn minh v hin i. Trn bnh din ngnh cng nghip
thng qua hp tc. Mc tiu cn t c ca logistics trn bnh din quc gia l
khai thc tt nht, hiu qu nht mi ngun lc quc gia trong v m, iu chng
ta quan tm l lm sao xy dng mt mng li logistics a dng, uyn chuyn
cho php chuyn ti u b phn sang ti u ton b nhm mc ch ti u hiu

24
qu vng quay tng trng, vng quay thu mua hng ho, sn xut, phn phi
bn hng, vn ti, ti ch v s dng li cc ngun nguyn liu t cc cng ty
n l n ton b cc hot ng vn ti, giao nhn, lu tr hng ho v nhng
hot ng khc c lin quan. lm c iu ny chng ta cn xy dng v
hon thin c s h tng logistics v mt h thng cc vn bn lut kinh t ph
hp iu chnh cc hot ng c lin quan n logistics v dch v logistics.
iu c ngha l to mt mi trng thun li cho s hot ng v pht trin
logistics cng nh dch v logistics.

25
CHNG II: KINH NGHIM PHT TRIN DCH V LOGISTICS
TI MT S NC ASEAN

I. Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics khu vc ASEAN
1. Tnh hnh pht trin kinh t, thng mi khu vc ASEAN
Thc trng pht trin kinh t, thng mi khu vc ASEAN
Hip hi cc quc gia ng Nam (ASEAN) chnh thc ra i vo nm
1967. Hin nay t chc ny bao gm 10 hi vin l: Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippine, Thi Lan, Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, Vit Nam, Lo, Myanma v
Campuchia. Mc tiu hot ng ca ASEAN nh c khng nh r trong
Tuyn b Bangkok ngay t bui u thnh lp, l pht trin kinh t v vn ho,
hp tc thc y tin b x hi ca cc nc thnh vin trn tinh thn duy tr ho
bnh v n nh khu vc.
Trong thp k 90, ASEAN ni ln nh l mt t chc tiu khu vc hot
ng nng n v hu hiu, tuy nhin cuc khng hong kinh t ti chnh t gia
nm 1997 t ra thch thc ln i vi ASEAN. Vt qua khng hong,
ASEAN tr thnh mt th trng u t, thng mi v du lch hp dn, mt i
tc kinh t quan trng ca nhiu nn kinh t ln trn th gii. Cc nn kinh t
ASEAN ang tng trng vng chc vi th trng xp x 500 triu ngi, tng
GDP nm 2006 hn 434,8 t USD/nm. Bn nn kinh t ln l Indonesia, Thi
Lan, Malaysia v Singapore l cc th trng chnh mc d cc nn kinh t nh
hn nh Phillipine v Vit Nam c tc tng trng cao hn.
Hin nay, cc nc trong khu vc ASEAN ang tch cc y mnh hp tc
ni khi vi tng kim ngch thng mi tng gp 3 ln trong thp k qua, t
hn 300 t USD, chim khong 25% tng kim ngch thng mi 1,44 nghn t

26
USD ca ASEAN. Bn cnh , ASEAN cng tch cc hp tc kinh t vi nhiu
quc gia v khu vc trn th gii. Cc i tc thng mi chnh ca ASEAN
hin nay l Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Hn Quc v Lin minh Chu u (EU).
Vi nhng thnh tu t c, ASEAN tin ti xy dng mt cng ng vng
mnh, on kt v gn b, da trn ba tr ct an ninh, kinh t v vn ha x hi.
Trong , Cng ng kinh t ASEAN (AEC) l tr ct chnh to th vng chc cho
ASEAN trong mt khu vc lun an xen li ch v nhng din bin phc tp. Nu
AEC tr thnh hin thc, ASEAN s bc vo ngng hi nhp th ba, chun b
cho s ra i ca lin minh kinh t u tin khu vc chu .
Hp tc pht trin thng mi dch v khu vc ASEAN
Bn cnh thng mi hng ho, thng mi dch v ang c mt vai tr ngy
cng ln hn trong i sng kinh t khu vc. T do ho dch v c tc dng ln
trong vic nng cao tnh cnh tranh v hp dn ca th trng ASEAN, qua ha
hn em li nhiu li ch cho cc nc thnh vin. Ti Hi ngh thng nh
ASEAN ln th 5 din ra ti Thi Lan nm 1995, cc nc ASEAN cng nhau
k kt Hip nh khung v hp tc trong lnh vc dch v (AFAS) vi mc tiu:
y mnh hp tc gia cc nc thnh vin ASEAN trong lnh vc dch
v nhm nng cao hiu qu v kh nng cnh tranh, a dng ho nng lc
sn xut;
Xo b ng k cc ro cn hn ch thng mi dch v gia cc thnh vin;
Thc hin t do ho thng mi dch v bng cch m rng v thc hin
su sc hn nhng cam kt m cc nc a ra ti WTO.
Hi ngh cng la chn 7 lnh vc dch v quan trng l: ti chnh, v
tuyn vin thng, vn ti hng hi, vn ti hng khng, du lch, dch v kinh doanh
v dch v xy dng bc u t do ho thng mi dch v. Theo tinh thn

27
ca Hip nh khung ASEAN v thng mi dch v, n nm 2010 cc nc
ASEAN thc hin cam kt t do ho hon ton cc lnh vc u tin. Cho n nay,
ASEAN kt thc 3 vng m phn, k kt c 4 gi dch v v t ra l trnh
t do ho hon ton th trng dch v khu vc vo nm 2020.

2. Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics khu vc ASEAN
2.1 Thc trng kt cu h tng logistics khu vc ASEAN
Kt cu h tng dch v logistics chnh l cc c s vt cht trang thit b k
thut ch yu k tha t ngnh giao thng vn ti, bao gm: c s h tng vn ti
ng bin, ng b, ng st, ng hng khng v c s h tng cng ngh
thng tin.
H tng vn ti ng bin
ASEAN c mng li cng bin gm 47 cng ln phn b ri rc cc nc
thnh vin. Trong khu vc ch c Lo do nm su trong ni a nn khng c cng
bin, v vy quc gia ny phi s dng cng bin ca cc nc lng ging nh
cng Bangkok v Laem Chabang ca Thi Lan. H thng cng bin trong ASEAN
tng i a dng, t cc cng bin cp quc t phc v thng thng quc t nh
cng Klang (Malaysia) v cng Singapore, ti cc cng c quy m va v nh
ch yu phc v chuyn ch ni a. Tuy nhin, h thng ny vn cn nhiu bt
cp, hu ht cc cng bin khng phi l cng nc su, trang thit b lm hng
cn thiu hin i khng nng lc phc v cho cc tu container c trng ti
10,000 DWT hoc tu 700 TEU.
Bn cnh , mc lin kt chuyn ch hng ho trong container gia cc
cng bin khu vc ng Nam cn cha cao. Ch c mt s cng ca
Singapore, Malaysia v Thi Lan th hin mc kt ni tng i tt vi cc
cng cn li trong khu vc.

28
V s lng phng tin vn ti ng bin, mt nghin cu gn y cho
thy s lng phng tin vn ti ng bin ng k trong ASEAN cn kh
khim tn:
- Tu container: 338 chic
- Tu ch hng, hnh khch: 3954 chic
- Tu ch hng lng (v d tu ch du): 1655 chic
- Tu ch hng trng ti ln: 439 chic
H tng vn ti ng st.
Mng li ng st trong khu vc ng Nam ph rng trn lnh th cc
quc gia vi tng chiu di gn 42.000 km. Trong , hn 23.000 km ng st
nm trong lc a phc v c lc thng thng khu vc, cn cc tuyn ng st
thuc cc qun o ch c vai tr p ng giao thng trong nc. Hin nay, vn ti
ng st mi ch thc hin lin kt ch yu 3 quc gia trong khu vc l
Singapore, Malaysia, Thi Lan v cng cn nhiu hn ch nh vic chuyn ti qua
Malaysia l khng c php.
V c tnh k thut, 95% cc tuyn ng ray trong h thng l tuyn ng
n v hp (1000mm), ngoi tr Philippine v Indonesia s dng tuyn ng ray
c rng 1067 mm. Trng ti cht hng ti a cho php ti Singapore, Malaysia
v Thi Lan l 20 tn cc quc gia cn li con s ny nh hn. Tc ti a cho
php trong chuyn ch hng ho bng ng st ti Malaysia, Thi Lan,
Singappore v Vit Nam l 70km/h, trong khi Myanmar v Campuchia ch cho
php vn tc 45km/h hoc thp hn. Tuy nhin cc tiu chun trong thit k nhiu
khi khng th hin ng tnh trng thc t ca h thng ng st, hu ht ang
nm trong tnh trng xung cp cn phi tu sa. V d Vit Nam, trong khi vn
tc thit k ca ng st c th ln ti 70km/h, nhng vn tc chuyn ch thc t
c lc ch t 30km/h.

29
H tng vn ti ng b
H thng ng quc l khu vc ASEAN bao gm 23 tuyn ng cao tc
vi tng 38.400 km chiu di. Hu ht cc tuyn quc l u c 2 ln ng song
song to iu kin thun li cho chuyn ch hng ho. Song, s lng ng cao
tc cn hn ch v tp trung ch yu Malaysia v Thi Lan, trong khi ng cao
tc ca Indonesia v Philippine th phn ln phc v giao thng ni a hn l
ng vai tr nh tuyn thng thng khu vc. Tnh trng gin on trong vn ti
ng b khi i qua a phn mt s quc gia vn cn xy ra ph bin. Vic
chuyn ti lm tng chi ph vn ti t 100 n 300 USD mt TEU, trong khi ph
qu cnh vo khong t 150 n 200 USD.
H tng vn ti ng hng khng
H thng giao thng ng hng khng trong khu vc ASEAN bao gm 51
sn bay chnh. Ngoi cc sn bay phc v nhu cu chuyn ch ni a, mi quc
gia u c sn bay t tiu chun quc t tham gia vo mng li giao thng hng
khng khu vc. Mng li dch v hng khng trong khu vc hot ng lin tc
v tng i dy c. Mng li dch v giao thng hng khng hin ti bao gm
31 tuyn bay trc tip ni cc a im gia cc quc gia khc nhau trong ni khi
ASEAN, v lin kt vi 45 quc gia ngoi khu vc.
H tng cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng
ng dng cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng trong logistics ch yu cc
giao dch B2G v B2B. Giao dch B2G ch yu lin quan n th tc hi quan v
hin nay mi ch c Singapore v Malaysia thc hin c ct gim hon ton th
tc giy t trong thng quan trong khi cc quc gia khc mi ch s trong giai
on p dng th nghim h thng EDI.

30
Giao dch B2B da trn nn tng m trong o cc doanh nghip sn sng
thc hin vic trao i thng tin vi cc cng ngh p dng ph bin nh sau:
o Cng ngh GPS nhm theo di h thng giao thng trong nc, mi ch
c p dng Malaysia, Thi Lan, Philippine v Indonesia
o Cng ngh RFID cha c s dng rng ri ngoi tr trong mt vi ng
dng c bit cp doanh nghip
o H thng d liu v thng mi v vn ti hon ton cha c ng dng
mc d internet c s dng tt c cc quc gia trong khu vc; thng tin
ch mi c trao i thng qua e-mail, in thoi hay fax.
2.2 Thc trng ngun nhn lc v h thng chnh sch iu chnh dch v
logistics khu vc ASEAN
Ngun nhn lc
Theo kho st, khu vc ASEAN hin nay c ti hn 3.500 cng ty tin hnh
cung cp dch v logistics cc cp khc nhau. l cha k ti cc cng ty
vn ti, cc cng ty lu kho hng ho, v cc hng cung cp cc dch v lin quan
n logistics khc. Hu ht cc nh cung cp dch v ny u c quy m nh vi
ch t 2 n 3 nh qun l. Nh vy theo c tnh hin nay trong khu vc ch c
20.000 chuyn gia trong lnh vc dch v logistics.
Hip hi giao nhn cc nc ASEAN (AFFA) thnh lp nm 1992, n nay
thnh vin ca hip hi l nhng t chc cc nh giao nhn ti hu ht cc quc
gia thnh vin trong khu vc. T khi mi thnh lp, AFFA hot ng nh mt t
chc phi chnh ph (NGO Non Government Organization), c vai tr to ln
trong vic o to ngun nhn lc ngnh dch v logitstics. Mt trong nhng tn
ch hot ng ca AFFA l h tr cc quc gia thnh vin nng cao tiu chun,
cht lng v tnh chuyn nghip trong vic cung cp dch v ca cc nh giao
nhn khu vc.

31
Hin nay trong khu vc ch c Malaysia, Philippine, Singapore v Thi Lan
t chc cc chng trnh o to ngun nhn lc chuyn nghip phc v ngnh
dch v logistics, cc quc gia cn li ch t chc cc kha hc ngn hn v ri rc
khng em li nhiu hiu qu. cp khu vc, Hip hi logistics Singapore
(SLA Singapore Logistics Association) ang a ra mt chng trnh o to
cho cc thnh vin ca AFFA. Mc ch c bn ca chng trnh nhm phc v
nhu cu o to cc nh qun l v cc chuyn vin t vn trong lnh vc dch v
logistics theo mt quy chun nht nh gia cc thnh vin AFFA. Ngoi ra, mt
s t chc quc t ca khu vc nh UNESCAP cng thng xuyn t chc cc
chng trnh o to, cc cuc hi tho v nghin cu v lnh vc dch v
logistics.
Khung php l v cc quy dnh v dch v logistics trong khu vc
Cc Hip nh a phng khu vc
Cho ti nay cc nc trong khu vc ASEAN v ang hon thin i n k
kt ba Hip nh a phng chnh iu chnh trc tip hot ng logistics l:
Hip nh khung v to thun li cho hng ho qu cnh (ASEAN
Framework Agreement on Facilitation of Goods in Transit AFAFGT);
Hip nh khung v to thun li cho vn ti lin khu vc (ASEAN
Framework Agreement on Facilitation of Inter-State Transport AFAFIST);
Hip nh khung v vn ti a phng thc (ASEAN Framework
Agreement on Multimodal Transport AFAMT).
Tuy nhin hin nay mi ch c Hip nh khung v to thun li cho hng ho qu
cnh v Hip nh khung v vn ti a phng thc c k kt pht huy hiu lc.

32
Mi trng php l ti cc quc gia trong khu vc
Nhn chung, khi nim v nh cung cp dch v logistics vn cha c cc
nc trong khu vc nh ngha, ngoi tr Lut thng mi 2005 ca Vit Nam,
nhng bn thn vn bn lut ny cng cn th hin nhiu bt cp. Trong tng lai
nhiu quc gia trong khu vc c xu hng hp nht khi nim nh cung cp
logistics v nh cung cp vn ti a phng thc sao cho ph hp vi Hip nh
khung ASEAN v vn ti a phng thc.
i vi cc nh cung cp dch v logistics nc ngoi, nhn chung cc quc
gia u cng nhn loi hnh ny trong ngnh dch v ca mnh mc d vn cn
nhiu hn ch, in hnh nh trong vic nm gi t l vn gp thnh lp doanh
nghip so vi cng ty trong nc. Ring Singapore c mt mi trng u t rng
m th xo b hon ton cc hn ch ny. a s cc quc gia trong khu vc u
c nhng hn ch trong lnh vc vn ti, y cng l l do chnh dn n vic
Hip nh khung v to thun li cho vn ti lin khu vc vn cn b ng. Hin
nay, vn hp tc trong mt s lnh vc vn ti mi ch t c cp cc
Hip nh a phng gia Malaysia v Brunei, Malaysia v Indonesia.
2.3 Xu hng hp tc pht trin dch v logistics khu vc ASEAN
Trong tng lai, cc ngnh vn ti v logistics hng nng s ng mt vai tr
quan trng trong cc k hoch a ng Nam tr thnh mt th trng chung.
Nm 2007, cc nn kinh t ASEAN cng nhau i n xy dng mt l trnh
hp nht cc dch v vn ti v logistics trong khu vc, m bo mc tiu hnh
thnh th trng chung v hng ho, dch v v u t ca khu vc. Cc bin php
m bo thc thi l trnh ny gm: mt hnh lng logistics vn ti khu vc vi
nhiu cng quc gia khc nhau, t do ho vn chuyn hng khng trong khu vc
vo nm 2008 v t do ho cc dch v vn ti vo nm 2013. Cc xu hng chnh
tr v kinh t v m khc thc y ngnh dch v logistics l bi b thu quan

33
tng bc, thc hin cc tho thun t do ho thng mi theo k hoch gia
ng Nam v cc i tc thng mi quan trng nh Trung Quc, Nht Bn,
Hn Quc v EU, v cc tho thun song phng v vn ti hng ho xuyn bin
gii. Tt c nhng xu hng ny s dn ti y nhanh v thng sut cc th tc
hi quan, kim sot bin gii i vi hng ho c vn ti bng ng khng v
ng b.

II. Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti mt s nc ASEAN
1. Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti Singapore.
1.1 iu kin pht trin kinh t x hi
Nn kinh t Singapore pht trin theo ng li kinh t t bn, s can thip
ca chnh ph vo nn kinh t c gim thiu ti a. Singapore c mi trng
kinh doanh m, tham nhng thp, minh bch ti chnh cao, gi c n nh, da
hon ton vo nn kinh t m bng vic mua cc hng ha cha gia cng v ch
bin xut khu.
Bng 2.1. Cc ch s kinh t ca Singapore giai on 2003 2007
Nm GDP Thu nhp
BQ/ngi/
thng
Tc
tng
trng
T l
lm
pht
Kim ngch
Xut khu
Kim ngch
Nhp khu
Th trng
XNK chnh
2003 108,6 tUSD 25.380 USD 5,2% 0,7% 156,8 t USD 145,1 t USD Malaysia
Hoa K
Nht Bn
Trung Quc
i Loan
Hn Quc
Thi Lan
Hng Kng
2004 116,3 t USD 27.180 USD 7,1% 1,7% 179,8 t USD 164 t USD
2005 124,3 t USD 28.100 USD 6,9% 1% 204,8 t USD 188,3 t USD
2006 131,2 t USD 29.270 USD 5,5% 1% 269,7 t USD 236,8 t USD
2007 137,5 t USD 30.530 USD 4,8% 1,1% 342,5 t USD 288,9 t USD
Ngun: Asian Development Bank (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008), Asian Development
Outlook

34
i ph vi thch thc ca p lc cnh tranh ton cu do nhng tin b
k thut v ton cu ha mang li, Singapore ang tin hnh ci cch c cu
a dng ha, ton cu ha v doanh nghip ha nn kinh t hn na. M rng
quan h quc t s kt ni Singapore vi th trng th gii v cc c hi u t.
Chnh ph Singapore thc y hn na s pht trin ca cc doanh nghip, v
hng n mt nn kinh t tri thc tng trng nh i mi. Ngy nay,
Singapore cn c bit n nh mt trung tm lc du v vn chuyn qu cnh
hng u Chu v trn th gii, l nn kinh t ch yu da vo bun bn v
dch v, l nc i u trong vic chuyn i sang nn kinh t tri thc.
1.2 Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti Singapore
1.2.1 Thc tin th trng
Bit tn dng li th pht trin ca cc cng ty a quc gia (MNCs) thu
ht u t xy dng thnh trung tm logistics, Singapore ni ln nh l mt t
nc i u trong ngnh dch v ny Chu , gi v tr tng t nh v tr ca
H Lan Chu u. Hin nay ngnh logistics ng gp 7% vo GDP ca
Singapore, to ra hn 92.000 vic lm v gi tr gia tng ca mi nhn vin ng
gp trong ngnh ny vo khong 116.000 SDG hng nm. Dch v logistics ti
Singapore c nh gi l pht trin nht khu vc vi hm lng cng ngh cao
v hin i c ng dng hu ht cc khu trong h thng logistics.
Nhng nm 80 ca th k trc, qu trnh sn xut bt u c chuyn dch
t nhng nc c chi ph cao nh Nht Bn sang ni c chi ph thp hn nh cc
nc trong khu vc ASEAN. Ti thi im , chnh ph Singapore bt tay
vo xy dng v pht trin t nc tr thnh trung tm trung chuyn cc loi
hng ho c xut x t Singapore sang mt s nc lng ging trong khu vc nh
Malaysia, Indonesia, Thi Lan v ngc li. Singapore ch ng khuyn khch cc
cng ty a quc gia v cc nh cung cp dch v logistics quc t t tr s hot

35
ng v thit lp h thng phn phi ton cu ti Singapore thng qua hng lot
cc chnh sch u i v d nh min thu cho cc cng ty mi thnh lp.
Hin nay, Singapore quy t y h tng c s pht trin ngnh dch v
logistics. Singapore s hu cng bin v sn bay tm c th gii, h thng c s
h tng hin i, mng li vin thng hiu qu, mi trng kinh doanh chuyn
nghip, mc s dng cng ngh thng tin trn phm vi rng, nng lc phc v
ca ngnh dch v logistics tng i ln, lc lng lao ng c o to
chuyn nghip v c k nng. S phi kt hp nhng yu t ny gip
Singapore tr thnh mt trung tm thng mi quc t hin i, lm nn tng hot
ng cho mt lng ln cc cng ty a quc gia v cc cng ty trong khu vc.
Hn 5000 cng ty a quc gia chn Singapore nh l trung tm phn phi v
trung tm logistics ca h ng Nam , trong khi c 6000 cng ty logistics
ang hot ng Singapore cung cp dch v vn ti, giao nhn, kho hng v
phn phi cho cc cng ty a quc gia ny. Hu ht cc cng ty logistics hng u
th gii u t vn phng ti Singapore nh Schenker, Keppel Logistics, APL
Logistics, Maersk Logistics, Excel Logistics, UPS Logistics,
Singapore l mt t nc rt nh b Chu song y li l nc tin
phong ca Chu trong lnh vc logistics. Tuy nhin khng phi khng cn tn
ti nhng nhc im trong ngnh dch v logistics. Singapore c din tch t
nhin v th trng ni a nh hp dn ti gi c dch v cao so vi mt bng th
gii v cng phn no hn ch quy m ca cc cng ty cung cp dch v logistics
trong nc. Theo s liu thng k nm 2004, 65% cc cng ty hot ng trong
ngnh ti Singapore c doanh thu di 1 triu SDG. Cc cng ty doanh thu trn 5
triu SDG ch chim 8% s lng doanh nghip hot ng trong ngnh nhng
ng gp 75% gi tr gia tng ca ngnh dch v ny.

36
Theo nh gi ca cc nh phn tch, dch v logistics ti Singapore cn t
on trong dch v khch hng cha hiu qu so vi mt s trung tm pht
trin khc trn th gii nh H Lan, Hng Kng, v M. Tuy chnh ph Singapore
rt ch trng n cng tc o to ngun nhn lc nhng a phn i ng ny cn
tr cha c nhiu kinh nghim. Bn cnh , hot ng marketing qung b
Singapore nh mt trung tm giao thng ln ca th gii cn hn ch.
Trong xu th hi nhp hin nay, Singapore ang gp phi s cnh tranh gay
gt t pha cc quc gia lng ging v trong khu vc. Hng Kng vn l trm
trung chuyn hng ho truyn thng ca Chu hin cng ang u t pht trin
dch v logistics v hnh thnh U ban pht trin logistics chuyn trch v lnh
vc ny. i Loan ang phc tho k hoch pht trin mt trung tm logistics
trng im ca th gii qua hng lot cc gii php y mnh thng mi in t,
ci cch hi quan v ci thin c s h tng x hi. Malaysia, Thi Lan, Phillipines
cng ang huy ng ht cc ngun lc trong v ngoi nc nng cp c s h
tng logistics, tng cng nng lc cnh tranh v thu ht u t ca th gii.
1.2.2 Chng trnh pht trin dch v logistics ti Singapore
Hin nay, chnh ph Singapore xc nh logistics l mt trong bn ngnh
chnh to nn s tng trng trong thin nin k mi. Nm 1997 chnh ph
Singapore a ra chng trnh ng dng v nng cao lnh vc dch v logistics
(Logistics Enhancement and Application Program LEAP) vi bn c im sau:
Pht trin nhng b quyt mang tnh k thut;
Pht trin ngun nhn lc;
Pht trin c s h tng;
Ci tin quy trnh kinh doanh;

37
Mi trng kinh doanh hin nay ti Singapore t mc t do ho rt cao
v ngy cng rng m. Hin nay Singapore hu nh khng p dng bt c hn ch
hay phn bit i x no trong vic cp php thnh lp cc cng ty vn ti a
phng thc hay cng ty logistics trong nc ln nc ngoi. Singapore cng
thc hin vic i x bnh ng i vi cc doanh nghip nc ngoi th hin
vic khng duy tr nhiu hn ch i vi ngun vn u t nc ngoi nh
nhiu quc gia khc trong khu vc ang p dng.
Mt trong nhng trng tm ca chng trnh pht trin dch v logistics ti
Singapore l ch trng n o to ngun nhn lc c cht lng cao. C quan
ng vai tr quan trng nht i vi s pht trin ngnh dch v logistics v c s
mng a Singapore tr thnh trung tm logistics tm c th gii chnh l Hip
hi Logistics Singapore (SLA Singapore Logistocs Association). Song song vi
nhim v h tr v pht trin hot ng logistics, SLA cng y mnh chng
trnh o to, hun luyn nhm pht trin theo hng chuyn nghip i ng lao
ng trong ngnh logistics, coi y l mt trong nhng mc tiu chnh c ngha
rt quan trng trong chin lc y mnh pht trin dch v logistics Singapore.
1.2.3 C s h tng logistics hin i
Ch trng u t vo c s h tng, xy dng cng bin v sn bay tr thnh
u mi phn phi quan trng l tm im trong k hoch pht trin Singapore
thnh trung tm logistics ca th gii.
Trung tm phn phi ng bin (Shipping Hub)
H thng cng bin ca Singapore c nh gi l thu ht nhiu tu thuyn
qua li nht khu vc Chu , l ni trung chuyn ca hn 400 hng tu ln trn
th gii v lin kt hn 700 cng ca trn 130 quc gia. Bn cnh , Singapore
c mt h thng kho bi c u t v trang b rt hin i, phn ln c tin
hc ho. Thit b xp d hng v thit b cu cng u hin i v hot ng rt

38
hiu qu nh s iu khin ca h thng truyn d liu in t (EDI Electronic
Data Interchange). Cng Singapore cn thit lp h thng phn loi hng ho c
tc x l nhanh, gn vi cc trung tm logistics v kt ni vi 6 trm phn phi
chnh t ti Tanjong Pagar, Keppel, Brani, Pasir Panjang, Sembawang v Jurong.
Cc trm phn phi ny u c th phc v cho cc loi phng tin vn ti bin
t tu ch hng nh, tu container cho n cc tu c trng ti ln. Dch v chnh
c cung cp ti cng Singapore bao gm: dch v xp d hng ha, dch v lu
kho hng, phn phi v cung cp tu ch hng.
Cng Singapore cng l mt trong nhng cng nhn nhp nht th gii v
container, c mc tng trng hng nm t 4,2% n 6,6%. Nm 2007, s lng
container c vn chuyn qua cng Singapore 27,9 triu chic tng 12,7% so vi
24,8 triu container nm 2006. Tng s tu n cng nm 2007 l 182.745 tu vi
tng trng ti l 1.242 triu tn, tng 11% so vi nm 2006, doanh s bn nhin
liu tng 11,2%. Theo tp ch Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore, 2003,
i tu ca Singapore gm 3000 chic vi tng trng ti l 23 triu tn, c tui
trung bnh l 11, ng th 7 th gii v th nht chu . Nm 2007, chnh ph
Singapore chi 1,4 t USD m rng sc cha cng ln 40% trong 5 nm nhm
theo kp vi lng hng cao hn t thng mi ton cu.
Trung tm phn phi ng hng khng (Aviation Hub)
Sn bay quc gia Singapore Changi Airport c din tch 1300 ha, cch
trung tm thng mi ca Singapore 20 km v pha ng bc. Sn bay ni vi
hn 150 thnh ph thuc 50 quc gia trn th gii, s dng 13000 nhn cng v
ng gp ng k cho nn kinh t ca o quc. V c s h tng, Changi c 2
ng bng song song, c hai ng bng ny u c trang b H thng h
cnh c iu khin (Instrument Landing Systems) hng dn my bay trong mi
iu kin thi tit. Singapore Changi Airport c 2 nh ga kt ni bng h thng

39
di chuyn bng bng chuyn. Mt nh ga th 3 c xy dng v hon
thnh vo thng 2 nm 2008. Mt nh ga cho cc hng hng khng gi r
c xy v m ca thng 3/2005. y l mt trong nhng sn bay vn chuyn
hng ha hng u th gii - 1.854.610 tn hng nm 2005 tng 3,3% so vi nm
trc, l trung tm trung chuyn hng ho bng ng hng khng ng th 10
trn th gii v th 5 ca Chu .
Vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin l mt c im ni bt ca Changi
Airpport. phc v chuyn ch hng ho bng ng hng khng, Changi
Airport c trang b cc thit b hin i nh H thng truyn d liu in t hng
khng (ACES Air Cargo EDI System), H thng thng quan trc cho hng ho
v vn chuyn hng nhanh (ACCESS The Advance Clearance for Courier and
Express Shipment System), H thng thanh ton v ho n in t (EPIC The
Electronic Payment and Invoicing for Cargo), v.v...
H thng vn ti ng b
H thng giao thng ng b ti Singapore kh tt. m bo cc phng
tin lu thng lin tc, chnh ph Singapore p dng ng thi nhiu bin php
nh gii hn nghim ngt s lng xe t lu hnh trn ng, nh thu vo gi
thnh xe t, tnh ph in t khi tham gia giao thng v u t vo h thng giao
thng cng cng. Trong h thng tnh ph in t c Chnh ph Singapore
a vo s dng t nm 1998 t ra c hiu qu hn c. Theo cc nh qun l, khi
vic tnh ph ny c p dng, lng xe lu hnh trong thi gian tnh ph gim
ti 50%.
H thng tu in cao tc (MRT) vi tng chiu di 138km ph dy trung
tm pha ng nam v mt phn ty bc o quc gp phn phc v nhu cu i li
ca phn ln dn c. Cui nm 2006, chnh ph Singapore ln k hoch m rng
h thng tu in cao tc hin c n nm 2020, c tnh u t ca chnh ph

40
cho chng trnh ny l 40 t SGD (khong 28 t USD). Tuy nhin, vi din tch
t nc rt nh, vn ti ng b trong ni a Singapore thng ngn v khng
phc tp, do cng khng ng vai tr quan trng nh cc phng thc vn
chuyn khc.
V vn chuyn ng st. t nc Singapore c din tch nh hp nn
khng c iu kin xy dng mng li ng st quc gia. Mt tuyn ng xe
ho chy qua eo bin Johor ni lin Singapore vi h thng ng xe ho
Malaysia.
Mng li cng thng tin (Portnet)
Mt trong nhng chin lc c chnh ph Singapore quan tm l u t
ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong hot ng logistics nhm a Singapore tr
thnh mt trc E-logistics hng u th gii. Singapore a vo p dng mng
li cng thng tin trong ngnh logistics (Portnet). Mng li ny gip cc hng
tu, cc nh vn ti, cc nh giao nhn hng n cc c quan chnh ph qun l
thng tin tt hn. Portnet s dng cng ngh thng tin n gin, ng b ha
v thc hin tng tc gia cc quy trnh phc tp nh vn chuyn v theo di
hng. Portnet cng khin cho vic chuyn giao thng tin hiu qu hn. Cc i tc
nc ngoi c th ln k hoch cho hng ho Singapore v thng tin sau
c chuyn n tt c cc bn lin quan. ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong
logistics ti Singapore lin quan ti 3 lnh vc:
- Cng ngh thng tin mng dng cho dng thng tin v dng tin, bao gm
cc ng dng: H thng trao i d liu in t - EDI cho php trao i dng
thng tin kinh doanh, H thng nh v ton cu GPS l cng ngh lu li hnh
trnh ca xe ti v hng ho, Mng LAN - Mng ni b hu tuyn v v tuyn,...
- Cng ngh AIDC (cng ngh thu thp d liu v xc minh t ng) v cng
ngh mng thc hin vic chng nhn v x l dng sn phm. Cng ngh

41
AIDC ti Singapore c th l ng dng cng ngh RFID - phng thc c v
vit thng tin v tuyn t mt nhn hng ho, l mt phng thc xc minh hng
ho ph bin v hu hiu
- Cng ngh h tr lp k hoch, thc hin v qun tr logistics

2. Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti Malaysia
Nm v tr trung tm ca ng Nam , lnh th gm 2 phn cch nhau
531km, lin bang Malaysia c rt nhiu iu kin thun li v a l pht trin
dch v logistics.
Malaysia vn l mt nc nng nghip lc hu, nhng nh thc hin chnh
sch kinh t mi vi mc tiu c cu li nn kinh t. Hin nay, Malaysia ang
chuyn dn sang nn kinh t m khu vc t nhn nm vai tr ch o. Malaysia
cng l mt nn kinh t m nhng khc vi Singapore, Malaysia c sn lng ti
nguyn di do, iu kin t nhin cho php pht trin nn kinh t vi c cu c
3 lnh vc cng nghip, nng nghip v dch v.
Bng 2.2. Cc ch s kinh t ca Malaysia giai on 2003 - 2007
Nm GDP Thu nhp
BQ/ngi/
thng
Tc
tng
trng
T l
lm
pht
Kim ngch
Xut khu
Kim ngch
Nhp khu
Th trng
XNK chnh
2003 108,2 t USD 3.450 USD 5,2% 1,2% 113,8 t USD 95,6 t USD Singapore
Nht Bn
Trung Quc
Hoa K
Thi Lan
Hn Quc
Hng Kng
2005 122 t USD 3.880 USD 5,3% 1,3% 141,1 t USD 118,7 t USD
2006 129,2 t USD 4.010 USD 5,9% 1,3% 158 t USD 131,8 t USD
Outlook

42
Kinh t Malaysia hin nay ang ngy cng hi nhp su vo th trng th
gii. Malaysia ang pht trin da trn cc nn tng vng chc nh h thng ngn
hng ti chnh mnh, t l tht nghip thp, d tr ngoi t cao, cn cn thanh ton
hp l v thng d thng mi cao lun c duy tr.

2.2 Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti Malaysia
Vai tr quan trng ca ngnh dch v logistics ang ngy cng c cng
nhn Malaysia. Hin nay ngnh dch v logistics c coi nh mt ngnh c
lp gi vai tr chin lc trong pht trin kinh t hn l mt ngnh c tnh cht
ph tr nh quan im nhn nhn trc y.
Nm 2005, doanh thu ca ngnh dch v logistics ng gp t 23,2 t ringgit
tng ng vi 8,8% GDP ca Malaysia. Vi chnh sch khuyn khch u t
mnh m, trong nm 2006 ngnh dch v ny thu ht ngun vn u t ln ti 46
t ringgit ti tr cho 1007 d n.
Malaysia ang vn ln cnh tranh vi Singapore tr thnh mt trung tm
vn ti bin v logistics trong khu vc. Nhiu cng ty vn ti bin chuyn tr
s lm vic ti Singapore sang Malaysia nh tp on vn ti bin China Shipping
Group (CSG) ca Trung Quc chuyn tr s sang cng Westport Port Klang
(Malaysia), cng ty vn ti bin Maersk Sealand ca an Mch v Cng ty
Evergreen ca i Loan chuyn tr s n cng Tanjung Pelepas ca Malaysia.
CSG d bo khi lng vn chuyn hng ho ca cng ty ny qua cng Westport
ca Malaysia s tng t 300.000 TEU nm 2004 ln 350.000 TEU nm 2005 v
phn u n nm 2010, CSG s tr thnh mt trong 3 tp on vn chuyn
container hng u th gii. Ngy nay, Malaysia, cc nh cung cp dch v
logistics tn ti ch yu di dng cc cng ty cung cp dch v n l v d nh

43
cc cng ty giao nhn kho vn, cc cng ty vn ti v cc cng ty lm dch v
lu kho hng ha. C khong 22,000 cng ty hot ng trong lnh vc logistics
ti Malaysia di rt nhiu loi hnh hot ng.
2.2.2 Chng trnh pht trin dch v logistics ti Malaysia
Nhn nh c vai tr quan trng ca ngnh dch v logistics i vi nn
kinh t quc dn, chnh ph Malaysia xy dng chng trnh pht trin di hn
ngnh dch v logistics n nm 2020. Chng trnh ny nm trong Tng k
hoch pht trin cng nghip t 3 (Third Industrial Master Plan IMP3) giai
on 2006 2020 ca chnh ph Malaysia vi cc mc tiu c th nh sau:
Tc tng trng ton ngnh t 8,6% trong c giai on k hoch;
c tnh ng gp ca ngnh logistics vo GDP nm 2020 l 12,1%;
Tng khi lng chuyn ch hng ho bng ng bin ln gp hn 3 ln,
t 252,6 triu tn nm 2005 ln ti 751 triu tn vo nm 2020;
Tng khi lng chuyn ch hng ho bng ng hng khng ln gp 2
ln, t 1 triu tn nm 2005 ln 2,4 triu tn nm 2020;
Tng khi lng vn chuyn hng ho bng ng st v ng b ln gp
4 ln, t 4 triu tn nm 2005 ln ti 18,6 triu tn nm 2020.
K hoch IMP3 ra nh hng mang tnh chin lc i vi pht trin dch
v logistics vi vi ni dun ch yu nh sau:
To ra tnh hiu qu v cnh tranh trong ni b ngnh dch v logistics to
thc y cng cuc cng nghip ho ti Malaysia
Pht trin ngnh dch v logistics, c bit l a dng ho cc loi hnh
phng tin vn ti hot ng trong mi trng quc t cnh tranh
Nng cao sc cha v kh nng phc v ca ngnh thc y s tham gia
vo chui cung ng ton cu

44
Tng cng ng dng cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng hin i
m bo ngun cung nhn lc tng xng v c trnh
Tng cng sc mnh cho chng trnh ny thng qua hp tc hot ng
ca cc c quan lin b. Ln k hoch, hot ng v qun l chnh sch v
nh gi nh hng ca ngnh dch v logistics.
thc y pht trin u t sang lnh vc dch v logistics tng hp, chnh
ph Malaysia ang tin hnh cc bin php u i thu khuyn khch u t
vo khu vc ny. Tnh n thi im hin nay, chnh ph Malaysia u t
744.7 triu ringgit cho 12 cng ty trong nc chuyn m hnh hot ng cung
cp cc loi hnh dch v logistics tch hp. Bn cnh , t nm 2002 chnh ph
Malaysia ch trng khuyn khch cc cng ty giao nhn, cng ty vn ti hp
nht vi nhau tr thnh nh cung cp dch v logistics bn th ba.
Chnh ph Malaysia cng khuyn khch cc cng ty a phng u t ra
nc ngoi tham gia vo chui cung ng ton cu. Nm 2005, cng ty logistics
IDS ca Malaysia tin hnh cc hot ng logistic tng hp quc t vi s vn
u t 44.5 triu ringgit m rng hot ng Trung Quc, Vit Nam, Thi
Lan. Cung cp cc dch v bao gm qun l hng tn kho, qun tr logistic, vn ti
v phn phi.
2.2.4 C s h tng logistics ti Malaysia
H thng h tng vn ti c u t ng b v ton din
Vi c trng ring v a hnh b chia ct thnh 2 khu vc, vic m bo cho
hot ng vn ti thng sut trong ni a Malaysia gp khng t kh khn.
khc phc kh khn ny, Malaysia c bit ch trng vo h thng giao thng
ng b v ng st.

