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Bng tun hon

Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc, hay bng tun hon Mendeleev, hay ngn gn bng tun hon, l mt phng php lit k cc nguyn t ha hc thnh bng, lin quan mt thit vi nh lut tun hon. Bng tun hon tiu chun gm cc nguyn t c xp xp thnh 18 ct v 7 dng, vi hai dng nm ring nm bn di cng. Bng cng c th c cu trc thnh 4 khi hnh ch nht gm: khi 2 bn tri, khi p bn phi, khi d gia v khi f bn di.
Bng tun hon tiu chun 18 ct. Mu sc th hin cc nhm Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo cu trc nguyn t khc nhau. electron. Do cu trc electron l yu t quyt nh cc tnh cht ha hc ca cc nguyn t, vic sp xp ny to nn s thay i u n ca cc tnh cht ha hc theo cc hng v ct. Mi hng c gi l chu k; cc ct c gi l nhm v d nh nhm halogen hoc nhm kh him.

Mi nguyn t c lit k bi s nguyn t v k hiu ha hc. Bng tun hon tiu chun cho bit cc d liu c bn nht. Cn c nhiu cc trnh by khc cho tng mc ch c th hn. Tt c cc nguyn t c s nguyn t t 1 (hydro) n 118 (ununocti) c pht hin hoc c thng bo l tng hp c, vi cc nguyn t 113, 115, 117 v 118 th cha c xc nhn. 98 nguyn t u tn ti trong t nhin mc d mt s[n 1] ch c tm thy dng vt v c pht hin ban u bng qu trnh tng hp trong phng th nghim. Cc nguyn t c s nguyn t t 99 n 118 ch c tng hp ra, hoc c tuyn b l tn ti, trong phng th nghim. Vic to ra cc nguyn t c cc s nguyn t nng hn vn ang c theo ui vi cu hi rng lm th no m bng tun hon c th cn c hiu chnh tng thch vi bt k s thm vo ny vn l mt vn cn ang tranh ci. Nhiu ht nhn tng hp t cc nguyn t trong t nhin cng c to ra trong cc phng th nghim.

Mc lc
1 Sp xp 2 Phng php xp nhm 2.1 Nhm 2.2 Chu k 2.3 Lp 2.4 V d 2.4.1 Kh him 2.4.2 Halogen 2.4.3 Kim loi chuyn tip 2.4.4 Cc nhm Lantan v Actini 2.5 Bng tun hon tiu chun 3 Xu hng tun hon 3.1 Cu hnh electron 3.2 Bn knh nguyn t 3.3 Nng lng ion ha 3.4 m in

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3.5 i lc 3.6 Tnh kim loi 4 Lch s 5 Xem thm 6 Cc cch trnh by khc 7 Ghi ch 8 Ch thch 9 Lin kt ngoi

Sp xp
Ban u, ngi ta thng c gng lit k cc nguyn t th hin mi quan h gia chng bng cch sp xp chng theo th t nguyn t lng. Mendeleev dng vn hiu bit su sc ca mnh pht minh ra bng tun hon Mendeleev bng cch sp t cc nguyn t minh ha s tun hon ca cc tnh cht ha hc (mc d mt s nguyn t nht nh khng tun theo trt t khi lng, v d Argon c nguyn t lng l 39,948(1) trong khi Kali tuy l nguyn t xp sau n nhng li ch c nguyn t lng nh hn: 39,0983(1).), v li cc l hng cho cc nguyn t "b b st" (cha tm thy vo thi k ). Mendeleev s dng bng ca mnh d on cc tnh cht ca cc "nguyn t b b st" ny, v nhiu trong s chng sau ny c pht hin ra l ph hp kh tt vi cc d on. Vi s pht trin ca cc hc thuyt v cu trc nguyn t (v d thuyt ca Henry Moseley) n tr thnh r rng l Mendeleev sp xp cc nguyn t theo trt t tng ca s nguyn t (tc l s lng proton trong ht nhn). Trt t ny gn nh l ng nht vi kt qu thu c t trt t tng ca nguyn t lng. Nhm minh ha cc thuc tnh tun hon, Mendeleev bt u cc hng mi trong bng ca mnh sao cho cc nguyn t vi cc tnh cht tng t nhau nm trong cng mt ct ng ("nhm"). Vi s pht trin ca cc l thuyt trong c hc lng t hin i v cu hnh electron trong phm vi nguyn t, n tr thnh r rng l mi hng ngang ("chu k") trong bng tun hon tng ng vi s in y lp lng t ca cc electron. Trong bng ban u ca Mendeleev, mi chu k u c di nh nhau. Cc bng ngy nay c cc chu k di hn tng dn ln v pha cui bng, v nhm cc nguyn t trong cc khi s, p, d v f th hin s hiu bit ca con ngi v cu hnh electron ca chng. Trong cc bng in ra, mi nguyn t thng c th hin bng k hiu nguyn t v s nguyn t; nhiu phin bn cn lit k c nguyn t lng v cc thng tin khc, nh cu hnh electron vn tt ca chng, m in v cc ha tr ph bin nht. Vo thi im nm 2012, bng tun hon cha 118 nguyn t ha hc m s pht hin ra chng c xc nhn. Trong s , 114 nguyn t c IUPAC cng nhn v 112 c tn chnh thc. 98 nguyn t c tm thy trong t nhin trn Tri t; phn cn li l cc nguyn t tng hp c to ra mt cch nhn to trong cc my gia tc ht.

