LI M U

Thi k 1954 -1975 l khong thi gian nhn dn ta va kt thc 80 nm h ca thc dn Php, bc sang giai on va khng chin chng M cu nc va xy dng Ch ngha x hi. y l mt th thch y cam go i vi ng cng sn Vit Nam mt chnh ng cn non tr. Ln ny i mt vi ta l quc M, tn thc dn hng mnh c v kinh t ln qun s thi by gi. Tm hiu s lnh o ca ng thi k ny gip cho ta hiu c ng li lnh o ca ng ta l rt ng n. ng Cng sn Vit nam do Bc H sng lp v rn luyn kt hp ti tnh Ch ngha Mc L nin vo tnh hnh thc tin ca Vit Nam. ng lnh o qun v dn ta chin u anh dng, bin cuc chin tng chng khng cn sc thnh chin thng vang di c th gii, lm chn ng a cu. Mt nc Vit Nam tng chng b nh, nhng chin thng tn quc sng s nht trn th gii, ni m mi nc u phi e d. Cuc khng chin chng M ko di 21 nm c nhiu giai on, mi giai on l mt thi k t nc ta c nhng chuyn bin ln, nhm chng li m mu v hnh ng ca M-Ngy. M trong , nhng ch trng, sch lc, nhng nhn nh v hnh ng ca ng l cc k quan trng. Vic chia qung thi gian 21 nm ny ra lm nhiu thi k cng l mt cch nghin cu, tm hiu r hn s lnh o ca ng trong nhng nm t 1954-1975. Cc giai on gm c: 1954-1960: M u s nghip khng chin chng M cu nc - Qu ln CNXH min Bc. 1961-1965: Xy dng min Bc - nh thng chin lc chin tranh c bit ca quc M. 1965-1968: Chuyn hng xy dng min Bc - nh thng chin lc chin tranh cc b ca M.

1969-1975: Nhn dn ta tng bc lm ph sn chin lc Vit Nam ha chin tranh Hon thnh s nghip gii phng min Nam, thng nht t nc.

I/. Giai on 1954-1960: M u s nghip khng chin chng M

cu nc - Qu ln CNXH min Bc.
1. Hon cnh lch s ca thi k. Chin thng in Bin Ph vang di nm 1954 dn n thng li ca Hi ngh Ginev v ng Dng, cng nhn ch quyn c lp thng nht v ton vn lnh th ca Vit Nam. Ti Vit Nam, v tuyn 17 c chn lm ni ngn cch, l gii tuyn qun s tm thi, hai bn a qun i v hai vng. Hip nh cng qui nh c nc s tin hnh tng tuyn c t do v thng 7-1956. t nc ta tm thi b chia ct thnh hai min Bc Nam. Trong nhng ngy u min Bc, quc M cng vi bn phn ng thn Php tm mi cch ph hoi, tr hon vic thi hnh cc iu khon ca Hip nh Ginev. Cc hnh ng tr hon vic ngng bn trn chin trng, d d cng bc ng bo min Bc di c vo Nam, ph hoi c s h tng min Bc gy kh khn cho ta tip qun vng gii phng khng lm lung lay ch quyt tm, tinh thn chin u ca ton ng, ton qun v dn ta. Khng thc hin c , chng buc phi thi hnh cc iu khon ca hip nh. Ngy 22-5-1955, i qun vin chinh Php cui cng rt khi o Ct B, min Bc Vit nam hon ton gii phng, sch bng qun th. min Nam, M ht cng Php, xm chim min Nam. m mu c bn ca chng l bp phong tro cch mng ca nhn dn ta, thn tnh min Nam, bin min Nam thnh thuc a kiu mi. Trong thi k u, mc tiu ca chng l p t ch thc dn mi min Nam, tiu dit lc lng cch mng v gp rt chun b tn cng min Bc. Nhng hnh ng ca M th hin vic chng xy dng b my ngy quyn Ng nh Dim; vic xy dng qun i ngy vi lc lng hn na triu (c 20 vn qun chnh qui); tuyn truyn, mo danh l Cch mng quc gia, nu chiu bi thc; ro rit thc hin quc sch T cng dit cng, lp p chin lc tt c u nhm mc ch bt b,

