11/1/2016

NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice

LiTana
CollegeofAsiaandthePacific
AustralianNationalUniversity

GOTSIGN:

NGIHOATISINGAPOREV

CNGCUCMUDCHTISIGN

TRONGTHKTHMICHN

http://www.gioo.com/NgoBac/NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice.htm

1/12

11/1/2016

NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice

NgBcdch

Thiktgiathkthmitmngiathkthmichnlmtthikhongcmtsnghaquan
trngtronglchscangNam.Nctikhostnhmtthiknhdumtsbnhtrngthng
milnlaogiaknguynthngmivthikcaocachnghathcdn(18701940).1Bivitnyxem
xtsphttrincacngcucmudchlagoSigntrongkhungcnhny,nhnmnhnhotngmudch
trongphmvingNamctrngnhngthayivnhngtngphncathikny.Trongthccht,
iunylincannsxuthincamtcngcucmudchctnhchtaphnghnngtrng,vthc
phmvikhilngtoln(bulkgoods)hnlccxaxphm,vcthchinbingiHoaNanyang(Nam
Dng:binphanam)chkhngphibingiHoatiminnamTrungHoa.cbit,tisttiuimnhm
vohotngmudchcaccthngnhnTrungHoaccstiSingaporevlagoSignvnghacan
cholchsthngmicangiHoatingNam.

MtChiuHngMi:
MuDchaPhngbi
NgiHoaaPhngHa
tingNam
TrongkhimudchthuynbumngNamhayNamDngtrongccthkthmisuvmiby

inhnhlngtrng,hngtimtnin,thd,tngNamnNhtBnhayTrungHoa,vchyu
lccxaxphm,thkthmitmchngkinmtsthayilnlaotrongcckhunmumudch,nhtc
giLiebermanvchra,sangcckhilngthcphmtolncngknh,phnnhiutrongphmvivng. 2Stri
dycaSigncthcnhnnhmthuqutrctipcachiuhngny,trongstngphnrrtviHi
An,mttrmtrungchuyntimintrungVitNamngynay,vncphttrintrongthkthmibyvsuy
gimtgiathkthmitm.TrongkhistridycaHiAnsonghnhvinhucuvghng(calambac),
vngvccxaxphmkhctTrungHoavNhtBn,Signrrngcthitlptrnhotngmudchv
cckhihngtolnchnghnnhgo,ngvmuivicchicngngNamkhc.
Sthayinycgyrabiviyut.Nhnhiuhcgivchra,nhucucaTrungHoavsgothng
dtngNam,vntrnncpbchtrongthkthmitm,lcngctrongvicthcymudch

http://www.gioo.com/NgoBac/NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice.htm

2/12

11/1/2016

NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice

dtngNam,vntrnncpbchtrongthkthmitm,lcngctrongvicthcymudch
thuynbumphttrintingNamtrongnasaucathkthmitmvuthkthmichn. 3c
imnycathiktrnnrrnghnkhichngtatnhhaitrungtmthngmimicthnhlp,
BangkokvSign,votrongbccnhtr.iunibtlBangkokcthnhlp(1782)gnnhcnglcvi
Sign,vntrthnhthtrnvonm1772. 4nghavthigianvkhnggiannyxngngnhncs
chnghimchnhcacchcgivngNamlca.Chatngthytrcyhaitrungtmthngmi
nolicxydnggncnnhaunhthbihainctolntingNamlca.iuxyrany,sctc
nglnlaotrncckhunmukinhtvchnhtrcavng,chcchnkhchlmudchgiahaitrungtm,v
hnphilmttrongccyuttolngpphnvosthnhvngcahotngmudchthuynbumTrung
Hoahiuthkthmichn,cbitrnttichungquanhkhuvcVnhXimLa.5
Song,sthnhvngvphmvithngmitrongvngsbhnchrtnhiunukhngcccskhchl
dinranhhicngSingaporetrongnm1819,gnnhngaysaukhicsthnhlpSignvBangkok.Hicng
tdocaAnhQucny,vidnsgiatngmauchngcanbngccdidn,manglinhucumnhmnht
vgo,ngvmuitrongvng,ccmnhngbinBangkokvSignthnhccitcmudchquantrng
nhtvsmnhtcan.NhJohnCrawfurdnhnxthiuthpnin1820:Chonginhnhngknht
casgiaothngny[caSingapore]lnhnhviXimLa,vbncnhlvihicngcaSign.6

