Chin dch Ty Nguyn Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia Mc t "Chin dch Ty Nguyn" dn n bi ny.

Xin c v cc ngha khc ti Chin dch Ty Nguyn (nh hng). Chin dch Ty Nguyn Mt phn ca Chin dch ma xun nm 1975

Bun Ma Thut 11.3.1975 (Ngun: Vit Nam 30 nm chin tranh gii phng- NXB Thng tin 2004) . Thi gian 4/3 - 3/4/1975 a im Ty Nguyn, Nam Vit Nam Kt qu Chin thng quyt nh ca Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam. Tham chin Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha Mt trn Dn tc Gii phng Min Nam Vit Nam Ch huy Hong Minh Tho Phm Vn Ph Vit Nam Cng ha

Lc lng 65.141 ngi, 57 xe tng, 679 t, 88 khu pho ln (105 mm - 130 mm), hng trm pho 85 mm v ci 120, 160 mm, 343 sng phng khng cc c, 1561 sng chng tng, 6 c cu bn B-72 Tn tht ~600 cht, 2416 b thng*1+ Hn 3/4 qun s b tiu dit, b bt hoc tan r. Ton b v kh hng nng 78.300 ngi, 488 xe thit gip, 376 khu pho c 105 mm - 175 mm, 134 my bay chin u, 250 trc thng, 101 my bay trinh st, vn ti v hun luyn, 2 hi on tun duyn, 2 giang i trn sng

. *hin+ xts Chin dch trong Chin tranh Vit Nam Chin dch Ty Nguyn (t 4 thng 3 n 3 thng 4 nm 1975), mt danh Chin dch 275, l chin dch m u cuc Tng tn cng ma Xun nm 1975 do Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam pht ng tn cng. Vi cuc tin cng ca Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam ngy 10 thng 3 nm 1975 vo Bun Ma Thut, cnh Nam ca Qun on II (qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha) b sp . Nhng n lc ti chim Bun Ma Thut ca Qun lc Vit Nam Cng Ho trong cc trn phn cng ngy 11 v 13 thng 3 u tht bi. Ngy 14 thng 3, Tng thng Vit Nam Cng Ho Nguyn Vn Thiu, ng thi l Tng t lnh Qun lc Vi Nam Cng ho c mt bc i ht sc sai lm khi ng ta quyt nh rt qun trn ton a bn Ty Nguyn v gi min duyn hi Trung b. Ba ngy sau , hu nh ton b Qun on II (Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha) b tiu dit v tan r trong cuc rt qun hn lon trn con ng s 7 nh mnh. Chin dch ny to nn mt l hng rt ln trong tuyn phng th qun s ca Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha ti a bn Qun khu II - Qun on II QLVHCN. Chin dch ny m u cho nhng tht bi qun s kh c th cu vn ni ca Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ho. Cng vi nhng sai lm c tnh chin lc trong phng n v cch thc iu qun, phi tr li lc lng ca cc cp ch huy QLVNCH m ng u l tng thng Nguyn Vn Thiu, chin dch ny to nn nhng t bin ln trn chin trng m u cho s tht bi v tan r ton din ca QLVNCH ti min Nam Vit Nam, dn n s chm dt Chin tranh Vit Nam (1954-1975) ch trong 55 ngy.