tr th tt c nhng ngi yu nc c v n p, dp tt phong tro cch mng min Nam. Tnh hnh hai bn ta v ch lc ny c s bin ng ln Ta: C u th v chnh tr v qun chng nhn dn ng o, nhng khng cn lc lng v trang v khng c chnh quyn. ch : C y sc mnh v kinh t, qun s, c trong tay b my Ngy quyn s. Hon cnh lc ny t trch nhim lch s ln vai ng cng sn Vit Nam - i qun tin phong ca nhn dn Vit Nam l tm ra p s cho bi ton v con ng gii phng min Nam v con ng qu ln Ch ngha x hi min Bc trong thi k M thay chn Php thng tr min Nam. 2. Ch trng, lnh o ca ng chng li m mu v hnh ng ca M-Ngy : Vi tnh hnh din ra khng c li cho vic tip tc tin cng, ng ta ch trng duy tr phong tro cch mng, gi gn lc lng cch mng Min Nam, u tranh thch hp nhm hn ch tn tht. Hnh thc u tranh by gi l: u tranh qun s ch yu, cc cuc u tranh chnh tr, cuc biu tnh, bi cng rng ln, huy ng hng triu lt ngi tham gia, i chng phi thi hnh vic ngng bn, t chc Hip thng tng tuyn c vi min Bc, i thc hin cc quyn dn sinh, dn ch, chng mi hot ng khng b, n p ngi khng chin c. Nhn nh ny ca ng l rt sng sut, bi trong thi k u, vic nghim chnh thc hin iu kin k, ta s c c s hp l i M Ngy thi hnh nhng iu khon trong hip nh. Vic hp thc ha cc hnh thc u tranh v trang thnh u tranh chnh tr khng nhng tranh th c s ng tnh ca nhn dn c nc v bn b quc t m cn buc chng khng dm vi phm hip nh mt cch trng trn nh trc kia. Bn cnh , ng nhn nh rng sau qung thi gian trng k khng chin chng Php m mi y l cuc chin khc lit in Bin Ph, qun i, lc lng cch mng qun chng nhn dn ta cng b tn tht rt nhiu. Trong khi i phng li l mt quc hng mnh, vi tim lc kinh t v qun s vt tri, do ta cn c thi gian khi phc v pht trin. R rng y l nhn nh cc k quan trng.

Bo co ca Hi ngh Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng ln th 6 (kha II) din ra t 15 n 17-7-1954 ti Vit Bc ch ra rng: Sau thng li in Bin Ph, th ta ngy cng mnh, th ch ngy cng yu, nhng th mnh v th yu y l tng i. quc M m mu ko di chin tranh ng Dng, ph hoi hip nh Ginev, tm cch ht cng Php c chim Vit Nam, Campuchia v Lo, bin ba nc y thnh thuc a ca M. Do , bo co cng nhn nh: Tranh ly ha bnh khng phi l chuyn d, n l cuc u tranh trng k, gian kh v phc tp. Cng vi bo co ca Hi ngh, B chnh tr Ban chp hnh Trung ng cng a ra nhng Ngh quyt c th, nhng bn ch th cho cc ng b min Nam, min Bc. Ngh quyt nu r: quc M v tay sai mu tnh ph hoi hip nh Ginev, nhm chia ct lu di VN. Cuc u tranh ca nhn dn min Nam phi chuyn t u tranh v tranh sang u tranh chnh tr. Ch th cng vch ra cc nhim v c th trc mt cho cch mng min Nam v d bo kh nng khng thun li cho cch mng min Nam, chin tranh c th tr li, vic chia ct c th trng k... Nh nhng nhn nh, ch trng ng n, kp thi ca ng, cng vi tinh thn kin nh cch mng ca cn b, ng vin v nhn dn min Nam nn cch mng khng b tiu dit, tri li tr vng, khng nhng th m sau mt thi gian ngn phc hi v pht trin khng ngng chun b cho thi k bo tp cch mng sp sa din ra. Vo cui nm 1957, u nm 1958, k th b tht bi trong chnh sch thc dn mi c in l thng tr m khng cn dng n chin tranh. S tht bi th hin vic M-Dim chuyn sang chnh sch pht xt ha nhm cu vn s ph sn ca k hoch Aixenhao. Chng tin hnh cc cuc cn qut, khng b n in cung, l my chm i khp ni trn min Nam. c bit l vic thi hnh lut pht xt 10-59, loi hnh ta n qun s c bit c th a thng ngi b bt ra xt x v bn ti ch. Theo con s c tnh, n nm 1959 min Nam c n 466.000 ngi b bt, 400.000 ngi b t y, 68.000 b git hi ( Con s ly t sch Lch s ng - NXB Chnh tr quc gia2001). Cch mng min Nam mt ln na ng trc th thch mi ht sc nghim trng.