ThayiCcTayChi:
SaPhngHaNhiuHn
Sthitlpbatrungtmthngmiquantrngtrongvngnhdubckhiucamtsthamgiaca

ngiHoaaphnghanhiuhnvomudchthuynbumtivngngNam.TrnghpSigncl
chxc.Ccbocochothyrng300thuynbummuabnhngnmtiSignvouthpnin1800 7,
trongchc30thuynlntTrungHoa. 8Nuth,khi90phntrmccthuynbumsphint
cchicngkhcnmtrongngNam.ChcchnnhiuthuynntBangkok.iuctngthut
trongthpnin1820rngckhong200thuynbumccstiBangkok,80trongsthuynmudchviTrung
Hoav50viVitNam,vrngphnlncshubingiHoaaphnghatiXimLa.9
CngcucmudchcangiHoatiXimLavSignviSingaporetrongnhngngysmsanhtcan
ckinchngmtcchrrngtimttrongccbikTrungHoasmnhtctmthytiSingaporecghi
nini1830tiHengShanTing.Bikchohayrngngicha,thnhlptrongnm1828,ccpngnkhon
biccsquyntngtccthuynbumTang(nhng[tcTrungHoa],ccthuynbumXimLavcc
thuynbumAnNam,ccthuynthucccchnhncnguynquncchuynZhangvQuan,tnhPhcKin.
http://www.gioo.com/NgoBac/NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice.htm

3/12

11/1/2016

NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice

thuynbumAnNam,ccthuynthucccchnhncnguynquncchuynZhangvQuan,tnhPhcKin.
10iunysnulnkinrngkhngchckhunmumudchvhnghachyuctraoi,m
cncbnthnccthngnhnna.Nhiungitronghkhngcnlcckhchtr(sojourners)giaTrungHoa
vNanyang(NamDng)hlngiHoaaphnghagiytmccchicngmiscchng
chomudchlintcvthnglvkhaimccmnglimudchaphngchochnhh,khinthyt
cnthitphiquayvccthtrnghnchvbkimsottiTrungHoa.11
iunyphilyutaphngtolngpscvosbtphtcamudchtrongphmvingNam
trongthkTrungHoa17401840. 12MudchcpvngnycthchinbiccthngnhnTrungHoa
a phng ha, sau ht l nhm phc v th trngTrung Hoa th d, cc k c ng ti khu vc Bangkok,
thngluitiPatani,Kalantan,Tringano,Pahang,Rhio,Singapore,Melaka,Penang,Batavia,Samarang,Cheribon,
Palembang,vPontianak,thulmccsnphmaphng,AnhQucvnchothtrngTrungHoa. 13
Mu dch giaVit Nam vTrung Hoa hn phi gia tng ln lao. Mt bo co bi tng c Qung ng v
QungTychobitrng6070phntrmtinngluhnhtiQungngcctiVitNam, 14lmlin
tngnmtkhilngngktrongstngtcmudchvthngmigiaTrungHoavVitNamvothi
imny.

