- AN INVENTORY OF VIETNAM MARINE AND COASTAL ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENT. - Located in the South-East Asian region, thanks to an over 3400 km of coastline and 3000 islands in the Pacific Ocean, Vietnam is considered as a country has a great potential on marine and coastal economic development. - From the North to the South of the country's coastal line, there are hundreds of aquaculture bases, many transshipment ports, fishing ports, tourist beaches, seaside resorts, petro- industrial plants. - that are contributed considerably to the Gross National Product.. - Along with rapid economic growth, maritime shipping development and petro- industrization, Vietnam marine and coastal is being threatened by water pollution due to the over-exploitation of the natural resources. - This report will inventory some data figures on marine and coastal economic activities and discussion the environmental problems that may be concerned.. - Key words: marine and coastal, economic, environment, development, pollution.. - Vietnam, an independent country located in the SouthEast Asian region (figure 1), has a total area of 329,560 km 2 , bordering China to the North, Laos and Cambodia to the West, the Gulf of Thailand to the South and the Pacific Ocean to the East. - Vietnam has a subtropical to tropical climate from the North to the South. - The mean annual temperature at sea level is about 27 C in the south, falling steadily northwards to about 21 C in the extreme north. - Most of the country receives about 2,000 mm of rainfall per year, but the mountains of the narrow central region of the country are considerably more humid, with an annual rainfall of up to 3,000 mm.. - Each year, there are more or less 10 sea-typoons from the Philippines and the East Sea attacking the coastal provinces, special the Central region. - typhoons are considered as one of the natural risks for fishing, shipping, tourist and aquaculture that may be one of the limitation factors to the national developments.. - Therefore, the marine and coastal is really an important strategic objective on the currently nation's socio-economic long-term development targets, especially the big role has such sea economics as mining, oil exploitation, sea transportation, fishing, planning, sea food processing and tourism etc.... - Being an agricultural country with a high population (more than 80 million habitants) and limited cultivated land, Vietnam's economy has experienced almost exponential growth in total output production especially in the last 10 years despite the global economic crisis during the period . - It is surveyed and indicated that there are about 10,837 marine and coastal plants and animals species exist. - They are living in more than 20 typical ecological systems and distributed in 9 different marine and coastal biodiversity regions. - Coral reefs exist on rocky islands of Halong Bay, the Paracel Island (Hoang Sa) and Spratly Islands (Truong Sa), both rocky promontories of the central coastline, and around Con Dao Island and Phu Quoc Islands. - productivity and it is estimated that each year marine and coastal capture fishery have brought about a net profit of 60 - 80 million USD for the nation.. - Vietnam has about 252,000 hectares of the mangrove swamp forests and tidal mudflats, including estuary and delta systems, numerous small offshore islands, large coastal brackish and saline lagoons, large areas of salt pans and aquaculture ponds, many freshwater lakes and water storage reservoirs, and numerous rivers and streams. - The biggest wetland forest is in the Mekong River Delta (191,800 ha) (figure 2). - There are about 1,600 fauna and flora species living under the canopyes these mangrove forests. - II VIETNAM MARINE AND COASTAL ECONOMIC II.1 OIL AND GAS. - Since the early of 1970s, oil and gas in the offshore and continental shelf of the Southern Vietnam (the Cuu Long and South Con Son Basin) have been allowed to survey. - After 1990, the activities of oil exploration have really expanded parallel with the economical development of the country. - Vietnam has been identified as a medium priority market for the oil and gas sector (Table 2). - Currently, there are six largest operating oil fields (figure 3), of which Bach Ho (White Tiger), Rang Dong (Dawn), Hong Ngoc (Rubi), and Dai Hung (Big Bear) are the largest. - Oil and natural gas exploration and production industries in Vietnam is now conducted foreign investors and Vietnam Oil and Gas Corporation (PetroVietnam), a government-owned company.. - Figure 3: Vietnam Oil and gas exploitaion map (Source: PetroVietnam, 2004). - Table 2: Oil and Gas data figures Proven Oil Reserves million barrels. - approved with the investigation cost of $230 million and the capacity of approximately 70 billion cubic feet per year and the electricity generation of 720 megawatt.. - 2003 was to see 2,410 ton of petroleum products shipments transferred and the amount of oil to be transshipped there will be increase gradually in the years to come.. - The oil spill events have been officially recorded in Vietnam since 1994 (Table 3). - Table 3: Numbers of oil spills from ships in Vietnam Year Number of cases Oil Spill Amount (ton). - It is found that in Vietnam's marine and coastal there are 10,837 species of plants and animals exist classified as below. - Out of 1260 marine fish species, Vietnam's water contains approximately 100 commercially viable marine fish species of which 1.3 million tons of the approximately 3.5 million tons are considered renewable . - and brackish water aquaculture production have developed strongly in Vietnam after economic reform, special since 1990s and towards. - Fishery have been regarded as one the most important sectors in the Vietnamese economy. - In addition, there are also many precious species such as abalones, sea turtles, sea birds. - Over-fishing capture situation becomes one of the serious pressures on the coastal and seabed animal resources in present. - However, the productivity of aquaculture is rather low (250-300 kg/ha) compared to other countries in the region. - It is estimated that there are 3.4 million labourers working in the fishery sector as fishing, processing and services, of which more than 700,000 are involved in aquaculture.. - It is expected that the fisheries production will score 3.3 million MT (including 1.94 million MT of capture and 1.36 million MT of aquaculture) and the export will amount to US$2.6 billion in 2005 (Ministry of Fishery, 2002). - There is a high requirement for upgrading the seafood processing technique according to international