45
Malaysia s hu mt h thng giao thng ng b rng vi tng chiu di
79,000 km v c cht lng tt vo loi s mt chu . Tuyn ng cao tc Bc-
Nam nm trn bn o Peninsular pha ty ca Malaysia l tuyn ng c c s
h tng vn ti ln nht c nc, lin kt cc khu cng nghip chnh vi thnh ph
trung tm Peninsular. Hng lot cc ng cao tc cng lin kt vi cc trung tm
pht trin vi cng bin, sn bay v ga xe la xuyn sut bn o Peninsular, cung
cp cc phng thc vn ti hiu qu trong chuyn ch hng ho. Tuyn ng
cao tc ng-Ty l mt phn ca h thng ng cao tc ASEAN kt ni Thi
Lan vi Malaysia. Tuy nhin tc nghn giao thng vn xy ra Malaysia khi tc
xy dng ng b khng theo kp vi tc gia tng cc phng tin vn ti.
hn ch s lng xe tham gia giao thng, chnh ph Malaysia a vo h
thng giao thng cng cng (xe but, taxi, tu in). Bn cnh , Malaysia thc
hin hp l ho cc tuyn ng v cung cp cc thit b ph tr nh h thng cc
ga, trm, tn hiu giao thng v h thng thng tin trn cc tuyn ng.
H thng ng st c trang b hin i ng vai tr huyt mch trong h
thng giao thng vn ti ni a ca Malaysia. T mt ng ray u tin c
xy dng vo nm 1885 ni th trn Taiping ti cng Weld, ngy nay h thng
ng st ca Malaysia pht trin thnh mt mng li vi 2.262 km chiu di
pht trin song song vi nhp tng trng kinh t v thnh vng ca Malaysia.
Hn na, chnh ph Malaysia ln k hoch tip tc chi 6,8 t ringgit m rng
mng li ng st v nng cao cht lng dch v vn ti trong ngnh ng
st giai on 2006 2010.
Dch v vn ti ng st Malaysia bao gm h thng chuyn ti hng nh
lin kt 5 thnh ph, h thng ng ray c in kh ho qua cc bang, cc d
n ng ray c m rng ni vi cng bin. hon thin h thng ng cao
tc ca Malaysia, dch v vn chuyn container Kuala Lumpur Bangkok Kuala

46
Lumpur c bit n nh l mt bc i u tin cho tuyn vn chuyn hng
nhanh bng ng st ca khu vc ASEAN vi mc tiu m rng tuyn ng
ny tr thnh tuyn ng st lin kt chuyn ti Chu i qua a phn Singapore,
Vit Nam, Campuchia, Lo, Myanmar v kt thc ti Cn Minh, Trung Quc.
B tr cc cng container ni a (ICD) nh l cc im lin kt cc loi hnh
vn ti
Cc trm container l ni giao nhn v bo qun hng ho bng container.
y c th tin hnh c vic sa cha v container, tin hnh th tc hi quan,
kim tra v gim st hng ho xut nhp khu. Cc trm container ny c b tr
im nm su trong ni a, ngi ta gi l cng cn (Inland Clearance Depot
ICD) hay cng thng quan ni a. Vic pht trin cc ICD ng vai tr quan
trng trong vic nng cp v lin kt cc phng tin vn ti mang li hiu qu
trong phn phi hng ho. iu ny c bit ng vi mt quc gia c nhu cu
vn chuyn hng ho trong container gia tng nhanh chng v c nhiu loi a
hnh chuyn ch nh Malaysia. Trc y, Malaysia cc khu cha container ch
yu c b tr trong cc cng ln. Tuy nhin, hin nay vi chnh sch thc y
tng trng kinh t ni a thc y xy dng cc trm container nm bn
ngoi cc cng ln khng nhng m bo phn phi hng ho trong ni a m
cn c vai tr to ln trong vic h tr cc cng chnh.
Hin nay, bn o Peninsular ca Malaysia c bao ph bi mng li
ng cao tc hin i lin thng cc tnh thnh trn c nc, y cng l nhn t
thc y pht trin cc trm container. 5 trm container v cng ni a chnh
c b tr nh sau:

47
Trm container Ipoh phc v khu kinh t Kinta Valley ca tnh Perak;
Trm container Padang Besar nm st bin gii Malaysia Thi Lan kt
hp vi tuyn ng st lin kt gia hai quc gia to ra mi thng thng
gia hai nc;
Cng ni a Nilai, t ti khu vc pha bc cng Klang ch yu l phc
v cc ch hng khu vc pha bc Klang Valley, cc khu cng nghip
quanh Senawang v sn bay quc t Kuala Lumpur.
Cng ni a Segamat c tm nh hng chin lc i vi tuyt ng st
huyt mch lin kt b bin pha ng v pha ty ca bn o Peninsular,
c th h tr cng Johor v cng Tanjung Pelepas khu vc pha nam.
Tt c cc trm container v cc cng ni a ny u c lin kt vi cc
tuyn ng st, ng b, cc cng tng khu vc ring m bo vic lun
chuyn vo v ra mt cch thng sut. Cc trm container v cng ni a ny u
c cung cp cc dch v hi quan, to iu kin thun li cho qua trnh thng
quan hng ho trc khi chng c chuyn ch ti cc cng lm th tc xut
hay nhp khu, trnh gy n tc ti cng.
T khi cc cng ty vn ti ng b v cc cng ty giao nhn c php
tham gia s hu cc khu cha container Malaysia, h bt u c c hi m rng
chc nng hot ng ca mnh bng cch cung cp rt nhiu cc loi hnh dch v
gi tr gia tng a dng bn cnh cc dch v truyn thng.
Xy dng cc khu thng mi t do (Free Commercial Zone FCZ) vi vai tr
h tr cc cng chnh tr thnh trung tm chuyn ti trong khu vc
Mc ch ca chnh ph Malaysia trong vic xy dng cc khu thng mi
t do, nhm to ra mt c huch cho cc hot ng thng mi, u t, du lch
v dch v ti cc a im c v tr thun li v a l vi cc quc gia khc ti

48
ng Nam , nhm lun chuyn hng ho n cc nc trong khu vc. Vi n
lc a cng Klang (Westport v Northport) thnh trung tm chuyn ti ca
khu vc, chnh ph Malaysia quyt nh lp cng Klang thnh khu thng
mi T do. Nhng cng khc c hng quy ch Khu thng mi t do l cng
Penang v cng Johor.
Trong cc khu thng mi t do, chnh ph Malaysia cho php thc hin cc
hot ng nh: chuyn ti, phn phi hng ho trong khu vc; cc hot ng
thng mi; lu kho hng ho; kim tra v ly mu; v cc dch v gi tr gia tng
nh ng gi v ti ng gi, dn nhn, lp t, sa cha hng trong qu trnh lu
kho hoc chuyn ti, xp hng, phn loi v hp nht hng ho. Hng ho lu
chuyn trong khu thng mi t do c min ph hi quan, min ph lu kho,
min thu cho hng ho nc ngoi chuyn ti qua cng.
Nh vy, hot ng ca khu t do thng mi em li nhiu li ch nh: tit
kim chi ph qua gim c gi thnh sn phm, gim cc ro cn trong qua
trnh chuyn ti v ti xut khu, n gin ho cc th tc. iu ny ph hp vi
mc tiu ca Malaysia l thc y thng mi phn phi v thc y vic thnh
lp cc trung tm thu mua hng ho quc t ca cc cng ty a quc gia cc
cng trong nc.

3. Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti Thi Lan
Nm gia khu vc ng Nam , Thi Lan c chung ng bin gii vi
nhiu nc nh Lo, Myanmar, Campuchia v Malaysia, ng thi cng tip gip
vi Vnh Thi Lan pha ng v n Dng pha ty. V tr ny cho php
Thi Lan c th pht trin thnh cng dch v logistics.

49
Trong nhng nm gn y nn kinh t Thi Lan c xu hng tng trng
mnh tuy vn hm cha nhiu ri ro. Thng mi quc t ng vai tr dc bit
quan trng i vi s pht trin kinh t nhanh chng ca Thi Lan trong 3 thp k
qua. Kim ngch xut nhp khu hin nay chim hn 80% gi tr tng sn phm
quc ni ca Thi Lan.
Bng 2.3. Cc ch s kinh t Thi Lan giai on 2003 - 2007
Nm GDP Thu nhp
BQ/ngi/
thng
Tc
tng
trng
T l
lm
pht
Kim ngch
Xut khu
Kim ngch
Nhp khu
Th trng
XNK chnh
2003 168 t USD 2499 USD 4,6% 3% 68,6 t USD 64,3 t USD Nht Bn
Trung Quc
Hoa K
Malaysia
n
Singapore
i Loan
2004 176 t USD 2615 USD 4,8% 2,1% 96,1 t USD 94,4 t USD
2005 183,9 tUSD 2736 USD 4,5% 1,4% 105,8 t USD 107 t USD
2006 193,3 t USD 2817 USD 5,1% 1,2% 116,4 t USD 118,8 t USD
2007 202,1 t USD 2998 USD 4,9% 1,5% 126,8 t USD 130,6 t USD
Outlook
Chnh ph hin nay ca Thi Lan c bit quan tm n vic tng cng sc
mnh kinh t ni lc ng thi hi nhp su rng hn na vo nn kinh t ton
cu. M hnh pht trin song song hai chiu u t tiu dng trong nc v xut
khu hng ho, dch v nhm to sc mnh v nng cao mi lin kt hiu qu gia
nn kinh t trong nc v th trng ton cu.
3.2 Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti Thi Lan
Theo nghin cu ca U ban pht trin Kinh t v X hi Quc gia Thi
Lan, trong 5 nm t 2000 n 2004, tng chi ph logistics ca Thi Lan gim t
mc chim 21,8% GDP vo nm 2000 xung cn 15,6% vo nm 2004. C c
kt qu kh quan ny l do gia tng nhn thc v vai tr ca logistics v n lc

50
ca cc doanh nghip trong vic qun l chi ph logistics. Chi ph logistics trong
nm 2005 tng nh chim 16% GDP do cc tc ng khch quan m c bit l s
tng mnh ca gi du th gii. Tuy nhin, chi ph logistics ti Thi Lan vn b
xem l kh cao nu em so snh vi chi ph logistics ti mt s nc pht trin.
Theo nu gim chi ph logistics s tng ng k tnh cnh tranh ca cc loi
hng ho v dch v ca Thi Lan trn th trng quc t.
Hnh 2.1. Chi ph logistics ti Thi Lan trong tng quan so snh vi
mt s nc trn th gii
9%
11%
11%
13%
21%
16%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
USA
Japan
EU
India
Thailand
China

Ngun: Kamonchanok Suthiwartnarueput The University of Chulalongkorn, Bangkok,
Thailand (2007), The current situation of Thailands logistics.
Ngnh dch v logistics ca Thi Lan hin nay mi ch dng li giai on
pht trin thp nht ca logistics, giai on phn phi vt cht (Physical
Distribution). Hu ht cc cng ty logistics trong nc ch tp trung vo khu
phn phi hng ho hoc dch v, thiu cc loi hnh dch v mang tnh tch hp.
Bn cnh , vic p dng cng ngh thng tin trong ngnh cn hn ch, cc cng
ty kinh doanh dch v logistics cn t, thiu s phi hp gia cc phng thc vn
ti, thiu cc quy nh php l iu chnh loi hnh dch v ny.

51
Theo U ban Pht trin Kinh t v X hi Quc gia - Thi Lan, c rt nhiu
nhn t nh hng ti qu trnh pht trin ngnh dch v logistics ti Thi Lan bao
gm:
Cc nhn t tc ng bn ngoi nh: s xut hin xu hng mi trong thng
mi quc t vi mc tham gia ca cc nc ang pht trin ngy cng su
v rng, xu hng pht trin i trc ca cng ngh; s leo thang ca gi c
nng lng; hi nhp kinh t khu vc ngy cng tr nn ph bin.
Cc nhn t tc ng t bn trong nh: vn tc nghn giao thng trn cc
tuyn ng chnh v s lin kt trong ni a cha ph hp; tn ti qu nhiu
cc loi giy t trong qu trnh xut khu; vic qun l logistics km hiu qu
trong khu vc sn xut; cc nh cung cp dch v trong nc hu ht ch cung
cp dch v c gi tr gia tng thp v khng mang tnh cnh tranh; thiu i
ng cc chuyn gia trong ngnh dch v logistics v ngun nhn lc trong cc
doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v.
3.2.2 Chng trnh pht trin dch v logistics ti Thi Lan
Trc nhn thc vai tr c bit quan trng ca ngnh dch v logistics nh
l mt ngnh kinh t c lp nh hng ln n thng mi quc gia ni ring v
s pht trin kinh t bn vng ca quc gia ni chung, chnh ph Thi Lan thy
cn tht phi xy dng chin lc pht trin cho ngnh dch v ny. y l mt
chin lc ngn hn c trin khai thc hin trong 5 nm t 2006 n 2010 vi
hai mc tiu c bn l:
Th nht, xy dng ngnh dch v logistics c cht lng dch v cao vi chi
ph c gim thiu ng k. Dch v phi bao ph trn c nc, ng thi gian
v thng sut, m bo an ton cho hng ho trnh cc tn tht ng thi tch hp
cc dch v gi tr gia tng. Tin hnh ct gim chi ph mi khu vn chuyn v

52
lu kho hng ho, iu hnh qun l, thng quan ng thi trnh cc chi ph bi
thng tn tht, mt mt hng ho trong chuyn ch, v.v
Th hai, xy dng chin lc cng nhm phi hp hot ng v qun l mt
cch thng nht, trnh chng cho ca c quan qun l nh nc, iu chnh cc
loi hnh hot ng kinh t t nhn vn tn ti di nhiu loi hnh, trnh xung
t v li ch kinh t.
Do , phm vi iu chnh ca chin lc tng i rng, bao gm:
Cc chnh sch, nguyn tc iu chnh hot ng kinh doanh dch v logistics;
Vic gim st tnh hiu qu ca ngnh dch v logistics;
Qu trnh tham gia ca cc ch th trong ngnh dch v: ngi cung cp v
ngi tiu dng dch v, nh cung cp h tng v dch v cng cng (v d
nh dch v hi quan), chnh quyn a phng, cc b phn hoch nh
chnh sch ca chnh ph;
H tng ti chnh, chnh sch v gi v chi ph, cc u tin u t vo c s
h tng ca chnh ph, cc k hoch s dng t ai cho cc hnh lang vn
ti, cc trung tm logistics;
B my qun l v kim sot.
Chin lc pht trin dch v logistics ti Thi Lan giai on 2006 - 2010 tp
trung ch yu vo mc tiu ct gim chi ph logistics v xy dng mt d n trin
khai p dng E-logistics hiu qu.
Cc bin php ct gim chi ph logistics
Thi Lan xy dng k hoch ct gim chi ph chi tit v c th cho tng
hot ng logistics. Theo , n cui giai on thc hin k hoch vo nm 2010
chi ph logistics ch cn chim 13% GDP ca Thi Lan. Chi ph logistics bao gm
3 b phn cu thnh chnh l: chi ph vn ti, chi ph lu kho hng ho v chi

53
ph qun l. Tit kim tng loi chi ph b phn s dn n gim thiu c chi
ph logistics tng th. Chnh ph t mc tiu gim chi ph vn ti, chi ph hng
tn kho v lu kho hng ho t 7,3% v 7,2% xung cn 6% cho mi loi chi ph,
trong khi iu chnh chi ph qun l t 1,5% xung 1,0% trong nm 2010.
Ta c th quan st r mc ct gim chi ph trong tng khu ca chui dch v
logistics nh trong hnh di y.
Hnh 2.2. Cc hot ng gip ct gim chi ph logistics ti Thi Lan

Ngun: Kamonchanok Suthiwartnarueput The University of Chulalongkorn, Bangkok,
Thailand (2007), The current situation of Thailands logistics
Vi mc tiu ct gim chi ph logistics, Thi Lan tin hnh xy dng h
thng vn ti thng nht v lin thng gia cc tnh, thnh ph; to iu kin
thun li cho cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v logistics trong nc hp tc v
hc hi kinh nghim ca cc cng ty cung cp dch v nc ngoi; ng thi pht
trin h thng E-logistics gim thiu chi ph chng t trong thng mi.