Phng php xp nhm

Gi tr chnh ca bng tun hon l kh nng d on cc tnh cht ha hc ca nguyn t, da trn v tr ca n trong bng tun hon. Cng cn lu l cc tnh cht ha hc thay i ng k khi chuyn t ct ny sang ct kia hn l khi thay i t hng ny sang hng kia.

Nhm
Mt nhm, cn gi l mt h, l mt ct thng ng trong bng tun hon. Cc nhm c coi l phng thc quan trng nht trong phn loi cc nguyn t. Trong cng mt nhm,

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cc nguyn t c cc tnh cht rt ging nhau v th hin mt xu hng r rng (mnh dn ln hay yu dn i) trong cc tnh cht dc theo chiu tng ca nhm cc nhm ny c t cc tn gi chung, chng hn nhm cc kim loi kim, kim loi kim th, kim loi chuyn tip, halogen v kh him. Mt s nhm trong bng tun hon th hin s ging nhau t hn v/hoc cc xu hng theo chiu ng cng t hn (v d cc nhm 14 v 15). Cc thuyt v cu trc nguyn t trong c hc lng t hin i gii thch rng cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm c cu hnh electron nh nhau trong lp ha tr ca chng,[1] v y l yu t ln nht trong vic xem xt s ging nhau ca chng v cc tnh cht ha hc vi s nguyn t tng dn.[2] Tuy nhin, trong mt vo phn ca bng tun hon, nh lp d v f, tnh tng ng theo chiu ngang c th quan trng nh tnh tng ng theo chiu ng.[3][4][5] Trong 1 nhm A, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi tng dn, tnh phi kim gim dn. Gii thch: Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu t trn xung di, in tch ht nhn tng nhng ng thi s lp electron cng tng nhanh, chim u th hn nn kh nng nhn electron ca nguyn t gim, tnh phi kim gim.[2] (http://www.onthi.com/?a=OT&ot=LT&hdn_lt_id=149#1) V d: nhm IA gm cc kim loi in hnh, tnh kim loi tng r rt t Li -> Cs. Cs l kim loi mnh nht. Theo quy c tn quc t, cc nhm c t theo s t 1 n 18 t ct u tin bn tri (cc kim loi kim) n ct cui cng bn phi (kh him).[6] Trc y, chng c nh th t theo s La M. M, cc s La M c km theo sau hoc ch "A" nu nhm ch cha lp s hoc p, hoc ch "B" nu nhm cha lp d. Cc s La M c s dng tng ng vi k t cui cng ca quy c tn gi ngy nay (nh nhm 4 l IVB, v nhm 14 l IVA). chu u, cc k t cng tng t, tr ch "A" c dng nu nhm nm trc 10 v "B" c dng cho nhm 10 tr v sau. Ngoi ra, cc nhm 8, 9 v 10 tng c xem l mt trong nhm ln, u c k hiu l VIII. Nm 1988, h thng t tn IUPAC mi c hiu lc, v cc tn gi nhm c b loi b.[7] Mt s nhm ny tng b gp chung nh bng bn di, mc d chng him khi c s dng. Nhm 310 khng c tn chung ca 3 nhm v c xem l n gin bi cac nhm ca chng hoc b tn gi ca nhm u tin trong nhm ca chng (nh 'nhm scandi' cho nhm 3), v chng th hin cc xu hng t tng ng hn theo phng ng.[6] Cc nguyn t cng nhm c khuynh hng th hin cc mu ging nhau v bn knh nguyn t, nng lng ion ha, v m in. T trn xung trong cng mt nhm, bn kinh nguyn t tng dn. Do c nhiu mc nng lng c lp y hn, cc electron ha tr c tm thy nm xa ht nhn hn. T trn xung, cc nguyn t sau c mc nng lng ion ha thp hn do n d b tch electron ra khi nguyn t do lin kt khng cht. Tng t, trong mt nhm t trn cung s gim m in do tng khong cch gia cc electron ha tr v ht nhn.[8] C mt s ngoi l v cc xu hng ny, v d trong nhm 11 th m in tng t trn xung.[9]

