C th ha quan im v tp qun php theo Ngh quyt s 48 - NQ/TW ca B Chnh tr

Trong nhiu nm qua, mc d tch cc i mi, nhng php lut Vit Nam vn cn nhiu bt cp trong vic thc hin ba nhim v ln: (1) th ch ha kp thi, y , ng n ng li ca ng; (2) phn nh trung thnh cc li ch ca nhn dn v tng cng dn ch x hi ch ngha; v (3) bo m cho hot ng qun l ca Nh nc, m Bo co ca Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng kha IX ti i hi X ca ng nu. Ngh quyt 48-NQ/TW ca B Chnh tr c nhn nh tng qut nh sau: nhn chung, h thng php lut nc ta vn cha ng b, thiu thng nht, tnh kh thi thp, chm i vo cuc sng. V th Ngh quyt ni r quan im, mc tiu, nh hng, gii php v vn t chc thc hin Chin lc xy dng v hon thin h thng php lut Vit Nam n nm 2010, nh hng n nm 2020. Trong rt nhiu cc vn php l c Ngh quyt cp, tp qun php l mt trng c nu ra vi cc quan im c tnh nguyn tc. C l, vic coi tp qun l mt ngun ca php lut lm cho php lut gn dn hn v d i vo cuc sng hn. 1. Quan im v tp qun php theo Ngh quyt s 48-NQ/TW ca B Chnh tr Khi ni ti php lut v s hu v t do kinh doanh, Ngh quyt ch r: Hon thin php lut v hp ng theo hng tn trng tha thun ca cc bn giao kt hp ng, khng tri o c x hi, khng xm phm trt t cng cng, ph hp vi tp qun, thng l thng mi quc t. Qua y c th thy, vic cao t do ch trong lnh vc lut t c th hin di hnh thc tn trng s tha thun ca cc bn giao kt hp ng. Tuy nhin, nguyn tc t do ch cn b hn ch bo v cc li ch chnh ng ca cng ng thng qua vic v hiu ha cc hp ng chng li trt t cng cng, o c x hi v bo m s bnh n ca cc quan h x hi thng qua vic s dng tp qun, cng nh thng l quc t iu tit quan h hp ng. Gn lin vi vic n nh x hi v pht trin kinh t l tin trnh hi nhp quc t. Do vic xy dng v hon thin h thng vn bn quy phm php lut ph hp vi thng l quc t v iu c quc t cng c Ngh quyt nu ra1. Cc nh hng chin lc ny phi c thc hin ph hp vi quan im nguyn tc nu ti im 2.3, Mc I ca Ngh quyt vi ni dung: Xut pht t thc tin Vit Nam, ng thi tip thu c chn lc kinh nghim quc t v xy dng v t chc thi hnh php lut; kt hp hi ha bn sc vn ha, truyn thng tt p ca dn tc v tnh hin i ca h thng php lut. V phng din l thuyt, nhiu lut gia Vit Nam hin nay cho rng, ni n ngun ca lut thng mi khng th khng ni n tp qun thng mi2 v tp qun c th c p dng vi tnh cch l mt ngun ca lut dn s khi c cc iu kin: (1) thnh thng dng, c ng o mi ngi sinh sng trn cng a bn hoc cng hnh ngh trn cng mt lnh vc tha nhn; (2) khng tri vi nguyn tc c qui nh trong B lut Dn s; v (3) ch c p dng nu quan h php lut cha c php lut qui nh hoc cc bn trong quan h khng c tha thun3. V phng din lp php, mt s o lut a ra nguyn tc p dng tp qun v thi quen ng x. Cng nh vy, ta n trong mt s v vic cng c gng p dng tp qun a ra cc phn quyt. Tuy nhin, nhng hot ng l lun v thc tin cn nhiu vn cn phi bn. Hiu c s kh khn nht nh trong vic trin khai cc quan im v nh hng chin lc nu trn, Ngh quyt s 48-NQ/TW ca B Chnh tr a ra mt gii php lu di l nghin cu v kh nng khai thc, s dng n l, tp qun (k c tp qun, thng l thng