54
D n E-logistics
E-logistics l mt h tng m, c lp, an ton v ng tin cy. H thng E-
logistics l nn tng lin kt khu vc nh nc v t nhn trn nn tng thng
mi in t. Cc ch th tham gia h thng E-logistics l cc doanh nghip sn
xut, kinh doanh; cc nh cung cp dch v logistics; cc cng ty giao nhn vn
ti; cc trm, ga, sn by, bn cng; cc ngn hng v th ch ti chnh; cc c
quan trc thuc chnh ph.
E-logistics s khng ch l vic cung cp mt mng li ton cu trong
thng mi m cn l mt yu cu mang tnh cnh tranh cho Thi Lan tham gia
vo Trc lin minh thng mi in t Chu (Pan-Asian e-Commerce Alliance)
- thit lp bi cc quc gia nh Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Trung Quc, Singapore, i
Loan v Malaysia t nm 1999. Vi nhu cu ny, mc tiu ra khi xy dng d
n E-logistics ca Thi Lan l:
t mc quy chun quc t, tin ti pht trin thnh trung tm thng mi in t
to thun li cho dng thng tin di chuyn trong khu vc ASEAN v trn ton cu;
p dng cc gii php B2B v B2G cho mi hot ng thng mi v
logistics, trin khai cc giao dch lin quan n hi quan in t (e-custom),
ng k cp php in t (e-license), cng in t (e-port)
Nng cao trnh ng dng thng mi in t trong khi doanh nghip c
bit l cc doanh nghip va v nh, qua nng cao tnh cnh tranh trong
thng mi v trong logistics cho Thi Lan.
D n E-logistics ti Thi Lan cng tp trung pht trin cc dch v nh: dch
v ct li v chng t in t (Electronic Message Routing Services); dch v k
tha d liu (Data Inheritance Services); dch v trao i chng t in t
(Electronic Message Transformation Services) v h thng trao i d liu in t

55
(Electronic Data Interchange); dch v bo mt thng tin (Information Security
Services); dch v phn tch v thng k (Statistical and Analytical Services) v
mng li thng mi ton cu (Global Trade Network).
3.2.3 Chnh sch khuyn khch pht trin dch v logistics ti Thi Lan
Hin nay, chnh ph Thi Lan ang khuyn khch cc doanh nghip t nhn
tham gia vo th trng ny thc y cnh tranh. Trong c bit khuyn
khch u t vo cng ngh thng tin thc hin qun l v kim sot cc hot
ng. Chnh ph Thi Lan ang n lc thc y cc doanh nghip va v nh u
t vo cc dch v logistics tch hp song song vi qun l c hiu qu sn xut v
chui cung ng sn phm.
Bn cnh , chnh ph cng tch cc u t xy dng c s h tng. Vi c
im a hnh nh Thi Lan, cn thit phi xy dng mt h thng vn ti c th
phc v ng thi nhiu loi hnh phng tin vn ti nh ng b, ng st,
ng hng khng v ng bin. Hn na cc tuyn ng cao tc ni kt Thi
Lan v cc nc khc trong khu vc ng vai tr quan trng thc y thng mi
v u t ni khi.
Chnh ph Thi Lan ang thc hin chin lc pht trin mng li v h
thng logistics vi s tham gia ca nhiu c quan ban ngnh, t khu vc t nhn
ti khu vc nh nc c bit l cc c quan chnh ph nh: B truyn thng, B
Cng nghip, B thng mi, Vin thng mi, Lin on cng nghip Thi Lan,
v nhiu chuyn gia trong ngnh vn ti v logistics.
Bn cnh , Thi Lan cn thc hin ci cch kinh t trong nc bao gm c
t do ho thng mi nhm mc tiu tng tnh hiu qu ca nn kinh t. Hin nay,
ci cch kinh t v t do ho thng mi ti Thi Lan mang li cc kt qu:
Thc y khung php l v th ch to iu kin thun li cho u t nc
ngoi. Nm 1999, Thi Lan thng qua b lut kinh doanh nc ngoi (Foreign

56
Business Act) thay th cho b lut c (1972 Alien business law) cho php cc nh
u t nc ngoi c quyn s hu n 75% hoc 100% vn u t vi phm vi
cc hot ng kinh doanh rng hn tu thuc vo iu kin c bit
Thc y chnh sch mu dch d dng (trade facilitation): Thi Lan coi
vic n gin ho cc th tc hi quan nh l mt thnh t quan trng cho chnh
sch mu dch d dng. T nm 1999, c quan hi quan ca Thi Lan a vo
s dng phn mm truyn d liu in t (EDI) gim thiu cc loi giy t v
rt ngn thi gian thng quan.
Ba nguyn tc ch o trong ci cch kinh t ca Thi Lan bao gm: pht
trin thnh vng, pht trin cn bng v bn vng, thc hin phn phi tt hn
trong x hi. Vi 3 nguyn tc ch o nh trn, logistics ng mt vai tr quan
trng nh mt phng tin k thut ch o thc y ci cch kinh t quc gia
pht trin song song hai chiu.

III. Kinh nghim pht trin dch v logistics ti mt s nc ASEAN
Hin ti logistics tr thnh nhu cu khng th thiu i vi mi quc gia,
mi cng ty trn th gii. Xy dng t nc tr thnh trung tm logistics ca th
gii l tham vng ca nhiu quc gia cho thy logistics khng nhng l mt
yu t quan trng thc y sn xut pht trin m y cng chnh l mt ngnh
kinh t c lp c trin vng pht trin rt ln trong i sng kinh t hin i.
Qua phn tch thc trng pht trin ngnh dch v logistics mt s quc gia
ng Nam , chng ta c th tng kt mt s bi hc kinh nghim qu bu cho
cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v qun l ca Vit Nam cng nh vi nhiu nc
i sau trong vic ng dng v pht trin ngnh dch v logistics.

57
1. nh hng pht trin dch v logistics ph thuc vo trnh pht trin
hin ti
Thi Lan, Malaysia v Singapore l 3 quc gia pht trin nht trong khu vc
ASEAN v dch v logistics tuy nhin vi cc trnh khc nhau. V vy, vic
hoch nh chin lc v xy dng k hoch nhm thc y pht trin dch v
logistics cc quc gia ny cng khng ging nhau, ph thuc ch yu vo trnh
pht trin ngnh hin ti ca mi quc gia.
Trong 3 quc gia nghin cu, Thi Lan l nc i sau cng trong vic pht
trin ngnh dch v logistics v cng l quc gia c trnh pht trin dch v
logistics gn nht vi Vit Nam. Bn thn ngnh dch v ny ti Thi Lan cn bc
l nhiu hn ch nh: chi ph logistics cn cao so vi nhiu nc trong khu vc v
trn th gii, cc cng ty logistics Thi Lan hin nay mi ch tp trung hot ng
vo khu phn phi, thiu cc hot ng mang tnh tch hp. V vy, mc tiu
trc nht ca Thi Lan l nng cao cht lng dch v ng thi gim chi ph
logistics. Theo cc bin php p dng ch o trong ngn hn ca Thi Lan l
khuyn khch khu vc t nhn tham gia vo kinh doanh dch v nhm tn dng
c im linh hot ca khu vc kinh t t nhn v nng cao tnh cnh tranh trong
ngnh.
Malaysia ng v tr th hai. Hin nay, c mt s cng ty logistics quc
t kinh doanh dch v trn lnh th Malaysia, thm ch c cng ty chuyn tr s
kinh doanh t Singapore sang Malaysia ha hn y s tr thnh mt trung tm
chuyn ti v logistics ln trong khu vc cnh tranh vi Singapore. Vi nng lc
hin ti ca ngnh dch v logistics cho php chnh ph Malaysia ra mc tiu
di hn hn vi cc chin lc nng cp v xy dng c s h tng ngnh tng
bc hin i.

58
Singapore l mt quc gia c lch s pht trin ngnh dch v logistics lu
nht trong khu vc ng Nam v l quc gia thnh cng nht. Trnh pht
trin ngnh dch v ny ti Singapore ngang tm th gii. Ngnh dch v logistics
t lu c xc nh l ngnh kinh t mi nhn ca Singapore. V vy,
Singapore ang thc hin khai thc dch v logistics theo chiu su, u t trang
thit b c s h tng ngnh ngy cng hin i, ch trng n cng tc o to
ngun nhn lc khng nhng phc v nhu cu trong nc m cn gp phn gia
tng i ng cc chuyn gia logistics cho khu vc v trn th gii. Mc tiu trong
di hn ca Singapore l duy tr v tr l mt trong nhng trung tm logistics hng
u ca Chu v th gii.

2. u t ton din v ng b vo kt cu h tng logistics
Vn ti l mt b phn cu thnh c bit quan trng trong logistics. Kinh
nghim ca cc nc ASEAN ni ring v th gii trong pht trin ngnh dch v
logistics ni chung cho thy u t v tng bc hin i c s h tng vn ti s
to tin vng chc cho ngnh dch v logistics pht trin. Ba quc gia ng
Nam l Singapore, Malaysia v Thi Lan tuy c iu kin a l, c im kinh
t x hi v cc trnh pht trin ngnh dch v logistics l khc nhau nhng
u xc nh c cho mnh nhng nh hng pht trin c s h tng vn ti v
xem y l nh hng chin lc cn thc hin u tin khi tham gia ngnh dch
v logistics v vo chui cung ng ton cu.
Kinh nghim ca cc quc gia ny cho thy cn phi c chin lc u t
ton din v ng b vo h thng c s h tng ngnh bao gm h thng ng
bin, ng b, ng st, ng hng khng v h thng h tng cng ngh
thng tin - mt yu t c bit quan trng. Hn na, cc quc gia cng rt ch
trng n vic lin kt cc loi hnh phng tin vn ti thit lp mt mng li

59
vn ti thng nht v xuyn sut trn khp lnh th. l gii php hnh thnh
cc trm container hay cc cng thng quan ni a iu phi hng ho gia
cc cng, cc sn bay chnh vi nhu cu trong ni a. Trong chin lc pht trin
ng b c s h tng ngnh, cc quc gia trong khu vc cng c bit ch trng
nhng trung tm kinh t trng im u t xy dng cc cng nc su, cng
hng khng, cng cn hnh thnh cc trung tm phn phi v trung tm
logistics.
Ta cng c th thy, mt c im chung gia cc quc gia nghin cu trong
vic quy hoach, xy dng v pht trin h thng c s h tng vn ti l vai tr
ch o c bit quan trng ca chnh ph. Chnh ph ng vai tr c bit quan
trng trong vic khuyn khch v to thun li cho cc thnh phn kinh t tham gia
u t xy dng c s h tng ngnh dch v logistics trong vic u t bng
ngun vn t nhn ngy cng em li hiu qu. c bit, cc quc gia trong khu
vc lun c cc chnh sch khuyn khch khu vc u t trc tip nc ngoi, m
rng danh mc u t, cho php hnh thnh nhiu hnh thc d n u t.
im ng ch trong quy hoch pht trin c s h tng phc v h thng
logistics l h thng c s h tng cn c pht trin tu thuc v tng thch vi
c im a l ca mi quc gia. V d minh ho in hnh l Singapore. Din
tch t nc nh hp khng cho php Singapore xy dng mt h thng c s h
tng vn ti vi nhiu cng bin, sn bay v thc t hin nay ti Singapore khng
c mng li ng st ring, m ch c mt tuyn ng st nm trong mng
li ng st Malaysia. c im v a l khin Singapore hng n chin
lc xy dng mt sn bay, mt cng bin v h thng ng b, tt c u c
tp trung u t theo chiu su khng b dn tri v u rt hin i. y cng l
iu kin thun li cho chnh ph Singapore trong u t v qun l h thng c
s h tng.

60
3. Cc chnh sch v bin php kch cung, cu dch v logistics
Th trng dch v logistics cng nh cc ngnh dch v khc trong nn kinh
t u bao gm cc yu t cung, cu v cc nhn t mi trng c tm nh hng
v m n yu t cung cu th trng. V vy, mun thc y ngnh dch v ny
chnh ph cc quc gia cn phi c nhng bin php iu tit hp l i vi c hai
lc lng chnh trn th trng l cc nh cung cp dch v v nhng ngi
tiu dng dch v.
kch cung ngnh dch v logistics, bin php u tin m 3 quc gia ng
Nam p dng l khuyn khch nhiu thnh phn kinh t cng tham gia vo
loi hnh dch v ny trong khu vc kinh t t nhn l khu vc c quan tm
hn c. Bn cnh vic khuyn khch khu vc kinh t t nhn tham gia vo cung
cp dch v logistics, chnh ph cc nc cn ch trng thu ht cc cng ty
logistics quc t n hot ng ti th trng trong nc qua to ra mi trng
cnh tranh mnh m v gip cc doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v trong nc hc
hi kinh nghim, ng thi nng cao cht lng dch v v gim chi ph logistics.
Vi thc trng nhiu cng ty vn ti v cng ty giao nhn tn ti song song
vi cc cng ty logistics hin c, cc nc khuyn khch cc cng ty ny cung
cp cc dch v logistics tch hp hay st nhp vi cc cng ty khc c kh
nng cung cp nhiu loi hnh dch v hn trong chui cung ng, trnh tnh trng
ch cung cp cc dch v n l km hiu qu.
Khi cc doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v logistics trong nc c kinh
nghim hot ng v c kh nng cnh tranh, chnh ph khuyn khch cc cng ty
ny xut khu dch v ra nc ngoi hay tham gia vo chui cung ng ton cu,
tr thnh cc cng ty logistics quc t. V thc t cho thy, khi cc cng ty trong
nc tham gia vo chui cung ng ton cu, h c th thu c li nhun khng

61
l nh vic tm ra cc th trng hot ng tim nng v lun c c li th cnh
tranh nh li th v quy m.
Song song vi cc bin php kch cung ngnh dch v logistics, chnh ph cc
nc ASEAN cng ch trng n cc bin php kch cu. Bin php u tin l
to mt nn sn xut trong nc pht trin mnh m hoc thc hin gia cng, to
gi tr gia tng cho hng ho hay mi gii thng mi nh Singapore ang lm.
Bin php thc y sn xut trong nc ng thi cng to tng trng vng chc
cho nn kinh t, thu ht mnh m cc lung u t trc tip nc ngoi (FDI). Cc
quc gia trong khu vc cng c bit ch trng n vic to mi trng kinh
doanh rng m v thun li nhm thu ht cc cng ty a quc gia (MNCs) t tr
s hot ng trong nc, v y l cc ch th chnh tiu dng dch v logistics.
To iu kin thun li cho thng thng hng ho trong nc s to nn sc
hp dn cc cng ty kinh doanh thng mi nc ngoi v trong nc thc hin
cc hot ng sn xut cng nh phn phi hng ho to nn nhu cu ln cho
ngnh dch v logistics. V vy, hin nay cc quc gia ang tin hnh xo b dn
cc ro cn thng mi, xy dng cc khu kinh t, cc khu cng nghip, khu ch
xut v khu thng mi t do. V trn thc t, vi nhng chnh sch m ca kinh
t tng quc gia nh hin nay, ASEAN ang dn tr thnh mt trong nhng khu
vc mu dch t do hot ng hiu qu trn th gii.

4. Pht trin h tng cng ngh thng tin trn nn tng trin thng mi
in t
Cc quc gia ng Nam u xc nh pht trin cng ngh thng tin nh
l mt tr ct chnh trong qu trnh pht trin ngnh dch v logistics. Trong khi
Singapore p dng t lu cng thng tin trong ngnh logistics Portnet, th
Thi Lan cng ang xc tin thc hin d n E-logistics ha hn em li nhiu

62
hiu qu. Tuy nhin thc tin ti mt s quc gia ng Nam cho thy vic trin
khai p dng cng ngh thng tin trong ngnh dch v logistics i hi trc ht
phi c mt nn tng c s vng chc l vic xy dng v ng dng rng ri
thng mi in t trong cc doanh nghip sn xut v kinh doanh.
ng dng cng ngh thng tin phc v cho hot ng ca ngnh dch v
logitics, trc ht cc nh sn xut, kinh doanh trong mi lnh vc, mi ngnh
ngh cu nn kinh t phi tch cc thc hin trao i thng tin qua cc phng tin
in t thay th dn cc phng tin truyn thng tin ti cc giao dch B2B, thc
hin ct gim ti a cc th tc s dng giy t. Song song vi qu trnh hin i
ho cc giao dch ca trong cng ng doanh nghip, bn thn chnh ph cc nc
cng tch cc thc hin chnh ph in t m biu hin c bn l hot ng hi
quan in t gip gim ng k thi gian thng quan cho hng ho.

5. o to ngun nhn lc v dch v logistics
Ngun nhn lc ca mi quc gia lun c xem nh l ti sn qu bu trong
xy dng v pht trin mi ngnh ngh trong nn kinh t quc dn. Vi c th
ca ngnh dch v logistics l lin quan n nhiu lnh vc nn cng cn n i
ng lao ng c trnh cao v tay ngh vng vng c o to mt cch c h
thng, chuyn nghip v bi bn. Nhiu quc gia ng Nam nh Singapore,
Malaysia v Thi Lan nhn nh c vn ny nn sm a b mn
logistics v ging dy chnh quy trong nhiu trng i hc. c bit l
Singapore, chng trnh o to i hc v sau i hc cp bng MBA v chuyn
ngnh qun tr logistics ca trng i hc quc gia Singapore (NUS) hng nm
khng nhng ng gp cho ngnh dch v ti Singapore m cn cho nhiu quc
gia trn th gii nhng nhn vin v chuyn gia nm bt su v kin thc v thng
tho nghip v. Bn cnh , cc Hip hi v logistics hay cc hip hi giao nhn

63
ti cc quc gia ny lun l nhng n v i u trong vic phi hp vi cc
trng i hc t chc cc kho hc ngn hn, cc hi tho b sung kin thc
thng xuyn cho phn ln i ng cn b hot ng v lm vic trong ngnh.

6. Thc y hp tc quc t v dch v logistics
Singapore i u trong khu vc v vic thc hin mt mi trng kinh t
rng m, hp tc a phng ho, a dng ho. Quan h kinh t quc t rng m
ca Singapore to tin cho cc doanh nghip trong nc c nhiu c hi bt
tay vi cc i tc nc ngoi. Trong ngnh dch v logistics cng vy. Hin nay
Singapore l th trng ca nhiu cng ty logistics quc t, ng thi cc cng ty
logistics ca Singapore cng tm c mi ln minh, lin kt v hp tc vi nhiu
i tc trn th gii v c bit l trong khu vc chu .
Xm nhp vo th trng th gii bng cch tn dng cc mi quan h sn c
ca i tc l cch lm nhanh em li hiu qu hn so vi cc phng php truyn
thng v phng php ny vn c p dng t lu vi nhiu lnh vc thng
mi trong nn kinh t ton cu. Nhu cu trao i v ngun lc v th trng l mt
nhu cu tt yu thc y hp tc song phng, a phng. T nhu cu lin kt cp
vi m gia cc doanh nghip sn xut kinh doanh m hnh thnh nn lin kt gia
cc quc gia, cc khu vc v trn phm vi ton cu.
To mi trng chnh tr n nh, mi trng kinh doanh cnh tranh bnh
ng v mi trng php l thng thong, n gin ho cc th tc hnh chnh
trong quan trng nht l th tc hi quan, l nhng hng pht trin c cc
quc gia trong khu vc ASEAN cng nh cc nc trn th gii ch trng nhm
to mi trng thun li cho ngnh dch v logistics ni ring v cc ngnh kinh
t khc ni chung hnh thnh v pht trin ln mnh.