Mc lc *n+

1 Lc lng qun s ca cc bn
o o

1.1 Qun i nhn dn Vit Nam*2+ 1.2 Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha*6+*7+

2 chin lc, chin thut qun s ca cc bn

2.1 Pha Qun i nhn dn Vit Nam 2.2 Pha Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha

3 Din bin chin dch

3.1 Nghi binh, to th v ci th

3.1.1 Nghi binh 3.1.2 To th v ci th

3.2 Trn Bun Ma Thut

3.2.1 Cuc chin trong th x 3.2.2 Phn kch v chng phn kch

3.3 Cuc rt qun trn ng s 7

3.3.1 Quyt nh sai lm chin lc ca Nguyn Vn Thiu 3.3.2 Thm ha trn ng s 7

4 Bc ngot ca chin cuc 1975

4.1 Tn tht qun s v dn s 4.2 Li lm ch t

5 Ch thch 6 Xem thm 7 Ti liu tham kho 8 Lin kt ngoi

*sa+Lc lng qun s ca cc bn *sa+Qun i nhn dn Vit Nam*2+ Lot bi

Chin tranh Vit Nam Giai on 19541959 Thuyt Domino Hoa Kz can thip Min Bc Min Nam Giai on 19601965 Din bin Quc t Min Nam K hoch Staley-Taylor Chin tranh c bit o chnh Chnh ph Ng nh Dim Giai on 19651968 Min Bc Chin dch: S kin Vnh Bc B Mi Tn Xuyn Sm Rn Min Nam Chin tranh cc b Chin dch: Cc chin dch Tm-Dit Phng Hong Tt Mu Thn, 1968 Din bin Quc t Giai on 19681972 Din bin Quc t

Lc lng QNDVN tham chin ti Mt trn Ty Nguyn thng 3 nm 1975 ban u c t di s ch huy ca B T lnh chin dch Ty Nguyn (mt danh 275) trn c s t chc li B T lnh Mt trn Ty Nguyn (B3) trc y. Ngy 5 thng 2 nm 1975, B T lnh c thnh lp do Trung tngHong Minh Tho lm T lnh, i t ng V Hip lm chnh u, Thiu tng V Lng (nguyn Cc trng Cc tc chin) v cc i t Phan Hm,Nguyn Nng, Nguyn Lang lm Ph t lnh. i t Ph Triu Hm lm Ph chnh u. Trc tip chin u B binh:

Vit Nam ha chin tranh Hi ngh Paris Hip nh Paris Chin dch: Lam Sn 719 Chin cc nm 1972 H 1972 Linebacker Linebacker II Giai on 19731975 Chin dch: Xun 1975 Phc Long Ty Nguyn -Hu - Nng Phan Rang - Xun Lc H Ch Minh Trng Sa v cc o trn Bin ng S kin 30 thng 4, 1975 Hu qu chin tranh

Cc s on 3 (Sao Vng), 10, 316, 320A, 968. Cc trung on c lp: 25, 271, 95A, 95B.

c cng: Trung on 198 v 2 tiu on c lp 14, 27. Xe tng-thit gip: Trung on 273. Pho binh: Cc trung on 40 v 675. Phng khng: Cc trung on 232, 234, 593. Bo m chin u Cng binh: Cc trung on 7 v 575. Thng tin: Trung on 29. Vn ti: mt trung on t.

Tng qun s cc n v QNDVN thuc B T lnh chin dch Cht c da cam Ty Nguyn l 65.141 ngi, trong c 44.900 ngi trc tip tham gia chin u. Ring khi ch lc c qun s 43.020 Thuyn nhn ngi; cc n v ny c trang b 57 xe tng, 88 khu pho ln t 105 mm n 130 mm hng trm khu pho 85 mm v satiu bn ci 120, 160 mm, 6 b kh ti tn la chng tng B-72, 1.561 sng chng tng B-40, B-41, hng vn sng b binh RPD, RPK, AK-47, K-63 v CKC, 343 sng phng khng cc c, 679 t cc loi. Cc kho d tr hu cn ca mt trn Ty Nguyn bo m cung cp cho cc n v t 2 n 3 thng trong iu kin chin u lin tc. *3+ u thng 3 nm 1975, cc lc lng ni trn c b tr nh sau:

Cm Bun Ma Thut: S on b binh 316, trung on b binh 95B, trung on b binh 24 (thiu tiu on) , tiu on b binh 4 (trung on 24), trung on c cng 198, trung on xe tng 273 (thiu 1 tiu on), 2 trung on pho binh 40 (thiu) v 675, 2 trung on cng binh 7 v 575, trung on thng tin 29.