CcThngNhnNgiHoaTchCctiSingapore
ChnhtrncnbncahotngmudchaphngtchccnytrongphmvingNam,vccthng

tinqugicchuynticngvin,mmtsthngnhnngiHoatiSingaporednglnccmngli
kinhdoanhcah.CctiliugiathkthmichnvmtsccthngnhnngiHoaSingapore,thd,
chothySign,Bangkok,HTinvhicngCampotcaCmBtthamgiavonhiumilinktmudch
nhththiimny.ThtkhnnhmtcchchnhxcthiimkhingiHoaSingaporekhismu
dchviSigntrnmttmmcngk.THnh1,cvnhthpnin1840ghinhnmtsgiatngrrt
trongkhilngmudchchcchndnnmtsgiatngmnhmtrongvicvntibngtunhng,gnng
nhth,chnhtrongthpnin1830mngiHoatiSingaporekhisginhcmtchnngtrongmudch
VitNamSingapore,khnglusaukhiccbabaMalaccadichuynnSingaporevocuithpnin1820. 15
Vonm1855,hkinhdoanhmintnmintrungVitNam,bi:ccthngdchvintiQungNamgm
mtngioHiNam,vhaingiSingaporecthnitingAnh.TncahlYuenvHong,ngiktn
saucyucungiAnhlpngtalmilthtrngcah,vhahnmuachnghaviccgicphi
chng.16
Mtsquanstnm1856bimtngigcAnhQuc,EdwardBrownxcnhntmquantrngcangi
HoaSingaporetrongmudchcaSign:Mudchcathnhphthngk.Hngtrmccthuynbum

http://www.gioo.com/NgoBac/NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice.htm

4/12

11/1/2016

NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice

HoaSingaporetrongmudchcaSign:Mudchcathnhphthngk.Hngtrmccthuynbum
TrungHoanyminm,cngnhnhiuthuyncaXimLa,vmtttungbiuChu.Nhngtuk
sauucshubiccthngtrnhnTrungHoatiSingapore,haytiEoBin[Malacca?] 17NgiHoati
SingaporecngcnhnthytchcctiVnhXimLa:Tu ThePunch,thuyn trngGeorgeAnderson,ti
chicthuyntrongngQuong[mandarin,quantrongtingVit]caArtien[HTin]thuxpchuynicho
titiSingapore.ThuynhaibumnylmtthuynbunbnthnglgiaSingaporevCampot,vcs
hubiHochunglee,mtthngnhnngiHoactrtiSingapore. 18y,BrownchcchnninHo
ChongLay(18211861),mtthngnhnngiHoatiSingaporecshuvithuynbumvcctulibng
bumbunbnviXimLavSignthi.19uminydnchngtanvictruytmscandcamts
cccnhnkhctrongtnglpthngnhnSingaporegiathkthmichn,cbitccthngnhnlago.

CcVuaGoSingaporeCBunBnViSign
GnnhttcccchtugcHoatiSingaporebans,chnghnnhCheangHongLim,TanKimTianv

AngChoonSeng, 20ucbunbnviSign.AngChoonSeng(18051852),mt babasinhratiMalacca,s

huhaithuynhaibumnh(schooners),chicPatahSalamvchicKongKek,bunbntiSignvBangkok.
21TanKimTian,cnglmtngiHoasinhratiEoBin,hnbunbnviVitNamtthpnin1850n
1860khiacontrainuicang,TanbengWan,csinhratiAnNamnm1851. 22Trongnm1871,ngmua
chicRangoon,mttuchybnghinctrngti549tn,nhmthcymtcchtchcchnccsquantm
ca ng trong cc s giao thng gia Singapore, Bangkok, Sign vAmoy, theo Nin Gim Straits Directory
nm1872.23
NhcchdnbicctrnghpcaAngChoonSengvTanKimTian,ngiHoaccstiSingapore,
cbitccbabasinhratiEoBin,nggimtvaitrquantrngtrongmudchSaignthkthmi
chn.TanKimChing(18291892)ktrthnhvuagocaSingaporetrongthpnin1870 24vngianh
[hayem]rcangta,LeeChengTee(18331901)lhaithdkhcna.Trongdanhschlinhcacc baba
SingaporevomudchSign,chngtacthbtcKimSeng&Co.,shubiTanKimSeng(18051864),mt
trongnhngngiHoatiSingaporenibtnhthigiathkthmichn.
ngvuagotrcKhooChengTiong(mtnm1896)khngphilmtbaba,mcdskhngquthm
xngnirngngxydngsgiuccamnhgnnhchtrngoSign.Thngnghipcang,Heng
Chun,tiBoatQuay(BnTu)cnilcmuabnsurngvgoSignvshuccnhmyxaylato
lntiSign.26Ngiem[hayanh]cang,KhooChengTeow(mtnm1896),cnglmtthngnhnvgo,
http://www.gioo.com/NgoBac/NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice.htm