64
CHNG III: PHT TRIN DCH V LOGISTICS TI VIT NAM
TRN C S KINH NGHIM CC NC ASEAN

I. Thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ti Vit Nam
1. iu kin v trin vng pht trin dch v logistics ti Vit Nam
Vit Nam c bc khi u chm hn nhiu nc trong khu vc v trn th
gii v pht trin kinh t ni chung v dch v logistics ni ring. Tuy nhin, vi
iu kin a l thun li v mt mi trng kinh t rng m, Vit Nam hon ton
hi t y cc yu t thun li pht trin thnh cng lnh vc dch v ny.
Th nht, vi b bin tri di hn 3200 km v nm trung tm trung chuyn
hng ho ca ng Nam , Vit Nam c iu kin t nhin v v tr a l thun
li pht trin dch v logistics. Vit Nam c h thng sng ngi chng cht v
h thng ng b dc theo t nc rt thun li cho vic kt hp nhiu phng
thc vn ti, vn ti qu cnh, trong vn ti a phng thc l mt phng thc
vn ti rt quan trng thit lp nn chui cung ng. Bn cnh , t nc ta c
ngun ti nguyn thin nhin kh phong ph kh nng cung cp cc yu t u
vo phc v nn sn xut trong nc.
Th hai, Vit Nam c mi trng kinh t rng m v chnh sch kinh t hi
nhp. Sau 20 nm i mi, thc hin xy dng nn kinh t th trng nh hng
x hi ch ngha, Vit Nam v ang duy tr tc tng trng kinh t cao. c
bit, tng trng trong nhng nm gn y c xu hng tp trung vo lnh vc
cng nghip v dch v. Hin nay, nhiu mt hng ca Vit Nam c bit l thu
sn, nng sn, thu cng m ngh, tm c ch ng v ngy cng khng
nh c thng hiu trn th trng th gii. Trong nhng nm qua, quan h
kinh t i ngoi ca nc ta khng ngng c m rng, hi nhp kinh t quc
t t c nhiu kt qu ng ghi nhn. Chng ta hin ang thit lp quan h

65
thng mi vi gn 200 quc gia v vng lnh th, tham gia tch cc trong cc
hip hi v t chc quc t nh ASEAN, ASEM, APEC mi quan h vi cc
nc lng ging c cng c, quan h vi cc nc pht trin tng cng. Vic
tr thnh thnh vin chnh thc ca WTO s a Vit Nam tr thnh mt quc gia
m ca hn na v thng mi hng ha, dch v v u t. Nn kinh t Vit
Nam v ang m ra rt nhiu c hi v trin vng pht trin cho nhiu ngnh
sn xut cng nh cc ngnh dch v, trong c dch v logistics.
Hnh 3.1. ng gp ca cc ngnh kinh t trong tng trng GDP ca Vit Nam
8.48
7.1
7.3
7.8
8.4 8.2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Contributions to
GDP growth (%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Increase in GDP (%)
Industry
Agriculture
Service
GDP

Ngun: Asian Development Bank (2008), Asian Development Outlook
Th ba, h thng php lut Vit Nam ang dn c hon thin ph hp
vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t. H thng lut phc v cc lnh vc sn xut kinh
doanh, quan h kinh t quc t, giao thng vn ti lun c Nh nc v Quc
hi quan tm. Trong thi gian qua, mt lot cc lut iu chnh cc lnh vc ca
nn kinh t c b sung sa i nh Lut Doanh nghip, Lut u t, Lut
Thng mi, Lut Hng hi to mi trng php l thun li cho kinh t pht
trin. Chnh ph Vit Nam cn tham gia k kt hoc ph duyt cc cng c quc
t hay khu vc lin quan n hot ng bun bn, vn ti giao nhn, sn xut kinh

66
doanh nhm to iu kin cho qu trnh pht trin kinh t t nc, p ng yu
cu hi nhp nn kinh t khu vc v th gii.
Th t, vn u t trc tip ngy cng gia tng ti Vit Nam. Vi vic phn
cp mnh u t v cc a phng, Vit Nam ang thnh cng ln trong vic thu
ht vn u t nc ngoi, c bit l vn u t trc tip (FDI), nm 2006 FDI l
12,7 t USD, nm 2007 t mc k lc 20,3 t USD chim 40,5% GDP. u t
nc ngoi c s chuyn bin tch cc v cht, vi nhiu d n ca cc tp
on kinh t ln, ca cc khu vc nh Lin minh chu u (EU), Nht Bn, Hoa
K, Hn Quc v mt s nc c nn kinh t pht trin vi s chuyn dch dn
sang cc lnh vc cng ngh cao nh in - in t, sn xut vt liu, pht trin
khu du lch cao cp Bn cnh ln sng u t nc ngoi trn vo Vit Nam,
cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cng ang n lc u t vo sn xut kinh doanh.
Trong 10 thng u nm 2007, 43.590 doanh nghip trong nc c thnh lp
vi 21,4 t USD vn ng k tng 33% so vi nm trc.
Th nm, chi ph nhn cng ti Vit Nam tng i r so vi cc nc trong
khu vc v trn th gii, i ng lao ng tr, nng ng, ham hc hi v d tip
thu ci mi; bn cnh , Vit Nam c tnh hnh chnh tr n nh, cc iu kin v
an ninh v trt t an ton x hi c m bo. Nhng nhn t ny gp phn quan
trng to nn mi trng thun li cho s pht trin ca cc ngnh kinh t, trong
c dch v logistics.
Ni tm li, pht trin dch v logistics ti Vit Nam l mt xu hng tt yu
i cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t nc nh v tht s Vit Nam c rt
nhiu iu kin thun li a dch v logistics tr thnh mt lnh vc pht trin
mi nhn tr gip cho s nghip cng nghip ho v hin i ho t nc.

67
2. Thc trng v kh khn trong pht trin dch v logistics ti Vit Nam
2.1 Thc tin th trng dch v logistics ti Vit Nam
Ngnh dch v logistics ca Vit Nam mi c hnh thnh t sau khi t
nc m ca, v hin nay ang trong giai on u tin ca tin trnh pht trin
chung. Cho n nm 1993 th trng dch v logistics Vit Nam vn tip tc b
ng cho cc nh kinh doanh dch v nc ngoi. Thng 9 nm 1994, Cng ty
Logitem chuyn doanh dch v logistics c thnh lp (lin doanh gia on xe
14 ca Vit Nam v Cng ty Logitem International ca Nht Bn). Tip theo l
s ra i ca cc cng ty cung ng mt s loi hnh ca dch v logistics: Cng ty
lin doanh v pht trin tip vn s 1 (the First Logistics Development Corporation)
lin doanh gia Watco, Vietfracht (Vit Nam), Mitorient (Singapore) v PanViet
(i Loan), Cng ty Dragon Logistics lin doanh gia cc tp on Suzuo,
Mitsubishi (Nht Bn) v cc cng ty Vit Nam l VINAPCO v HANEL. Cc
cng ty ny trin khai cc hot ng nh: cung cp cng container, vn ti
ng thu v vn chuyn thng thng khng bng tu, cc dch v giao nhn,
dch v lin quan n phn phi
Sau gn 15 nm pht trin, hin ti Vit Nam c khong 800 900 doanh
nghip kinh doanh cc dch v trong ngnh logistics thuc cc thnh phn kinh t,
trong 18% l doanh nghip nh nc, 80% doanh nghip t nhn, 2% khc l
doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi. Thi gian hot ng ca cc doanh nghip
cho n nm 2007 bnh qun l 5 nm, vn ng k bnh qun 1,5 t ng, rt t
doanh nghip c mng li chi nhnh ton quc. iu tra c bn cho thy mc
cung ng dch v vn ti ca cc doanh nghip ti Vit Nam cn nhiu vn cn
c m x, c th:
- i l n thun chim t l 85%.
- Nh cung cp dch v c s hu chng t (H B/L) chim 10%

68
- Nh cung cp dch v vn ti a phng thc chim khong 5%
- Cc nh cung cp dch v logistics (LSP) chim 0%
Nh vy, c th thy rng phn ln dch v mang tnh cht c lin quan n
hot ng c thc hin cc doanh nghip giao nhn, cc cng ty ny cng ch
mi p ng c nhu cu th trng logistics mc d gi c dch v logistics
ti Vit Nam tng i r nhng khng chc chn.
Cc cng ty hot ng trong ngnh dch v logistics Vit Nam hin nay c
th phn thnh 4 nhm: cc tn tui 3PL a quc gia cung cp dch v ton cu;
cc tn tui 3PL a quc gia cung cp dch v khu vc; cc cng ty 3PL trong
nc; cc cng ty phn phi trong nc. Nh vy, th trng dch v logistics hin
nay Vit Nam c th chia thnh cc doanh nghip trong nc cung cp dch v
logistics v cc cng ty tn tui nc ngoi vi s chnh lch v quy m v trnh
kh r nt:
Cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v logistics trong nc
Hu ht cc doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v logistics Vit Nam c quy m
rt nh, thm ch cc doanh nghip ch c vn ng k mc t 300 n 500 triu
ng, doanh thu trung bnh t 18.000 USD n 31.000 USD. Nhiu doanh nghip
nh nc sau khi c phn ho tng b phn hnh thnh cc cng ty c phn vn
iu l 5 t ng. Vi quy m vn ny khng th p ng c yu cu khi gia
nhp th trng logistics th gii. Quy m doanh nghip cn th hin s nhn
vin ca tng cng ty, nhiu doanh nghip ch c t 3 n 5 nhn vin, k c
ngi ph trch.
Phn ln cc doanh nghip Vit Nam hin nay ch tp trung vo khai thc
mt s cng on nh trong ton b chui cung ng. Trong rt ph bin l giao
nhn vn ti bng ng bin. y l hnh thc kh n gin, cc cng ty giao
nhn ng vai tr l ngi bun cc s sau bn li cho ngi mua l. Nh vy

69
dch v ny ch l mt phn nh trong ton b chui gi tr gia tng logistics.
Ngoi ra, cc dch v ph bin th cng ch c th k thm c l dch v cho
thu kho bi v vn chuyn ni a. Ngay trong mng th trng vn ti ni a th
cc cng ty Vit Nam cng ch chim c mt phn nh trong th trng.
Do nhiu hn ch v quy m, trnh chuyn nghip, quan h vi i tc
phn ln cc doanh nghip Vit Nam ch mi thc s c tm ph trong phm vi
ni a hoc bc u m rng sang mt vi nc trong khu vc. iu ny l mt
trong nhng cn tr khi cc doanh nghip cho cc dch v trn gi cho khch
hng, trong khi , vi xu th ton cu ho, cc tp on sn xut v phn phi ln
nh Nike, Adidas, Gap, Wal-Mart, K-Mart thng c chiu hng thu ngoi
t rt nhiu quc gia v lnh th trn th gii. Cha c doanh nghip no iu
kin tham gia u thu c lp ti nc ngoi. Trong thi gian qua, c mt s
doanh nghip cng thc hin vic xut khu dch v logistics sang cc nc
lng ging nh Lo, Campuchia, Trung Quc. Nhng l d n, cng trnh m
tuyn lu chuyn hng ho buc phi qu cnh Vit Nam. V vy c hi xut khu
dch v ny thi gian sau khi gia nhp WTO l rt hn ch.
Cc cng ty cung cp dch v nc ngoi
Theo cc s liu thng k khng chnh thc, nhiu hng vn ti c tn tui
trn th gii nh: Mitsui OSK Lines, NYK, K-Line, CGM, Hanjin, Neptune
Orient Lines (NOL), Nedlloyd, Maersk u c s hin din di nhiu hnh thc
th trng Vit Nam, cung cp cc dch v lin quan n logistics. Cc cng ty
ny cung cp dch v logistics cho ti 90% khi lng hng khu vo Vit Nam
(tr hng ri nh phn bn, xi mng, st thp, xng du, qung, than v.v) v
100% khi lng hng cng trnh. Cc cng ty ny cng cung cp dch v
logistics gn nh ton b cc loi hng gia cng xut khu ch tr than , du th
v go v mt s khong sn khc.

70
Cho n thi im u nm 2008, ti th trng Vit Nam c s hin din
ca nhiu nh cung cp dch v logistics c tn tui ca th gii trong cc phn
khc u ngnh nh sau:
- Giao nhn (Freight Forwarder): Kuehne & Nagel, Schenker, Panalpina,
Expeditor Intl, EGL
- Logistics theo hp ng (Contract Logistics): Exel (DHL), DHL, UPS, TNT
- Gom hng (Integrators/Consolidation): APL Logistics, Maersk Logistics,
NYK Logistics, MOL Logistics
Chui dch v logistics hin i m cc cng ty logistics ln nh Maersk
Logistics, APL Logistics, P&O Nedlloyd Logistics ang cung cp cho khch hng
ca mnh ti Vit Nam bao gm rt nhiu loi hnh a dng vi gi tr gia tng
cao: giao nhn hng khng t ca ti ca; giao nhn hng hi t ca ti ca; qun
l hng ho; gom hng nhanh ti kho; qun l n hng, qun l v theo di cam
kt ca nh cung cp; dch v kho bi gi tr gia tng; dch v gom hng t nhiu
quc gia n mt cng trung chuyn (trong khu vc th thng l cc cng
Singapore, Kaoshiung, Hng Kng); dch v kim sot cht lng hng ho; dch
v kim sot qu trnh sn xut kp thi hn; qun l d liu v cung cp d liu
u cui cho khch hng
Vi tc tng trng kinh t mnh m v lin tc trong nhiu nm, Vit
Nam ngy cng hi nhp su hn vo nn kinh t th gii, ngy cng c nhiu
cng ty logistics quc t thm nhp th trng Vit Nam. Cho n nay, con s ny
vt qu hng chc v chc chn s cn gia tng trong tng lai.

71
2.2 Nhng kh khn trong pht trin dch v logistics hin nay ti Vit Nam
2.2.1 Mi trng php l iu chnh hot ng kinh doanh logistics
Hin nay, Lut thng mi Vit Nam 2005 v Ngh nh 140/2007/N-CP l
nhng vn bn php lut quy nh c th nht v dich v logistics v hot ng
kinh doanh dch v logistics. Song c 2 vn bn lut ny u tn ti nhng bt cp.
Nh phn tch trn, nh ngha dch v logistics cha chnh xc ch khng
phn bit c dch v logistics vi cc dch v giao nhn vn ti thng thng,
do khi nim v nh cung cp dch v ca Vit Nam v th cn khc xa so vi
th gii. im bt cp th hai nm iu khon quy nh qun l nh nc v
hot ng kinh doanh dch v logistics. Theo Ngh nh 140/2007/N-CP, B
Cng thng l c quan ch o thay mt Chnh ph thc hin vic qun l i
vi hot ng kinh doach dch v logistics. Tuy nhin, theo cc chuyn gia, trong
hot ng vn ti mi l mt yu t quan trng nht chim ti 70% tng chi ph
logistics, v vy vic qun l c s h tng v cc hot ng vn ti ng vai tr
quyt nh n qun l thnh cng ngnh dch v logistics. Nh vy, vic Chnh
ph giao trch nhim qun l chung cho B Cng thng l mt bt hp l, vai tr
ny nn B Giao thng vn ti m nhn v B cng thng ch nn l c quan
h tr B Giao thng vn ti trong vic qun l i vi cc hot ng thng mi
trong chui logistics.
Bn cnh , trong h thng php lut Vit Nam hin nay cn c cc b lut
cp n nhiu b phn ca hot ng logistics nh: b lut hng hi, lut ng
st, lut giao thng ng b, lut giao thng ng thu ni a, lut hng khng
dn dng, ngh nh v vn ti a phng thc quc t, lut hi quan, lut giao
dch in t, lut v kinh doanh bo him, lut cnh tranh. Trong khi cc vn bn
php lut cn cha phn bit c nh cung cp dch v logistics vi nh cung
cp dch v vn ti, giao nhn th trong thc t cc doanh nghip kinh doanh

72
dch v logistics vn p dng cc lut chuyn ngnh cho tng hot ng ca mnh
dn n chng cho v thiu hiu qu.
cc nc trn th gii u c Hip hi ch hng lm i tc vi cc
hng tu bin nhm cng nhau xy dng mt biu gi cc v ph ph cng c li
v c th chp nhn c. M hnh ny cha c Vit Nam v hin chng ta mi
ch c Hip hi giao nhn kho vn Vit Nam VIFFAS. Thiu c s php l thng
nht nn dich v logistics trin khai nc ta cn nhiu hn ch. Nhiu loi ph
ca ta cn rt cao so vi cc nc trong khu vc tiu biu nh ph cng v vic
quy nh cng nhc trong cch tnh gi c y chi ph logistics ln cao mt cch
ng k, gim tnh cnh tranh ca nc ta so vi cc nc.
Qu trnh hi nhp WTO ko theo nhng h lu m cc nh lm lut cha
lng trc c. Khung php l v hot ng logistics, giao nhn kho vn cha
tht hon chnh, nhiu quy nh cha st vi thc t. V d, t u nm 2007, cc
doanh nghip vn ti phi ng thm ph THC (Terminal Handling Charges) i
vi hng xut trc khi pht hnh B/C, v D/O i vi hng nhp. Vic thu, ng
thm ph, l ph m khng c h thng, khng theo l trnh c th s gy kh khn
cho hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca doanh nghip.
2.2.2 C s h tng logistics v trang thit b h tr dch v logistics
Trong vng 20 nm qua, t nc ta thay da i tht, nhiu cng trnh mi
c xy dng. C s h tng giao thng ng b, ng khng, ng thu
ni a, nht l cng bin c nng cp v m rng quy m ng k. Tuy
nhin, nhn t gc pht trin kinh t i hi th c s h tng v trang thit b
cn nhiu bt cp. iu ny lm cho cc chi ph kinh doanh ni chung v kinh
doanh logistics ca Vit Nam cao hn hn cc nc khc, bn thn cc cng ty
logistics tn nhiu chi ph u t, lm gim li nhun cng nh kh nng m rng

73
dch v. Cc vn chnh trong pht trin c s h tng l thiu ngn sch, quy
hoch khng khoa hc, chi khng thch hp v kh khn trong gii to.
H thng h tng c s v trang thit b cho dch v logistics hu nh cha
t yu cu, bc l r trong nhiu im sau:
Cc trung tm cung ng v thc hin cc dch v logistics nh cng bin,
sn bay, cc thnh ph, h thng ng b hay ng thu ni a cn c
nhng bt cp trong quy hoch v pht trin. Quy m ca cc trung tm ny cn
nh, h thng kho cn cha t tiu chun quc t, thiu kho chuyn dng, kho
lnh, v.v
H thng cng bin: hin c nc c 160 bn cng, 305 cu cng, tng
chiu di tuyn bn l 36.164 km, tng cng sut bc xp hng ho khong 130
triu tn/nm. Tuy nhin, hin nay, cng bin Vit Nam va tha li va thiu,
tha cng nh, khng chuyn nghip, thiu cng trng im, quy m ln. Tng
chiu di ca 8 cng quc gia l 8267m ch tng ng vi cng Tanjung Priok
ca Indonesia, cng Klang ca Malaysia. Cc cng bin cng thiu bn container
trong khi xu hng vn chuyn bng loi hnh ny ang tng. Do thit b bc xp
khng chuyn dng, c bit l bc xp container nn nng sut thp, gii phng
tu chm. Nng sut xp d hin nay ti cc cng bin ln ca nc ta mi t
khong 3500 tn/m cu tu/nm, cc cng bin nh ch t 2000 tn/m cu
tu/nm trong khi nng sut xp d cc cng ca Thi Lan, Singapore t khong
5000 tn/m cu tu/nm. Hin mi nm c khong 100 tu container loi trn
4000 TEU hot ng trn cc tuyn ng bin quc t th hin ti nc ta vn
cha c cng no iu kin n cc tu trn 1600 TEU. Vit Nam cha c cng
nc su hng ho xut nhp khu phi trung chuyn qua Hng Kng, Singapore
lm tng chi ph vn ti, gim sc cnh tranh ca hng ho, b mt li th ca t
nc c bin.

