MC LC :

I. Gii thiu chung v IP 1. Khi nim v a ch IP 2. Phn loi a ch IP II. Gii thiu v IPv4 v IPv6 1. IPv4 2. IPv6 3. V sao phi chuyn i t IPv4 sang IPv6? III. Cc c ch chuyn i IPv4 sang IPv6 1. Yu cu i vi qu trnh chuyn i 2. Cc c ch chuyn i IV. Tnh hnh trin khai IPv6 trn th gii v ti Vit Nam 1. Tnh hnh trin khai IPv6 trn th gii 2. Tnh hnh trin khai IPv6 ti Vit Nam V. Kt lun

I/ Gii thiu chung v IP : Nh chng ta bit Internet l mng my tnh ton cu , do hng nghn mng my tnh t khp ni ni li to nn. Khc vi cch t chc theo cc cp : ni ht, lin tnh, quc t ca mt mng vin thng nh mng thoi. Mng Internet t chc ch c mt cp , mng my tnh d to, hay nh khi ni vo mng Internet u bnh ng vi nhau. Do cch t chc nh vy nn trn Internet c cu trc a ch, cch nh a ch c bit, trong khi cch nh a ch i vi mng vin thng n gin hn rt nhiu.

i vi mng vin thng nh mng thoi, khch hng cc vng khc nhau hon ton c th c cng s in thoi phn bit vi nhau bi m vng, m tnh hay m quc t. i vi mng internet do cch t chc ch c mt cp nn mi mt khch hng hay mt my ch ( Host ) hoc Router u c mt a ch Internet duy nht m khng c trng vi bt k ai. Do vy m a ch Internet thc s l mt ti nguyn

Hng chc triu my ch trn hng trm nghn mng. a ch khng c trng nhau cn phi c cu trc a ch c bit qun l thng nht v mt t chc ca Internet gi l Trung tm thng tin mng Internet Internet Network Information Centre (Inter - NIC ) duy tr phn phi, NIC ch phn a ch mng ( Net ID ) cn a ch my ch trn mng ( Host ID ) do cc t chc qun l Internet ca tng quc gia t phn phi.

Chng ta s cng tm hiu thm v a ch Internet ( IP )

1. Khi nim v a ch IP : IP l 1 trong 2 giao thc quan trng nht ca internet. IP l ch vit tt ca Internet Protocol (giao thc Internet). Mi gi tin IP s bao gm mt a ch IP ngun v mt a ch IP ch.

Nh hnh v d trn ta c: IP ngun l 10.1.2.4 v IP ch l 10.1.1.6.

IP xc nh nh danh cho 1 my tnh v router. a ch IP xc nh 1 giao din no , giao din ny c s dng kt ni my tnh hay router vi knh truyn vt l.

2. IP c chia thnh hai loi l : IP tnh v IP ng Thut ng IP tnh c ni n nh mt a ch IP c nh dnh ring cho mt ngi, hoc nhm ngi s dng m thit b kt ni n Internet ca h lun lun c t mt a ch IP. Thng thng IP tnh c cp cho mt my ch vi mt mc ch ring (my ch web, mail<) nhiu ngi c th truy cp m khng lm gin on cc qu trnh . Tri li vi IP tnh l cc IP ng: Nu khng s dng cc dch v c bit cn dng IP tnh, khch hng thng thng ch c ISP gn cho cc IP khc nhau sau mi ln kt ni hoc trong mt phin kt ni c i thnh cc IP khc. Hnh ng cp IP ng ca cc ISP nhm tit kim ngun a ch IP ang cn kit hin nay. Khi mt my tnh khng c kt ni vo mng Internet th nh cung cp s s dng IP cp cho mt ngi s dng khc.

Nh vy nu nh s dng IP ng th ngi s dng khng th tr thnh ngi

cung cp mt dch v trn Internet (chng hn lp mt trang web, m mt proxy cho php ngi khc t do thng qua n che du tung tch... trn chnh my tnh ca mnh) bi a ch IP ny lun b thay i.

Thng th cc nh cung cp Internet ADSL hay cp s ch nh loi IP ng cho bn. Trong cc router v h iu hnh, cu hnh mc nh cho cc my khch cng l IP ng.