Chu k
Mt chu k l mt hng ngang trong bng tun hon gm nhng nguyn t c cng s lp electron. Trong mt chu k theo chiu tng ca Z, bn knh nguyn t gim dn, m in v nng lng ion ha tng dn, do kh nng nhng e ca nguyn t gim, ng thi kh nng nhn e ca nguyn t tng dn. Do trong mt chu k th tnh kim loi gim cn tnh phi kim tng dn.[10] Mc d nhm l cch thc thng dng nht phn loi cc nguyn t, nhng y c mt vi vng trong bng tun hon m cc xu hng theo chiu ngang v s ging nhau trong cc tnh cht li l ng k hn so vi cc xu hng theo chiu ng. iu ny c th l ng trong khi d (hay "cc kim loi chuyn tip"), v c bit l trong khi f, trong cc nguyn t thuc cc nhm lanthanoid v actinoid to ra hai nhm cng gc ging nhau mt cch ng k theo chiu ngang. S chu k cng ch ra l c bao nhiu lp in t c trong nguyn t thuc chu k .

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Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t gim dn, tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t tng dn. Gii thch: Trong mt chu k, khi i t tri sang phi, in tch ht nhn tng dn nhng s lp electron bng nhau cho nn lc ht ht nhn ti cc electron lp ngoi cng tng dn, nguyn t d thu thm electron -> tnh kim loi gim dn, tnh phi kim tng dn. V d: Chu k 3 bt u bng natri l mt kim loi in hnh, ri n magie l mt kim loi hot ng mnh nhng km natri, Al, mt kim loi nhng hirxit mang tnh cht lng tnh, Si l mt phi kim, ri t P->S->Cl, tnh phi kim mnh dn, Cl l phi kim in hnh, cui cng l kh him Ar. Qui lut trn c lp li trn mi chu k.[11]

Lp
Cc vng khc nhau trn bn tun hon i khi c xem l "lp" theo cch m cc v electron ca cc nguyn t c lp y. Mi lp c t tn theo s sp xp cc electron cui cng trong v.[12][n 2] Lp s gm hai nhm u tin (kim loi kim v kim th) v d nh hydro v heli. Lp p gm 6 nhm cui t s 13 n 18 theo IUPAC (3A n 8A theo M) v cha tt c cc bn kim. Lp d gm cc nhm th 3 n 12 theo IUPAC (hoc 3B tn 2B theo M) v cha tt c kim loi chuyn tip. Lp f, thng xp ring bn di bn tun hon, gm cc h lantan v actini.[13]
S bng tun hon, nh du cc lp khc nhau.

