Book description: This is a comprehensive long-run history of economic and political change in the Iberian Peninsula. Beginning with the development of the old medieval kingdoms, it goes on to explore two countries, Portugal and Spain, which during the early modern period possessed vast empires and played an essential role in the global economic and political developments. It traces how and why both countries began to fall behind during the first stages of industrialization and modern economic growth only to achieve remarkable economic development during the second half of the twentieth century. Written by a team of leading historians, the book sheds new light on all aspects of economic history from population, agriculture, manufacturing and international trade to government, finance and welfare. The book includes extensive new data and will be an essential work of reference for scholars of Portugal and Spain and also of comparative European economic development.

O presente artigo teve por objetivo analisar o processo de construcao social da diferenca na escola, em especial da deficiencia – diferenca estigmatizada, inferiorizada e historicamente marginalizada – e os modos como a pessoa com deficiencia vivencia a realidade escolar. A pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa, foi realizada em uma escola de ensino medio do municipio de Blumenau, utilizando-se, como tecnica de producao dos dados, a observacao do cotidiano escolar, a analise documental e entrevistas com uma gestora, uma professora e uma estudante cega. Com base no modelo social da deficiencia e considerando a importância da participacao das pessoas com deficiencia na construcao do conhecimento sobre sua realidade, os resultados buscaram evidenciar a narrativa e as perspectivas da estudante sobre sua trajetoria escolar. Com isso, foi possivel observar que os processos de inclusao/exclusao escolar dependem dos modos como os diferentes atores concebem e lidam com a deficiencia que, por su...

Age structure and growth in the Moroccan spadefoot toad, Pelobates varaldii were estimated by skeletochronology and reported for the first time for a population living in NW Morocco. Snout vent length and body mass did not significantly differ between the sexes, although females appeared larger and heavier than males. Age ranged 2-7 years in males (mean age±SD: 4.5±1.2, n = 66) and 2-10 years in females (4.7±2.4, n = 20). The difference in age was not significant between the sexes. The modal age was 5 years for males and 3 years for females. The age distributions significantly differed between the sexes. Von Bertalanffy growth curves showed a similar profile between the sexes although growth coefficient was higher in males than in females. Longevity and growth rates of P. varaldii were compared with those of other species of the genus Pelobates.