II.Gii thiu v IPv4 v IPv6: 1. IPv4 : - Giao thc IPv4 s dng mt a ch ngun v a ch ch l 32bit. Cc a ch ny c biu din thnh bn Octet. Mt a ch IPv4 in hnh c dng nh 192.168.0.1. - a ch IPv4 chia ra 5 lp A,B,C, D, E, trong D v E T chc internet ang dnh cho mc ch khc khng phn

Tnh trng cn kit ti nguyn IPv4 c bo hiu t nm 2005. Nm 2007, cc c quan qun l v IP trn ton cu nh Trung tm thng tin mng chu - Thi Bnh Dng (APNIC), LACNIC (khu vc M La tinh ), RIPE NCC (khu vc chu u)< thng nht ra ngh quyt v tnh hnh bo ng ny v a ra l trnh cn kit hon ton. thng 2/2011, T chc qun l a ch Internet ton cu (IANA) v t chc qun l a ch Internet khu vc (RIR) ng lot ra thng bo v vic cp pht ht vng a ch IPv4 t do sau 30 nm s dng.u thng 2, IANA phn b 5 khi a ch IPv4 cui cng cho cc RIR. iu ny c ngha th gii vn c th s dng a ch IPv4 nhiu nm na nhng ngun cung a ch mi s khng cn

2. IPv6 : - a ch th h mi ca Internet IPv6 (IP adress version 6) c nhm chuyn trch v k thut IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force ) ca hip hi Internet xut thc hin da trn c s k tha cu trc v t chc ca IPv4. IPv6 c thit k cng tn ti lu di vi IPv4 nhm trnh ph v mng IPv4 hin c v duy tr cc dch v ang tn ti trn mng IPv4. ng thi trong thi gian cng tn ti cng cho php chuyn i d dng sang IPv6. - S khc nhau ng k nht gia IPv4 v IPv6 l chiu di ca a ch ngun v a ch ca chng, a ch IPv6 c chiu di l 128bit, iu cho php c th biu din n 3.4x10^38 a ch. y l mt khng gian a ch cc ln vi mc nh khng ch cho Internet m cn cho tt c cc mng my tnh, h thng vin thng , h thng iu khin v thm ch cho c cc vt dng trong nh. Ngi ta ni rng tng chic iu ha, my git, ni cm in.... ca tng gia nh mt cng mang mt a ch IPv6 ch nhn ca chng c th kt ni v ra lnh t xa. Nhu cu hin ti ch cn 15% a ch IP, 85% cn li dng d tr cho tng lai.

- Mt a ch IPv6 thng c vit thnh 8 nhm, mi nhm gm c 4 s hex v mi nhm c tch bit vi nhau bng du :

Tuy nhin, a ch IPv6 ch c th c vit vn tt bng vic gim thiu cc s 0. C hai nguyn tc phi tun theo y khi biu din mt a ch IP. u tin, mt dy bn s 0 lin tc c th c thay th bng hai du ::. Bng cch a ch IPv6 trn c th c vit tt nh sau: 2001:f68::1986:69af - IPv6 c ba loi a ch khc nhau: Unicast, Multicast v Anycast : + Unicast: l a ch cho mt giao tip. Mt gi d liu c gi ti mt a ch Unicast s c phn phi ti cng giao tip c ch ra bi a ch . +Anycast: l a ch cho tp hp cc cng giao tip. Cc tp ny thng thng thuc v

cc node khc nhau. Mt gi d liu c gi ti mt a ch anycast s c phn phi n cng giao tip gn nht hay u tin trong nhm anycast. + Multicast: a ch cho mt tp hp cc cng giao tip (thng thng thuc v cc node khc nhau). Khi mt gi c gi n mt a ch multicast, tt c cc cng giao tip s nhn c gi d liu ny. 3.V sao phi chuyn i t IPv4 sang IPv6?

- Thiu a ch IP: S pht trin mnh m ca h thng Internet dn n s cn kit v a ch IPv4. S tng qu nhanh ca cc host trn mng Internet dn n tnh trng thiu a ch IP trm trng gn cho cc node. Trong nhng nm 1990, CIDR c xy dng da trn khi nim mt n a ch (address mask). CIDR tm thi khc phc c nhng vn nu trn. Kha cnh t chc mang tnh th bc ca CIDR ci tin kh nng m rng ca IPv4. Mc d c thm nhiu cng c khc ra i nh k thut subnetting (1985), k thut VLSM (1987) v CIDR (1993), cc k thut trn khng cu vt IPv4 ra khi mt vn n gin: khng c a ch cho cc nhu cu tng lai. C khong 4 t a ch IPv4 nhng khong a ch ny l s khng trong tng lai vi nhng thit b kt ni vo Internet v cc thit b ng dng trong gia nh c th yu cu a ch IP. Do , mt vi gii php tm thi, chng hn nh dng RFC1918 trong dng mt phn khng gian a ch lm cc a ch dnh ring v NAT l mt cng c cho php hng ngn