V d
Kh him Tt c cc nguyn t ca nhm 18 (8 hay 0 nu khng k n cc nguyn t chuyn tip), l cc kh him (kh qu), c lp ha tr c in y. Ngy nay ngi ta khng gi chng l kh tr na, v tm thy hp cht ca Xe. Helium l nguyn t tr nht trong cc kh him v kh nng phn ng trong nhm ny tng dn ln theo chu k: c th lm cho cc kh him nng nht phn ng do chng c cc lp electron ln hn. Tuy nhin, kh nng phn ng ca chng v tng th vn l rt thp v km. Halogen Trong nhm 17 (7 nu loi i cc kim loi chuyn tip) c bit n nh l nhm cc halogen, cc nguyn t u ch cn thiu 1 electron l in y lp in t ha tr. V th, trong cc phn ng ha hc chng c xu hng thu thm in t (xu hng thu thm in t gi l m in). Thuc tnh ny l r nt nht Flo (nguyn t c m in ln nht trong tt c cc nguyn t) v n gim dn theo s tng ln ca chu k. Kt qu l tt c cc halogen to ra cc axit vi hidro, chng hn axt flohiric, axt clohiric, axt brmhiric v axt ithiric, tt c u trong dng HX. axt ca chng tng ln theo s tng ca chu k, do ion I- ln l n nh hn trong dung dch khi so vi ion F- nh. Kim loi chuyn tip Trong cc kim loi chuyn tip (cc nhm t 3 n 12), s khc nhau gia cc nhm l khng qu ln, v cc phn ng din ra trng thi hn hp, tuy nhin, vn c th thc hin cc d on c ch ti y c.

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Cc nhm Lantan v Actini Cc tnh cht ha hc ca nhm Lantan (cc nguyn t t 57 n 71) v nhm actini (cc nguyn t t 89 n 103) l rt ging nhau trong ni nhm hn l ging cc kim loi chuyn tip khc, v vic tch hn hp cc nguyn t ny c th l rt kh. N l quan trng trong s lm tinh khit ha hc cho urani (s nguyn t bng 92), mt nguyn t quan trng trong nng lng nguyn t.

Bng tun hon tiu chun

Nhm 1 Chu k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 H 3 4 Li Be 11 12 Na Mg 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

2 He 10 Ne

13 14 15 16 17 18 Al Si P S Cl Ar

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 55 56 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 87 88 ** 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

* Nhm lantan ** Nhm actini

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Cc nhm cng gc trong bng tun hon Kim loi kim Kim loi kim th Nhm lantan Nhm actini Kim loi chuyn tip Kim loi yu kim Phi kim Halogen Kh tr Thuc tnh ha hc khng r

Trng thi nhit v p sut tiu chun Mu s nguyn t l cht kh nhit v p sut tiu chun Mu s nguyn t lc l cht lng nhit v p sut tiu chun Mu s nguyn t en l cht rn nhit v p sut tiu chun T l xut hin t nhin Vin lin: c ng v gi hn Tri t (cht nguyn thy) Vin gch gch: thng sinh ra t phn ng phn r cc nguyn t khc, khng c ng v gi hn Tri t (hin tng ha hc)

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Vin chm chm: to ra trong phng th nghim (nguyn t nhn to) Khng c vin: cha tm thy

Xu hng tun hon

Cu hnh electron
hay cu hnh in t cho bit s phn b ca electron trong lp v nguyn t cc trng thi nng lng hay nhng vng c mt khc nhau ca chng. Da vo cu hnh electron cc nguyn t c xp Chu k vo cc chu k v cc nhm khc nhau, t bit l cc electron lp ngoi cng. Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l nlm, 1 trong : 2 3 n: s lng t chnh = s chu k, vi n = 1, 2, 3,... l: s lng t ph, c gi tr t 0 n n-1, tng ng vi cc lp 4 s, p, d, f,... 5 m: s lng t t, tng electron lp ngoi cng = s nhm, vi 6 m = 1, 2, 3,... Lp s 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 4f 3d 4d 5d 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p f d p

Cc lp electron c th theo chu k (ngoi ra cn c s lng t m spin c trng cho chuyn ng t quay ca electron) th X chu k n, nhm m trong bng tun hon. V d kh oxy 8O vi cu hnh 1s2 2s2 2p4 l nguyn t chu k 2 nhm 6 (nhm c, nhm mi theo IUPAC l 16).