Cm c Lp: S on 10 b binh (thiu trung on 24), trung on b binh 271, tiu on c cng 14, mt tiu on pho binh (thuc trung on pho binh 40), 2 tiu on phng khng (thuc trung on phng khng 234. Khu vc ng 19 t Bnh Kh i Pleibon: S on b binh 3 Sao Vng (thiu 1 trung on), trung on 95A.*4+ Cm Thun Mn - ng 14: S on b binh 320A (binh chng hp thnh). Cm Pleiku-Kon Tum: S on 968 (thiu) v lc lng v trang 2 tnh m nhim. Khu vc ng 21: trung on b binh 25.*5+

*sa+Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha*6+*7+ Vng duyn hi Trung-Nam Trung b B binh: S on 22 (4 trung on: 41, 42, 43, 52) v 45 tiu on bo an. Pho binh: 5 tiu on vi 146 khu cc c t 105 n 155 mm. Xe tng-Thit gip: 1 thit on v 8 chi i tng cng 117 xe Khng qun: 12 phi on gm 102 my bay chin u phn lc v cnh qut, 164 trc thng, 69 my bay vn ti, trinh st v hun luyn. Hi qun: 2 hi on tun duyn, 2 giang i trn sng Ch huy cm qun ti duyn hi min Trung thuc a bn Qun on II - Qun khu II l Chun tng L Vn Thn, ph t lnh ph trch v lnh th. Lc lng hi qun do Ph c Hong C Minh t lnh vng 2 hi qun ch huy. Cc s quan ch huy cp di v cc lc lng c Chun tng Phan nh Nim, t lnh s on 22; cc tiu khu qun s cp tnh do cc i t tnh trng ph trch gm: i t L{ B Phm, tnh trng Khnh Ha, i t Trn nh Vi, tnh trng Bnh nh, i t V Quc Gia, tnh trng Ph Yn, i t Nguyn Vn T, tnh trng Ninh Thun, i t Ng Tn Ngha, tnh trng Bnh Thun.*8+ Vng Cao nguyn B binh: S on 23 (3 trung on: 44, 45, 53), 7 lin on bit ng qun (4, 6, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25; cc n v ny c qun s tng ng 10 trung on), 36 tiu on bo an. Pho binh: 8 tiu on vi 230 khu cc c t 105 n 175 mm. Xe tng-thit gip: 4 thit on vi 371 xe Khng qun: 1 phi on chin u (32 chic), 2 phi on trc thng (86 chic), 1 phi on vn ti, trinh st v hun luyn (32 chic). B t lnh tip vn Qun khu II - Qun on II QLVNCH c cc kho d tr kh nng cung cp cho Qun on chin u c lit trong hai thng.*9+ Theo i t Phm B Hoa, tham mu trng Tng cc tip vn QLVNCH, cc lc lng ny c b tr theo th "nng u nh ui" trn a bn Cao nguyn trung phn.*10+ Trung on 44 (s on 23) v 3