5/12

11/1/2016

NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice

hotngdithnghiu(chop)AikSeng&Co.27,vdnhlumtcchtchcctrongccsvcngng
ngiHoatikhuvcSignChLntnngtacnhnthytrongccbiaklitkngitngdcacc
nm1871v1885choHiQunXiaZhang(HChng?)HuiguantrongChLn.28
MtthdkhcvslincancaccthngnhnSingaporebansviSignltrnghpcaSimAhKay,
mtngiTriuChu(Teochiu)tSwatowlkthuctnglptinhhoacathhgilohntrongccthng
nhngcHoatiSingaporetrc1850. 29Cngtycangta,AhKye,LimChapHee&Co.chopTeoHin,ta
lctis40BoatQuay,cccchinhnhtiSign,Bangkok,vSwatow.30Vivichictu,cbitmtxlan
218tnKimQuangHong,qualimtcchungiaSignvSingapore,AhKye,LimChapHee&Co.l
mttrongccthngnghiptchccnhttrongmudchSigntrongccthpnin1860v1870. 31ngch
,cngtynycngcmtxlanXimLa262tnduhnhgiaSingaporevKampotvolc.
CcthngnhnngiHoatcstiSingapoirethqunhiuvtchcctiSignvogiathkth
mi chn n ni ba bang (congregations) ngi Hoa ti Sign c bang trng c ch nh bi ngi Php
khnglusaukhihchimotNamK(Cochinchina)lbangQuanzhou,PhcKinvSingapore. 32Ccmt
PhBabatiSaignhicuithkthmichn,cchimngchnhyubingiHoatSingapore. 33
MtshcgiVitNamcnnuraxahnrngtrangphcthngdngnhtchonginngvnbtimin
nam,obba[tingVittrongnguynbn,chcangidch],ctrnglkhngcco,btchctheokiu
cababatccKhunhCEoBin[Malacca]lcckbunbnviSigntrongthkthmichn.Mt
thitrangtrctintrongsccnginnggiuc,kviphn,ridndncchpnhntitonth
khuvcchuthsngMekong.34

TiSaoMuDchSigncaThch?
Mtcuhiphtsinhtcuctholuntrcy:TisaoSignliqucathch?Cphivsmuabn

gao gia Sign v Singapore bo m cho mt li nhun cao? Hon ton ngc li. TheoWong Lin Ken, cc
thngnhnngiHoaSingaporechnSigncchngbngviAnhQuc,cbitvimayomuxm,
thngcilvnlygo. 35Chnhccgiaodchtiptheosaumilmchovicchuynchhngcli
nhun.Bunbngo,phnln,lmtskinhdoanhctnhchtuc:chcmtphntrmhnchlcbn
vtiuthtingaySingaporephncnlicbnlichoTrungHoavtrongphmviccquno.
Niy,LeeChengTeevvickinhdoanhcangtacthdnglmthd.ngLeenitingtiSingapore
vcngcucmudchcangvicchicngoJava, 36MelakavPenang. 37NhngcngtyngLee
bunbngviccquno?MtnguntiliuHaLanchochngtabit:Snvtquantrngnhtmngi

http://www.gioo.com/NgoBac/NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice.htm

