- 1 Carry your opponent's proposition beyond its natural limits. - The more general your opponent's statement becomes, the more objections you can find against it. - 2 Use different meanings of your opponent's words to refute his argument.. - Example: Person A says, "You do not understand the mysteries of Kant's philosophy.". - Person B replies, "Of, if it's mysteries you're talking about, I'll have nothing to do with them.". - 3 Ignore your opponent's proposition, which was intended to refer to some particular thing. - 4 Hide your conclusion from your opponent until the end.. - Get your opponent to agree to them in no definite order.. - 5 Use your opponent's beliefs against him.. - If your opponent refuses to accept your premises, use his own premises to your advantage.. - Example, if the opponent is a member of an organization or a religious sect to which you do not belong, you may employ the declared opinions of this group against the opponent.. - Confuse the issue by changing your opponent's words or what he or she seeks to prove.. - 7 State your proposition and show the truth of it by asking the opponent many questions.. - 8 Make your opponent angry.. - 9 Use your opponent's answers to your question to reach different or even opposite conclusions.. - This may confuse the opponent as to which point you actually seek him to concede.. - 11 If the opponent grants you the truth of some of your premises, refrain from asking him or her to agree to your conclusion.. - Your opponent and others in attendance may come to believe that your conclusion was admitted.. - "superstition.". - 13 To make your opponent accept a proposition , you must give him an opposite, counter-proposition as well.. - If the contrast is glaring, the opponent will accept your proposition to avoid being paradoxical.. - Example: If you want him to admit that a boy must to everything that his father tells him to do, ask him, "whether in all things we must obey or disobey our parents.". - you are to understand few or many times, the opponent will say "many.". - 14 Try to bluff your opponent.. - If your opponent is shy or stupid, and you yourself possess a great deal of impudence and a good voice, the technique may succeed.. - Instead, submit for your opponent's acceptance or rejection some true proposition, as though you wished to draw your proof from it.. - Should the opponent reject it because he suspects a trick, you can obtain your triumph by showing how absurd the opponent is to reject an obviously true proposition.. - Should the opponent accept it, you now have reason on your side for the moment.. - You can either try to prove your original proposition, as in #14, maintain that your original proposition is proved by what your opponent accepted.. - 16 When your opponent puts forth a proposition, find it inconsistent with his or her other statements, beliefs, actions or lack of action.. - Example: Should your opponent defend suicide, you may at once exclaim, "Why don't you hang yourself?". - Should the opponent maintain that his city is an unpleasant place to live, you may say,. - 17 If your opponent presses you with a counter-proof, you will often be able to save yourself by advancing some subtle distinction.. - Try to find a second meaning or an ambiguous sense for your opponent's idea.. - 18 If your opponent has taken up a line of argument that will end in your defeat, you must not allow him to carry it to its conclusion.. - Interrupt the dispute, break it off altogether, or lead the opponent to a different subject.. - 19 Should your opponent expressly challenge you to produce any objection to some definite point in his argument, and you have nothing to say, try to make the argument less specific.. - 20 If your opponent has admitted to all or most of your premises, do not ask him or her directly to accept your conclusion.. - 21 When your opponent uses an argument that is superficial and you see the falsehood, you can refute it by setting forth its superficial character.. - But it is better to meet the opponent with acounter-argument that is just as superficial, and so dispose of him.. - Example: If the opponent appeals to prejudice, emotion or attacks you personally, return the attack in the same manner.. - 22 If your opponent asks you to admit something from which the point in dispute will immediately follow, you must refuse to do so, declaring that it begs the question.. - By contradicting your opponent you may drive him into extending the statement beyond its natural limit.. - Contrarily, if your opponent tries to extend your own statement further than your intended, redefine your statement's limits and say, "That is what I said, no more.". - Your opponent makes a proposition, and by false inference and distortion of his ideas you force from the proposition other propositions that are not intended and that appear absurd.. - 25 If your opponent is making a generalization, find an instance to the contrary.. - Only one valid contradiction is needed to overthrow the opponent's proposition.. - 26 A brilliant move is to turn the tables and use your opponent's arguments against himself.. - Example: Your opponent declares: "so and so is a child, you must make an allowance for him.". - otherwise he will persist in his bad habits.". - 27 Should your opponent suprise you by becoming particularly angry at an argument, you must urge it with all the more zeal.. - No only will this make your opponent angry, but it will appear that you have put your finger on the weak side of his case, and your opponent is more open to attack on this point than you expected.. - 28 When the audience consists of individuals (or a person) who is not an expert on a subject, you make an invalid objection to your opponent who seems to be defeated in the eyes of the audience.. - This strategy is particularly effective if your objection makes your opponent look ridiculous or if the audience laughs.. - If your opponent must make a long, winded and complicated explanation to correct you, the audience will not be disposed to listen to him.. - If your opponent respects an authority or an expert, quote that authority to further your case.. - Authorities that your opponent fails to understand are those which he generally admires the most.. - 31 If you know that you have no reply to the arguments that your opponent advances, you by a find stroke of irony declare yourself to be an incompetent judge.. - it may well be all very true, but I can't understand it, and I refrain from any expression of opinion on it.". - In this way you insinuate to the audience, with whom you are in good repute, that what your opponent says is nonsense.. - This technique may be used only when you are quite sure that the audience thinks much better of you than your opponent.. - or "Superstition.". - 33 You admit your opponent's premises but deny the conclusion.. - Example: "That's all very well in theory, but it won't work in practice.". - 34 When you state a question or an argument, and your opponent gives you no direct answer, or evades it with a counter question, or tries to change the subject, it is sure sign you have touched a weak spot, sometimes without intending to do so.. - You have, as it were, reduced your opponent to silence.. - You must, therefore, urge the point all the more, and not let your opponent evade it, even when you do not know where the weakness that you have hit upon really lies.. - If you success in making your opponent's opinion, should it prove true, seem distinctly prejudicial to his own interest, he will drop it immediately.. - 36 You may also puzzle and bewilder your opponent by mere bombast.. - If your opponent is weak or does not wish to appear as if he has no idea what your are talking about, you can easily impose upon him some argument that sounds very deep or learned, or that sounds indisputable.. - 37 Should your opponent be in the right but, luckily for you, choose a faulty proof, you can easily refute it and then claim that you have refuted the whole position.. - 38 Become personal, insulting and rude as soon as you perceive that your opponent has the upper hand.
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