thit on xe tng, 5 tiu on pho, 5 lin on bit ng qun (6, 22, 23, 24, 25) ng quanh khu vc Kon Tum - Pleiku v cht gi ng 19 i An Kh (Bnh nh); ton b 4 phi on khng qun ng ti sn bay C Hanh; Trung on 45 (s on 23) v 1 chi on thit gip (thuc thit on 8) gi Qung c, lin on 4 bit ng qun v 1 tiu on pho binh gi Thanh An - n Tm. Ti Bun Ma Thut ch c trung on 53, lin on 21 bit ng qun, trung on pho binh 232, thit on 8 (thiu) v mt chi i thit gip, 3 lin on bo an, hu c trung on 45 (khu B50), cc n v hu c v B ch huy nh ca s on 23. Tng s qun 8.350 ngi, trong c 5.920 qun ng ti cc cn c trong th x, 2.430 qun ng ti cc c im ngoi vi th x. Lc lng ny c trang b 19 pho 105 mm, 4 pho 155 mm, 16 xe tng M-41 v M48, 50 xe bc thp M-113, phi i trinh st c 6 my bay trinh st L19 v trc thng UH-1 ti sn bay Ha Bnh (Phng Dc).*11+*12+ Thiu tng Phm Vn Ph ch huy cc lc lng ca Qun on II-QLVNCH. Cc ch huy cp ti cm qun Cao nguyn c Chun tng Trn Vn Cm ph t lnh ph trch hnh qun; chun tng Phm Ngc Sang, t lnh s on 6 khng qun, chun tng L Trung Tng, t lnh s on 23; i t L Khc L{, tham mu trng qun on; i t Phm Duy Tt, ch huy bit ng qun, i t V Th Quang, Ph t lnh s on 23. Cc tiu khu qun s tnh do cc i t tnh trng nm gi gm: i t Phm Vn Nghn, tnh trng Qung c, i t Nguyn Trng Lut, Tnh trng c Lc v tnh trng cc cc tnh trng Kon Tum, Pleiku, Ph Bn, Tuyn c.*13+*7+ Trn ton mt trn Ty Nguyn, so vi lc lng QLVNCH, lc lng b binh QNDVN khng hn nhiu. Nhng do phn ln QLVNCH phng th ti cnh Bc trong khi QNDVN tp trung ch lc ti cnh Nam, nn ti im quyt chin Bun Ma Thut vo gi khai ha, u th ca QNDVN so vi QLVNCH ti y c t l p o: b binh 5:1, thit gip 2:1, pho ln 2:1*14+. u th ny bo m cho QNDVN kh nng thng li nhanh chng do i phng kh c kh nng cm c lu di ch qun phn kch ng cu. *sa+ chin lc, chin thut qun s ca cc bn *sa+Pha Qun i nhn dn Vit Nam T ngy 17 n ngy 19 thng 2, B T lnh chin dch Ty Nguyn hp m rng bn phng n tc chin. nh gi tnh hnh Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha trn a bn, cc tng lnh v s quan ch huy cao cp ca B T lnh chin dch thng nht nhn nh:

i phng c th huy ng cao nht t 5 n 7 n v cp trung on ln lt phn i kch ngn chn cuc tn cng. Nu khng phi i ph trn nhiu hng, i phng c th huy ng lc lng d b chin lc v t cc qun khu khc khong t 9 n 12 trung on. Do phi c ng bng ng b, v nu phi i ph trn nhiu hng tin cng, cc n v phn kch ca i phng (nu c) s ch c th n chin trng t 3 n 4 trung on mt lt. Nu i phng c ng ng khng th vi lc lng my bay v bi p, sn bay hin c, mi ngy ch c th a mt trung on vo trn. i phng c th huy ng chi vin n mt trn t 1 n 2 thit on, s dng t 3 n 5 tiu on pho ln cho hng ch yu v chi vin khng qun khong 80 ln chic/ngy. Hi ngh cng d kin khng qun Hoa Kz c th tham chin tr li vi cng sut 100 n 120 ln chic/ngy.

Cn c tnh hnh b tr binh lc hai bn, hi ngh vch ra 5 vn ln v tc chin gm c:

Hng v khu vc tc chin ch yu l th x Bun Ma Thut - c Lp. Mc tiu quyt nh l th x Bun Ma Thut. Hng v mc tiu quan trng l khu vc Cm Ga (Thun Mn) ct t ng 14, chia ct cc lc lng i phng Bc Ty Nguyn v Nam Ty Nguyn, ngn chn cnh qun khu vc Kon Tum - Pleiku xung ng cu cho Bun Ma Thut. Hng pht trin chin dch n Ph Bn v Qung c, ch yu l Ph Bn, gm c th x Cheo Reo. Hng bao vy chia ct chin dch l ct t ng 19 trn tuyn Pleiku - An Kh - ng Bnh Kh, ct t ng 21 pha ng v Ty Ch Cc, chn cnh qun ng bng duyn hi t Bnh nh, Ph Yn, Khnh Ha ln ng cu cho Ty Nguyn ng thi ngn chn cnh qun Ty Nguyn rt v ng bng ven bin. Hng nghi binh chin dch l Pleiku v Kon Tum, cc n v li trn hng ny phi to th chun b tn cng, kim ch, giam chn khi ch lc ca Qun on II ti khu vc Pleiku - Kon Tum.