Trong tnh hnh nguy cp ny, ng ta nhn nh rng: chnh sch pht xt ca M-Dim gy nhiu kh khn cho cch mng min Nam, nhng cng th hin th yu ca k th, mu thun gia M-Dim vi nhn dn min Nam ngy cng b khot su. Do ch trng mi ca ng ta, mc tiu trc mt l: K in tr pht ng qun chng nhn dn u tranh chnh tr, tip tc gi gn lc lng. i i vi mc tiu trc mt l vic , cng c, xy dng cc lc lng v trang, chun b i u vi nhng th thch mi. Thi hnh ch trng , phong tro cch mng din ra rt mnh m, hng triu lt ngi tham gia cc hnh thc u tranh chnh tr, i i vi u tranh v trang. S kt hp hai lc lng u tranh ny to nn sc mnh mi trong cuc chin tranh mt mt mt cn ca nhn dn min Nam i vi M-Dim. Trc kh th mnh m ca phong tro gii phng dn tc, ng ta nhn nh rng: chng ta khng th ch i c na, phi c quyt nh dt khot - nh hay khng nh?. Thng 1-1959, hi ngh ln th 15 BCH Trung ng ng (kha II) thng qua Ngh quyt v ng li cch mng min Nam. Ngh quyt ny c a ra sau qung thi gian n o, suy ngh rt lu di ca B chnh tr, v n l quyt nh lin quan n c mt vn mnh ca mt dn tc, cn s nhn nhn chnh xc v tnh hnh, v thi cuc lc by gi. T tng ch o cc k quan trng chuyn cch mng min Nam sang bc chuyn bin mi c tnh nhy vt c ra trong Ngh quyt mang tnh lch s ny l: Nhn dn min Nam phi dng con ng bo lc cch mng t gii phng mnh, ngoi ra, khng cn con ng no khc. Di nh sng ca Ngh quyt 15, cch mng min Nam c s nhy vt. Cc cuc khi ngha nh l tng a phng pht trin thnh cao tro ng Khi trong ton vng, t Ty Nguyn n min ng, Ty Nam B v ng bng lin khu V. T thng li ca cao tro, ngy 20-12-1960, Mt trn dn tc gii phng min Nam Vit Nam ra i. y l bc nhy vt c ngha lch s ca cch mng min Nam, ng thi cng l ct mc nh du s thng li u tin ca cch mng v c ngha chin lc i vi chnh sch xm lc thc dn mi ca quc M.

II/. Giai on 1961-1965: nh thng chin lc chin tranh c

bit ca quc M.
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1. Hon cnh lch s ca thi k. Thng li ca phong tro ng Khi ca nhn dn min Nam y chnh quyn ngy Si Gn vo thi k khng hong trin min, chin lc chin tranh c bit ca Aixenhao min Nam VN b ph sn hon ton. Phong tro gii phng dn tc trn th gii ang cun cun dng ln, lm sp tng mng ln ca h thng thuc a c ca ch ngha thc dn. Ti M, Kenndi ln lm tng thng, hn ra chin lc Phn ng linh hot thay cho tr a t vi ba loi hnh chin tranh: chin tranh c bit, chin tranh cc b v chin tranh tng lc v kh ht nhn. Cp nguy him ca ba loi hnh chin tranh trn tng dn, trong nguy him nht l loi hnh th 3 vi s gip sc ca v kh ht nhn - th v kh hy dit, git ngi hng lot trong nhy mt. Tuy nhin m mu ca M cng thm c bao nhu th chng ta cng thy c s ti tnh ca ng khi ch huy qun v dn ta nh thng cc cuc chin tranh ca M. c bit l s khn kho trong vic khng M thc hin phn cui ca chin lc nguy him ny chin tranh tng lc ht nhn. Trc ht, trong thi k p t chin tranh c bit min Nam VN loi hnh chin tranh xm lc kiu mi, M dng hai th on ch yu: Tng cng ngy qun c b sung thm phng tin chin tranh hin i ca M. y l im khc bit vi cuc chin trong thi k 1954-1960. Ngoi ra, chng y mnh vic lp p chin lc, coi l quc sch bnh nh phong tro cch mng min Nam (Vi phng chm tt nc bt c, coi dn l nc, ng vin l c, tt sch nc s bt c c). V trin khai, cuc chin d nh chia lm 3 bc: Bc 1: Trong 18 thng dn ton b 16.000 dn vo p chin lc C bn bnh nh min Nam Gy gin ip min Bc. Bc 2: Khi phc nn kinh t min Nam trong nm 1963 Hon tt vic tng cng lc lng qun Ngy Tin hnh gy ri, pha hoi min Bc. Bc 3: Tp trung pht trin kinh t min Nam Tn cng min Bc. 2. S lnh o ca ng chng li cc m mu v hnh ng ca M -Ngy.