Bn knh nguyn t
Bn knh nguyn t thay i theo cch c th d on v gii thch c trong ton bng tun hon. V d, bn knh thng gim dch theo mi chu k ca bng tun hon, t cc kim loi kim n cc kh him; v tng theo chiu t trn xung trong mi nhm. Bn knh tng mnh gia kh him cui mi chu k v kim loi kim u chu k tip theo. Cc xu hng bn knh nguyn t ny (v nhiu tnh cht vt l v ha hc khc ca cc nguyn t) c th c gii thch bng thuyt lp v electron ca nguyn t; chng cung cp bng chng quan trng cho s pht trin v xc nhn hc thuyt lng t.[14] Cc electron trong phn lp 4f, c lp y dn dn t ceri (Z = 58) n luteti (Z = 71), th c bit hiu qu trong vic che chn vic gia tng in tch ht nhn t cc phn lp ra ngoi. Cc nguyn t ngay sau nhm lantan c bn knh nguyn t nh hn nh d on v gn ging vi bn knh cc nguyn t nm ngay pha trn chng.[15] Do , hafni hu nh c bn knh gn bng vi zirconi, v tantalum c bn knh nguyn t tng t nh niobi, vv.... iu ny c gi l nhm lantan co. Hiu ng lantan co ng ch nht l platin (Z = 78), sau c che bi hiu ng tng i c gi l hiu tng cp tr.[16] Co lp d, mt hiu ng tng t gia lp d v p, t r rng hn so vi co lantan nhng xut pht t cng mt nguyn nhn vi lantan.[15]
Quan h gia s nguyn t v bn knh nguyn t[n 3]

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Nng lng ion ha

Mc nng lng ion ha u tin l nng lng tch mt electron ra khi nguyn t, mc nng lng ion ha th 2 l nng lng tch electron th 2 ra khi nguyn t, v vv. i vi mt nguyn t cho trc, cc mc nng lng ion ha tip theo tng theo mc ion ha. V d i vi Nng lng ion ha. Mi chu k bt u mc thp nht ca cc kim loi kim, v kt magi, mc nng lng thc ln nht cc kh him. ion ha th 1 l 738 kJ/mol v th 2 l 1450 kJ/mol. Cc electron qu o cng gn th chu lc ht tnh in cng ln; do lng nng lng cn thit tch electron tng cng nhiu. Nng lng ion ha cng ln v bn phi ca bng tun hon.[16] Cc bc nhy ln trong nng lng ion ha phn t lin tip xut hin khi mt electron t cu hnh ca mt kh him (cu hnh bn hay u ). V d i vi magi, nng lng ion ha hai phn t u tin ca magi trn tng ng vi vic loi 2 electron ca lp v 3s, v nng lng ion ha th 3 ln hn rt nhiu t 7730 kJ/mol, loi b electron ca lp 2p, mt cu hnh bn ging kh him ca Mg2+. Cc bc nhy tng t i vi cc nng lng ion ha ca cc nguyn t chu k 3.[16]

m in
m in l khuynh hc mt nguyn t ht cc electron.[17] m in ca nguyn t b nh hng bi c s nguyn t v khong cch gia cc electron ha tr v cc ht nhn. m in cng cao th kh nng ht electron cng mnh. Khi nim ny c Linus Pauling xut u tin nm 1932.[18] Nhn chung, m in tng t tri qua phi trong vng mt chu k, v gim t trn xung trong mt nhm. V d flo c m in ln nht trong cc nguyn t,[n 4] trong khi caesi c m in thp nht, ch t l i vi cc d liu c.[9] C nhng ngoi l v nguyn tc chung ny. Galli v th th hin s gia tng m in so vi s german c m in cao hn nhm v silic theo th t nhm c chn. do s nn ca lp d. Cc nguyn t ca chu k 4 nm ngay sau dng u tin ca cc kim loi chuyn tip c bn knh nh bt thng do cc electron 3d khng c hiu qu che chn in tch ht nhn gia tng, v kch thc nguyn t cng nh th m in cng cao.[9] m in cao bt thng ca ch c bit khi so snh vi thalli v bismuth, dng nh l mt tc ng ca cc phng php chn lc d liu (v d liu sn c) trong tnh ton hn l tun theo phng php Pauling th hin xu hng tun ton bnh thng ca cc nguyn t ny.[19]