B T lnh chin dch Ty Nguyn a ra hai phng n tc chin la chn: Phng n th nht: Tn cng khi i phng cha iu ton b s on 23 v cc n v tng cng khc v phng th Bun Ma Thut. y l phng n l{ tng nht, m bo thng nhanh gn v t gy thit hi cho cc mc tiu dn s trong th x. iu ny ph thuc vo hiu qu thc hin nghi binh chin lc trn hng Pleiku-Kon Tum bo m giam chn 4 trung on b binh, 3 thit on xe tngthit gip v 5 lin on bit ng qun ang b tr ti y Phng n th hai: Tn cng khi i phng tng cng phng th th x Bun Ma Thut. y l phng n nh chc tin chc v cuc chin s ging co c lit gay go. B T lnh chin dch yu cu cc n v di quyn t chc chun b tn cng theo phng n 2; trong khi thc hin phi to thi c v nhanh chng chuyn sang phng n 1 khi iu kin thi c xut hin.*15+*16+*17+ Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam pht hin ra im yu trong ton b tuyn phng th ca Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha do tp trung phn ln lc lng mnh nht ca mnh Qun khu I (pha Bc o Hi Vn) v qun khu III (quanh Si Gn). Qun khu II, trong c a bn trng im Ty Nguyn chnh l a on yu nht trn ton b tuyn phng th do ch c mt qun on ng gi. Qun on ny li phi b i lc lng cho hai khu vc ng bng v cao nguyn, giao thng khng thun tin, d b chia ct. a on yu ny li cng yu hn khi cc lc lng mnh nht tp trung cnh Bc xung quanh Pleiku - Kon Tum v gn nh ng cnh Nam vi Bun Ma Thut l trng im. B t lnh chin dch Ty Nguyn cho rng khi mt Ty Nguyn QLVNCH s kh t chc phn cng ti chim v s phi iu t 5 ti 6 s on n chin trng trong khi khng c lc lng bo v Qun khu III, Bit khu th v Qun khu I st min Bc nu cc Qun khu ny cng ng thi b tn cng.*18+ *sa+Pha Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha Ngy 18 thng 2 nm 1975, Tng thng Nguyn Vn Thiu triu tp phin hp cc tng lnh ti Dinh c lp sot xt vic thc thi K hoch qun s L{ Thng Kit 1975 c Hi ng An ninh quc

gia ph chun hi thng 12 nm 1974. Trong bo co "c lng tnh bo" do i t Hong Ngc Lung, Trng phng 2 B Tng tham mu c mt s im ng ch {:

Lc lng tng tr b ca Bc Vit gm 7 s on vn ng ti vng "cn xoong" pha Bc Qun khu I nhng cc s on 312, 316 v 341 ang c hin tng chun b di chuyn. Nhiu du hiu cho thy i phng c th pht ng tn cng Xun-H 1975 trong mt ngy gn y. Mu cht ca cuc tn kch ny vn l ph bnh nh, ginh t, ginh dn. Qun khu II s l hng trng im, hai qun khu bn (I v III) l hng phi hp.*19+