 i ph vi m mu v hnh ng ca ch, Hi ngh BCT thng 1-1961 v 21962 phn tch v nhn nh mt cch khoa hc, so snh lc lng gia ta v ch min Nam sau cao tro ng Khi. Hi ngh ch ra rng chin tranh c bit l mt chin lc thm c, nguy him, gy nhiu kh khn cho cuc chin u ca nhn dn ta. Tuy nhin, chin lc ny ra i trong th yu ca M, n khng nhng khng pht huy tc dng m tng bc b b gy trc cao tro ni dy tin cng ca lc lng cch mng. BCT cng ch trng chuyn t khi ngha sang chin tranh cch mng. y l ch trng cc k quan trng, nh du thi k i mi ca cch mng. T cc cuc u tranh ch dng mc khi ngha nh l ti tng a phng, nay chuyn sang u tranh trn c mt vng rng ln, mi ni mi lc. Hi ngh cng ra ch trng ch o chnh xc l tip tc gi vng t tng tin cng chin lc, thc hin k hoch: 2 chn, 3 mi, 3 vng. Tc l cch mng min Nam ng vng trn hai chn hai loi hnh u tranh kt hp u tranh chnh tr kt hp v trang; cuc chin ca ta nh ch bng 3 mi gip cng phi hp: qun s, chnh tr, binh vn v n ra trn c 3 vng chin lc l: vng ni, nng thn, ng bng. Ngy 15-2-1961 cc lc lng v trang cch mng thng nht thnh Qun Gii phng min Nam Vit Nam. ng Trng Sn cng c m rng, to iu kin cho vic chi vin cho chin trng min Nam nh M. Di ngn c on kt cu nc ca Mt trn Dn tc Gii phng min Nam do ng lnh o, t nm 1961, qun v dn ta tng bc thu c nhng thng li mi trong cuc chin tranh chng chin tranh c bit ca M-Ngy. Qun v dn ta, t trng thi u tranh du kch cc b chuyn sang chin tranh du kch ton dn, ton din. Rt nhiu lc lng v trang mi ra i, gp phn nh tan cc cuc cn qut ca Ngy qun vi thit b hng hu ca M. Hn 80% p chin lc b ta ph bung, bin chng thnh nhng pho i chng M. Trong khi th, phong tro u tranh din ra mnh m, y ch thng tr ca Dim nhanh chng sp . K hoch Xtalay-Taylor hon ton b ph sn. u nm 1964, tng thng mi Gionson ca M (ln thay Kennodi b m st), thng qua k hoch Macnamara nhm cu vn tnh th bi t Vit Nam. Ni dung ch yu ca k hoch cng khng khc g my so vi k hoch Xtalay-Taylor nhng c s tng cng v s lng qun Ngy, ch huy M v phng tin chin tranh. Vn lp p chin lc, vn ra sc bnh nh tp trung xung quanh Si Gn, c gng n nh tnh hnh
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trong vng hai nm 1964-1965 v dng khng qun tin hnh cuc chin tranh ph hoi min Bc. Tuy nhin, k hoch ny mt ln na cng c ng nhn nh rng n ra i trong th thua ca M, chnh v th mt ln na n nhanh chng gp tht bi. i hi II thng 11-1964 Mt trn dn tc Gii phng min Nam ku gi qun v dn min Nam Dc ton lc thc hin n cng cuc khng chin ton din v trng k chng quc M v tay sai bn nc. Thc hin ch trng ca ng v li ku gi ca Mt trn dn tc Gi phng, trong hai nm 1964-1965, s n lc vt bc y mnh chin tranh cch mng ca nhn dn min Nam em li cho ta nhng thng li lin tip c ngha quyt nh. Chin thng Bnh Gi (12-1964) m u cho mt lot chin thng khc nh An Lo (Bnh nh 12-1964); Ba Gia (Qung Ngi 6-1965); ng Xoi (Bin Ha 61965) n gia nm 1965, ba ch da vng chc ca quc M trong chin lc chin tranh c bit ny u b lung lay tn gc: Ngy qun tan r, ngy quyn khng hong do cc cuc o chnh lin tc ngay trong ni b ch sau thi k anh em DimNhu b lt , p chin lc b ph tan (hn 85%). Chin lc chin tranh c bit ca M c trin khai n mc cao nht hon ton b ph sn. nh bi chin lc ny l mt thng li to ln, c ngha chin lc ca qun v dn ta min Nam, to c s vng chc a cch mng min Nam tip tc tin ln. III/. Giai on 1965-1968: Chuyn hng xy dng min Bc - nh thng chin lc chin tranh cc b ca M. 1. m mu v hnh ng ca M tin hnh chin tranh cc b min Nam. B tht bi trong chin lc chin tranh c bit, tng thng M Gionson t a qun vin chinh M vo min Nam vi qui m ngy cng ln, ng thi li ko cc nc ch hu nhy vo cuc nhm cu nguy cho ngy qun, ngy quyn Si Gn ang trn sp . Cui nm 1964, lc lng lnh M min Nam l 18.000 th n cui nm 1965 con s l 180.000, cha k 20.000 lnh ca qun i cc nc ch hu. Chin tranh cc b l mt trong ba hnh thc chin tranh ph hp vi chin lc ton cu phn ng linh hot, l loi hnh chin tranh xm lc thc dn mi mc cao hn chin tranh c bit. Mc ch ca chin lc ny l:
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 To ra u th nhanh chng v th v lc qun s nh gy xng sng ca Vit cng. Chng mun ginh li th ch ng trn chin trng, y lc lng v trang ca ta v th phng ng, buc ta phn tn ra lm cho cch mng tn li dn. Chuyn t phng chm Tt nc bt c sang Tm dit tc l khng cn phi dn c vo mt ch m tm c l dit lun. R rng l mt phng chm cc k nguy him cho cch mng ca chng ta. Bn cnh , chng cng ra sc m rng, cng c vng chim ng, kt hp cc hot ng cn qut vi cc hot ng chnh tr, x hi la bp, tung tin, ca nhiu hn nhm tranh th tri tim dn vi cch mng. Thc cht l ginh li dn, bt h tr li ch km kp MNgy. Vi hai gng km l Tm dit v Bnh nh, M tin tng rng s nhanh chng v hiu hoa phong tro cch mng ca qun v dn min Nam. Trong khi , M cng ra sc m rng cuc chin tranh ph hoi ra min Bc vi lm sp cn c quc phng, ngn s chi vin ca nhn dn min Bc cho chin trng min Nam. y cng l mt b phn ca chin lc chin tranh cc b. 2. Ch trng, s lnh o ca ng trc hnh ng ca quc M Vic M qun thm vo min Nam v leo thang nh ph min Bc t ra cho ton qun v ton dn ta mt cu hi ln: Vit Nam c nh c M khng, nu c th nh theo cch no? S nghip xy dng XHCN min Bc c tip tc na hay khng? Hi ngh Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng (kha III) ln th 11 v 12 nhn nh rng chin tranh cc b ca M-Ngy ra trong th thua, th tht bi, th i xung; n cha ng y ry cc mu thun kh c th ng vng. Ni cch khc, v th ca M yu th i nhiu. Do vy, ti Hi ngh ln th 11, ng ta quyt nh: Chuyn ton b hot ng min Bc t thi bnh sang thi chin; tip tc s nghip xy dng XHCN trong iu kin c chin tranh, quyt tm nh bi cuc chin tranh ph hoi ca khng qun v hi qun M; pht huy vai tr ca hu phng ln i vi tin tuyn min Nam ng thi lm trn ngha v quc t i vi hai nc bn Lo v Campuchia . hi ngh ln th 12, ng cng kt lun, d M a vo hng vn qun vin chinh th chng cng khng th dn ht sc lc ca mnh vo chin trng min Nam . Bi l y l cuc chin tranh phi ngha khng th tuyn b chnh thc trn ton th gii, ch dm la bp bng con ng ngy bin l bo v cho Ngy. Do khng huy ng c sc mnh
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ca ton dn M, nn kinh t khng chuyn sang thi chin, nn nhu cu chin tranh khng c p ng , dn n kh khn mi mt cho cuc chin min Nam. Trong khi , M vn phi da vo Ngy trong cuc chin ny, cc hot ng qun s cng v th m mt i tnh ch ng, tnh b mt v bt ng. T cc nhn nh trn, Hi ngh h quyt tm chin lc: ng vin lc lng c nc, kin quyt nh bi cuc chin tranh xm lc ca quc M trong bt k tnh hung no, cuc khng chin chng M l nhim v thing ling ca c dn tc. Phng chm chin lc chung vn l nh lu di, da vo sc mnh l chnh. Tuy nhin, trong hon cnh c th lc , Hi ngh cng d bo mt kh nng khc: Trn c s qun trit vn dng ni dung phng chm nh lu di, cn phi c gng cao , tp trung lc lng ca c hai min tranh th thi c, ginh thng li quyt nh trong thi gian tng i ngn trn chin trng min Nam. Cng vi vic nh vo n tm l ca M, chnh l im mu cht ca s ti tnh, khn kho ca ng ta trong vic khng cho M chuyn sang giai on tip theo ca chin lc phn ng linh hot l chin tranh tng lc ht nhn. Qua ch trng trn ta thy c rng nc Vit Nam ta khc hn vi cc nc khc trn th gii u e d, khip s khi i u vi M - tn thc dn sng s nht lc by gi. Chng ta c tinh thn dm nh M, quyt nh M, quyt thng M v bit thng M, chnh l ci ti ca ng ta. Di ch trng r rng, c th ca Hi ngh, mt cao tro nh M dy ln mnh m khp chin trng min Nam. T chin thng Ni Thnh (Qung Nam 5-1965) n Vn Tng (Qung Ngi 8-1965), lm tng thm nim tin ca qun v dn ta vo kh nng nh v thng M trong cuc chin ny. S t tin th hin vic ta p tan hai cuc phn cng chin lc vo ma kh lin tip (1965-1966; 1966-1967) ca M. Cc mc tiu Tm dit v Bnh nh ca chin lc b ph sn hon ton. Tm nh hng ca phong tro cch mng min Nam vang di trn khp th gii, cng qua chng ta tranh th c s ng h ca b bn th gii. Vo cui nm 1967, cuc chin tranh cc b ca M c y ln nh cao. S qun vin chinh M vo chin trng min Nam ln ti con s 48 vn, vt qu d kin ca chin lc chin tranh cc b , lm cho M b vt kit sc, kh c th c kh
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nng i ph vi cc cuc ni dy khc trn th gii. Trong tnh th tin thoi lng nan ny Gionson vn d nh leo thang m cuc tin cng trn b min Bc, nhm c tm ly mt chin thng qun s trn chin trng min Nam vi hi vng s ti c c vo chic gh Tng thng trong k tng tuyn c vo u nm 1968. S nghip gii phng min Nam v bo v min Bc i hi nhn dn ta phi chn ng m mu leo thang nguy him ca M. Do B chnh tr ca ng quyt nh chuyn cuc chin tranh min Nam sang thi k mi thi k ginh thng li quyt nh. Con ng dn n thng l Tng cng kch Tng khi ngha. Quyt tm ca chin lc trn c th hin ngay bng cuc tng tin cng Mu Thn u nm 1968, lm lung lay ch chin thng ca M, khin chng dao ng trn chin trng min Nam. Chin thng ny buc M phi ngi vo bn m phn vi ta. Bn thng bo ca Gionson ngy 31-31968 l s tha nhn tht bi ca M trong chin lc chin tranh cc b ca M min Nam v chin tranh ph hoi min Bc.