i lc

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i lc electron ca mt nguyn t l lng nng lng c gii phng khi electron c thm vo nguyn t trong ha to thnh nguyn t mang in tch m. Mc d i lc electron khc nhau rt ln, cng c mt s m hnh. Nhn chung, cc phi kim c cc gi tr i lc electron dng hn cc kim loi. Clo c mc thu ht cc mnh electron. Cc i lc electron ca cc kh him cha o c c v chng c th khng c cc gi tr m ng k.[20] i lc electron tng theo chu k. iu ny l do s lp y lp v ha tr ca nguyn t; mt nguyn t nhm 17 gii phng nhiu nng lng hn nguyn t nhm 1 c mt electron v n c kh nng tip nhn 1 electron t n trng thi bn hn.[20] Xu hng gim i lc electron t trn xung trong mt nhm. Electron thm vo s lp y orbitan nm ngoi cng ca lp v. V electron ny c th t b ht vo ht nhn v c th gii phng t nng lng khi c thm vo. Tuy nhin, theo chiu t trn xung, khong 1/3 cc nguyn t l bt thng, vi cc nguyn t nng hn c i lc electron cao hn so vi nguyn t cng nhm m nh hn. Phn ln iu ny l do s che chn km bi cc electron lp d v f. Vic gim iu n i lc electron ch ng vi cc nguyn t nhm 1.[21]

Tnh kim loi

Nng lng ion ha, m in v i lc electron cng thp th tnh kim loi cng mnh. Ngc li tnh phi kim tng th c gi tr trn cng ln.[22] Tnh kim loi c khuynh hng gim trong cng chu k v vi mt s bt thng do s sng lc km ca cc ht nhn bi cc electron d v f v hiu ng tng i,[23] c khuynh hng tng dn trong mt nhm. V vy, hu ht cc nguyn t kim loi (nh caesi v franxi) c tm thy gc di bn tri ca bng tun hon truyn thng v hy ht cc nguyn t phi kim (xy, flo, clo) gc trn bn phi. S kt hp cc xu hng theo chiu ng v ngang theo tnh kim loi gii thch ranh gii phn chia r rng gia cc kim loi v phi kim trn mt s bng tun hon, v vic xp nhm mt s nguyn t nm cnh ng ranh ny hoc cc nguyn t nm cnh cc nguyn t ny l kim loi.[24][25]

Lch s
S ghi chp v sp xp cc nguyn t c t rt xa, t thi c i, t bit l t th k 18 c nhng bng lit k hn 15 nguyn t. Phn ln cc nguyn t c pht hin trong th k 19 v c ghi chp mt cch khoa hc. u th k 20 ch khong 10 nguyn t t nhin na c pht hin, cc nguyn t cn li l cc nguyn t nhn to v c tnh phng x. Tn n thng 12 nm 1994, hai nguyn t nhn to l darmstadti (Ds) v roentgeni (Rg) mi c to ra. u th k 19, Johann Dbereiner lp ra bng ghi chp mi lin h gia khi lng nguyn t v cc tnh cht ha hc ca tng nguyn t. Nm 1863 John Newlands lp mt bng cc nguyn t gm 8 nhm. Bng tun hon u tin c lp vo nm 1869 bi Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev v Lothar Meyer, trong cc nguyn t c sp tng theo khi lng nguyn t, cc nguyn t c tnh cht ging nhau c xp thnh mt hng (cng electron ha tr). Vo th k 20, cc chu k c gii thch da trn cu hnh electron ca nguyn t. Nn suy ra ta c bng tun hon bn trn.

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1. ^ The elements discovered initially by synthesis and later in nature are technetium (Z=43), promethium (61), astatine (85), francium (87), neptunium (93), plutonium (94), americium (95), curium (96), berkelium (97) and californium (98). 2. ^ There is an inconsistency and some irregularities in this convention. Thus, helium is shown in the p-block but is actually an s-block element, and (for example) the d-subshell in the d-block is actually filled by the time group 11 is reached, rather than group 12. 3. ^ The noble gases, astatine, francium, and all elements heavier than americium were left out as there is no data for them. 4. ^ While fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements under the Pauling scale, neon is the most electronegative element under other scales, such as the Allen scale.