mi quc t) v quy tc ca cc hi ngh nghip, gp phn b sung v hon thin php lut (im 1.7, Mc III). V vy c th hiu, vic thc thi cc vn chin lc ny ph thuc phn ln vo cng tc nghin cu c th ha chng ng dng trong hot ng lp php v t php. 2. Tp qun php Vit Nam hin nay Lut Thng mi 2005 a ra hai nguyn tc c bn ca lut thng mi l nguyn tc p dng thi quen trong hot ng thng mi c thit lp gia cc bn (iu 12) v nguyn tc p dng tp qun trong hot ng thng mi (iu 13). o lut ny r rng tch bit gia thi quen ng x v tp qun. Trong khi , B lut Dn s 2005 ch cp ti nguyn tc p dng tp qun ti iu 3. Cha phn tch nhng im hn ch v mu thun ca cc iu lut ny, c th thy cc nguyn tc c nu ra t l cc vn php l rt ln cn c kho cu, ch t l trong mi lin h vi hp ng. mc khi qut, tp qun v thi quen ng x c hai phng din hot ng lin quan ti hp ng: Mt mt, chng b p cho nhng khong trng trong cc hp ng c th, c ngha l chng c xem nh cc iu kin ca hp ng khi cc bn trong quan h hp ng khng c tha thun lin quan; mt khc, chng gii thch cho cc iu kin ca hp ng trong mt chng mc no . Tuy cc hc gi trn th gii c nhng tranh lun khng t xung quanh mu thun gia vic p dng cc quy tc tp qun v thi quen ng x trong vic phn x cc tranh chp hp ng vi vn t do ch ca cc bn trong quan h hp ng hay hiu qu kinh t ca hp ng4. Th nhng cc nguyn tc ny vn tn ti bn cnh nhau. V nguyn tc p dng tp qun v thi quen ng x, trong mt chng mc no , c vai tr nh cc phng tin hn ch phn no mt tri ca t do ch. Theo Lut Thng mi 2005, iu 3, khon 3, thi quen ng x (hay c th hn l thi quen trong hot ng thng mi) c xem l quy tc ng x khi p ng cc iu kin sau: (1) c mt ni dung r rng, c th hiu l cha ng r quyn v ngha v ca cc bn tham gia quan h v minh bch; (2) c lp li nhiu ln gia cc bn, c th hiu l cc bn tng hn mt ln thc hin cc quyn v ngha v nh vy trong cc hon cnh tng t; v (3) c cc bn mc nhin tha nhn xc nh quyn v ngha v ca mnh, c th hiu l cc bn mong mun c cc quyn v ngha v nh vy. Tp qun (hay c th hn l tp qun thng mi) c iu 3, khon 4, Lut Thng mi 2005 xc nh l thi quen ng x m c cc iu kin sau: (1) c tha nhn rng ri trn mt vng, min hoc mt lnh vc nht nh; (2) c ni dung r rng; v (3) c cc bn tha nhn xc nh quyn v ngha v ca mnh. Mc d c th c khc bit nhau i cht v cu ch th hin trong cc nh ngha v thi quen trong hot ng thng mi v tp qun thng mi nu trn, nhng c l i vi Lut Thng mi 2005 th gia thi quen v tp qun khc nhau ch phm vi tc ng ca quy tc c to thnh trong . Sau khi o lut ny ra i, Hi ng thm phn Ta n nhn dn ti cao c Ngh quyt s 04/2005/NQ-HTP ngy 17/9/2005 nh ngha rng: Tp qun l thi quen thnh np trong i sng x hi, trong sn xut v sinh hot thng ngy, c cng ng ni c tp qun tha nhn v lm theo nh mt quy c chung ca cng ng. nh ngha ny v nh ngha ti iu 3 khon 4, Lut Thng mi 2005 c i im khc bit. Hi ng thm phn Ta n nhn dn ti cao dng nh ch cho rng, tp qun l thi quen ng x thnh np ngh, np lm

chung ca ton b c dn ti mt cng ng nht nh v c mi thnh vin cng ng ni c tp qun t nguyn tun th. Quan nim ny khng cp ti tnh r rng ca quy tc tp qun. Trong lnh vc php l, khi ni ti tp qun, ngi ta thng lin h ti mt loi ngun ca php lut hay tp qun php m bao gm cc quy tc ng x c thit lp trong cc hon cnh x hi c th. Tp qun php (customary law) c iu kin tn ti l khi c mt thi quen php l chc chn c tn trng v nhng ngi lin quan xem n l lut 5. Gii thch tng tn hn v hai iu kin ny, cc nh lut hc so snh Canada ni: mt thi quen ch tr thnh quy tc tp qun php khi n p ng c c hai iu kin m mt c tnh cch vt cht v mt c tnh cch tm l. Tnh cch vt cht c th hin bng vic thi quen tn ti lu di, n nh, cng khai v ph bin khin cho n c kh nng biu t r rng nh mt quy tc php l. Tnh cch tm l th hin vic nhng ngi thc hin n vi s tin chc rng l mt ngha v6. Tnh cng khai, minh bch ca cc quy tc tp qun l mt c tnh quan trng khin cho chng tr thnh cc quy tc ca tp qun php. Tp tc bn g con ci, i n bng bo