HA I CNG

GENERAL
CHEMISTRY
GV: TS. HONG MINH HO
E-mail: haohm@hcmute.edu.vn

Hc phn c 7 chng:
Chng 1: Cu to nguyn t v h
thng tun hon cc nguyn t
ha hc
Chng 2: Lin kt ha hc
Chng 3: Nhit ng ha hc
Chng 4: ng ha hc
Chng 5: Cn bng ha hc
Chng 6: Dung dch
Chng 7: in ha hc
 CHNG 1

CU TO NGUYN T
&
H THNG TUN HON CC
NGUYN T HA HC
 TI LIU THAM KHO

1. L. S. Brown, Chemistry for Engineering Students,

Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2nd edition, 2011.
2. R. H. Petrucci, W. S. Harwood, F. G. Herring, General
Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, Prentice Hall,
Inc., 8th edition, 2002.
3. Nguyn c Chung, Ha hc i Cng, NXB i hc Quc
Gia Tp HCM, 2002.
4. Nguyn nh Soa, Ha i cng, NXB i hc Bch Khoa
TP.HCM, 2011.
 MC TIU

1. Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t trng thi c bn,

cch sp xp cc electron trn cc orbital nguyn t (AO)

2. ngha ca 04 s lng t c trng cho trng thi ca

electron
1.1. LP V ELECTRON

1.1.1. M hnh nguyn t Bohr

Electtron chuyn ng trn cc

qu o dng (qu o lng t)

Nng lng (En) ca electron
c lng t ha

Electron hp th nng lng v

gii phng nng lng (bc x)
 Nhng kt qu thu c t m hnh Bohr
a) Tnh c tc (v), bn knh qu o bn (r) v nng
lng electron (En)

a0 = 0,529 : Bn knh Bohr

0 = 8,85419x10-12 C2J-1m-2: Hng
s in mi ca chn khng
h = 6,62617636x1034 Js: Hng s
Planck
b) Gii thch c bn cht vt l ca quang ph vch nguyn
t v v tr cc vch quang ph hydro

1 1 c
E hv 13, 6 2 2 eV
n1 n2
 1 1
E hv 13, 6 2 2 eV
n1 n2

c


 1.1.2. Tnh cht sng-ht ca ht vi m
nh sng c tnh cht nh nguyn: Sng Ht

Tnh cht ht: (Hiu ng quang in) nh sng l mt dng

photon, mi photon c nng lng E = h
 Tnh cht sng: (Hin tng nhiu x v giao thoa) nh
sng nh sng truyn i trong khng gian vi tc c c
bc sng , tn s

c=x

 Gi thuyt Louis de Broglie: Mi ht vt cht bt k khi

lng m, tc v u gn vi mt sng cho bi h thc:
1.1.3. H thc bt nh Heisenberg
Khng th xc nh ng thi chnh xc c ta v
ng lng ca ht vi m

x: bt nh v tr
p: bt nh vn tc


V d 1: Electron c khi lng me = 10-30 kg, c bt nh v

tr l x = 10-10 m. bt nh v vn tc l v = 5,3.105 m/s (gi
tr rt ln)

V d 2: Qu bng khi lng m = 0,2 kg bay vi tc v = 30 m/s,

bt nh v tr l x = 10-10 m. bt nh v vn tc l v =
2,6.10-24 m/s (gi rt tr nh)
1.1.4. Phng trnh sng Schrdinger (Khng ph thuc
thi gian): Xt nguyn t hydro

Khng gian mt chiu:

(x): Hm sng
V(x): Th nng
m: khi lng ht
E = Nng lng

Khng gian ba chiu:

(x,y,z): Hm sng
V(x,y,z): Th nng
m: khi lng ht
 H ta cu:

(r, , ): Hm sng
V(r): Th nng
m: khi lng ht

H ta cu
 Hm bn knh R(r) ph thuc vo s lng t chnh (n) v s
lng t orbital (l)
n = 1, 2, 3,
l = 0, 1, 2,,(n-1)

Hm cu Y( , ) ph thuc vo s lng t orbital (l) v s

lng t t (ml)
ml = 0, 1, 2,,l
Mt hm sng (r, , ) vi ba s lng t n, l, ml miu t
trng thi mt electron v gi l orbital nguyn t (AO-
Atomic Orbital).
Tn ca AO gi theo l: l= 0 1 2 3
Tn AO s p d f
 2(r, , ) biu th mt xc sut c mt ca ht (electron)
ti v tr (r, , ) tng ng (hnh dng orbital).