74
H thng ng b cng cha c thit k ng tiu chun c th p
ng c xu th kt hp ngy cng cht ch gia cc phng thc vn ti ng
bin, ng sng v ng hng khng. ng cao tc mi ch c thit k cho
xe ti trng ti khng qu 30 tn lu thng, trong khi theo tiu chun quc t,
trng lng mt container 40 feet c hng khong 34 tn. Ngoi ra kh nng bo
tr v duy tu ng b mt cch thch hp cn nhiu hn ch. Vic cm cc xe ti
hot ng vo gi cao im, hn ch tc trn cc tuyn giao thng ng b
lm suy gim v chm tr dng lu chuyn ca hng ho trong hot ng
logistics.
C s h tng v thit b ngnh ng st ca Vit Nam cn nhiu lc hu.
Vi h thng ng n, kh hp, trang thit b c v c tui th ln n hng
trm nm, cng ngh iu hnh vn ti cha hin i, nng sut thp, chi ph cao,
trong vng 4 5 nm tr li y th phn vn ti ng st vn ch dao ng
mc 10% tng khi lng lun chuyn hng ho ni a.
ng hng khng: nng lc vn chuyn ng hng khng thp, ma cao
im khng my bay, sn bay cha c nh ga hng ho v khu vc ring cho
hot ng logistics.
2.2.3 ng dng cng ngh thng tin
Vit Nam cha trin khai c h thng trao i d liu in t tm quc
gia (EDI), mc d c xp vo nhng nc hng u c tc pht trin cng
ngh thng tin, nht l internet trong vng mt thp nin qua.
y chnh l im yu nh hng ti hot ng ca cc doanh nghip
logistics Vit Nam, mt trong nhng ngnh dch v m thng tin l yu t c tm
quan trng sng cn. Mc d cc doanh nghip logistics c thc trong vic p
dng cng ngh thng tin vo hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh nhng vn km xa

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cc cng ty nc ngoi. Nu ch xt v kha cnh xy dng cc trang website th
phn ln cc doanh nghip ch n thun gii thiu v mnh v dch v nhng cn
xem nh vic cung cp cc tin ch m khch hng cn nh cng c theo di n
hng (track and trace), lch tu, t ch qua mng (e-booking), theo di chng
t, trong kh nng nhn thy v kim sot n hng (visibility) l mt yu t
c cc ch hng nh gi rt cao khi h la chn nh cung cp dch v logistics
cho mnh. Bn thn cc cng ty nh APL Logistics, Maersk Logistics khi c
hng Nike chn l nh cung cp dch v logistics cng da vo mt trong nhng
l do ch yu l h c th cung cp cho Nike cng c visibility. iu ny s gip
Nike tnh ton tt nhng d bo, kim sot hng tn kho, p ng kp thi nhu cu
ca khch hng chi ph ti u nht.
lm c tng t, i hi cc doanh nghip logistics Vit Nam phi c
gii php u t tng th v chi tit, c nh hng di hn. Hn th na, vic u
t xy dng h thng p dng cng ngh thng tin cng gip chnh cc doanh
nghip nng cao hiu qu v nng sut. C th trong lnh vc logistics cc doanh
nghip cn u t xy dng h thng phn mm qun tr vn ti TMS (Transport
Management System) hoc qun tr kho bi WMS (Transport Management
System) l nhng h thng s gip doanh nghip gim chi ph, nng cao nng sut
hn rt nhiu.
2.2.4 Ngun nhn lc
Vit Nam ang thiu nhn lc c kinh nghim v c o to bi bn v
logistics. Nu nh thiu vt lc v ti lc chng ta vn c th xy dng c tng
phn ca h thng logistics cho d cha y song nu thiu nhn lc th khng
th trin khai v vn hnh c my logistics mt cch hiu qu. Hin nay, Vit
Nam cha c mt c s o to chnh thng no v logistics. Hu ht cc cn b
lm vic u lun chuyn t cc ngnh c lin quan nh giao nhn, ngoi thng,

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kinh t va lm va c rt v tng kt kinh nghim, tt c u phi t mnh
nng cao trnh . Bn cnh , i ng nhn cng lao ng trc tip trn thc t
c trnh cn thp v rt m h vi hot ng logistics cng l mt hn ch.
Cng vic ca h s dng sc ngi nhiu hn my mc. Hin nay, tng bc
trang b kin thc cho ngun nhn lc cho ngnh logistics, hip hi giao nhn Vit
Nam (VIFFAS) phi hp vi cc t chc FIATA, IATA, ESCAP m cc hi tho,
cc lp chuyn v vn ti, v logistics y l nhng bc i tht s cn thit
cho d kt qu t c c th cha nhiu nh mong mun.
Theo VIFFAS, vn cha c thng k chnh xc v ngun nhn lc phc v
trong ngnh. Nu ch tnh ring cc cng ty thnh vin Hip hi (c ng k chnh
thc), tng s nhn vin vo khong 5000 ngi. y l lc lng c coi l
chuyn nghip, ngoi ra c tnh c khong 4000 5000 ngi thc hin dch v
giao nhn vn ti bn chuyn nghip hoc chuyn nghip khc nhng cha tham
gia hip hi. Cc ngun nhn lc ni trn c o to t nhiu ngun khc nhau.
trnh i hc, c o to ch yu t trng i hc Kinh t v i hc
Ngoi Thng. Ngoi ra, ngun nhn lc cn c b sung t nhng ngnh o
to khc nh hng hi, giao thng, vn ti, ngoi ng,
i ng qun l c kinh nghim v thm nin trong ngnh ch yu cc
doanh nghip ln. Hin thnh phn ny ang c c o to v ti o to
p ng nhu cu qun l. Tuy nhin, vn cn tn ti phong cch qun l c, cha
chuyn bin kp thch ng vi mi trng mi, thch s dng kinh nghim hn
l p dng khoa hc qun tr hin i. Trong cc cng ty giao nhn va mi thnh
lp, chng ta thy hnh thnh mt i ng cn b tr, c trnh i hc, nhiu
tham vng nhng kinh nghim kinh doanh quc t v tay ngh cn thp. Lc
lng ny trong tng lai gn s l ngun b sung v tip ni cc th h i trc,
nng ng hn, xng xo v ham hc hi.

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2.2.5 Mt s bt cp khc
V t chc qun l
Logistics l loi hnh dch v tng hp, c lin quan n s qun l ca nhiu
b ngnh: giao thng vn ti, thng mi, bu chnh vin thng, hi quan, o
lng, kim nhS phn cp to tch bit trong lnh vc giao nhn v lnh vc
vn ti dn ti trong thc t cc cp chnh quyn, b, ngnh v a phng c
nhiu quy inh cho vic giao nhn hng phc tp v tn km. Th tc thng quan
cn nhiu kh khn, mt nhiu thi gian v chi ph. Nhiu quy nh v qun l lu
thng cha ph hp vi thng l quc t. V d, dch v chuyn pht nhanh c
cc nc pht trin coi l mt trong cc dch v logistics, trong khi ti Vit
Nam c coi l mt trong cc dch v bu in v t b iu tit bi cc quy
nh ca bu chnh vin thng.
Mc d chnh ph gi vai tr ch o chung, nhng theo chuyn ngnh, hin
nay cc hot ng logistics v c bn c phn chia theo cc B qun l ngnh
theo di nh sau:
- Ngnh giao thng vn ti: dch v vn ti
- Ngnh bu chnh vin thng: dch v chuyn pht bu in
- Ngnh thng mi: dch v giao nhn kho vn
S lin minh, lin kt trong ngnh
Nhn vo thc t, c th thy hot ng kinh doanh logistics ca cc doanh
nghip Vit Nam cn rt ri rc, manh mn, bit lp, thiu hn s lin kt cn
thit. Trong ngnh thiu hn s hp tc, h tr ln nhau. Trong nhiu dch v cn
th hin s cnh tranh khng lnh mnh v d nh gim gi dch v hang nhp
khu bng cch tr li tin cho ngi u thc nc ngoi; tr mc hoa hng qu
cao, thm ch cn cao hn mc cc ph cho hng xut khu ginh dch v

78
ng gi v gom hng. Nguyn nhn ny lm gim sc cnh tranh ca cc doanh
nghip Vit Nam vi cc i tc nc ngoi.
Vi iu kin cc doanh nghip Vit Nam hu ht l cc doanh nghip nh,
nu bit lin kt, hp tc th s tit kim c nhiu loi chi ph nh chi ph qun
l, hnh chnh, thu tr s, thng tin lin lc Bn cnh tp trung vn cng
khin cc doanh nghip c th m rng loi hnh dch v cung cp.
Tp qun kinh doanh quc t
Trong thng mi quc t, phn ln cc nh xut khu ca Vit nam ch yu
c thi quen xut hng theo iu kin FOB, FCA, trong khi cc nh nhp khu ch
yu nua hng theo iu kin CIF, CIP. Nh vy, quyn nh ot v vn ti lun
thuc v i tc nc ngoi. Hu qu l cc cng ty logistics Vit Nam s l ngi
ngoi cuc. Bt cp ny khng phi d dng gii quyt v phn ln cc nh xut
khu ca Vit Nam u gia cng hoc xut khu cho cc khch hng ln - ngi
m c nhng hp ng di hn vi cc cng ty logistics. Bn cnh , cc
doanh nghip sn xut v kinh doanh Vit Nam hin nay cn cha iu kin
tham gia thu tu chuyn ch hng ho.
Hn th na phn ln cc doanh nghip sn xut kinh doanh vn cn cha
thc trong vic u t qun l hiu qu chui cung ng. iu ny thy r ch
cc doanh nghip Vit Nam hu ht khng c phng qun l logistics hoc chui
cung ng. Hot ng ny thng c hiu v gp vo chc nng ca phng kinh
doanh xut nhp khu. iu ny to ra ro cn i vi cc doanh nghip logistics
Vit Nam trong vic cho cc dch v logistics gi tr gia tng.

79
II. C hi v thch thc i vi vic pht trin dch v logistics Vit
Nam trc bi cnh hi nhp
1. Nhng cam kt quc t ca Vit Nam v dch v logistics
1.1 Cam kt ca Vit Nam v dch v logistics khi gia nhp WTO
Nhng cam kt ca Vit Nam trong WTO lin quan ti dch v logistics ch
yu nm trong Biu cam kt v thng mi v dch v hay chnh l l trnh cam
kt v thng mi dch v.
V mc t do ho
i vi dch v vn ti bin, Vit Nam gn nh m ca hon ton ngay t
khi gia nhp i vi lnh vc ny vi vic cho php cc cng ty vn ti quc t
c s dng v khng phn bit i x vi nhiu loi hnh dch v nh hoa tiu;
lai dt; cung cp lng thc, thc phm, nhin liu v nc; thu gom nc v
nc dn thi; dch v ca cng v; phao tiu bo hiu;... Trong khi , cc lnh
vc dch v vn ti ng st, ng b, ng thu ni a v ng hng
khng, chng ta thc hin t do ho theo l trnh cht ch hn.
V hnh thc hin din thng mi ca cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi
i vi cc dch v vn ti, a s u cam kt ngay sau khi gia nhp s cho
php thnh lp lin doanh vi nc ngoi nhng t l gp vn ca pha nc
ngoi thng khng vut qu 49% - 51%. Sau thi gian gia nhp khong t 3 n
5 nm Vit Nam s cho php thnh lp cng ty 100% vn nc ngoi hu ht
cc phng thc vn ti.
Lnh vc dch v h tr mi phng thc vn ti c cam kt c th nh
sau: i vi dch v xp d container, tr dch v cung cp ti cc sn bay, k t
ngy gia nhp nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi ch c php cung cp dch v
thng qua lin doanh vi i tc Vit Nam vi t l vn gp khng qu 50%; vi

80
dch v kho bi v dch v i l vn ti hng ho, Vit Nam khng hn ch tip
cn th trng, ngoi tr k t ngy gia nhp cho php thnh lp lin doanh trong
t l vn nc ngoi khng c vt qu 51%, sau 7 nm k t khi gia nhp,
khng hn ch.
i vi cc dch v khc, Vit Nam cha cam kt tr dch v mi gii vn ti
hng ho, khng hn ch sau 5 nm k t khi gia nhp. K t ngy gia nhp, cc
nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi ch c cung cp dch v thng qua thnh lp
lin doanh vi i tc Vit Nam vi t l vn gp khng qu 49%. Sau 3 nm, hn
ch ny s l 51%, 4 nm sau , hn ch v vn s c bi b.
Theo nh gi, Vit Nam t mc t do ha c ngha vi mt l trnh
hp l cho cc phn ngnh b tr dch v logistics. Vit Nam cng t c
mc bo h cn thit i vi mt s ngnh v phn ngnh dch v nhy cm
nh dch v chuyn pht, dch v phn phi, dch v vn ti ng st v vn ti
ng b ni a. Mt s phn ngnh dch v chng ta c li th cung cp nh
dch v xp d container vi hng ha vn chuyn ng bin, i l kho bi v
i l vn ti hng ha, dch v thng quan, th t t l khng ch vn gp
nc ngoi khng vt qu 50% hoc t ra l trnh cho php tng vn gp ca
pha nc ngoi t 5-7 nm.
1.2 Cc tho thun khu vc
Hip nh khung ASEAN v to thun li cho hng ho qu cnh
Hip nh c k kt vo nm 1998, c hiu lc. Cc nc ASEAN dnh
cho nhau i ng ti hu quc v i ng quc gia trong vic vn ti hng ho qu
cnh gia cc nc thnh vin. V c bn, Hip nh cho php cc phng tin
vn ti ch hng ho qu cnh c i sut khng phi thay i phng tin vn
ti. Cc nc thnh vin cng nhn ln nhau giy php li xe v giy kim nh k

81
thut xe c gii thng mi do cc nc thnh vin cp. Cc quy nh khc ca
Hp nh v vn ti hng ho qu cnh c bn ging Hip nh GMS.
L trnh hi nhp nhanh ngnh dch v logistics trong ASEAN
L trnh c k kt ti Hi ngh khng chnh thc cc B trng Kinh t
ASEAN (AEM Retreat) thng 5/2007. Trong ASEAN, bn d tho l trnh Hi
nhp nhanh ngnh logistics c tho lun ti cc din n khc nhau nh Hi
ngh cc Quan chc kinh t cao cp (STOM), Hi ngh cc Quan chc Cao cp v
vin thng (TELSOM), y ban iu phi v Hi quan (CCC) v y ban iu phi
v dch v (CCS).
Xt v phm vi, dch v logistics trong ASEAN gm 11 phn ngnh sau:
Dch v xp d hng ha trong vn ti bin; dch v kho bi; dch v i l vn ti
hng ha; cc dch v b tr khc; dch v chuyn pht; dch v ng gi; dch v
thng quan; dch v vn ti hng ha quc t bng ng bin, loi tr vn ti ven
b; dch v vn ti hng khng; dch v vn ti ng st quc t; dch v vn ti
ng b quc t.
Trong ni b ASEAN, thi hn 2013 c t ra t do ha hu ht
cc phn ngnh ch yu trong dch v logistics. Bc tin ng k trong t do
ha dch v logistics trong ASEAN c th hin trong phn ngnh dch v vn
ti hng ha bng ng hng khng s c t do ha hon ton vo nm 2008.

2. C hi v thch thc i vi vic pht trin dch v logistics Vit Nam
trc bi cnh hi nhp
2.1 C hi trong vic pht trin dch v logistics Vit Nam
Theo d bo ca cc chuyn gia, trong tng lai khu vc Chu Thi Bnh
Dng s l khu vc c tc tng trng ca th trng dch v logistics cao
nht th gii. Gi tr th trng logistics ti khu vc ny c d kin c tc

82
tng trng cao hn so vi th trng Bc M v Chu u vi tc trung bnh
khong 7% trong giai on 2006 2010. Nm trong khu vc th trng nng ng
nh vy l mt iu kin ht sc thun li cho Vit Nam pht trin ngnh dch v
logistics. Trn thc t, cc nh cung cp dch v logistics th gii u nhn nh
Vit Nam l th trng tim nng cho ngnh dch v ny pht trin v ln mnh.
Theo d bo, trong tng lai khng xa, dch v logistics s tr thnh mt ngnh
kinh t quan trng ti Vit Nam, ng gp ti 15% GDP c nc. c bit, trong
10 nm ti, khi kim ngch xut nhp khu ca Vit Nam c th t mc 200 t
USD/nm th nhu cu s dng dch v logistics li cng ln.
Hn na, Vit Nam cng vi Trung Quc v n ang l nhng ni hp
dn cho hot ng u t vo dch v logistics. Qu trnh ton cu ho cng vi
vic dch chuyn cc nh my sn xut t cc nc pht trin sang cc nc ang
pht trin to c hi cho Vit Nam tr thnh trung tm sn xut ca th gii.
Hu ht cc cng ln nh Wal-Mart, General Mators, Toyota, Dell, Procter &
Gamble, Nike, u c c s sn xut ti Vit Nam. Mt khc, cc tp on a
quc gia trn th gii hin nay ngy cng c nhu cu thu ngoi dch v logistics,
khi h thit lp mng li sn xut kinh doanh ti Vit Nam s gp phn thc y
nhu cu dch v logistics ti Vit Nam gia tng mnh.
Khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng cn l khu vc quy t nhiu quc gia c
kinh nghim pht trin ngnh dch v logistics nh Singapore, Nht Bn, Hng
Kng v gn y nht chng kin s ni bt ca Trung Quc. y l mt iu
kin tt cho Vit Nam hc hi kinh nghim tin ti hp tc hnh thnh mt mng
li logistics trong khu vc. Vi vic tham gia tch cc v ch ng vo mng
li ny, cc doanh nghip logistics Vit Nam c c hi kinh doanh hiu qu, pht
trin quy m hot ng, nng cao trnh qun l v cung cp dch v v hn th
na l c hi tham gia vo mng li logistics ton cu.