lc hay cc quy tc ngm nh ca x hi en d c tha nhn rng ri v t nguyn tun th mt cng ng no khng th c xem xt nh mt quy tc tp qun. X hi Vit Nam hin nay cn tn ti nhiu h tc u , song trong nhn thc chung ca i a s ngi dn cc h tc cn phi c xa b. Tuy nhin tnh cng khai ca cc quy tc tp qun khng c ngha l mi ngi u bit. Nhng s hiu bit ca cc thnh vin cng ng ni c quy tc l cn thit. Ni mt cch khi qut, cc quy tc tp qun bc l khi c mt trong hai hon cnh: (1) hoc l chng mang tnh ph bin, c ngha l chng phn nh thi quen hay tp qun ca thng dn; (2) hoc l chng c nhn bit, c ngha l chng c bc l qua hot ng t tng hay tc nghip ca cc chuyn gia php l7. Trong cc ch c Vit Nam, tp qun php hay cn gi l tc l c xem l mt loi ngun b sung ca php lut b p cho nhng thiu ht trong php lut. Tc l ch c p dng khi khng c iu khon no ca php lut lin quan v khng th tri vi vi cc iu khon ca php lut. Tc l c nhn bit qua hai yu t: (1) Yu t thc th hay yu t tp qun, c ngha l bin php ng x c nhiu ngi lm theo trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, min l khng gy nh hng n quyn li ca ngi khc; v (2) yu t tinh thn hay thc v s cn thit ca tp qun 8. Ngy nay vn c nhng lut gia cn gi li c quan nim nh vy thng qua s th hin r rng trong n phm Php lut v dn lut i cng9. Trong thc tin t php, cc ta n ca Vit Nam hin nay khng ngn ngi khi p dng tp qun xt x cc tranh chp, tuy nhin cn nhiu vn cn phi c tranh lun thc s. Mt v vic in hnh v vic p dng tp qun c nhiu lut gia bn lun c ni dung nh sau: B Chim Th M Loan l ch tu nh bt hi sn thu ng Trang Vn Hng (tc Hu) lm ti cng mt tu nh bt hi sn. ng Hng lp mt cy ch bng cc vt liu nh da, , st tre v dy nha cch b bin huyn Long Hi 19 ting ng h nn gi l cy ch 19 ting, v khai thc nh bt hi sn ti khu vc ny t nm 1992. Sau khi ng Hng ngh, ng Trn Vn Hng c thu lm ti cng. n nm 1999, b Loan pht hin ra ng Hng cho ng La Vn Thanh cy ch ny v kin i ng Thanh tr li cy ch, cng nh i li quyn khai thc a im t ch. Ta Dn s Ta n nhn dn ti cao xc

nh trong Quyt nh gim c thm s 93/GDDT-DS ngy 27/5/2002 rng y l mt yu cu v quyn ti sn thuc thm quyn gii quyt ca ta n v nhn xt: B Loan i ng Thanh tr li cy ch nhng khng chng minh c vic ng Thanh ang chim gi ti sn thuc s hu ca b Loan. ng Hng l ngi t ch v khai thc cy ch xc nh khi ng nhng a im nh bt cho ng Thanh th cy ch khng cn. Chnh b Loan tha nhn chi ph lm ch c tr vo chi ph mi chuyn i bin. Do vy, d cy ch cn tn ti khi ng Thanh tip nhn im nh bt th cng khng thuc s hu ca b Loan. V quyn u tin khai thc im nh bt hi sn: y l vng bin xa b, php lut cha quy nh v quyn u tin khai thc nn quyn u tin phi c xc nh theo tp qun. Theo xc minh chnh quyn a phng v c quan chuyn mn (Ban Hi sn th trn Long Hi) th ti cng l ngi c quyn chn v cho ngi khc im nh bt; a im b b hn ba thng khng khai thc th c quyn khai thc. Nh vy, vic ng Thanh s dng im nh bt hi sn hin nay (a im tranh chp) l ph hp vi tp qun, khng tri php lut, khng vi phm quyn li hp php ca b Loan. Qua Ta Dn s Ta n nhn dn ti cao quyt nh: Hy n dn s phc thm s 46 ngy 14/12/2000 ca Ta n nhn dn tnh B Ra-Vng Tu, gi nguyn n dn s s thm s 94 ngy 13/10/2000 ca Ta n nhn dn huyn Long t x tranh chp im nh bt hi sn gia nguyn n Chim Th M Loan v b n La Vn Thanh10. Nh vy ta n p dng tp qun gii quyt tranh chp khu vc nh c nu trn. Trong phn bnh lun ca mnh, TS. Vn i cho rng vic p dng tp qun nh vy l ph hp vi ni dung ca v tranh chp, v cho rng vic