host truy cp vo Internet ch vi mt vi IP hp l tn dng tt hn khng gian a ch ca IPv4. - S pht trin ca bng nh tuyn (rounting entry) ngy mt ln: Vi tnh hnh hin ti, do khng c s phn cp a ch IPv4 nn s lng cc rounting entry tr nn rt ln, ln ti 110.000 bn ghi. Vic ny lm chm qu trnh x l ca router, lm gim tc ca mng. - Nhu cu v phng thc cu hnh mt cch n gin. - An ninh ca mng : Vi IPv4, c nhiu gii php khc phc nhc im ny nh IPSec, DES, 3DES< nhng cc gii php ny u phi ci t thm v c nhiu phng thc khc nhau i vi mi loi sn phm ch khng c h tr mc bn thn giao thc. - Nhu cu h tr v thng tin vn chuyn d liu thi gian thc (Real time Delivery of Data) hay vn m bo cht lng dch v Quality of Service (QoS): Cc thch thc mi t vic ny sinh cc dch v vin thng, cc yu cu truyn thi gian thc cho cc dch v multimedia, video, m thanh qua mng, s pht trin ca thng mi in t t ra vic m bo QoS cho cc ng dng ny. QoS trong IPv4 cng c xc nh trong trng TOS v phn nhn dng ti trng ca gi tin IP. Tuy nhin trng TOS ny c t tnh nng.

Vi nhng hn ch ca IPv4 nh trn th gii php mang tnh di hn l vic a vo IPv6 - M rng ca khng gian a ch : a ch ca IPv6 bao gm 128 bit so vi 32 bt ca a ch IPv4. Vi phm vi ca a ch IPv6, vic cung cp a ch tr nn thoi mi hn rt nhiu. V mt l thuyt, 128bit a ch c kh nng cung cp 2 128 = 340 282 366 920 938 463 374 607 431 768 211 456 a ch, nhiu hn a ch ca IPv4 khong 8 t t t ln (v 232 ly trn l 4x109 cn 2128 ly trn l 340x1036). S a ch ny nu ri u trn b mt tri t th trung bnh mi mt vung s c khong 665 570 t t a ch. S lng a ch ny s p ng c s bng n ca cc thit b IP trong tng lai. Ngoi ra IPv6 cn cung cp phng thc mi t ng cu hnh a ch v xy dng mt php kim tra tnh duy nht ca a ch IP. - Kt cu a ch nh tuyn c phn cp hiu qu: a ch IPv6 c thit k to ra c s nh tuyn phn cp, hiu qu v c kh nng tp hp li da trn s phn

cp thnh nhiu mc ca cc nh cung cp dch v (ISP). Nh vy cc bng nh tuyn trn cc router backbone s gn nh hn nhiu. - Dng header mi : Phn Header ca IPv6 c gim xung ti mc ti thiu bng vic chuyn tt c cc trng ph thuc hoc khng cn thit xung phn header m rng nm ngay sau phn header ca IPv6 Vic t chc hp l phn header ny lm tng hiu qu x l ti cc router trung gian. IPv6 header v IPv4 header l khng tng thch vi nhau, do cc node phi c ci t 2 phin bn IP mi c th x l c cc header khc nhau ny - T ng cu hnh a ch : Tng t nh IPv4, IPv6 cng cung cp kh nng cu hnh a ch t ng bi DHCP, ngoi ra cn a thm kh nng t ng cu hnh a ch khi khng c DHCP Server. Trong mt mng, cc host c th t ng cu hnh a ch ca n bng cch s dng IPv6 Prefix nhn c t router (gi l a ch link-local). Hn na trong mt mng m khng c router th host cng c th t ng cu hnh a ch link-local lin lc vi cc host khc. - Bo mt : H tr IPSec c h tr ngay bn thn ca IPv6. Yu cu bt buc ny nh l mt tiu chun cho an ninh mng, ng thi m rng kh nng lm vic c vi nhau ca cc loi sn phm. - Cht lng dch v tt hn (QoS) : Phn header ca IPv6 c a thm mt s trng mi. Trng nhn lung (Flow Label) IPv6 header c dng nh nhn cho cc lung d liu. T cc router c th c nhng x l khc nhau vi cc gi tin thuc cc lung d liu khc nhau. Do trng Flow Label nm trong IPv6 header nn QoS vn c m bo khi phn ti trng c m ha bi IPSec. - Kh nng m rng tt : IPv6 c kh nng m rng tt bng vic s dng phn header m rng ngay sau phn IPv6 header. iu ny cho php thm vo cc chc nng mng mi. Khng ging nh IPv4, phn la chn ch c 40 byte th vi IPv6, phn m rng ch b hn ch bi kch thc ca gi tin IPv6 - Vi nhng l do trn, nm 1994, IETF xut IPv.6 trong RFC 1752. IPv.6 hai mc ch c bn: - Thay th cho ngun IPv4 cn kit tip ni hot ng Internet. - Khc phc cc nhc im trong thit k ca a ch IPv4. IPv6 c thit k vi nhng tham vng v mc tiu nh sau: - Khng gian a ch ln hn v d dng qun l khng gian a ch.