83
Trong xu th hi nhp, hin nay Vit Nam l thnh vin ca T chc
Thng Mi Th gii WTO ng thi l thnh vin ngy cng c vai tr quan
trng trong t chc khu vc ASEAN. Vic Vit Nam tham gia vo cc cam kt v
l trnh hp tc ngnh dch v logistics trong khu vc v trn th gii l ng lc
cho c chnh ph v khi doanh nghip tch cc bt tay hp tc xy dng nh
hng ng n v nng cao hiu qu hot ng cho ton ngnh. Bi nu khng
c nhng bc i cn thit ny th th trng dch v logistics cn non tr ca Vit
Nam s sm b chim lnh bi cc cng ty kinh doanh dch v logistics tn tui
nc ngoi.
2.2 Thch thc trong vic pht trin dch v logistics Vit Nam
Hn nh 2009 m ca th trng dch v logistic Vit Nam cho cc doanh
nghip nc ngoi khng cn xa. Theo cam kt gia nhp WTO, Vit Nam s cho
php cc cng ty dch v hng hi, logistics 100% vn nc ngoi hot ng bnh
ng ti Vit Nam. iu ny t doanh nghip Vit Nam trc thch thc cnh
tranh gay gt trn sn nh. p lc cnh tranh rt ln t vic hi nhp quc t, s
ln mnh khng ngng ca th trng cng nh nhng i hi ngy cng tng t
pha khch hng cng ang t ra nhng thch thc khng nh cho cc doanh
nghip logistic trong nc.
Hin ti cc tp on hng hi ln trn th gii nh APL, Mitsui OSK, Maerk
Logistics, NYK Logistics,... c mt ti Vit Nam. Nhng tp on hng mnh
vi kh nng cnh tranh ln, b dy kinh nghim v ngun ti chnh khng l vi
h thng mng li i l dy c, h thng kho hng chuyn dng, dch v khp
kn trn ton th gii, mng li thng tin rng khp, trnh t chc qun l cao,
v ang tng bc xm nhp, cng c, chim lnh th trng trong nc
Cnh tranh s cng khc lit v bt li i vi cc doanh nghip kinh doanh
dch v logistics Vit Nam khi hot ng mua li v st nhp nhm tn dng li

84
th v quy m ang tr thnh mt trong nhng xu hng ch yu ca th trng
dch v logistics ton cu. iu ny s dn n mt s cng ty cung cp dch v
nh s b loi khi cuc chi, vi mc cnh tranh gay gt hn v iu tt yu l
p lc gim gi. Trong khi , cc nh phn tch th trng u khng nh ch
yu cc cng ty cung cp dch v logistics Vit Nam u c quy m va v nh,
nu cc cng ty ny khng bit nng cao hiu qu hot ng hoc ch ng lin
kt vi nhau th trong tng li khng xa rt nhiu doanh nghip kinh doanh dch
v logistics ca Vit Nam s b loi khi th trng hay b thn tnh bi cc cng
ty nc ngoi.
Trong nhng nm gn y, s bt n ca gi du th s trc tip nh hng
n cc doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v logistics trn ton cu khng ngoi tr
cc doanh nghip Vit Nam. c bit vi cc quc gia c mng li giao thng
ng b hot ng thiu hiu qu v tn ti nhiu bt cp nh Vit Nam, nh
hng ny cng tr nn su sc v y l mt tr ngi rt ln i vi cc doanh
nghip kinh doanh dch v logistics trong nc ni ring v i vi ton nn kinh
t ni chung.
Trong mi trng kinh doanh dch v hin nay, ngy cng nhiu cc bin
php nng cao tnh an ton ca hng ho c p dng. Cha bao gi m vn
an ninh c t ln thnh u tin hng u trong qun tr chui cung ng v hot
ng logistics nh hin nay. Cc tiu chun v an ninh trong chui cung ng v
hot ng logistics hin nay c th k n nh sau: ISO 28000/1/3/1, WCO SAFE,
TAPA, ASIS, ICAO, IMO/ISPS, Dangerous GoodsCc b tiu chun trn i
hi nh cung cp dch v logistics phi t mt trnh nht nh mi c th m
bo iu kin cung cp dch v. Khi cc cng ty a quc gia thm nhp vo th
trng Vit Nam cng nhiu th xu hng p dng cc tiu chun ny cng gia

85
tng. y thc s l mt ro cn i vi cc doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v
logistics Vit Nam khi mun tip cn i vi nhu cu th trng.
Bn cnh , mt trong nhng kh khn khng nh cho ngnh logistics ca
Vit Nam l ngun nhn lc ang thiu mt cch trm trng. T trc ti nay, cc
trng i hc, cao ng chuyn ngnh ngoi thng, hng hi, giao thng vn ti
cng ch o to chung cc kin thc c bn v nghip v ngoi thng, vn ti.
Sch gio khoa, ti liu tham kho v loi hnh dch v ny cng cha nhiu.
Ngay c nh cc chuyn gia c o to chuyn nghip trong lnh vc ny vn
cn qu t so vi yu cu pht trin.

III. nh hng pht trin dch v logistics Vit Nam trn c s kinh
nghim mt s nc ASEAN
1. D bo nhu cu dch v logistics trong tng lai ca nn kinh t Vit Nam
Trong bo co c tn Foresight 2020 do Economist Intelligence Unit
(EIU), c quan phn tch d bo kinh t ton cu, tc tng trng kinh t ca
Vit Nam giai on 2006-2010 t 7%, rt cao so mc trung bnh ca th gii l
4%, ch ng sau Trung Quc vi 7,8%. EIU d bo trong hn 10 nm ti tc
tng trng kinh t trung bnh ca Vit Nam t 5,4% y vn l con s tng
trng n tng. Nhn vo cc con s tng trng chng ta c th thy c
pht trin rt ln ca ngnh dch v logistics. Nhu cu logistics i vi hng ho
c th c phn chia theo hai khu vc l logistics vi hng ho xut nhp khu
v logistics ni a.
V hng ho xut nhp khu, kim ngch xut nhp khu trong nhng nm
tr li y tng mnh, c bit l sau s kin Vit Nam k Hip nh thng mi
song phng vi Hoa K vo nm 2001. Ta c th quan st s tng trng kim

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ngch xut nhp khu gia on 2000 2007 v d bo trong 3 nm 2008, 2009,
2010 nh trong bng di y.
Hnh 3.2. Nhu cu chuyn ch hng ho xut nhp khu Vit Nam
giai on 2000 2010
n v: triu USD
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
T USD
Xut khu
Nhp khu

Ngun: Trang Thng tin thng mi, B Cng Thng - http://www.mot.gov.vn/tktm
Theo Chin lc pht trin xut nhp khu giai on 2001 - 2010, c cu
hng ho xut nhp khu vo nm 2010 cng c nhiu thay i. V hng xut
khu, nhm hng nng, lm, thu sn gim dn t trng trong c cu hng xut
khu t 19,1% nm 2006 xung cn 13,7% nm 2010. Nhm hng nhin liu,
khong sn vi hai mt hng ch yu l du th v than gim mnh t 21%
nm 2006 xung cn 9,6% nm 2010. Ring nhm hng cng nghip v th
cng m ngh tng kh mnh t 45,9% nm 2006 ln 54,1% nm 2010.
C cu nhp khu s chuyn dch theo hng tng t trng my, thit b
cng nghip v cng ngh t 27% nm 2000 ln 36% 2010, gim t trng nhp
khu nguyn nhin vt liu t 69% nm 2000 xung 60% nm 2010, gi nguyn
Nm Xut
khu
Nhp
khu
Tng
kim ngch
2000 14.483 15.637 30.120
2001 15.029 16.218 31.247
2002 16.706 19.746 36.452
2003 20.149 25.256 45.405
2004 26.503 32.075 58.578
2005 32.223 36.881 69.104
2006 39.605 44.410 84.015
2007 48.386 60.832 109.218
2008
(d bo)
61.752 75.675 137.427
2009
(d bo)
77.631 88.529 166.160
2010
(d bo)
90.129 100.954 191.083

87
t trng hng tiu dng mc 4%. Nh vy, nhiu mt hng c vn chuyn
bng container nh may mc, thu sn, c ph, cao suv cc mt hng my
mc, nguyn liu ph v sn xut s l nhng mt hng xut nhp khu chnh
trong nhng nm ti.
Trong thng mi hng ho quc t, khi lng hng chuyn ch bng
ng bin lun chim mt t l ln trong tng lng hng ho xut nhp khu.
Theo Cc Hng Hi Vit Nam lng hng ho qua cc cng bin Vit Nam nm
2010 s l 280 triu tn, n nm 2020 s trn 500 triu tn. Trong , khi lng
hng vn chuyn bng container s tng nhanh v n 2010 c th ln n 6,5
7,5 triu TEU (130 150 triu tn). Ngoi ra lng hng qu cnh ca Lo,
Campuchia, Thi Lan, Trung Quc s tng. Theo tnh ton ca cc nh chuyn
mn th t l vn chuyn bng container i vi hng ho xut nhp khu (hng
kh) s t 26,15% tc tng hng nm l 25,5%. Hng ho Vit Nam s vn
ti cc khu vc v c mt nhu th trng trn th gii.
V hng ho ni a, cng vi nhu cu phc v hng ho xut nhp khu th
vn ti v dch v logistics i vi hng ni a l mt ni dung quan trng ca h
thng logistics trong tng lai ca t nc. Xt ring vi cng bin, hin nay vn
chuyn hng ho bng ng bin chim ti 83% tng s hng ho cn vn
chuyn trong nn kinh t quc dn, trong vn ti bin ni a chim t 15
20%. n nay, lng hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin ni a v khong 12
15 triu tn v n nm 2010 l 30 40 triu tn. D kin trong nhng nm ti
vi vic tng trng kinh t khong 8%/nm v nhu cu vn chuyn tng t 5
10% th khi lng vn chuyn bng ng bin ni a l rt ln. C nhiu vic
phi lm to thun li cho chu trnh lu chuyn ca hng ho c thng sut
gia ba min Bc, Trung, Nam. Thi gian ti nh nc c k hoch u t cc
xe ti c trng ti ln, cc xe chuyn dng nht l cc xe container. Ngnh ng

88
st ang trong qu trnh ci t nng cp hiu qu cc sn phm c th v th
trng ni a ca mnh. Hot ng hng khng cng c ci tin nh vic i
mi cc hot ng khai thc vn ti hng khng chuyn dng ti cc sn bay quc
t, dng mi cc sn bay ni a, tng cng nng lc xp d hng ho trn mt
t.

2. nh hng pht trin dch v logistics Vit Nam trn c s kinh nghim
cc nc ASEAN
Trn c s phn tch thc trng ngnh dch v logistics ti Vit Nam, chng
ta u thy rng mt nh hng pht trin dch v logistics ng n ang l i
hi ht sc cn thit ti Vit Nam hin nay. Nhn chung, nh hng s bao
gm cc lnh vc iu chnh hot ng logistics nh:
- Pht trin c s h tng phc v kinh t, c bit l h thng giao thng vn ti.
- i mi v hin i ho cc nghip v k thut lin quan n qu trnh lu
chuyn hang ho.
- Hon thin hnh lang php l v h thng qun l logistics hin i v hiu
qu.
- Nng cao nhn thc ca cc doanh nghip v cng ng x hi v logistics.
- Pht trin dch v logistics hng ti m hnh logistics in t da trn s pht
trin ca cng ngh thng tin, a logistics tr thnh ngnh dch v mi nhn
trong qu trnh t nc hi nhp vi xu th ton cu.
Qua vic tm hiu qu trnh qun l v pht trin dch v logistics ti mt s
quc gia trong khu vc nh Singapore, Malaysia, Thi Lan chng ta c th hc tp
kinh nghim ca cc nc ny xy dng mt nh hng pht trin va ph
hp vi mi trng kinh t v m ca Vit Nam ng thi cng dn hng theo
xu hng pht trin ca khu vc v th gii.

89
2.1 Xy dng chin lc ph hp vi thc trng pht trin dch v logistics
hin nay ti Vit Nam
Chin lc pht trin logistics cn c xy dng trn c s thc tin th
trng ngnh dch v logistics hin nay ca Vit Nam kt hp vi tham kho kinh
nghim t mt s nc i trc trong khu vc v trn th gii. Chin lc cn
ra cc mc tiu c th cho tng giai on nh sau:
Mc tiu trong ngn hn: ci thin dn cht lng dch v logistics, m
bo vn thi gian v thng sut trong phn phi hng ho ng thi thc hin
cc bin php ct gim chi ph trong chui cung ng.
Mc tiu di hn: hng ti xy dng mt ngnh dch v logistics hin i
c tnh hiu qu v cnh tranh cao; s dng phi hp cc phng tin vn ti hin
i trong phn phi; nng cao kh nng phc v ca ngnh; rt ngn khong cch
v trnh gia cc cng ty logistics trong nc v cng ty cung cp dch v nc
ngoi.
t c cc mc tiu ra, mt s bin php c th p dng nh sau:
Thnh lp cc n v ch o quc gia v logistics, phi hp cc b, cc
ngnh, cc vin nghin cu v cc c quan chc nng xy dng chin lc pht
trin logistics c th. ng thi phn cng trch nhim nghin cu v thc hin
trin khai c th n tng b, ngnh thc hin vic phc v pht trin logistics.
C nhng bin php khuyn khch ng vin vic pht trin dch v
logistics ti Vit Nam nh khuyn khch doanh nghip u t vo c s h tng,
thit b k thut, gim thu cho cc doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v logistics, m
ng lin kt, lin doanh v logistics, ku gi u t v logistics, c nhng ch
ti thng pht r rng trong qu trnh thc hin cc nghip v thuc hot ng
logistics.

90
2.2 Xy dng v hon thin mi trng php l pht trin dch v logistics
Ban son tho lut cn tip thu nhng kin ng gp kp thi sa i v
hon thin cc vn bn lut hin hnh quy nh v dch v logistics v hot ng
kinh doanh dch v logistics sao cho ph hp vi quan nim ca a s cc quc
gia pht trin trong lnh vc ny trn th gii. lm tt vic ny cn tham kho
thm cc vn bn php lut ca mt s quc gia trong khu vc v trn th gii.
Bn cnh cn xem xt li tng th h thng php lut trnh quy nh chng
cho gia Lut thng mi 2005, Ngh nh 140/2007/N-CP vi cc lut quy
nh v cc hot ng trong logistics nh lut hng hi, lut ng st, ngh nh
v vn ti a phng thc,
Lut giao thng ng b cn c xem xt sa i c quy nh v trch
nhim ca ngi vn ti. B lut hng hi Vit Nam nm 2005 cn c trin khai
thc hin tt vi vic hon thin cc vn bn chi tit di lut. Ngh nh 10 v
dch v vn ti bin c sa i, cn xem xt sm vic sa i Ngh nh 125
v vn ti a phng thc ph hp vi tnh hnh hin nay sau khi Vit Nam gia
nhp WTO. Thc hin c hiu qu cc cng c quc t v vn ti v lin quan
n vn ti m Vit Nam gia nhp, cc Hip nh ca ASEAN v Khu vc v
vn ti v dch v vn ti, v hi quan v v thng mi ho to thun li cho
hot ng logistics; tip tc xem xt cc vic gia nhp cc Cng c quc t v k
kt cc hip nh khu vc v to thun li cho vic pht trin dch v logistics ni
chung. X l cc vn m cc quy phm php lut trong nc lin quan n hot
ng logistics cha ph hp theo nguyn tc sa i theo ng iu c quc t
v ban hnh cc quy phm php lut mi. Qua to mi trng php l thun li
cho vic pht trin dch v logistics ti Vit Nam.

91
2.3 u t xy dng c s h tng v trang b phng tin k thut h tr
cho s pht trin ca h thng logistics
Cng nh cc nc ASEAN, Vit Nam cn phi pht trin ngnh dch v
logistics trn nn tng c s h tng c quy hoch v xy dng mt cch ng
b t h thng giao thng ng b, cc cng bin, cng cn (ICD) cho n cc
kho bi, cc khu u mi vn ti, cng sng, cng hng khng v h thng cng
ngh thng tin. Song song tng bc hin i ho c s h tng l cc bin php
thc y pht trin nhanh cc phng tin vn ti bin, vn ti t, vn ti
ng st v phng tin xp d hng ho, c bit l lm hng container. Vic
u t pht trin h tng mt cch ng b trong mi lin kt vn ti gia ng
bin, ng b, ng st, ng khng v ng thu ni a nhm to iu
kin cho vic p dng khp kn quy trnh cng ngh vn ti a phng thc v
logistics mt cch c hiu qu. Trc thc trng pht trin h tng ngnh dch v
logistics hin nay ti Vit Nam chng ta cn tp trung pht trin:
i vi vn ti ng bin: tp trung xy dng pht trin h thng cng
bin, cng container, cng cn, cng nc su v nng cp i tu. Pht trin cc
tuyn vn ti c bit l cc tuyn ng vn ti quc t. C chnh sch h tr
phi hp gia nh nc v cc tng cng ty, cc doanh nghip pht trin c s
h tng ng bin, h thng c ch qun l khai thc cng v cc hot ng vn
ti ng bin lin quan nh cc hot ng nhm m bo an ton hng hi, cng
nghip sa cha v ng tu, pht trin ngun nhn lc hng hi
i vi vn ti ng sng: tp trung xy dng cc cng u mi khu vc
v cc cm cng, xy dng mi tnh (ch yu l pha Nam) mt cng hoc bn
c trang thit b bc xp ph hp, hin i ho h thng bo hiu ng thu ph
hp vi tiu chun khu vc v quc t; pht trin mnh i tu sng theo hng
a dng c c cu hp l, ch trng pht trin tu t hnh, tu ch container.

92
i vi vn ti ng st: u t vn, cng ngh nng cp cc tuyn
ng c, i mi v m rng cc tuyn ng st, xy dng cc tuyn ng
ni lin cc khu vc, cc khu trung tm cng nghip, khu ch xut, cc cng ln
p ng nhu cu vn chuyn hng ho. Tng cng u t cc u my, toa xe,
cc thit b chuyn dng tng nng lc vn chuyn hng ho a dng mi
chng loi, kch c.
i vi vn ti ng b: tp trung xy dng v ci to cc tuyn ng
cao tc m bo ti trng cho cc t chuyn dng lu thng. Cn tng cng
u t pht trin i xe chuyn dng, c bit l xe container, xy dng cc trm
container trn b. Ch s hp l v cc chnh sch, qui hoch ng b trnh
tnh trng tc nghn giao thng b nh hng n tc v cht lng vn
chuyn, lu thng hng ho.
i vi vn ti ng khng
- nh hng pht trin mng li ng bay: hng khng Vit Nam cn
tng bc chuyn dch cu trc ton mng ng bay ca mnh vi u th tn
sut cao v hai trung tm trung chuyn khp kn H Ni Tp H Ch Minh nhm
to kh nng chi phi i vi cc lung vn chuyn ni a v ginh th cnh
tranh cao i vi cc lung vn chuyn quc t i/n Vit Nam cng nh trong
khu vc ng Dng, ng Nam v Ty Thi Bnh Dng.
- Nng cao nng lc vn ti, pht trin i my bay, pht trin h thng bo
dng v m bo k thut. Mc tiu pht trin i my bay ca Vit Nam l
p ng cc nhim v kinh t - x hi, gn vi chin lc pht trin mng ng
bay, pht trin th trng, to u th cnh tranh v tnh hin i, mc tin nghi
v cht lng phc v.