ta n p dng tp qun nh vy l ng n bi p ng y cc iu kin nh: th nht, vn bn quy phm php lut cha quy nh quyn u tin nh bt hi sn vng bin xa b; th hai, cc bn khng c tha thun g khc; v th ba, tp qun khng tri vi php lut v o c x hi11. Vic xem tp qun php l mt ngun b sung quan trng ca php lut l ng n. Tuy nhin vic xc nh cc iu kin p dng tp qun v vn nh gi c p ng c cc iu kin p dng tp qun hay khng cn phi c suy xt ht sc thn trng. C l vic p dng tp qun trong v Cy ch 19 ting nh trn l tri vi nguyn l cn bn ca lut ti sn ca Vit Nam. Ta n, trong quyt nh ca mnh, mt mt tha nhn quyn loi tr ca ngi lp cy ch i vi bt k ngi no t vic khai thc thy sn ti khu vc t cy ch hay ni cch khc, tha nhn quyn i khng ca ngi lp cy ch vi c th gii t vic khai thc hi sn ti khu vc (m ta n cho rng l quyn theo tp qun chung ti a phng ), nn mt khc tha nhn quyn t do khai thc a im t cy ch c th ca ng Thanh bi ng Hng t b hay nh ot quyn loi tr ca mnh hn ba thng theo tp qun. Lu : quyn nh c trong v Matamajaw Salmon Club v. Duchaine (1921) lin quan ti truyn thng Civil Law Qubec (Canada) c Hi ng c mt Anh Quc xem l i tng ca quyn s hu m nhiu hc gi bnh lun rng, s xm nhp ca hc thuyt v lut ti sn ca Common Law vo lut ti sn ca truyn thng Civil Law, v l quyn loi tr tin hnh mt hot ng12. Hiu rng quyn loi tr l xng sng ca quyn s hu, c ngha l khi mt ngi th c quyn s hu th ngi ny c quyn loi tr hay chng li mi ngi t vic tip cn ti i tng thuc s hu ca mnh. Ni cch khc ch s hu c quyn thng tr

trn ti sn ca mnh. Ta n Vit Nam tha nhn quyn loi tr ca mt ngi c thit lp theo tp qun nh vy trn ti sn thuc s hu ton dn hay ti sn chung phi chng l hp l? Gi s mt lng n c mt cnh ng c l ti sn chung ca c lng. Nhng c mt gia nh ng con trai thng xuyn chn tru b trn mt khu vc c non v ngon nht ca cnh ng y. Bt k ai n th tru b u b ui, trong khi gia nh ny khng b chi ph g ra tn to khu vc . Nh vy c th ni l mt s bt cng, c ngha l ly mt li ch chung cho mt c nhn. c bit trong v n Cy ch 19 ting ny cn nhiu vn cn phi t ra i vi vic xc nh c hay khng mt tp qun nh vy (m s c cp phn no di y). Trong php lut Anh, v Mercer v. Denne (1905), lun c nhc n khi ni ti tp qun php, c mt cch thc tip cn ngc li l bo v li ch chung ca cng ng c xem trng hn. B n c quyn s hu mt khu vc bi bin m l ni cc ng dn a phng Walmer dng phi li trong mt thi gian di. B n mun xy dng nh trn tha t , nhng b chng li13. Ta n tha nhn quyn phi li c tnh cch ring bit ca cc ng dn ni trn xut pht t vic xem phi li nh vy l mt tp qun ca a phng. Tuy nhin vic xc nh mt quy tc tp qun c p dng trong php lut Anh phi tha mn cc iu kin nh: (1) khng c bt hp l; (2) phi chc chn; v (3) tn ti t xa xa 14. Cch thc tip cn nh vy c c trong vic phn quyt cc v n trc Anh Quc nh trong cc v Millechamp v. Jordan (1740); Mounsey v. Ismay (1865)... Vic p dng cc quy tc tp qun hay thi quen ng x lin quan ti vic chng minh cc quy tc . Trong v Cy ch 19 ting ta n chp nhn quy tc tp qun qua kin ca Phm Cng Thanh H (ngi ca Ban Hi sn th trn Long Hi, huyn Long t, tnh B Ra- Vng Tu). Tuy nhin ta n khng xem xt mt cch tha ng vic chng minh tp qun ngc li ca nguyn n. Bin bn xc minh c lp gia Kim st vin Trn Th Kim Cng v Phm Cng Thanh H vo ngy 14/10/2000 th hin c mt tp qun trong vic nh bt hi sn bng li rt ti a phng l ti cng ghe nh bt hi sn c quyn la chn v tr b cy ch v nh ot vic nh bt hi sn, cn ch ghe ch c quyn nh ot i vi nhng cng vic trn b nh bun