- Khi phc li nguyn l kt ni u cui-u cui ca Internet v loi b hon ton cng ngh NAT - Qun tr TCP/IP d dng hn: DHCP c s dng trong IPv4 nhm gim cu hnh th cng TCP/IP cho host. IPv6 c thit k vi kh nng t ng cu hnh m khng cn s dng my ch DHCP, h tr hn na trong vic gim cu hnh th cng. - Cu trc nh tuyn tt hn: nh tuyn IPv6 c thit k hon ton phn cp. - H tr tt hn Multicast: Multicast l mt ty chn ca a ch IPv4, tuy nhin kh nng h tr v tnh ph dng cha cao. - H tr bo mt tt hn: IPv4 c thit k ti thi im ch c cc mng nh, bit r nhau kt ni vi nhau. Do vy bo mt cha phi l mt vn c quan tm. Song hin nay, bo mt mng internet tr thnh mt vn rt ln, l mi quan tm hng u. - H tr tt hn cho di ng: Thi im IPv4 c thit k, cha tn ti khi nim v thit b IP di ng. Trong th h mng mi, dng thit b ny ngy cng pht trin, i hi cu trc giao thc Internet c s h tr tt hn. III / Cc c ch chuyn i IPv4 sang IPv6 Yu cu i vi qu trnh chuyn i:

Thch thc m IPv6 phi i mt l kh nng chuyn i trn vn cc gi tin IPv6 t nh dng IPv6 sang nh dng IPv4 t c th vn chuyn trn h tng mng IPv4 (hu ht cc thit b mng hin nay u thit k, s dng cho IPv4). thc hin yu cu ny, qu trnh trin khai IPv6 phi m bo tnh linh ng mt cch ti a. Nhng l im mu thun vi quy m rng ln ca mng Internet. Do vy, y cng chnh l im cn quan tm trong qu trnh chuyn i, trin khai IPv6. Trc y tng tn ti mt vi giao thc c thit k nhm thay th TCP/IP nhng tht bi do khng th chy song song, cng nh tng thch gia cc h giao thc c v mi. Khi nghin cu n IPv6, nu ch quan tm n nhng chc nng mi m IPv6 cung cp, s khng thuyt phc c ngi dng chuyn t IPv4 sang IPv6. Do , phi m bo tnh tng thch trn c s cc chc nng ca IPv4 trong qu trnh chuyn i ln IPv6. trin khai IPv6, cn c cc phng php tin hnh ng thi, xy dng mng IPv6 trn nn h tng mng IPv4 sn c, sau s dn dn thay

th mng IPv4. Ngi ta a ra nhng c ch chuyn i trong qu trnh nng cp mng t IPv4 ln IPv6. Mc ch ca cc c ch chuyn i l m bo cc ni dung sau: - m bo cc c tnh u vit ca mng IPv6 so vi mng IPv4 hin ti. - Tn dng h tng sn c ca mng IPv4 trong giai on chuyn tip sang mt mng thun IPv6. - Tng cng kh nng cung cp v trin khai. Vic chuyn i i vi Host v Router c lp vi nhau. - Ti thiu ha s ph thuc trong qu trnh nng cp. Mt trong nhng iu kin bt buc c th nng cp Host ln IPv6 trc ht l phi nng cp h thng tn min (DNS). V y l dch v h tr vic tm kim a ch phc v cho cc ng dng khc. - Gn, cp cc loi a ch thun tin. Cc h thng mng hin nay c ci t v c gn a ch IPv4. Khng gian a ch IPv4 l mt tp hp con ca khng gian a ch IPv6, do , vn c th tip tc s dng cc a ch IPv4 sn c. Ch gn cc a ch cn thit cho cc kt ni ti mng 6BONE v tun theo k hoch phn b a ch ca t chc ny. - Nng cp ln mng IPv6 t tn chi ph v khng cn thit phi thay th ton b thit b hin c trn mng, v cc c ch chuyn i ny c thc hin hon ton trn nn IPv4 sn c. C ch chuyn i cng cn m bo cho cc trm IPv6 c th cng lm vic vi cc trm IPv4 bt k v tr no trn mng (LAN,WAN, Internet) cho n khi IPv4 khng cn tn ti (y l xu hng chung ca cng ngh). Cc c ch chuyn i.