Cc orbital s c i xng cu

Orbital 1s

 Cc orbital p khng c i xng cu
 Cc orbital d
 1.1.5. ngha cc s lng t
a) S lng t chnh n (principal quantum number)

n = 1, 2, 3,
Nng lng En

n cng ln th nng lng

electron cng cao, kch
thc nguyn t cng ln

Trong nguyn t n l s
lp electron
b) S lng t moment gc orbital l (orbital angular
quantum number)
l = 0, 1, 2,, n-1; l xc nh hnh dng v tn orbital nguyn t

c) S lng t t ml (magnetic quantum number)

ml = -l, -l+1,, 0, 1, 2, l+1, +l

ml c (2l+1) gi tr
d) S lng t t spin ms (spin magnetic quantum number)
Electron c momen ng lng ring. Momen ng lng
ni ti ny c gi tr Ms

Hnh chiu ca momen ng lng gc

spin (spin angular momentum)

Tm li: Trng thi ca electron c c trng bi 04 s

lng t n, l, ml, ms: (n,l,ml,ms)
 Tm li: Trng thi ca electron c c trng bi 04 s
lng t n, l, ml, ms: (n,l,ml,ms)

Phn lp 3p6

n=3
l=1
ml = -1, 0, +1
ms = 1/2

ml -1 0 +1
Electron ngoi cng v electron cui cng

Electron lp
ngoi cng

Electron
cui cng
n=3
l=1
ml = +1
ms = +1/2
1.1.6. Nguyn t nhiu electron

i vi nguyn t c hai electron tr ln, phng trnh

Schrdinger khng c gii chnh xc v c th nng tng
tc gia cc electron
 V lc y gia cc electron nn hin tng suy bin cc
mc nng lng (nng lng bng nhau) khng cn trong
nguyn t nhiu electron

Nguyn t Hydrogen Nguyn t nhiu electron

 Cc electron to nn mt mn chn gia ht nhn v electron
ang xem xt lm cho ch mt phn in tch ht nhn c tc
dng thc s (Z*) vi electron

b: hng s chn
Z* = Z-b Z: in tch thc s

b) Nng lng electron

Nng lng (En,l) v s lng t hiu dng (n*)

 c) Mc nng lng ca cc phn lp

1s <2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s <
4f 5d < 6p < 7s < 6d 5f < 7b

d) Nguyn l Pauli
Trong mt nguyn t khng th c hai (hay nhiu) electron c 4
s lng t (n, l, ml, ms) nh nhau

Xt nguyn t Heli (1s2)

n=1 l=0 ml=0 ms=+1/2

n=1 l=0 ml=0 ms=-1/2


e) Nguyn l vng bn v cu hnh electron

Trong nguyn t, cc in t s chim c ln lt cc orbital c

nng lng t thp n cao

Qui tc Klechkovsky:

Khi in tch ht nhn tng, cc electron s chon cc mc

nng lng c tng s (n+l) ln dn

i vi cc phn lp c tng (n+l) bng nhau th electron c

in vo phn lp c gi tr n nh trc ri ti phn lp c n
ln hn
Qui tc Klechkovsky
f) Qui tc Hund
Trong mt phn lp, cc electron c sp xp sao cho tng s
spin l cc i

ng Sai
 Qui tc Hund gii thch c cu hnh bt thng ca
Cr, Cu, Ag

Bn Khng bn
3d10 3d9
4s1 4s2
NH LUT TUN HON V

H THNG TUN HON CC

NGUYN T HA HC
 MC CH

3. Da vo cu hnh electron, xc nh v tr ca nguyn t

trong bng HTTH

4. Tnh cht tun hon ca cc nguyn t trong bng HTTH

1.2. nh lut tun hon
1.2.1. nh lut tun hon

Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht

ca cc n cht v hp cht to nn t cc nguyn t bin
thin mt cch tun hon theo chiu tng ca s in tch ht
nhn nguyn t
1.2.2. H thng tun hon
a) Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo th t tng dn ca s in
tch ht nhn Z
b) Cc nguyn t ha hc c tnh cht ging nhau c xp
trong cng mt ct (nhm)

c) Mi hng c gi l mt chu k

Nhm
Chu k
a) Chu k

Chu k l mt dy nguyn t sp xp theo s th t tng dn,

m u l kim loi in hnh, cui l mt phi kim in hnh, kt
thc l mt kh him
 Chu k nh: Chu k 1, 2 v 3

3
 Chu k ln: Chu k 4, 5, 6 v 7

6 Lantanit

7 Actinit
b) Nhm
Cc nguyn t c tnh cht tng t c tp hp thnh ct
dc, mi ct l mt nhm
Nhm chnh (A)-8 nhm: Ct 1, 2 v cc ct t 13 n 18,
nh s t IA n VIIA
A A
 Nhm ph (B)-8 nhm: nh s t IIIB n VIIB, tip
theo l IB v IIB. Nhm VIIIB gm 3 ct