bn c, ch khng c quyn buc ti cng phi nh bt im ny hay im khc. Th nhng trong n xin ti thm sau khi c Quyt nh gim c thm s 93/GT-DS ngy 27/5/2002, nguyn n Chim Th M Loan cho rng ta n p dng tp qun khng ng vi lp lun nh sau: Tp qun a phng khng h c tp qun ti cng l ngi c quyn chn v cho ngi khc im nh bt c m ch c tp qun n chia li nhun, phng thc u t ca ch ghe, to thnh mt thng l quan h gia ngi u t (ch ghe) v ti cng, ng dn (bn ghe). V nu c mt tp qun ti cng mun cho ai th cho, mun bn cho ai a im nh bt c th s khng cn ch ghe no u t, khng cn ai dm mn ti cng. Gi thit rng mt ngi c 5 ghe, mn 5 ti cng ri do mu thun, 5 ti cng ny em cho hoc bn cho 5 a im nh bt c th ch ghe ch cn ng st nghip Quan h x hi, quan h lm n t mu thun trin min, nht l to mt tin l nguy him v sau. 3. Nhng vn php l cn tip tc nghin cu t vic tha nhn tp qun php Thc trng trn cho thy c cc vn php l cn phi t ra nh sau: Ai phi chng minh quy tc tp qun v chng minh nh th no? Nu c s khc nhau trong vic chng minh quy

tc tp qun gia cc bn lin quan, th gii quyt nh th no? Trong trng hp c s nhm ln v tp qun php th nhm ln nh vy c c chp nhn khng v gii php cho cc trng hp nhm ln l g? Cn nhn nhn nh th no v tin l c to ra t vic p dng quy tc tp qun gii quyt mt v tranh chp? v tp qun c th t u tin nh th no trong cc loi ngun khc ca php lut? C mt nhn nh ng lu l kh c th hiu c c s ca tp qun bi n xut pht t thc tin v nhiu khi n c khuynh hng ngc li vi mt thi quen no cng c coi l tp qun15. V vy, vic chng minh hay vin dn tp qun gp phi nhng kh khn nht nh nc ta hin nay trong tnh trng khng c nhng kho cu tng i y v k lng v cc tp qun. Nu c cc cng trnh nghin cu v tp qun no th chng c th mang nng hi hng ca cc cng trnh nghin cu lch s hoc dn tc hc, ch khng phi hng ti tp qun php. Tuy nhin, kinh nghim lch s v kinh nghim t bn ngoi v php lut c th cho chng ta nhng gi ng k. Thng thng bn vin dn s tn ti ca bt k quy tc tp qun hay thi quen ng x no c ngha v chng minh n16. Vic chng minh ny c th da vo cc ti liu lu gi tp qun, da vo nhn chng hay cc gim nh vin hoc chuyn gia17. Khi chng minh phi lm r c rng quy tc tp qun p ng c cc iu kin sau: (1) tn ti lin tc trong mt khong thi gian nht nh; (2) c thit lp trn c s ng thun; (3) c mt cng ng nht nh tha nhn; (4) c kh nng xc nh quyn v ngha v gia cc bn trong mt hon cnh nht nh; (5) hp l; (6) ph hp vi cc quy tc tp qun khc; v (7) khng chng li cc quy nh ca vn bn php lut. Cc iu kin phi c lm tha mn khi chng minh nh vy l h qu tt yu ca cc c tnh hay yu t ca tp qun php m c nghin cu trn. i vi thi quen ng x gia cc bn trong quan h hp ng, Ch. Pamboukis c dn rng vic chng minh l khi lm r c trc trong cng hon cnh cc bn ng x theo cng mt cch18. Tuy nhin, nu bn chng minh tp qun b phn chng th cn c mt c ch xc nh vic c hay khng quy tc tp qun nh vy. Kinh nghim ca php lut Php c th cho chng ta mt gi no . V vic p dng tp qun thng mi, php lut ca Php chia ra hai trng hp: Th nht, nu hai bn ng s trong quan h hp ng lm cng mt ngnh ngh kinh doanh m khng dn chng c r rng mt quy tc tp qun th mc nhin c xem l cn c vo ; v th hai, nu h khng lm cng mt ngnh ngh, th l l ca bn ny cho rng khng bit ti tp qun ca bn kia c th c chp nhn, tr khi bn kia xut trnh trc ta n giy xc nhn ca Phng Thng mi hoc ca nghip on v thi quen ng x lin quan19. Vn chng minh v phn chng minh cn lin quan ti cc iu kin m bn dn chng tp qun phi lm tha mn trong hot ng chng