6/12

11/1/2016

NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice

bunbngviccquno?MtnguntiliuHaLanchochngtabit:Snvtquantrngnhtmngi
TrungHoanhpcngtvngnthucHaLanlgotRangoon,SignvXimLa.38ylchmcng
tycangLeethchhp.TheotStraitsTimeOverlandJournalnm1869,cctucahLee,cbitchicAnna
Maria,mtxlan407tn,thngqualigiaSingaporevSign. 39SaukhiriSign,thngccchuynch
gochuynquatayvilntrckhigiaohngsaucng,theocccnguntincaHaLanlnAnhQuc. 40S
ucgonyliusauhtkhinchomudchSigntrnnsinhli.
BunbngoviSign,vth,tothnhmtchinhnhlinhptrongvickinhdoanhcahLeechcchn
nuidngchoskinhdoanhkhccangtaviccquno.QuanimnycxcnhnbiSingapore
Directory nm 1878, pht hin rng cc vn phng chi nhnh ca cng ty ng Lee c m ra ti Sign,
Samarang,Sourabaya,Batavia,vCheriboon. 41VickinhdoanhcangLeehnclinhvtrlcvovic
cngcvthngianhemrcang,TanKimChing,ngvuagaothpnin1870,kctngthut,cth
toantnhvtthtrnggotiSingaporevnnggithcphmtithuca.42
Khngphilngunhinmvicmuabngolichcmtrchbiccthngnhnuythnhttittc
ccthnhphhicngSingapore,Sign,Bangkok,vsauny,HngKng.Bicvicihicschitrvn
lingtolnvcctinnghicttr,cngnhccrirotrongvicvntibngtu,mudchlagochcthc
kimsotvucbiccngiHoaquynthlnnht.iunycxcnhnbimtnguntiliuv
ngiHoaNanyang(NamDng):CcthngnhnPhcKingi[nhngcngty]cscsvnlnvi
nnglckhnglchovicvntiljiaoTiNanyang,jiaolnnhtljiaogo,vnkhngthhotng
cnukhngchngtrmnghnlalmvn.43
Vth,vicchidngmtsvnlnlaoctnhchttrngyuchosthamgiavomudchlago,vmu
dchlagokgiatcstptrungvntrongsccngiHoakhuvcNanyang.iurrtrngcng
cucmudchgocaSignctitrphnlnbiccthngnhncaSingapore[v]gnnhhon
tonnmtrongtayccthngnhnTrungHoa. 44Mcdtrongthpnin1860nctitrvimththng
tndngbathngcchpthunbiccthngnhnuChutiSingapore,45trongthiksmhn,hiTrung
Hoatruynthnghaycchiphitichnhnhiuphnngmtvaitrquantrngtrongvictitrcngcuc
bunbngo.KengTekWhay,mttchctrgipthngmitronggiiccbabaSingaporetMalacca,rtc
ththchinmtsnggpnhthmttrongnhngngisnglpcantrongnm1831lAngChoon
Seng,thngnhnbunbngiaSign,BangkokvSingaporenititrcy.46
Volcbtubivitny,tirtraschnnghacasthnhlpSign,Bangkok,vSingapore
mtthiimvaimcbit.SphttrinmudchcangiHoagiathpnin1740v1840cbithin
hingiabahicngny.NhtcgiAnthonyReidtrnhby,mudchngiHoatptrungtrnBangkokgia
http://www.gioo.com/NgoBac/NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice.htm