Nu mng IPv6 c trin khai, khng th trnh khi thi gian chuyn i ko di cc nt IPv6 v IPv4 cng tn ti v truyn tin. Mt s cc c ch chuyn i v cng mm do v mnh gia IPv4 v IPv6 l cn thit trong thi gian chuyn i ny. Hin nay s lng mng IPv4 l rt ln, hu ht cc dch v, cc giao dch trn mng u da vo IPv4. Do , c cc c ch cho php chuyn i qua li gia cc Host IPv4 v IPv6. Vic xy dng li giao thc lp Internet trong chng giao thc TCP/IP dn n nhiu thay i. Trong , vn thay i ln nht l vic thay i cu trc a ch. S thay i nh hng n cc vn sau: - nh hng n hot ng ca cc lp trn (lp giao vn v lp ng dng

trong m hnh OSI). - nh hng n cc giao thc nh tuyn. Mt khc, mt yu cu quan trng trong vic trin khai IPv6 l phi thc hin c mc tiu ban u ra khi thit k giao thc IPv6. l IPv6 lm vic c trong mi trng IPv4. Trong mt s tnh hung, s c hin tng mt s Host ch s dng giao thc IPv6 v cng c nhng Host ch s dng giao thc IPv4. Vn y l phi m bo nhng Host thun IPv6 phi giao tip c vi cc Host thun IPv4 m vn m bo a ch IPv4 thng nht trn ton cu. Do vy, nhm to kh nng tng thch gia IPv4 v IPv6, cc nh nghin cu pht trin mt s c ch chuyn i khc nhau. c im chung ca cc c ch chuyn i ny l:

- m bo cc Host/Router ci t IPv6 c th lm vic c vi nhau trn nn IPv4. - H tr cc kh nng trin khai cc Host v Router hot ng trn nn IPv6 vi mc tiu thay th dn cc Host ang hot ng IPv4. - C mt phng thc chuyn i d dng, thc hin cc cp khc nhau t pha ngi dng cui ti ngi qun tr h thng, cc nh qun tr mng v cung cp dch v. Cc c ch ny l mt tp hp cc giao thc thc hin i vi Host v cc Router, km theo l cc phng thc nh gn a ch v trin khai, thit k lm qu trnh chuyn i Internet sang IPv6 lm vic vi mc ri ro thp nht. Hin nay cc nh nghin cu IPv6 a ra nhng c ch chuyn i cho php kt ni IPv6 trn nn IPv4.

Sau y l mt s c ch tiu biu:

- Dual IP layer: C ch ny m bo mt Host/Router c ci c hai giao thc (trong trng hp ny gi l Dual stack) IPv4 v IPv6 Internet layer trong m hnh phn lp TCP/IP. - IPv6 Tunneling over IPv4 : C ch ny thc hin ng gi tin IPv6 vo mt gi theo chun giao thc IPv4 c th chuyn gi tin qua mng IPv4 thun ty. Trong trng hp ny, mng xem nh l mt gi tin IPv4 bnh thng. Theo nh hng dn trong khuyn ngh RFC 1933, IETF gii thiu hai phng php to ng hm cho cc Site IPv6 kt ni vi nhau xuyn qua h tng IPv4: Automatic Tunneling v Configured Tunneling. Trong c ch tunneling, cc nodes IPv6/IPv4 s thc hin vic ng gi cc datagram IPv6 vo thnh phn d liu trong datagram IPv4. Do gi tin ny s c th c truyn qua nn IPv4. Cc kt ni c th p dng c ch tunneling l: Router-to-router. Host-to-router. Host-to-host. Trong 2 phng thc router-to-router v host-to-router, gi tin IPv6 c tunnel n a ch cui cng l ti router. Do , im cui cng ca qu trnh tunnel l cc router trung gian. Cc router ny phi c nhim v m gi tin c tunnel v chuyn n ti ch cui cng. a ch trong gi tin IPv6 c tunnel, khng h tr a ch IPv4 ca im cui cng tunnel. Thay vo th a ch im cui cng tunnel phi c quyt nh t cc thng tin cu hnh trn nodes thc hin ng gi. Theo c ch xc nh a ch cui nh vy, ta gi l tunnel configured. C ngha l a ch im cui cng ca qu trnh to tunnel c khai bo trc. Gi tin IPv6 c tunnel trn tt c hnh trnh ca chng cho ti khi n c ch theo 2 phng thc sau: host-to-host v router-to-host . Theo c ch ny, nodes cui cng c xc nh a ch ch ca gi tin IPv6. V vy, im cui cng ca tunnel c th quyt nh t a ch ch ca gi tin IPv6. Nu a ch ny l mt a ch tng ng vi a ch IPv4, theo cu trc ca a ch ny th 32 bits thp s c ly lm a ch ca nodes ch, v c s dng lm a ch ch ca nodes cui cng c tunnel. K thut ny trnh c vic khai bo trc a ch ch ca nodes cui cng c tunnel, gi l automatic tunneling.