B
Xc nh v tr ca nguyn t trong bng HTTH da vo cu
hnh electron
Tng s electron l s th t ca nguyn t trong bng
HTTH
S lp electron l s th t ca chu k
Nguyn t phn nhm chnh A: s th t nhm bng tng s
electron lp ngoi cng
Nguyn t phn nhm ph B: S th t nhm bng tng s
electron trn phn lp s v d ngoi cng
Tng electron phn lp: (s) + (d) = 8, 9, 10: Nhm VIIIB
(s) + (d) = 11, 12: nhm IB v IIB
V d: Nguyn t Canxi (Z=20): 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
S th t l 20, Chu k 4, nhm IIA, kim loi
 1.2.3. Qui lut bin i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t
Tnh kim loi gim
Tnh phi kim tng
Tnh kim loi tng
Tnh phi kim gim

Cc oxt v hydroxit lng tnh Cc oxt l oxt axt

1.2.4. H thng tun hon v cu hnh electron nguyn t

Chu k 1: lp th nht - 1s2

Chu k 2: lp th 2 - 2s22p6 Cc nguyn t s, p

Chu k 3: Lp th 3 3s23p6
 Chu k 4: Phn lp 3d ang xy dng v hon thnh,
l cc nguyn t d

Chu k 5: 4d105s25p6
 Chu k 6: 4f145d106s26p6

Chu k 7: 5f146d107s27p6
 Nhn xt:

Bt u mi chu k trng vi khi u xy dng mt

lp electron mi, s chu k l s lp electron

C sau mi chu k, cc nguyn t li c cu hnh

electron tng t nhau (2s1 v 3s1) tnh cht ca
cc nguyn t bin i tun hon.
 Nguyn t nhm A (nguyn t s v p) c s electron
ngoi cng (s electron ha tr) bng s th t
nhm
 Cc nguyn t nhm B: Nguyn t d, cc electron d cng
c kh nng to thnh cc lin kt c coi l cc
electron ha tr
 Cc nguyn t lantanit v actinit (nguyn t f): Trong
cng h, cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t ch khc
nhau v s electron thuc phn lp f c tnh cht
ha hc rt t khc nhau v ging tnh cht ca Lantan
v Actini
Lantanit Actinit
1.3. S bin i tun hon mt s tnh cht ca nguyn t
1.3.1. Bn knh nguyn t v bn knh ion
Bn knh nguyn t

Bn knh cng ha tr v bn knh kim loi

 S thay i bn knh nguyn t theo s th t nguyn
t

Trong mt chu k, bn knh cng ha tr ca mt s

nguyn t nhm A gim lin tc v n khng i, Z* tng
 Trong mt nhm, bn knh cng ha tr ca mt s
nguyn t nhm A tng v n tng, hiu ng chn ca
cc electron bn trong tng
 Trong mt chu k, bn knh cng ha tr ca mt s
nguyn t nhm B gim chm v khng u v cc
electron ch in thm vo phn lp d
 Bn knh ion

Bn knh ion l bn knh cation hoc anion. Bn knh ion

da trn khong cch gia cc ht nhn ca cc ion trong
lin kt ion
 Trong mt chu k, bn knh ion tng
 Cc ion ng electron, cation c bn knh
nh hn aninon Na+ < F-

Cc cation ng electron, Al3+ < Mg2+

Cc anion ng electron, F- < O2-

1.4.2. Nng lng ion ha (I)

Nng lng ion ha (I) l nng lng tiu tn

tch mt electron ra khi mt nguyn t trng
thi kh
 Trong cc nhm A, trong cng mt nhm, I1 gim t trn
xung tnh kim loi tng
 Trong cng chu k, I1 ni chung tng
1.3.3. i lc electron (EA)

i lc electron, EA, l s thay i ethanpy, Hea, khi

mt nguyn t pha kh nhn mt electron
 Trong cng chu k, i lc in t tng (EA m hn).
Cc halogen c i lc electron mnh nht
1.4.4. m in ()
m in l i lng c trng nh lng cho kh
nng ca mt nguyn t trong phn t ht electron v
pha mnh
m in c mi lin h vi nng lng ion ha v
i lc in lc electron

A (IA EAA)
 A (IA EAA)

Nguyn t F c IF ln v EAF m s c m in ln
hn nguyn t Na c INa nh v EANa t m
 Da vo s khc nhau v m in ca 2 nguyn
t, c th bit phn trm c tnh ion trong mt lin
kt ha tr

H-Cl: = 0,9; 20% c tnh ion

H-O: = 1,4; 35% c tnh ion
1.3.5. S oxi ha

S oxi ha ca nguyn t bng s electron m nguyn

t nhng i hay thu vo to thnh ion c cu hnh
ns2 np6 hay ns2 np6 nd10

S: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

S oxi ha dng nht ca S l +6, s oxi ha
m l -2

Cr: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1

S oxi ha dng nht ca Cr l +6
 Trong mt chu k, s oxi ha dng cao nht tng
dn t +1 n +8, s oxi ha m tng t -4 (IVA) n -1
(VIIA)

Nhm IB c s oxi ha cao nht ln hn s nhm: Cu

(+1, +2)