7/12

11/1/2016

NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice

tnggphnmilnchonthpnin1820,vcaSigntnggpkhongnmln.47Stngtrngmnhm
trongmudchgocaSignxyrat1841n1845:trongthikhongngnnginyccsxutcnggo
giatngkhongmilntrongnm1848khilngnytnggpi. 48MudchgiaSign,Bangkokv
SingaporechcchnbinngNamlcathnhmtkhuvcctmquantrngchatngthyivicc
qunovgpphnngkchothkTrungHoacxcnhtronghcthutgny.
ThibiuvadnycbittrngyuchostchlyvnngcaosvncangiHoaaphngti
ngNam.SkinrnghuhtmithngnhnngiHoathlctiSingaporevolcthamgiavo
vicbunbngoSignkhinlintngrngvicmudchlago,vsaunyknghlago,vokhonggia
thkthmichntrthnhmttrongcckhuvcutquantrngnhtivingiHoagiuctivng
Nanyang.iunykymnhsbnhtrngkinhdoanhtrunggiancangiHoatrongvngtrongcc
ngnhkinhdoanhnhvntingsngtiChuThsngMekong,vccnhakho(godowns)tibsngca
Singapore,ChaoPhrayavsngTu(tiChLn).Vicvntibngtuchybnghincvcccngtybo
himphttrintrongthpnin1860cngcthitlpphnlntrncccnbnnhth.Bimudchlagoc
tnhchtucvdocbitlthucvoccquanhttvicccnhsnxutlnccngitiuth,cng
cnphigiatcsthnhlpccmnglithngtinvmudchchthngtronghotngthngminivi
ngNam.

KtLun
Thiktcuithkthmitmnnauthkthmichntiuimcatuyntpnylmt

onnitrngyutronglchsthngmicangiHoatingNam.Trcthikny,mudchngi
HoatingNamchnhyulsquantmcaccdoanhnghipnhvvicmuabnnh,vmanglicc
mi lin kt khng my thng xuyn v ri rc gia ng Nam lc a v hi o. S thnh lp Sign,
Bangkok,vhicngtdoSingaporelintiptrongkhongnmminmlmbinicnhtngnyvnh
vin.Thibiucamiquanhmudchmnhmnycngtrnncnghahnnakhichngtacuxtn
nhucugpbivgoccaminnamTrungHoalntccdnsgiatngmaultrongcccngnhnTrungHoa
ticcquno.
Nhphchaniphnmucabivitny,mudchvikhilnglntrthnhtrngtmcamu
dchhnghitingNamtthkthmitm,vmudchlagolnntngnhdusbinchuyn
ny.VistngcngcclinlcngiHoaaphngkhpvngngNam,iunycnghamudchla
gottnhintrthnhnguncitolnchostchlytbnngiHoabanu.StptrungvnngiHoati
Singapore th k th mi chn vo la go, khng b hn ch bi cc ranh gii thuc a v chnh thc, l
nguyndoquantrngchoskimsotchtchcangiHoatrnngnhlagotiSignvBangkok,binvic
bunbnlagothnhlnhvcduynhtnmtrongtayngiHoatrongsutthikcaocachnhschthc

http://www.gioo.com/NgoBac/NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice.htm