Ngay sau Hi ngh, Thiu tng Phm Vn Ph, t lnh Qun on II tr v Pleiku v tc khc triu tp ch huy trng cc n v v cc tiu khu qun s di quyn bn cch i ph. Th b tr "nng u nh ui" nh hin c theo tng Ph l ph hp v i t Trnh Tiu, Trng phng 2 B tham mu Qun on cho bit thm bo mt t, thm st in i v trinh st ng khng pht hin S on 968 ca i phng mi t Lo v nhng cha bit s di chuyn n u. Ti khu vc Pleiku - Kon tum, i phng c hai s on 10 v 320, ch c hai trung on 271, 201 b tr st Qung c. Ch c trung on 205 b tr Ty Bc Bun H (Bc Bun Ma Thut). i t Tiu phn on: Nu nh ln, i phng s ly Pleiku - Kon tum lm "im", nhng vng cn li ch l "din". Nu nh va h c th s chim nt Qung c ni lin vi Phc Long v m thng hnh lang ng Trng Sn, chun b cho nm sau tng cng kch. Khi , im quyt nh phi l ng Nam B.*20+. Khng c s quan cao cp no ca Qun on II c { kin nh gi khc. Ch c i t Phm Vn Nghn, tiu khu trng ng thi l tnh trng Qung c xin thm 1.000 qun tng phi. Vi cc phn tch trn, Phm Vn Ph kt lun:

Tp trung su tra s di chuyn ca s on 10 v s on 320 Bc Vit. Hai s on ny u th s c nh ln. S on 968 chuyn bo v hu c, t kinh nghim sn chin nn khng ng ngi, c th dng khng qun ngn chn. Khu vc Pleiku - Kon Tum phi tng cng b phng sc so t xa sm pht hin i phng; ni rng tuyn phng th ra ngoi gim sc tin cng ca i phng khi nh su vo cc cm phng ng trong th x. Chp thun ngh ca i t Nghn, tng phi cho Qung c trung on 53. Ban M Thut (Bun Ma Thut) c th b tn kch nhng ch l "din", cha cn tng thm lc lng. Cc tiu khu, n v c v thc thi ngay k hoch gii to cc ng giao thng khi b i phng ct t.*21+

Sng ngy 2 thng 3, trng chi nhnh CIA ti Qun khu II Howard Arche t Nha Trang bay ln Bun Ma Thut v thng bo cho i t Nguyn Trng Lut tin tc tnh bo v vic QNDVN chun b tn cng Bun Ma Thut nhng khng th tm hiu r hn v lc lng ca h. Tng Ph rt li quyt nh iu trung on 53 ln Qung c v gi n n Bun H, ng thi lnh rt trung on 45 t Thun Mn (Cm Ga) v gi Thanh An-n Tm.*22+ Ngoi nhng cuc iu qun c tnh cht a phng k trn, binh lc Cng ha ti Ty Nguyn khng c nhng thay i ln trong th b tr chin lc v vn gi nguyn phng n "phng th din a" v y chnh l im yu khin Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha mt i sc mnh vn c ca h l tnh c ng do cc phng tin chuyn qun hin i (c gii v trc thng) mang li.*23+ Do nhng phn on sai lm t c quan tnh bo CIA ti Si Gn v vic "cng sn c

{ nh bao vy v ct t cc ng giao thng" nn ti Bun Ma Thut, QLVNCH khng c mt phng n kh thi no phng th Bun Ma Thut trong trng hp th x tr thnh chin trng trng im.*24+ *sa+Din bin chin dch *sa+Nghi binh, to th v ci th *sa+Nghi binh

Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam hnh qun vo pha Nam Ty Nguyn Gia thng 2, trong dp Tt Nguyn n t Mo, mt binh s QNDVN o ng khai vi Phng 2 (B tham mu Qun on II) v vic QNDVN iu ng s on 10 nh c Lp (cn c Ni La), s on 320 n Ea H'leo chun b nh Thun Mn (Cm Ga), mt lc lng khc s tn cng Bun Ma Thut. Nhng ng vo ngy din ra cuc hp cc s qun ch huy thuc Qun khu II, mt cuc pho kch ln ca QNDVN chp xung Pleiku nn tng Ph li cho rng y l k tr hng la ch ca i phng. Mc d c lc ng ta nh iu S on 23 v Bun Ma Thut nhng cc chi nhnh CIA ti Qun khu II v phng 2 B Tng Tham mu QLVNCH u khng nh s on 10 v s on 320 QNDVN vn nguyn ch c.*25+ Trn bn tnh bo ca Ph c y tnh bo VNCH, ca B Tng tham mu QLVNCH, ca i s qun Hoa Kz ti Si Gn v S ch huy Qun on II u cho thy mt cm qun rt ln gm 2 n 3 s on c trang b mnh ca QNDVN ang chim lnh v tr quanh Kon Tum v c Pleiku cch hn 20 km.*26+. Thc ra, cc hot ng nghi binh ca QNDVN bt u t thng 12 nm 1974, khi trn Phc Long chun b m mn. Trung on 7 cng binh 559 m thng ng 220 ni ng 14 Bc V nh vi ng 19 gn o Mang Yang sau khi vng qua ng Bc th x Kon Tum. Hai trn da pho binh 130 mm gi dc trin khai pha Bc Kon Tum (thc ra ch c sng ci 120 mm). Mt s xe tng (c), xe xch ko