IV/. Giai on 1969-1975: Nhn dn ta tng bc lm ph sn chin lc Vit Nam ha chin tranh Hon thnh s nghip gii phng min Nam, thng nht t nc. 1. m mu v hnh ng ca M Sau tht bi nng n ca chin lc chin tranh cc b min Nam VN, nc M lm vo cuc khng hong nng n c v tinh thn v chnh tr. Tnh hnh i hi giai cp thng tr M phi iu chnh chin lc tip tc thc hin m mu b ch th gii. Nm 1969, Nickson ln lm Tng thng thay Gionson, a ra ci gi l Hc thuyt Nickson nhm p dng vo min Nam VN, bao gm ba nguyn tc: Tp th tham gia Sc mnh M Sn sng thng lng. Vn dng Hc thuyt Nickson, gi l chin lc VN ha chin tranh, pha M rt ht lnh vin chinh M li cho Ngy quyn Si Gn tip qun ton b min Nam Vit Nam. Cng vi hnh ng , M cng a ra mt lot cc bin php cho Ngy mnh ln. Hnh ng ny ca M thc cht l s thay i mu da trn xc cht. Khng c bt k s thng vong no t pha M, ch c ngi Vit Nam nh ngi Vit Nam. Tuy nhin bn thn chin lc ny ca M n vn cha ng nhiu mu thun, nn s tht bi ca M trong cuc chin ln ny cng
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 c d bo trc. Mu thun y trc ht l gia M v qun i Ngy: M mun rt qun cng nhanh cng tt, nhng nu th chnh quyn Ngy vn non yu nay cng nh ngn n du trc gi, s sp bt c lc no; nhng nu nh M khng rt qun nhanh th vp phi s phn i ca nhn dn M, h khng h mun ngi thn ca mnh li lu trn chin trng. chnh l mu thun th hai. Th ba, bn thn ni b nc M vn c nhiu ng phi khc nhau, c ng ng h cuc chin nhng cng c khng t ngi phn i Ni tm li l c rt nhiu mu thun m M kh c th khc phc c - chnh l ch yu ca M m ng ta cn khai thc. 2. Ch trng, s lnh o ca ng lm ph sn chin lc VN ha chin tranh Hip nh Paris nm 1973. cng c tinh thn quyt tm chng M cu nc ca qun v dn ta, trong th chc mng nm mi u nm 1969, Ch tch H Ch Minh ku gi V c lp, v t do, nh cho M ct, nh cho Ngy nho. Rt kinh nghim t cuc tng tin cng Mu Thn nm 1968, li nhn c s chi vin mnh m v kp thi t ng bo min Bc, qun v dn min Nam anh dng ng lot m cc hai cuc tin cng ma Xun v H 1969, dit hng vn tn ch, h tr nhn dn nhiu ni ni dy ginh chnh quyn. Trn thng li , thng 6-1969, Chnh ph cch mng lm thi Cng ha min Nam VN ra i, cng c mnh m phong tro cch mng, nng cao v tr trn trng quc t ca Cng ha min Nam VN. Tuy nhin, sau cc t hot ng Xun v H 1969, lc lng ta b hao mn cha kp cng c th pha ch li li dng ma ma phn kch quyt lit ti cc vng nng thn, cc cn c min ni. ng thi xut hin t tng hu khuynh, tiu cc trong mt s cn b, ng vin. Khin cho trong thi k ny chng ta gp rt nhiu kh khn. Vng chim ng ca ch c m rng. Hi ngh ln th 18 Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng kha III thng 1-1970 nh gi, tng kt cc thng li, cc bi hc kinh nghim, cc u, khuyt im ca hai nm 1968-1969. Hi ngh ny nh du s chuyn hng quan trng v ch o chin lc: tng cng s lnh o ca ng cc thnh th, y mnh u tranh qun s v ni dy qun chng nng thn, m rng vng gii phng.