minh ca mnh. Vic ni ra tp qun hay thi quen ng x c th c t do, nhng vic thm tra ca ta n l ht sc cn thit. Nh vy qua cc nghin cu ny c th thy trong v Cy ch 19 ting, ta n cha xem xt mt cch tha ng quy tc tp qun c p dng. Trong cc giao dch, nhm ln c th phi k c trng hp nhm ln v lut. Nhiu trng hp nhm ln v cc quy tc tp qun c th xy ra. S nhm ln ny trong hu ht cc nn ti phn khng c hiu lc bi thi hnh nguyn tc ignorantia juris haud excusat (c ngha l khng ai c xem l khng bit lut). Unidroit hin nay c suy tnh rng: cc h thng php lut hin i ngy cng phc tp gy kh khn ln cho thng mi quc t, nn nh hng l: s nhm ln v tnh tit ca hp ng hoc v php lut dn ti vic hnh dung sai v tng lai ca hp

ng th cc quy nh v nhm ln c p dng20. Nh vy s nhm ln ny c th vn phi tnh n, tuy nhin ph thuc vo s phn loi tp qun. Gnh nng chng minh trong trng hp ny do ngi ni ra s nhm ln chu. Khi p dng tp qun c th to ra tin l, chng hn phn quyt ca ta n trong v Cy ch 19 ting c th to ra tin l cho vn i din - mt ch nh c xem l trung tm ca lut t m nh lm lut Vit Nam c khuynh hng kim sot cht ch bng cc quy nh ca vn bn quy phm php lut bo v quyn ca ngi c i din. V vy khi p dng tp qun thm phn cn c tm nhn rng ra c cc ch nh php lut khc. Vn cui cng t ra y c l l vn cn nhiu tranh lun trn th gii, mc d khng nn ti phn no khng phi i din thng xuyn vi vn . Khi gii thiu v lut t Qubec (Canada) cc nh lut hc so snh c ting nhn nh rng, kh c th tuyn b vn tt v tr ca tp qun php trong th t cc loi ngun php lut ti y21. Cc nn ti phn khc nhau cng c nhng quan nim khc nhau v vn th t nh vy. B lut Thng mi Czech 1996 ti iu 1 c cc quy nh v phm vi ca B lut Thng mi v th t u tin cc loi ngun nh sau: (1) B lut ny quy nh v quy ch thng nhn, quan h hp ng thng mi, v mt s quan h khc lin quan ti cc hnh vi thng mi. (2) Cc quan h php l c cp ti ti khon 1 ni trn ph thuc vo cc quy nh ca B lut ny. Nu chng minh c khng th gii quyt vn no theo cc quy nh ca B lut ny, th gii quyt theo cc quy nh ca B lut Dn s. Nu vn nh vy khng th c gii quyt theo cc quy nh ca B lut Dn s, th phi c xem xt ph hp vi thi quen thng mi, v trong trng hp khng c thi quen , th phi theo cc nguyn tc ca B lut ny. B lut Thng mi Nht Bn 1899 ti iu 1 a ra mt th t u tin cc loi ngun khc vi quan nim trn ca Cng ha Czech. iu lut ny xc nh nu vn thng mi m khng c B lut Thng mi quy nh th p dng lut tp qun thng mi; v nu khng c mt lut tp qun nh vy th p dng cc quy nh ca B lut Dn s. Cc quy nh ny c l xut pht t vic phn bit kh r gia lut dn s v lut thng mi, v coi cc quy tc ca lut thng mi l tng th cc quy tc c cha ng trong cc loi ngun khc nhau (c ngha l vn bn quy phm do c quan lp php lm ra v tp qun php). B lut Dn s Cng ha Czech c khuynh hng coi tp qun hay thi quen thng mi ch l mt loi ngun b sung cho cc vn bn quy phm php lut, v cao mi quan h rt gn gi gia o lut dn s v o lut thng mi. Quan nim ca Cng ha Czech gn gi vi quan nim ca nhiu hc gi Vit Nam hin nay. Gio trnh l lun nh nc v php lut ca Trng i hc Lut H Ni, sau khi lun gii v ngun gc v vai tr ca tp qun php, cho rng: V vy, v mt nguyn tc, hnh thc tp qun php khng c kh nng th hin c bn cht ca php lut x hi ch ngha, khng th tr thnh mt hnh thc c bn ca php lut x hi ch ngha. Bn cnh , Gio trnh ny cng nhc ti trong thi k qu i ln ch ngha x hi, c nhng tp qun tin b th hin truyn thng v o c dn tc c Nh nc x hi ch ngha tn trng v to iu kin cho chng pht huy tc dng22.