93
i vi h tng cng ngh thng tin: chng ta cn trang b nhng thit b
lin lc, x l thng tin hin i phc v hot ng thng mi cng nh ngnh
dch v logistics nh: H thng trao i d liu in t EDI kt ni gia Hi quan
vi cng s to iu kin gim thi gian t tc, gim thi gian vn chuyn v c
tc ng tch cc ti ton b h thng qun l vn ti ni ring v h thng
logistics ni chung.
Kinh nghim pht trin c s h tng ngnh dch v logistics ti cc nc
ASEAN cng cho thy vic thu ht vn u t pht trin h tng cng l mt nhn
t ht sc quan trng. Chnh ph nn la chn mt s lnh vc nh dch v kho
bi v cc loi hnh dch v c cung cp trong cc trung tm logistics c kh
nng nng cao c c s h tng khuyn khch u t. Hin nay ti Vit Nam
c nhiu ngun vn khc nhau cho cc d n xy dng h tng nh: vn t nhn
t cc nh u t trong v ngoi nc; nhng khon vay t nhng ngn hng
trong nc; ngun vn ODA; ngun qu song phng c bit t Nht Bn; th
trng vn quc t v tng chi ngn sch quc gia. Tuy nhin trong vi nm ti
GDP v thu nhp theo u ngi ca Vit Nam s vt ngng cho php ca cc
t chc vin tr th gii nh Ngn hng th gii v Ngn hng pht trin Chu .
Bn cnh th trng ti chnh ca Vit Nam khng c trang b tt h tr
pht trin c s h tng. Trong chin lc pht trin giao thng vn ti n nm
2020 chng ta cn 3 3,5 % GDP cho pht trin c s h tng phc v ngnh
nhng theo c tnh, ngn sch nh nc ch cung cp c khong 2,3% GDP
nh vy phn thiu ht nht thit phi huy ng u t t t nhn c trong v
ngoi nc. Chnh ph cn c mt tm nhn gii phng cc tim nng thng
mi ca t nc bng cch xy dng c s h tng, trong chc chn s cn c
s kt hp vn ca nh nc v t nhn. Mt s bin php khuyn khch khu vc
t nhn u t vo xy dng c s h tng c th p dng nh:

94
Chnh ph cn m rng danh mc ku gi u t v xy dng cc d n u
t kh thi v hiu qu ng thi cng ha hn mang li li ch cho nh u t.
V d trong lnh vc vin thng, nhng d n ln cn ku gi vn u t nh:
Chnh ph in t, thng mi in t, internet cng ng, in thoi di ng
3G, my tnh gi r...
Vit Nam cn sm a ra cc quy nh hay cc chnh sch khuyn khch xy
dng cc trung tm logistics. Hin nay mi ch c Lut Hng hi mi cng
nhn v bo h quyn li ca cc t chc c nhn trong u t xy dng,
qun l v khai thc cng bin.
Vit Nam nn khuyn khch u t vo c s h tng di nhiu hnh thc
nh: hp ng xy dng chuyn giao (BT), hp ng xy dng - vn hnh -
chuyn giao (BOT), lin doanh (JV) cng ty c phn (JSC),
Khuyn khch mi thnh phn kinh t tham gia u t vi cc hnh thc thch
hp. Thm ch, i vi tng d n, c th cho php p dng nhng c ch c
th cho tng d n, m bo nh u t c li v thu hi vn u t.
Thc hin c ch mt ca i vi cc th tc hnh chnh trong cp php u t

2.4 Xy dng mi trng cnh tranh lnh mnh trn c s tun th cc cam
kt quc t v dch v logistics
Nh phn tch, trn th trng dch v logistics Vit Nam hin nay cc
cng ty logistics v giao nhn trong nc tn ti song song vi cc tn tui
logistics quc t vi s chnh lch ng k v trnh . Vi tng i tng c
th, chnh ph nn c cc bin php qun l ring hiu qu nhng vn phi m
bo cng bng gia cc ch th trong ngnh trn c s tn trng cc cam kt
quc t ca Vit Nam trong khu vc v trn th gii.

95
Trc ht i vi hin tng cnh tranh khng lnh mnh gia cc cng ty
giao nhn v cung cp dch v logistics trong nc, chnh ph nn c cc ch ti
x pht nghim khc. Tng cng vai tr v s cng tc cht ch ca cc hip hi
ngnh ngh lin quan cng l mt bin php tch cc khng nhng gim thiu
cnh tranh khng lnh mnh m cn thc y lin kt trong ngnh. Hin nay
nc ta cc hip hi lin quan n hot ng logistic c th k tn nh Hip hi
giao nhn kho vn Vit Nam, Hip hi ch tu Vit Nam, Hip hi i k mi gii
hng hi Vit Nam, Hip hi cng bin Vit Nam, Hip hi vn ti t Vit
NamCc hip hi cn ng vai tr tch cc hn na trong vic iu ho li ch
gia cc thnh vin, x l cc tranh chp trong ni b ngnh v i din cho li
ch cc thnh vin trong nc trc cc cng ty nc ngoi.
Trong mi trng kinh t hin i, vai tr ca ngi tiu dng ngy cng ln,
h s quyt nh loi hng ho v dch v no c cung cp trn th trng v
cung cp nh th no. i vi dch v logistics cng vy. Nhng thc t hin nay
ti Vit Nam, cc ch hng thng phi mc nhin cng nhn mc ph do cc nh
vn ti, nh giao nhn hay cc cng ty cung cp dch v logistics a ra m cht
lng dch v th cha chc m bo. V vy, chng ta cn sm thnh lp Hip
hi ch hng Vit Nam h tr v bo v quyn li ca cc ch hng hi vin
trong cc hot ng logistics, trn c s buc cc nh cung cp dch v thc
hin tit gim chi ph logistics v nng cao cht lng dich v.
Chng ta cn hc tp kinh nghim ca cc nc ASEAN c bit l
Singapore trong vic thu ht cc cng ty logistics quc t t tr s hot ng ti
Vit Nam. Chnh ph nn khuyn khch bng cch to iu kin thun li vi c
ch mt ca trong cp php, u i thu khi mi thnh lp, khng duy tr cc hn
ch trong qu trnh hot ng so vi cc doanh nghip trong nc. Vi s c mt
ca cc tp on logistics quc t, cc cng ty trong nc s c iu kin hc hi

96
kinh nghim qun l v sm nng cao cht lng dch v, ng thi h cng
nhn thy cn phi to lin minh vi nhau i trng vi cc cng ty nc
ngoi. Tuy nhin, vi thc trng ca Vit Nam hin nay, ngnh dch v logistics
cn non tr, chng ta cng ch nn tng bc m ca i vi tng phn ngnh c
th v thc hin theo ng cc cam kt khi gia nhp WTO v cam kt v hi
nhp ngnh dch v logistics trong khu vc ASEAN. Thc t nhiu quc gia
cho thy kt hp hi ho gia m ca tng bc ngnh dch v logistics vi bo
h mc cn thit i vi cc phn ngnh dch v nhy cm s em li thnh
cng trong tng lai.
Phi hp gia cc c quan c lin quan, trc ht l vi Hi quan nhm n
gin ho chng t v hi ho ho th tc, qua to thm thun li cho hot ng
dch v logistics v thng mi.Va qua, Cc hng hi Vit nam thnh cng
trong vic ci tin th tc cng bin, gim ng k thi gian, giy t khai bo v
th tc cho tu ra vo cng bin. Cn ci tin hn na, nht l khi Vit Nam gia
nhp cng c FAL 65 cng c to thun li cho hot ng hng hi.

2.5 Xy dng v pht trin ngun nhn lc trong lnh vc dch v logistics
Nh phn tch, ngun nhn lc trong ngnh dch v logistics cn nhiu
hn ch nh thiu cc chuyn gia trong ngnh, i ng cn b khng c o
to bi bn Tuy nhin, o to ngun nhn lc l mt qu trnh lu di yu cu
phi ln k hoch c th c tnh n vic tham kho kinh nghim ca mt s
quc gia trong khu vc c bit l Singapore.
Trong ngn hn, Vit Nam cn o to, ti o to v nng cao trnh cho
i ng nhn lc hin c trong ngnh. Hip hi giao nhn Vit Nam cn ng
vai tr ch o thu thp nhu cu v o to cng nh mi cc chuyn gia trong
nc hoc khu vc h tr o to ni b ti cc doanh nghip. Bn cnh , cc

97
cp qun l cng cn h tr cc doanh nghip trong k hoch c nhn vin gii
i hc tp nc ngoi. Ngoi vic h tr bng kinh ph, nh nc c th hp tc
vi mt s quc gia trong khu vc v trn th gii nhm to iu kin cho i
ng nhn vin ny tham gia cc kho hc ngn hn ti nc bn. Cui cng,
VIFFAS cng cn ng vai tr l bn trung gian gii thiu doanh nghip vi i
ng lao ng c trnh i hc v cao ng chuyn ngnh lin quan, c trnh
ngoi ng, c kin thc a l, ngoi thng, cp nht thng xuyn k thut
mi trong nghip v giao nhn vn ti quc t.
Trong chin lc di hn, Chnh ph v cc c quan chc nng ti tr, h
tr, quan tm trong xy dng v hoch nh chnh sch c nh hng, lin quan
n ngnh logistics. Trong tng lai, b gio dc v o to cn hp tc vi
Hip hi giao nhn Vit Nam a chng trnh o to v chuyn ngnh
logistics vo cc trng i hc, cao ng kinh t ngoi thng v o to trn
c s nhu cu ca cc doanh nghip. Bn cnh , chng ta cng cn tm kim
cc ngun ti tr trong nc v quc t cho cc chng trnh o to trong v
ngoi nc. Phi hp v tranh th hp tc vi cc t chc FIATA, IATA v cc
t chc phi chnh ph khc c ngun kinh ph o to thng xuyn hn.
V t chc tuyn truyn, VIFFAS nn t chc mt din n ring nhm
mc ch trao i thng tin gia cc thnh vin trong Hip hi v gia Hip hi
vi cc c quan qun l. Qua , cc chng trnh o to s c thng bo
rng ri n cc hi vin tch cc tham gia v t chc o to. VIFFAS s
cung cp cc sch bo, ti liu nghip v cho cc hi vin cng tham kho.
Thc hin tt cc gii php c tnh nh hng ni trn s gp phn tng
cng xy dng v pht trin ngun nhn lc cho ngnh dch v logistics nc
ta. Mt ngun nhn lc tt, cht lng s l tin cho s pht trin v tng
cng mnh m ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam trong iu kin hi nhp.

98
2.6 Thc y hp tc quc t v hng ti xy dng th trng chung v
dch v logistics trong cng ng kinh t ASEAN (AEC)
Kinh nghim ca Singapore v gn y hn, Malaysia ang p dng hiu qu
l tng cng pht trin quan h quc t. Thng qua cc quan h quc t v
kinh t chng ta c th hnh thnh lin minh, lin kt vi cc hng logistics ln ca
nc ngoi, tham gia vo th trng ca cc nc ny, hc tp nhiu kinh nghim
v qun l, tn dng c li th v quy m, sc mnh ca lin minh, hp tc.
Vi quy m v trnh pht trin ca cc doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v
logistics trong nc hin nay, trong 5 nm ti Vit Nam cn thc y hp tc cht
ch vi cc i tc kinh t trong khu vc ASEAN c bit l vi cc quc gia pht
trin hn nh Singapore, Malaysia, Thi Lan, Indonesia. Hp tc kinh t ni
chung v lin kt trong lnh vc dch v logistics ni ring cp khu vc s l
bc khi u to cho lin kt rng hn vi th gii.
Trong bi cnh th trng vn ti v logistics th gii ang ngy cng c t
do ho mnh m, xu hng lin minh gia cc hng nng cao sc mnh cnh
tranh ngy cng th hin r nt v ang tin su vo cc lin minh khu vc. Lin
minh, lin kt l xu th pht trin hin nay trn th gii trong iu kin ton cu
ho ngnh vn ti v logistics. V vy, Vit Nam s gp nhng kh khn trong
pht trin nu vn ng ngoi cc lin minh khu vc v quc t ln.

Ngi vit rt hy vng rng 6 nh hng pht trin dch v logistics ni trn
s gip ch cho cc nh hoch nh chnh sch cng nh cc cp qun l trong qu
trnh iu tit th trng dch v logistics Vit Nam mt cch hiu qu, gp phn
nng cao trnh pht trin dch v logistics nc ta theo kp trnh pht trin
trong khu vc v trn th gii.

99
KT LUN

Giai on chuyn giao gia hai th k nh du bc pht trin i ln
mnh m ca nn kinh t Vit Nam trong c thm nhiu lnh vc kinh t mi
c thai nghn v hnh thnh bn cnh cc ngnh kinh t c bn v lu i.
Logistics l mt trong s . Vi qu trnh pht trin cha lu nn ngnh dch v
logistics Vit Nam hin nay cn bc l nhiu bt cp t vic nhn thc trong
cng ng, vic thc hin cc nghip v lin quan cho n cng tc t chc qun
l ca cc b, ban, ngnh v a phng.
Vi mong mun ngnh dch v logistics Vit Nam s tm ra hng pht
trin v ln mnh trong tng lai, kho lun i tm hiu kinh nghim pht
trin ca mt s quc gia trong khu vc ng Nam t xy dng mt s
nh hng pht trin i vi dich v logistics Vit Nam. Ni dung chnh ca
Kho lun c trnh by trong 3 chng, c th nh sau:
Chng I: lm r cc khi nim logistics, dch v logistics, nh cung cp
dch v logistics v nhn nh xu hng logistics trong tng lai l xu hng
logistics ton cu.
Chng II: tm hiu tng quan v thc trng pht trin dch v logistics
khu vc ng Nam , i su nghin cu thc trng pht trin dch v logistics
ca 3 nc ASEAN l Singapore, Malaysia v Thi Lan, qua rt ra mt s bi
hc kinh nghim c th p dng i vi Vit Nam.
Chng III: phn tch cc iu kin mi trng thun li cng nh thc
trng pht trin dch v vi nhiu bt cp hin nay ti Vit Nam t a ra
nh hng pht trin dch v logistics trn c s hc tp kinh nghim ca cc
nc ASEAN, vi nhng ni dung chnh ca nh hng nh sau:

100
- Xy dng chin lc ph hp vi thc trng pht trin dch v logistics
hin nay ti Vit Nam
- Xy dng v hon thin mi trng php l pht trin dch v logistics
- u t xy dng c s h tng v trang thit b phng tin k thut h
tr cho s pht trin ca h thng logistics
- Xy dng mi trng cnh tranh lnh mnh trn c s tun th cc cam
kt quc t v dch v logistics
- Xy dng v pht trin ngun nhn lc trong lnh vc dch v logistics
- Thc y hp tc quc t v hng ti xy dng th trng chung v dch
v logistics trong cng ng kinh t ASEAN.
im thun li trong nghin cu ti Kho lun l khong cch pht
trin kinh t gia cc quc gia trong khu vc v Vit Nam khng qu xa, qu
trnh hnh thnh v pht trin dch v logistics ti cc quc gia ny cng tng tri
qua giai on nh Vit Nam hin nay. V vy, kh nng p dng cc kinh
nghim pht trin dch v logistics ca cc nc ny ti Vit Nam mang tnh
thc tin cao. Tuy nhin kh khn rt ln l, trong khu vc ngoi Singapore,
cc quc gia khc u c trnh pht trin ngnh dch v mc trung bnh so
vi th gii thm ch vn cn tnh trng hiu khng ng v thu o v ngnh
dch v ny, vy nn bi hc a ra khng nhiu v khng mang tnh in hnh.
Trong qu trnh xy dng kho lun s khng trnh khi sai st, em rt
mong nhn c s ng gp chn thnh t pha Thy, C gio v nhng Ngi
quan tm. Em cng mong mun ti ca mnh s c nhiu ngi tham kho
v tip tc i su nghin cu vi mc ch ng gp cho ngnh dch v logistics
nc nh ngy cng pht trin v ln mnh.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!

101
TI LIU THAM KHO

I. Ting Vit
1. L Vn By (2007), Nhng cam kt ca Vit nam khi gia nhp WTO v nhng tc
ng n logistics v dch v logistics, Tp ch Vietnam Shipper, S thng 1.
2. Nguyn Vn Chng (2007), Pht trin dch v logistics khi Vit Nam gia nhp
WTO.
3. NguyenHieu (2007), Logistics ti Singapore, Tp ch Vietnam Shipper, S thng 11.
4. NguyenHieu (2008), Nhng xu hng chnh trong hot ng logistics nm 2007,
Tp ch Vietnam Shipper, S thng 1.
5. V Nht Thng (2006), Dch v giao nhn hng ho trong Lut thng mi, Tp
ch Vietnam Shipper, S thng 9.
6. Anh Th (2008), Vit Nam trn b phng, Tp ch Vietnam Shipper, S thng 1.
7. Nguyn Nh Tin (2004), Logistics v kh nng p dng, pht trin logistics trong
cc doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v vn ti giao nhn Vit Nam, NXB Giao
thng vn ti.
8. on Th Hng Vn (2006), Qun tr logistics, NXB Thng k.
9. B Giao thng Vn Ti (2007), Hi tho v logistics ASEAN - Nht Bn.
10. Cc qun l cnh tranh - B Cng Thng & Tng cng ty hng hi Vit Nam
(2008), S tay kinh doanh logistics, NXB Ti Chnh.
11. Quc hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam (2005), Lut Thng mi 2005.
12. Chnh ph nc CHXHCN Vit Nam (2007), Ngh nh 140/2007/N-CP.

102
II. Ting Anh
1. A. Nesathurai (2003), Key Players in The Logistics Chain.
2. Coyle, Bardi, Langley (2003), The management of Business Logistics - A supply
chain perspective 7
th
Edition.
3. Doughlas M.Lambert, James R.Stock, Lisa M.Ellran (1998), Fundamentals of
Logistics Management, McGraw Hill.
4. Jose L. Tongzon (2004), Strategies for Developing Logistics Hubs: The Case of
Singapore
5. Kamonchanok Suthiwartnarueput (2007), The Current Situation of Thailands
logistics.
6. Ma Shuo (1999), Logistics and supply chain management, World Maritime
University.
7. Micheal Hugos (2003), Essentials of supply chain management, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
8. Nazery Khalid (2006), Developing Multimodal Transport in Malaysia: Improving
Links and Integration Across Transport Modes and The Logistics Chain.
9. Paul Amos (2007), Responding to global logistics trendswith a National Logistics
Strategy.
10. Robert J.Trent (2004), What everyone need to know about supply chain
management, Supply Chain Management Review.
11. Somnuk Keretho (2005), Thailand Single-Window e-Logistics - Roadmap &
Architecture.
12. Wilaiporn Liwgasemsan (2005), Public-Private Partnership - Development of
Logistics in Thailand.
13. ALMEC Corporation (2007), Draft Fact and Assessment Report for ASSEAN
Logistics Development Study.

103
14. Asian Development Bank (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008), Asian Development
Outlook.
15. Asian Development Bank (2007), Malaysia Logistics Directory.
16. International Enterprise of Singapore, Lead Secrectariat, ERC Working Group on
Logistics (2002), Developing Singapore into a global integrated logistics hub.
17. Thailand Country Report (2005), Promoting Efficient and Competitive Intra-
ASEAN Shipping Services, PDP Australia Pty Ltd/Meyrick and Associates.
18. UNCTAD (2006), Negotiations on Transport and logistics Services: Issues to
Consider.

III. Website
1. http://www.nolgroup.com
2. http://www.apllogistics.com
3. http://www.globallogistics.com
4. http://www.glcs.com/archives/transport
5. http://www.supplychainbrain.com
6. http://www.inboundlogistics.com
7. http://www.vietnamshipper.com
8. http://www.mot.gov.vn/tktm

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