C 2 k thut t ng v cu hnh c khc nhau c bn nht l vic quyt nh a ch cui ca qu trnh tunnel. Cn li v c bn hat ng ca 2 c ch ny l ging nhau. + im khi to tunnel (im ng gi tin) to mt header IPv4 ng gi v truyn gi tin c ng gi. + Nodes kt thc ca qu trnh tunnel (im m gi tin) nhn uc gi tin ng gi, xa b phn u header IPv4, sa i mt s trng ca header IPv6, v x l phn d liu ny nh mt gi tin IPv6. + Nodes ng gi cn duy tr cc thng tin v trng thi ca mi qu trnh tunnel, v d cc tham s MTU x l cc gi tin IPv6 bt u thc hin tunnel. V s lng cc tin trnh tunnel co th tng ln mt s lng kh ln, trong khi cc thng tin ny thng lp li, v do c th s dng k thut cache v c lai b khi cn thit.

- Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng NAT-PT cho php cc Host/Router dng IPv4 thun ty v cc Host/Router dng IPv6 thun ty c th kt ni lm vic vi nhau trong qu trnh chuyn i ln IPv6. Dng NAT-PT, ta c th nh x qua li gia a ch IPv6 v IPv4. IV/ Tnh hnh trin khai IPv6 trn th gii v ti Vit Nam 1. Tnh hnh trin khai IPv6 trn th gii : ng trc tnh hnh cn kit a ch IPv4, nhiu quc gia, t chc quc t c ng thi tch cc trin khai ng dng a ch IPv6 - gii php duy nht cho php tip ni khng gin on s pht trin ca Internet ton cu. Nhu cu v ngun ti nguyn IPv6 ca th gii bt u tng mnh t nm 2008. Thng 6/2009, Din n IPv6 ton cu (IPv6 Forum) ban hnh tiu chun ISP sn sng vi IPv6. u nm 2010, t chc ny cng b danh sch 38 ISP t tiu chun ny trong Malaysia ng u vi 9 ISP, H Lan c 6, M v Trung Quc mi nc c 4 ISP c cng nhn Thng 4/2010, Din n hp tc v pht trin kinh t (OECD), c tr s chnh Php, hon thnh bn bo co nh gi trin khai IPv6 trn th gii. Tnh n thi im bo co, trn bng nh tuyn ton cu xut hin 2500 khi IPv6 c qung b (chim 60% tng s khi a ch c phn b). Tuy vy, lu lng Internet IPv6 vn ch chim mt l l rt khim tn so vi IPv4: 2500 tuyn IPv6 so vi 313000 tuyn IPv4 (chim khong 0.8 %). Theo T chc pht trin phn mm trin khai IPv6 v cung cp dch v Tunnel Broker SixXS ti H Lan, tnh n thng 6/2010, trn ton th gii c 154 Quc gia / vng lnh th c tip cn vi IPv6 vi tng s hn 4100 khi a ch IPv6 c phn b. Hin ti, hu ht cc nc ban hnh l trnh trin khai IPv6 quc gia. Mt s nc t mc thi gian hon thnh sm (Nht Bn, Hn Quc), mt s nc chm hn nhng u chia ba giai on v khong thi gian trin khai

trung bnh thng l: Giai on 1 (chun b) 2008-2009; Giai on 2 (chuyn i) 20102011; Giai on 3 (thun thc) 2012-2013.