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1. ^ Scerri 2007, p. 24 2. ^ Messler, R. W. (2010). The essence of materials for engineers. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. tr. 32. ISBN 0763778338. 3. ^ Bagnall, K. W. (1967). Recent advances in actinide and lanthanide chemistry. Trong Fields, PR; Moeller, T. Advances in chemistry, Lanthanide/Actinide chemistry. Advances in Chemistry 71. American Chemical Society. tr. 112. doi:10.1021/ba-1967-0071 (http://dx.doi.org /10.1021%2Fba-1967-0071). ISBN 0-8412-0072-6 4. ^ Day, M. C.; Selbin, J. (1969). Theoretical inorganic chemistry (n bn 2). New York, MA: Reinhold Book Corporation. tr. 103. ISBN 0763778338. 5. ^ Holman, J.; Hill, G. C. (2000). Chemistry in context (n bn 5). Walton-on-Thames: Nelson Thornes. tr. 40. ISBN 0174482760. 6. ^ a b Leigh, G. J. (1990). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: Recommendations 1990. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-02494-1. 7. ^ Fluck, E. (1988). New Notations in the Periodic Table (http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988 /pdf/6003x0431.pdf). Pure Appl. Chem. (IUPAC) 60 (3): 431436. doi:10.1351/pac198860030431 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac198860030431). Truy cp ngy 24 thng 3 nm 2012. 8. ^ Moore, p. 111 9. ^ a b c Greenwood, p. 30 10. ^ Mascetta, Joseph (2003). Chemistry The Easy Way (n bn 4). New York: Hauppauge. tr. 50. ISBN 978-0-7641-1978-1. OCLC 52047235 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52047235). 11. ^ [1] (http://www.onthi.com/?a=OT&ot=LT& hdn_lt_id=149#1) 12. ^ Li ch thch: Th <ref> sai; khng c ni dung trong th ref c tn Gray12 13. ^ Jones, Chris (2002). d- and f-block chemistry. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. tr. 2. ISBN 978-0-471-22476-1. OCLC 300468713 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/300468713). 14. ^ Greenwood, p. 27 15. ^ a b Jolly, W. L. (1991). Modern Inorganic Chemistry (n bn 2). McGraw-Hill. tr. 22. ISBN 978-0-07-112651-9. 16. ^ a b c Greenwood, p. 28 17. ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. "Electronegativity (http://goldbook.iupac.org/E01990.html)". Ton vn bn Gin Lc Thut Ng Ho Hc. 18. ^ Pauling, L. (1932). The Nature of the Chemical Bond. IV. The Energy of Single Bonds and the Relative Electronegativity of Atoms. Journal of the American Chemical Society 54 (9): 35703582. doi:10.1021/ja01348a011 (http://dx.doi.org /10.1021%2Fja01348a011). 19. ^ Allred, A. L. (1960). Electronegativity values from thermochemical data (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/0022190261801425). Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry (Northwestern University) 17 (34): 215221. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5 (http://dx.doi.org /10.1016%2F0022-1902%2861%2980142-5). Truy cp ngy 11 thng 6 nm 2012.

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20. ^ a b Chang, pp. 307309 21. ^ Huheey, Keiter & Keiter, pp. 42, 88081 22. ^ Yoder, C. H.; Suydam, F. H.; Snavely, F. A. (1975). Chemistry (n bn 2). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. tr. 58. ISBN 0-15-506465-7.

23. ^ Huheey, Keiter & Keiter, pp. 88085 24. ^ Sacks, O (2009). Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a chemical boyhood. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. tr. 191, 194. ISBN 0-375-70404-3. 25. ^ Gray, p. 9

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Bng tun hon chnh thc ca IUPAC (http://www.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table/index.html) Trang thng tin v cc nguyn t (http://www.webelements.com) Bng tun hon (http://www.periodictableontheweb.com/) Nguyn t ha hc mi trong bng tun hon (http://www.hoahocngaynay.com/index.php/vi/tintuc-hoa-hoc/hoa-hoc-the-gioi/69-nguyen-to-hoa-hoc-112.html) (Ting Vit) Ly t http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bng_tun_hon&oldid=15742880 Th loi: Bng tun hon Nguyn t ha hc Trang ny c sa i ln cui lc 17:25, ngy 19 thng 2 nm 2014. Vn bn c pht hnh theo Giy php Creative Commons Ghi cng/Chia s tng t; c th p dng iu khon b sung. Xem iu khon S dng bit thm chi tit. Wikipedia l thng hiu ng k ca Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., mt t chc phi li nhun.

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