Tuy nhin, cc nh lut hc so snh Hoa K tm lc, trong hc thuyt v ngun ca php lut theo truyn thng Civil Law, tp qun php thng c xp l mt loi ngun chnh yu ca php lut, nhng b xem nh trong thc tin23. Vn l lut thng mi c ngun gc t cc quy tc tp qun ca cc thng nhn. Nhng khi c php in ha phn no, ngi ta v tnh qun i ngun gc ca cc quy tc v c cc quy tc tp qun khc. Hai nh lut hc so snh ln l Ren David v John E.C. Brierley nhc nh rng, tp qun c vai tr nh hng ln trong tt c cc h thng php lut; v trong qu trnh pht trin v p dng php lut, cc nh lm lut, cc thm phn hay cc tc gi, nh mt vn thc t, nhiu hay t u b dn dt bi tng v tp qun ca cng ng. Hai ng cn cho rng, trong quan nim v php lut theo trng phi ca Mc, tp qun cng c vai tr tng t bi ni dung ca php lut do iu kin sinh hot vt cht to thnh kt cu h tng quyt nh24. Kinh nghim v lut thng mi ca Hoa K cho thy vai tr to ln ca tp qun php trong vic pht trin thng mi. Mc ch, chnh sch v hng gii thch ca B lut Thng mi Nht th (UCC) x s ny l: (1) n gin ha, minh bch ha v hin i ha php lut iu chnh cc giao dch thng mi; (2) cho php m rng hot ng thng mi thng qua tp qun, thi quen ng x v tha thun gia cc bn; v (3) nht th ha php lut gia cc nn ti phn khc nhau25. Nh vy, tp qun v thi quen ng x Hoa K c vai tr l mt chnh sch ln trong vic thc y thng mi. N c kt hp nhun nhuyn vi php lut hin i trong mt chnh th b khuyt cho nhau, mt mt nhm p ng cc nhu cu ca x hi hin i, mt khc gi vng s n nh. Ngy nay c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v tp qun php tm c l lun ln v chuyn su. Tiu biu nh Bruce L. Benson phn chia php lut thnh hai loi l c on php v tp qun php. Loi th nht n nh t trn xung bi c quan lp php hoc nhng ngi c thm quyn khc v thng yu cu s tr gip ca thiu s c quyn lc thi hnh. Loi th hai (tp qun php) c pht trin t di ln yu cu s tha nhn rng ri26. Tp qun php c tha nhn rng ri bi mi thnh vin trong cng ng c tp qun thc c li ch ca mnh trong vic ng x ph hp vi c mun ca thnh vin khc v i li cc thnh vin khc cng ng x ph hp vi c mun ca anh ta. Nh vy tp qun php pht trin trn nn tng c i c li27. iu cho thy tp qun mang trong mnh n yu t dn ch su sc hn lut thnh vn, v a ra nhng gi rt hu ch cho vic xy dng vn bn quy phm php lut. Mun cho cc quy nh ca vn bn php lut i vo i sng hay c s tha nhn ca ngi dn th vic xy dng chng cn da trn nhng chnh sch php lut cn i ti a cc li ch ca mi v mi ngi m phn no th hin di dng ng thun x hi, v bn thn chnh sch ch c th c c khi mi ngi dn u c th tham gia vo quy trnh a ra sng kin v thit k chnh sch. thy r hn vai tr ca tp qun trong mi lin h vi o lut, c th cp ti nhn nh rng mt khi tp qun c gii php ngc li vi o lut th c th xem o lut li thi28, c ngha l khi o lut li thi th tp qun ln ting. Th bc u tin p dng ca tp qun php nhiu khi cn vt trn vn bn php lut. Chng hn mt s a phng ca Ty Ban Nha khng p dng B lut Dn s i vi nhng vn m c tp qun a phng iu tit 29. Thc tin p dng Cng c Vin v mua bn hng ha quc t 1980 cho thy trong mt s trng hp tp qun v thi quen thng mi c u tin p dng hn cc quy nh ca Cng c quc t 30. B lut Dn s Bc K 1931 ti iu th 1453 cho php duy tr mt s phong tc, tp

qun ring bit ca cc dn tc t ngi pha Bc, c ngha l tp qun php trong chng mc no theo B lut ny c th t u tin p dng cao hn o lut. Trn mnh t Vit Nam c nhiu dn tc anh em ang sinh sng vi nhng nt vn ha ring c duy tr phn no bi cc tp qun. Vic gi gn bn sc vn ha dn tc, s nghip cng nghip ha, hin i ha v hi nhp quc t do ng khi xng c a vo cc quan im nguyn tc v tp qun php trong Ngh quyt s 48-NQ/TW ca B Chnh tr. Cc quan im ny hon ton sng sut v ng n. Tuy nhin vic nghin cu trin khai cha ng b v thc tin thi hnh cn c nhng lng tng nht nh nh phn tch trn. V vy trc ht cn thay i quan nim v tp qun php trong l lun php lut Vit Nam hin nay, c bit phi lm r mi quan h gia tp qun php v nguyn tc php ch x hi ch ngha. Cc vn php l nu trn cn phi c ng hin cu c th hn v trin khai y , cng vi vic nghin cu p dng tin l php. y khng th b qua vic gim st cht ch vic p dng tp qun php bo m c th ha nghim chnh v ng n quan im nguyn tc v tp qun php ca Ngh quyt s 48- NQ/TW ca B Chnh tr.