2. Tnh hnh trin khai IPv6 ti vit nam : * Chnh sch ca nh nc i vi vic chuyn i ipv4 sang ipv6 - Khng ngoi xu th chung ca th gii, Vit Nam v ang c nhiu hnh ng tch cc thc y pht trin a ch IPv6. Ngy 6/5/2008, B trng B thng tin v Truyn thng ban hnh ch th s 03/2008/CT-BTTTT v vic thc y s dng a ch Internet th h mi IPv6, nh du mt mc quan trng trong qu trnh trin khai IPv6 Vit Nam. - n ngy 06/01/2009, B trng B Thng tin v Truyn thng ban hnh Quyt nh s 05/Q-BTTTT thnh lp Ban Cng tc thc y pht trin IPv6 quc gia (IPv6 Task Force) do Th trng thng trc L Nam Thng lm Trng ban v cc thnh vin l lnh o cc n v thuc B Thng tin v Truyn thng, cc b ngnh lin quan v cc ISP ch cht ca Vit Nam. Ngay sau khi thnh lp, Ban Cng tc thc y pht trin IPv6 quc gia t chc phin hp ln th nht nhm ra phng hng, k hoch hot ng ca Ban v c bit l khi ng chng trnh xy dng K hoch hnh ng quc gia v IPv6. n nay c tng cng 28 khi a ch IPv6 c cp pht cho cc doanh nghip, t chc Vit Nam - K hoch hnh ng quc gia v IPv6 cho mng Internet Vit Nam c chia lm 3 giai on. + Giai on 1 t nm 2009 n 2011 l giai on hnh thnh mng th nghim IPv6 quc gia. Vit Nam thc hin v hon thin th nghim v IPv6, trang b kin thc, kinh nghim v nh gi thc trng mng li sn sng cho vic chuyn i IPv6. + Giai on 2 t nm 2012 n 2014, y l giai on Vit Nam tin hnh chuyn i mng li t IPv4 h tr song song IPv6. Xy dng v hnh thnh mng c s h tng IPv6 quc gia. Cung cp dch v IPv6 th nghim ti ngi s dng. + Giai on 3 t nm 2015, y l giai on Internet Vit Nam thc hin chuyn i vi vai tr ch o ca cc ISP hon thin mng li v dch v IPv6. Mc tiu v kt qu cui cng ca giai on l Internet Vit Nam hon thnh tng thch vi a ch IPv6. Cc t chc, doanh nghip chnh thc s dng v cung cp dch v IPv6. * Thi ca cc doanh nghip i vi vic chuyn i ipv4 sang ipv6 Cc Nh cung cp dch v ISP cha thc s mun nng cp mng truy nhp bi khng c nhng dch v mi v li ch kinh t no gip hon tr kinh ph nng cp. Hu ht cc b nh tuyn gi r t tai cc vng dn c ( CPE - thit b t ti nh

khch hng ) c Nh cung cp dch v ISP cung cp u cha h tr IPv6. Nh cung cp dch v ISP s ch thay th nhng CPE khi c nhng l do xc ng nh l CPE thay th cung cp cc dch v mi hoc c li cho s dng bng thng hn. Ni v cc nh cung cp ni dung cng tng t. Hin ti khng c s khuyn khch nng cp ln IPv6. Khng thy c li nhun mi no, t nht cho n khi c nhng ng dng mi tn dng c li th ca IPv6. Mt khc, i vi cc chng trnh dng chung trn Internet (duyt web, gi email, dch v v ng dng kt ni ng cp) th khng c li th v s dng IPv6 bi chng vn lm vic tt d di mt vi cp ca NAT. * Nhng kh khn ca cc doanh nghip VN trong vic trin khai: " ISP ( nh cung cp dch v Interrnet) no trin khai trc th s c hng li th v cc dch v cung cp v sau ny, v n s nh hng trc tip n vic hot ng ca cc ISP " thc c iu ny, lng ng k s dng IPv6 Vit Nam rt nhiu, ng th 26 trn ton cu, tuy nhin, cho n nay ch c tp on VDC/VNPT v Cng ty Mng li Viettel l sn sng cung cp dch v Internet trn nn IPv6 cho khch hng, cn cc doanh nghip khc mi ch dng li bc th nghim trong ni b do phi i mt vi cc kh khn sau: - Vit Nam vn cha lm ch cc cng ngh sn xut thit b, ng dng trn mng do vic trin khai c vng mc ln nht l phn on cui cng ti ngi dng. VDC/VNPT cng nh tt c cc ISP khc ti Vit Nam u hon ton c th trin khai trong mng li ca mnh ti phn bin ca mng. Tuy nhin phn on cui cng ti ngi dng cui hin nay l cc thit b kt ni bng rng ADSL hay FTTx c rt t thit b h tr tnh nng IPv6. Trong khi , tt c cc my tnh, my ch vi cc h iu hnh hin ti nh Windows XP, Linux, Windows Vista, Sun... u c tch hp sn cc tnh nng IPv6. - Vic trin khai IPv6 lin quan rt nhiu vo thit b u cui, c bit l cc thu bao di ng v ngi s dng my tnh s dng h iu hnh c khng h tr IPv6. Trong , kh khn nht l phn bit c ngi dng ang s dng a ch IPv4 hay IPv6 cp chnh xc a ch IP cho modem.Cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) cho bit h chun b sn sng cung cp dch v trn nn cng ngh IPv6 nhng cha trin khai v thit b u cui ca khch hng cha h tr. - Ngy cng nhiu thit b u cui chuyn sang s dng IPv6, s cng tng kh nng nhiu ngi s dng cc loi thit b khc nhau, thm ch ngay trong cng mt mng ca ISP. iu ny ngha l s phi t thm mt trm chuyn i cng ngh ( r le ) ngay trn ng kt ni IPv6, thm ch gia hai thit b u cui kt ni cng mt