pho, xe vn ti c t chc c ng lin tc sut ngy m quanh phng tuyn. Hai bn ph (g) c trin khai ti cu Din Bnh v sng akbla. S on 10 li mt lc lng nh lin tc dng sng ci bn ph th x Kon Tum v o nhiu hm ho trong tuyn phng ng. S on 320 cng li mt b phn lc lng hot ng ng 19 pha Ty Pleiku, cng sng ci bn ph cc cn c La Sn, Thanh An, n Tm. Trung on 95 hot ng mnh ng 19 ng, chn nh cc on xe qun s v tp kch mt s cht ca QLVNCH. Trung on c cng 198 li 2 trung i tp kch kho xng Pleiku. Khi lc lng ch lc ca cc s on 10, 320 v cc trung on 40, 234, 273, 675 di chuyn v quanh Bun Ma Thut, h thng in i ca cc n v ny vn gi nguyn v tr v lin tc pht i cc bc in gi, bo co gi, mnh lnh gi vi tn sut ngy cng cao. Trong khi cc n v ny di chuyn vo c Lc th S on 968 (thiu) t Lo v ln lt thay th cc n v ny v vn s dng h thng lin lc v tuyn in c ti a bn. S ch huy mt trn Ty Nguyn cng li v duy tr hot ng ca cc b my in i 15W (loi dng cho s ch huy s on tr ln) ti K'Leng, bc V nh, im cao 518 bn ng 19 ng. Lc lng an ninh gii phng Pleiku v Kon Tum cn cho ngi vo tm ngi thn" trong khu vc do QLVNCH kim sot, phao tin Qun gii phng sp nh ln v Kon Tum v Pleiku. Dn chng trong cc vng do Mt trn kim sot cc khu vc ng, Bc v Ty Pleiku - Kon Tum lm nhiu c, hoa, biu ng vi ni dung cho mng Pleiku v Kon Tum c gii phng. *27+ Khi Trung on 45 (s on 23) Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha t chc cc cuc hnh qun lng sc xung quang khu vc Bun Ma Thut, Thun Mn v c Lp; B t lnh mt trn Ty Nguyn lnh cho cc n v ca S on 320A tm li v pha Ty, trnh giao chin, khng bc l lc lng. S on 316 b tr pha sau S on 320A c lnh khng tin hnh bt kz hot ng qun s no. *28+ Cc hnh ng nghi binh trn y ca Qun i nhn dn Vit nam (QNDVN) dn n nhng thng tin tri ngc trong cc bo co tnh bo ca CIA, Ph c y tnh bo, B Tng tham mu QLVNCH v B tham mu v c quan tnh bo Qun on II QLVNCH. V n dn n kt qu l ngy 18 thng 2 nm 1975, T lnh qun on II, Thiu tng Phm Vn Ph c mt quyt nh sai lm: gi s on 23 (thiu) li khu vc Pleiku - Kontum mc d ch trc mt ngy, ng ta ph chun k hoch chuyn s on ny v Bun Ma Thut.*29+*30+*31+ Cho n cui thng 2, CIA ti Si Gn vn cha bit g v vic tp trung qun ca QNDVN ti y v vn phn on rng mc tiu tn cng ch yu vn l Pleiku v Kon Tum *32+. *sa+To th v ci th