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Nh Ngh quyt sng sut ca ng, to ra s nht tr, tin tng v quyt tm mi trong ton qun, ton dn. chng ta khng nhng gip hai nc anh em Lo v Campuchia nh tan hai chin lc Lo ha chin tranh v Campuchia ha chin tranh do M thc hin, tng cng tnh on kt gn b gia cc dn tc, m cn m cuc tng tin cng v ni dy vi qui m ln cha tng c ng Dng. Cuc tin cng chin lc nm 1972 n ra nhm ginh thng li quyt nh, buc quc M phi chm dt chin tranh bng thng lng trn th thua, ng thi cng l s chun b sn sng cho trng hp chin tranh ko di. Cng vi thng li ca trn in Bin Ph trn khng vang di ca qun dn min Bc, cuc tng tin cng nm 1972 lm chuyn bin c bn cc din chin tranh. Buc M phi tha nhn ch quyn v ton vn lnh th VN. M ct chng ta hon thnh mt phn di chc ca Ch tch H Ch Minh: nh cho M ct, nh cho Ngy nho. 3. Cuc tng tin cng v ni dy ma Xun nm 1975 gii phng hon ton min Nam. Sau hip nh Paris ngy 27-1-1973 c k kt, tnh hnh so snh lc lng min Nam thay i mt cch mau l c li cho cch mng. Tuy nhin d b tht bi nng n, buc phi k kt hip nh v Chm dt chin tranh, lp li ha bnh VN song vi bn cht ngoan c, quc M khng h t b d tm ko di cuc chin p t ch ngha thc dn mi v chia ct lu di nc ta. Ngay sau khi qun i M v cc nc ch hu rt ht khi min Nam VN, chng ngay lp tc vin tr t cho qun i Ngy nhm tng hn v s lng v trang thit b M. y l cuc chin xm lc ca M m khng c lnh M. Chng nhanh chng m cc cuc tr a, chim li cc vng gii phng mi v mt s vng gii phng c. R rng chng khng h thi hnh bt c iu khon no ca hip nh Paris. Nhu cu bc thit ca lch s i hi ng ta phi nh gi ng tnh th cch mng, vch ra phng hng v nhim v trc mt a cch mng tin ln. ng nhn nh rng M-Ngy hin ti l th ang mnh nhng th mnh ch l nht thi b ngoi. Ch yu cn bn ca Ngy l mt ch da vo qun M. Sau khi M rt i, Ngy quyn Si Gn ch cn l ci v bc. Ngy vy, M cng khng hn g. Sau 8 nm sa ly vo chin tranh, tn tht cc k tn km, li gp hai cuc khng hong kinh t th
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gii lin tip 1969-1971; 1973-1974 lm cho nc M ngp chm trong kh khn. Ngun vin tr duy nht cng ngy b ct gim. o chnh din ra lin min lm cho Ngy quyn lm vo tnh th cc k bi t. Bi cng, qun lnh o ng, phong tro u tranh cc th min Nam ngy cng ln nhanh Hi ngh B Chnh Tr (30-9 n 7-10-1974) v Hi ngh B Chnh Tr m rng (18-12 n 8-1-1975) nhn nh: Cha bao gi ta c iu kin y v qun s, chnh tr, c thi c chin lc to ln nh hin nay hon thnh cch mng dn tc dn ch min Nam, tin ti ha bnh thng nht t nc. T nhn thc , k hoch hai nm c ra: Nm 1975 tranh th bt ng tn cng ln v rng khp, to iu kin nm 1976 tin hnh tng cng kch, tng khi ngha gii phng hon ton min Nam. B chnh tr cng d kin: nu trong nm 1975 ta c thi c tng khi ngha th chng ta s thc hin lun cuc tin cng. Thc hin ch trng trn, ta tp trung ch lc mnh vi binh kh hin i. ngy 10-3 qun v dn ta tin cng th x Bun Ma Thut, tin ln gii phng Ty Nguyn. ngy 26-3 gii phng Hu - Nng. Qun Ngy ng trc nguy c sp hon ton, cn qun M th t ra bt lc, d chng c can thip th no cng khng th cu nguy cho qun Ngy c. Ngy 31-3-1975, B chnh tr c nhn nh ht sc quan trng: T gi pht ny, trn quyt u cui cng ca qun v dn ta bt u nhm hon thnh cch mng dn tc dn ch min Nam v thng nht t nc. ng thi cng h quyt tm gii phng Si Gn trc ma ma thng 5-1975. ngy 14-5, ng ta quyt nh ly tn chin dch tng tin cng v ni dy gii phng Si Gn l chin dich H Ch Minh, l ngy m u cho hng lot chin thng tip theo. Gi pht lch s n vo lc 11h30 ngy 304-1975, gi pht l c cch mng tung bay trn nc ph Tng thng chnh quyn Si Gn, bo hiu s ton thng ca chin dch. Tha thng, qun v dn ta xng ln gii phng cc tnh cn li ca Nam B. n ht ngy 2-5-1975, tt c cc tnh Nam B v min Nam nc ta hon ton c gii phng. t nc ta t nay hon ton c t do, nhn dn ta khng cn phi chu bt k ch p bc bc lt no na. H c sng v lm vic trong khung cnh ha bnh m khng mt ai c th cp i na. s nghip gii phng, thng nht nc nh hon thnh mt cch v vang. y l chin