8/12

11/1/2016

NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice

bunbnlagothnhlnhvcduynhtnmtrongtayngiHoatrongsutthikcaocachnhschthc
dntingNam./
___
CHTHCH
1.AnthonyReid,ANewPhaseofCommercialExpansioninSoutheastAsia,17601850,trongschbintpbiAnthony
Reid,TheLastStandofAsianAutonomies(London:MacmillanPress,1997),cctrang5782.
2.VictorLieberman,LocalIntegrationandEurasianAnalogies:StructuringSoutheastAsianHistory,c.13501830, Modern
AsianStudies27,3(1993),trang491.
3.TianRukang,ShiqizhishijizhongyeZhongguofanchuanzaiDongnanya[Shanghai:Shanghaireminchubanshe],trang41.
Cng xem Ng Chinkeong, Trade and Society: The Amoy Network on the China Coast, 16831735 (Singapore: National
University of Singapore Press, 1983) Sarasin Viraphol, Tribute and Profit: SinoSiamese Trade, 16521833 (Cambridge,
Mass.:CouncilofEastAsianStudies,HarvardUniversity,1977)JenniferCushman,FieldsfromtheSea:ChineseJunkTrade
withSiamduringtheLateEighteenthandEarlyNineteenthCenturies (Ithaca: SoutheastAsian Program, Cornell University,
1983).
4.Nguynnhu,aLLchSThnhPh,trongschbintpbiTrnVnGiuvcctcgikhc, aChVn
HaThnhPhHChMinh(HochiminhCity:PressofHochiminhCity,1987),trang168.
5.Tian,Shiqizhishijiushiji,cctrang3334Lieberman,LocalIntegration,cctrang490491.
6. John Crawfurd, Journal of an Embassy to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China (bn in li Kuala Lumpur: Oxford
UniversityPress,1987),trang542.
7.Cngnidntrn,cctrang520n[?]
8.Crawfurdspaper,trongschbintpbiAlastairLamb, TheMandarinRoadtoOldHue(Toronto:Clarke,Irwin&Co.
Ltd,1970),cctrang264265.
9.Crawfurd,Journal,trang414.
10.ChenChinghovTanYoekSeong,ngbintp, Xingapohuawenbeamingjilu (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press,
1972),trang223.
11. Wang Gungwu, Sojourning: The Chinese Experience in Southeast Asia, trong sch bin tp bi Anthony Reid,
SojournersandSettlers:HistoriesofSoutheastAsiaandtheChinese(Sydney:Allen&Unwin,1996),cctrang78.
12.AnthonyReid,Introduction,trongschbintpbiReid,TheLastStand,cctrang1114.
13.Crawfurd,Journal,trang414.
http://www.gioo.com/NgoBac/NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice.htm

9/12

11/1/2016

NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice

14.MingQingshiliao,gengbian(Taipei:AcademiaSinica,1960),ser.G,vol.3.
15.LimHowSeng,Xingapohuasheyuhuashang(Singapore:SingaporeSocietyofAsianStudies,1995),cctrang2021.
16.WadesNarrative,trongschbintpbiLamb,TheMandarinRoad,cctrang314315.
17.EdwardBrown,CochinChinaandMyExperienceofit.ASeamansNarrativeofHisAdventuresandSufferingsduringa
Captivity among Chinese Pirates, on the Coast of CochinChina, and Afterwards during a Journey on Foot Across that
Country,intheyears18571858(schinliTaipei:ChengWenPublishingCo.,1971),trang267.
18.Cngnidntrn,CochinChina,trang289.
19. Song Ong Siang, One Hundred Years History of the Chinese in Singapore (sch in li Singapore: University of Malaya
Press,1967),trang67KeMulin,bintp,Xinhualishirenwuliezhuan(Singapore:SingaporeFed.OfChineseClanAssocs.,
1995),trang99.
20.Song,OneHundredYears,trang119.
21.Cngnidntrn,trang81.
22.Cngnidntrn,trang264.
23.SingaporeAlmanacandDirectory,1872,trang80.
24.Song,OneHundredYears,trang165.
25.KimSeng&Co.,khicshubicontraicaTanKingSeng,tcTanBengSwee,ccctuhincili
gia Singapore, Penang, v Sign trong nm 1875 i din ca n ti Sign l HengAnn. Xem Singapore Almanac and
Directory,1875.
26.Song,OneHundredYears,trang101Ke,bintp,Xinhualishirenwu,trang101.
27.Song,OneHundredYears,trang101.
28.LiTanavNguynCamThuy[?](ngbintp)(giithiuvchgiibiLiTana),ChineseEpigraphicMaterialsinHo
ChiMinhCity(HNi:NhXutBnKhoaHcXHi,1999),trang132.
29.Song,OneHundredYears,cctrang8283.Xemthngy23ThngBa1850giTonQuynButterworthcktn
biTanKimSeng,CheangSamTeo,SimAhKay,vAngChoonSeng,thnhcusixnhiutnhcmhn.
30.SingaporeAlmanacandDirectory,1867,trang45.TiSign,chinhnhldithnghiu(chop)BangHin,vti
Bangkok,thnghiu(chop)BeeHin.
31.StraitsTimesOverlandJournal,s173,tpX,8ThngMi1869.ThngnghipKimQuangHongcngkbi
http://www.gioo.com/NgoBac/NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice.htm