(1) B Chnh tr, Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit Nam, Ngh quyt 48- NQ/TW ngy 24/5/2005 v Chin lc xy dng v hon thin h thng php lut Vit Nam n nm 2010, nh hng n nm 2020, Mc II, im 6. (2) Trng i hc Lut H Ni, Gio trnh lut thng mi- Tp 1, Nxb Cng an nhn dn, H Ni, 2007, tr. 69. (3) Nguyn Xun Quang- L Nt- Nguyn H Bch Hng, Lut dn s Vit Nam, Nxb. i hc Quc gia TP. H Ch Minh, 2007, tr. 28. (4) Ch. Pamboukis, The concept and function of usages in the United Nation Convention on the International Sale of Goods, Journal of Law and Commerce, Vol. 25:107, pp. 107- 131, p. (5) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Custom (law), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom (law)], 10/18/2009. (6) John E. C. Brierley, Roderick A. Macdonald, Quebec Civil Law- An Introduction to Quebec Private Law, Emond Montgomery Publications Limited, Toronto, Canada, 1993, p. 119. (7) John E. C. Brierley, Roderick A. Macdonald, Quebec Civil Law- An Introduction to Quebec Private Law, Emond Montgomery Publications Limited, Toronto, Canada, 1993, p. 118. (8) V Vn Mu, Dn- lut khi- lun, In ln th hai, B Quc gia gio dc xut bn, Si Gn, 1960, tr. 295- 296. (9) Triu Quc Mnh, Php lut v dn lut i cng, Nxb. Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2000, tr. 153-154. (10) Ta n nhn dn ti cao - Ta dn s, Quyt nh gim c thm s 93/GDDT-DS ngy 27/5/2002 v v tranh chp a im nh bt hi sn gia b Loan v ng Thanh B Ra- Vng Tu. (11) Vn i, Lut hp ng Vit Nam- Bn n v bnh lun bn n (Sch chuyn kho), Nxb. Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni, 2008, tr. 21- 23. (12) John E. C. Brierley, Roderick A. Macdonald, Quebec Civil Law- An Introduction to Quebec Private Law, Emond Montgomery Publications Limited, Toronto, Canada, 1993, pp. 274- 275. (13) Abdul Kadar, Ken Hoyle, Geoffrey Whitehead, Business Law, Made Simple Books, London, 1985, p. 10; House of Lords, Judgments- Oxfordshire County Council (Respondents) v. Oxford City Council (Appellants) and another (Respondent) (2005) and others, [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldjudgmt/jd060524/oxf-4.htm]. (14) Philip S. James, Introduction to English Law, Twelfth edition, Butterworths, London, 1989, p. 22. (15) Jean Claude Ricci, Nhp mn lut hc, Nxb. Vn ha- Thng tin, H Ni, 2002, tr. 52. (16) Ch. Pamboukis, The concept and function of usages in the United Nation Convention on the International Sale of Goods, Journal of Law and Commerce, Vol. 25:107, pp. 124- 125. (17) Triu Quc Mnh, Php lut v dn lut i cng, Nxb. Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2000, tr. 162.

(18) Ch. Pamboukis, The concept and function of usages in the United Nation Convention on the International Sale of Goods, Journal of Law and Commerce, Vol. 25:107, p. 125. (19) Francis Lemeunier, Nguyn l v thc hnh lut thng mi, lut kinh doanh, Nxb Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni 1993, tr. 17 (20) Unidroit, B nguyn tc ca Unidroit v hp ng thng mi quc t 2004, bn dch ting Vit vi s ti tr ca T chc quc t Php ng, Nxb. T php, H Ni, 2005, tr. 172. (21) John E. C. Brierley, Roderick A. Macdonald, Quebec Civil Law- An Introduction to Quebec Private Law, Emond Montgomery Publications Limited, Toronto, Canada, 1993, p. 119. (22) Trng i hc Lut H Ni, Gio trnh l lun nh nc v php lut, Nxb. Cng an nhn dn, H Ni, 2009, tr. 354. (23) Mary Ann Glendon, Paolo G. Carozza, Colin B. Picker, Comparative Legal Traditions in a Nutshell, Third edition, Thomson West, 2008, p. 131 (24) Ren David and John E.C . Brierlrey, Major Legal Systems in the World Today, Secon Edition, The Free Press, New York . London. Toronto. Sydney. Tokyo. Singapore, 1975, p. 118. (25) Bradford Stone, Uniform Commercial Code, Third Edition , ST. Paul, Minn. West Publishing Co., 1989, p. 5. (26) Bruce L. Benson, Customary Law with Private Means of Resolving Desputes and Dispensing Justice: A Description of a Modern System of Law and Order without State Coercion, The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. IX, No. 2, 1990; See Mark Sulkowski, Customary Law, [http://jim.com/custom.htm], 10/18/2009. (27) See Mark Sulkowski, Customary Law, [http://jim.com/custom.htm], 10/18/2009. (28) Triu Quc Mnh, Php lut v dn lut i cng, Nxb Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2000, tr. 158. (29) Mary Ann Glendon, Paolo G. Carozza, Colin B. Picker, Comparative Legal Traditions in a Nutshell, Third edition, Thomson West, 2008, p. 131. (30) Ch. Pamboukis, The concept and function of usages in the United Nation Convention on the International Sale of Goods, Journal of Law and Commerce, Vol. 25:107, p. 109.

TS. Ng Huy Cng - Khoa Lut i hc Quc gia H Ni.