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thng khng ch c ngha vi bn thn nc ta m n cn c ngha thi i, mang tm c th gii.

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KT LUN

Thng li ca cuc khng chin chng M, cu nc l kt qu ca s lnh o ng n ca ng ta, i tin phong dy dn ca giai cp cng nhn Vit Nam, ngi i biu trung thnh ca nhn n Vit Nam, ngi kt hp nhun nhuyn ch ngha Mc-Lnin, t tng H Ch Minh vi ngh lc chin u phi thng v sc sng to v tn ca nhn dn ta. Chin thng ny Mi mi c ghi vo lch s dn tc ta nh mt trong nhng trang chi li nht, biu tng sng ngi v s ton thng ca ch ngha anh hng cch mng v tr tu con ngi, i vo lch s th gii nh mt chin cng v i ca th k XX, mt s kin c tm quan trng quc t to ln v c tnh thi i su sc. Thng li ny l ngun c v to ln vi phong tro cch mng th gii, cc dn tc ang u tranh chng ch ngha quc. Vic nghin cu s lnh o ca ng trong cuc khng chin chng M, cu nc khng ch gip chng ta hiu r v mt giai on lch s ho hng ca dn tc m cn khin chng ta cng thm tin tng vo ng li lnh o ca ng ta. Chng ta nhng sinh vin Vit nam nguyn em ht sc mnh trau di, rn luyn o c, tri thc cng hin c nhiu cng sc ca mnh trong s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc Vit nam x hi ch ngha .

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Mc lc
Trang Li m u Giai on
1954-1960: M u s nghip khng chin chng M cu nc - Qu ln CNXH min Bc. 1961-1965: Xy dng min Bc - nh thng chin lc chin tranh c bit ca quc M. 1965-1968: Chuyn hng xy dng min Bc - nh thng chin lc chin tranh cc b ca M. 1969-1975: Nhn dn ta tng bc lm ph sn chin lc VNH chin tranh Hon thnh s nghip gii phng min Nam, thng nht t nc. 9 6 4
2

Kt lun

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Ti liu tham kho 1. Gio trnh lch s ng cng sn Vit Nam (Nxb Chnh tr Quc gia) 2. 70 cu hi tm hiu Lch s ng cng sn Vit Nam (Nxb Chnh tr Quc gia) 3. Lch s ng Vit Nam (Nxb Gio dc)

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