10/12

11/1/2016

NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice

LimChapHee(hayLimCheapHee)trongnm1864.
32.cs31,Sign,18ThngHai1863,trongschcaJeanBouchot,DocumentspourserverlhistoiredeSaigon,
18591865(Saigon:ditionsAlbertPortail,1927),trang373.
33.ClaudineSalmonvTTrngHip,DeBataviaSaigon:Notesdevoyagedunmarchandchinois(1890), Archipel47
(1994), trang 188 Chongyou yuenan ji(1893) trong sch bin tp bi Ye Zhong Ling, Chen Sing Tang wen ji (Singapore:
SingaporeSoc.OfAsianStudies,1994),trang39.
34.PhanThYnTuyt{?},Nh,trangphc,nungcaccdntcvngngBngSngCuLong(HNi:KhoaHc
XHi,1993),cctrang6263.Mtcchmamai,obbacphbinxahnnmintrungvminbcVitNam
trongthkth20vtrnngnginghtnhqunocadukchqunVitCng.
35.WongLinKen,TheTradeofSingapore,18191869,JournaloftheMalayanBranchoftheRoyalAsiaticSociety33,pt.4
(1960),trang158.
36.Song,OneHundredYears,trang165.
37.Ke,bintp,Xinhualishirenwu,trang50.
38.M.R.FernandovD.Bulbeck,ChineseEconomicActivityinNetherlandsIndia(Singapore:InstituteofSoutheastAsian
Studies,1992),trang124.
39.Xem,thd,StraitsTimesOverlandJournal,X,no.157vol.X,9ThngBa1869,no.162,vol.X,6ThngNm1869.
ChictucngkditncaTanSengPohtrongnm1863.TantrthnhngihptkinhdoanhcaLeetrong
nm1871.
40.FernandovBulbeck,ngbintp,ChineseEconomicActivity,trang126Wong,TheTradeofSingapore,trang158.
41.StraitsDirectory,1878.
42. Carl Trocki, Opium and Empire: Chinese Society in Colonial Singapore, 18001910 (Ithaca: Cornell Unversity Press,
1990),trang116.
43.Nanyangmingrenjizhuan[WhosWhointheSouthSeas],tp2(Penang:penangPublishingRoom,1924),cctrang202
203.
44.Wong,TheTradeofSingapore,trang158.
45.Cngnidntrn.
46.ngtashuhaithuynhaibumnh(schooners),PatahSalamvKongKek,bunbnviSignvBangkok.
Song,OneHundredYears,trang81Lim,Xingiapohuashe,trang104.
http://www.gioo.com/NgoBac/NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice.htm

11/12

11/1/2016

NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice

47.Reid,Introduction,trang12.
48.LiTana,VietnamsOverseasTradeinthe19thCentury:TheSingaporeConnection,bithamluntrnhbytiHiNgh
QucTvVitNamHc,1417ThngBy,1998,HNi.
_____
Ngun:LiTana,RicefromSaigon,TheSingaporeChineseandtheSaigonTradeofthenineteenthcentury,trongschng
bintpbiWangGungwuvNg.ChinKeong,MaritimeChinaintransition17501850,SouthChinaandMaritimeAsia,12,
2004,Wiesbaden:HarrassowitzVerlag,2004,cctrang261270.

NgBcdchvphch
25.08.2014

http://www.gioo.com/NgoBac.html

gioo.com2014

http://www.gioo.com/NgoBac/NgoBacLiTanaSaigonRice.htm

12/12