standards as coveted EU, Japanese and the USA export licenses.. - Data presumed according to total catch of the countries in this sea area. - Table 5: Reserve and capable to exploitation of shrimp (ton) in Vietnam sea area. - Table 6: Reserve and capable to exploitation of cuttlefish in Vietnam sea area Region Reserve &. - Table 7: Reserve and capable to exploitation of squid in Vietnam sea area Region Reserve &. - Vietnam is considered as one of the favourable geographical position for tourism development in the South East Asian Region. - GDP of the whole country. - Ha Noi Capital and the surrounding areas.. - Ho Chi Minh City and the surrounding areas.. - Untreated wastewater and solid waste from hotels and restaurants, beaches, tourism boats and ships are sources of serious pressure on the water quality in the tourism areas. - To meet a sustainable development, Vietnam tourism should combine the environmental resources management, special in marine and coastal environment. - It is strictly noticed because more than 70 percent of the leisure and tourist of Vietnam are located at the coastal areas, attracting annually 80 percent of the total tourist number. - The sea tourism may be strongly affected if there are many uncontrollable modern industrial processes, oil spill disasters, overexploitation of natural resources and the negative impacts of human activities.. - Vietnam sea is also currently waterway for oil transportation from Middle East to the country and other Eastern Asian region (figure 7). - Figure 6: Prioritised zones for tourism development in Vietnam (Source: Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, 2000). - services which are capable of mopping up spilled oil on the seas and the rivers surrounding.. - Figure 7: Oil shipping ways in the world. - III VIETNAM MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Vietnam is known as one of countries have had a high biodiversity in the world (Table 8), including in species composition, landscapes and ecosystems as well. - In the last few years, the growth rate of industrial production was 10-15% per year and highly distributed to the percentage of GDP in the whole country, especially in the development zones. - However, this growth involves production of waste water, much of which is not treated and flows into the rivers and then on to the coastal zone. - Coral reef condition in Vietnam is declining (figure 8).. - Table 8: Comparison between the number of species in Vietnam and the world Taxa No. - of species in the world (SW). - Table 9: Nationally threatened species in Vietnam. - There are three main reasons that may lead the degradation of environment seriously in Vietnam as following:. - Oil pollution due to shipping activities and accidents occurs in the coastal estuarine waters. - Almost 29 coastal provinces of Vietnam are facing oil spills problem and the number of such accident has grown over the last few years, especially in the Southern sea. - A significant amount of uncollected solid waste from the households also goes into rivers and the sea.. - Chemical pollution: over-used agriculture fertilizers and pesticide have runoff from the fields to the streams caused water pollution. - Figure 8: Reefs at risk in Vietnam. - Natural overexploitation: increasing population pressure, high poverty and paucity of livelihood opportunities are contributing to the natural resources overexploitation and habitat destruction and biodiversity losses. - To raise awareness to the people via community education programmes for keeping the sea clean, especially in the beaches and tourism points.. - Vietnam marine and coastal has been increasing his great important role in the country economic and social development in recent years and towards. - Vietnam waters should become one of the country ’ s most express concern now for a long-term firm development targets.. - Ordinance on the Protection and. - management for the protection and development of aquatic resources, the protection of habitat and the prohibition of all acts that endanger aquatic resources.. - This Ordinance provides for the sustainable management of fisheries and deals with such matters as fishing seasons, catch size, prevention of pollution in fisheries grounds and the encouragement of local and international investment of capital and technology.. - This Plan outlines a national framework for action in the field of environment and sustainable development for Vietnam.. - Its objectives are to create an integrated management structure, increase environmental awareness in the general public and safeguard human and environmental health so as to create an environment for sustainable development Vietnam Maritime. - The Maritime Code largely covers ships and crews, it includes provisions on the responsibilities for protecting the marine environment and for dealing with pollution and accidents in the marine environment. - This is a comprehensive Plan that sets out broad strategies for strengthening institutional capacity in the management of protected areas, wetlands and biological diversity in general.. - This Plan considers environmental issues as well as the dominant social and economic concerns of Vietnam with regard to Coastal development National Marine and Coastal Zone Development Strategy of Vietnam Under this Strategy, Vietnam has passed a number of legal and policy. - instruments in order to improve the integration of national marine and coastal management systems.. - Fisheries Master Plan for Fisheries to the Year 2010. - Environmental Investigation of the Development of Water and Land Resources in the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam. - Bangkok: Committee for Coordination of Investigations of the Lower Mekong Basin.. - Ministry of Fisheries, SRV (1994), Fisheries Master Plan for Fisheries to the Year 2010, Ha Noi.. - The Conservation of Nature in Vietnam. - Master plan for tourism development in Vietnam Ha Noi.. - Coastal and Marine Conservation in Vietnam. - Proceedings of the European-Asia Workshop on Investigation and Management of Mediterranean and South China Sea Coastal Zone, Hong Kong, Nov. - http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/VNM/profile.htm. - http://www.vietnamtourism.com/index/e_index.asp http://www.petrovietnam.com.vn/Modules/PVHome.asp. - http://www.petrovietnam.com.vn/Modules/PVWEBBrowser.asp http://www.oilspill.com.vn/Index_en.cfm. - http://www.vietnam-ustrade.org/Eng/seafood.htm http://www.unep-wcmc.org/. - http://www.mofi.gov.vn/fsps/aboutus/almrv.aspx. - http://www.pemsea.org/vietnam.htm
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