mng. H qu tt yu l chy chm hn v mt thm bng thng. V th nhiu ISP bt u xem xt lp t thm cc trm R le ny vo mng, k c khi h cha hon thnh vic trin khai IPv6 hoc cha c mng thun IPv6 no nhm gim thiu chi ph cng nh trnh ngi s dng nhn thy cht lng dch v suy gim - Vic trin khai IPv6 s to ra nhng l hng mi cho cc nh khai thc mng. V d, Internet s c nhiu thit b chuyn dch a ch hn khin d b tn cng DDoS (tn cng t chi dch v phn tn). Ngoi ra, cc nh khai thc mng s kh khn hn trong vic theo di lu lng truyn trn Internet, v vy h s kh pht hin ra cc mi e da nh kiu cc mng my tnh ma (botnet). - Cc nh khai thc mng phi chy c hai giao thc do IPv6 khng tng thch ngc - t k s mng c hiu bit v tri nghim m bo an ton cho cc mng IPv6

IV. Kt lun: - T tt c nhng iu c gii thiu trong ti liu ny, r rng s la chn thng minh cho gii php di hn i vi cn kit ti nguyn ca IPv4 l IPv6. Quyt nh ng ti thi im mu cht ny s gip chng ta xa dn khong cch s. Cn c rt nhiu vn cn phi ni n nh mc i mi m IPv6 em li cho internet khi trin khai n. iu ny c bit ng cc khu vc ang pht trin khi vn tip tc s dng IPv4, s cn tr cho pht trin tng lai. IPv6 l c hi i mi mang li gi tr m IPv4 khng th lm c. - Chnh ph, b my qun l v t chc phi li nhun khc gp phn quan trng trong vic hng dn s la chn ny. Chng ta khng ch trng p t th trng, m thay vo to iu kin thun li cho cng ng la chn tt nht, cho mi thnh phn tham gia internet nhn thc y c tc ng ca n, cho x hi chnh thc yu cu IPv6, trnh tnh trng ti nguyn cng cng b tiu ph khi IPv6 tr nn cn thit. - Bn cnh , ta cng phi xem xt l s cng bng trong phn phi a ch IPv4. L l ny thng c s dng xng nhng chnh sch ton cu hay nhng khu vc mi, nhng n hon ton khng thc tin. Internet v s tin trin ca n lun thay i. S phn b a ch da vo nhng nhn t nh dn c, mc trin khai, dch v, ng dng hoc mt vi yu t khc, tt c nhng th ny u c th thay i. Chnh sch da trn nhng yu t khng vng chc, khng th nh gi l cng bng c, bi cc chnh sch tng t rt c th tr nn khng cng bng nh cc nhn t khi ngun xy dng n hoc bt k nhn t no l mt phn ca cng thc, ca s thay i.

TI LIU THAM KHO : Gio trnh mng my tnh v Internet

http://www.ipv6tf.vn/ http://vi.wikipedia.org http://www.ictnews.vn/Home/ http://mic.gov.vn .