Mt trong cc cn c hu cn ca Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam ti mt trn

Chin dch Ty Nguyn chnh thc bt u m 3 rng ngy 4 thng 3 vi trn nh ca Trung on 95A dit cn c Ayun do 1 tiu on bo an chim ha v mt s im cht giao thng nh ca QLVNCH trn 20 km ng 19 t ng ba Pleibon n p Ph Yn (Ty An Kh) . Cng thi gian ny, trung on 9, s on 320A ct ng 14 Ea H'Leo (Bc Cm Ga). Ngy 4 thng 3, S on 3 Sao Vng (thiu) ca Qun khu 5 tn cng v trn ngp 11 cht do 2 i i bo an ng gi (c 300 qun VNCH b tiu dit *33+, chim on ng 19 t o Thng An n cu s 13 ng An Kh. m 4 rng ngy 5 thng 3 Trung on 25 (QNDVN) t chc trn phc kch mt on xe vn ti ca QLVNCH ti Ch Cc, ct t ng s 21 ty Khnh Dng, ng Bun Ma Thut.*34+ Tng Phm Vn Ph mt mt xin vin binh khi phc tnh hnh trn ng 19 pha ng Pleiku, mt khc rt trung on 45 t Thun Mn (cn c Cm Ga) lui v gi ng 14 ti Thanh An, pha Nam Pleiku. B Tng tham mu QLVNCH chp nhn tng vin lin on 4 bit ng qun ln Pleiku bng ng khng. Tng Ph lp tc iu ng tng phi n v ny cho Thit on 2 do i t Nguyn Vn ng ch huy ang trn gia pha ng Pleiku t chc tn cng nh cc cht ca Trung on 95A (QNDVN) trn ng 19 nhng khng thnh cng. Trung on 53 do i t V Th Quang (ph t lnh s on 23 ch huy) ang tng phi cho Qung c cng c tng Ph iu v Bun Ma Thut phng th th x.*35+*36+ n ngy 8 thng 3, Ty Nguyn b c lp vi ng bng ven bin min Trung v Nam Trung b v ng b, tr ng s 7 rt xu lu khng s dng. Th trn Ty Nguyn c thit lp. Ngy 5 thng 3, i t Quang ch thn ch huy 1 tiu on ca trung on 53 cng 14 xe hnh qun v Bun Ma Thut th b trung on 9, s on 320 phc kch ti Thun Mn. 8 xe b bn chy, 2 pho 105 mm b i phng chim c*37+. 7 xe cn li phi quay v Pleiku. i t Quang phi tr v Bun Ma Thut bng trc thng. Ngy 7 v ngy 8 thng 3, trung on 48 (s on 320A QNDVN) vi s chi vin ca 5 khu i pho binh (2 pho 105 mm, 3 pho 85 mm) tn cng nh chim Ch S v Thun Mn (cn c Cm Ga) loi khi vng chin u 1 tiu on bo an QLVNCH ( c 121 ngi b bt lm t binh *38+), c lp Bun Ma Thut vi Bc Ty Nguyn. Tng Ph iu lin on 21 bit ng qun t Kon Tum n Bun H bng trc thng vn v lnh cho n v ny phi hp vi trung on 53 m cuc hnh qun ly li cn c Cm Ga trong ngy 9 thng 3. Trong khi lin on 21 v trung on 53 khng ly li c Cm Ga th m ngy 8 rng ngy 9 thng 3, s on 10 QNDVN (thiu) tn cng cm c im c Lp (gm cn c Ni La v cn c lin on 23 bit ng qun do 1 i i trinh st, 1 chi i xe tng, 14 khu pho, 1 tiu on v 2 i i bo an, 18 trung i dn v, 1 trung i cng st c qun s tng cng l 2400 chim gi*37+), chim gi hon ton cc c im ny vo ngy 10 thng 3.*39+ 11 gi tra ngy 9 thng 3, thiu tng Phm Vn Ph t Nha Trang bay ln sn bay Bun Ma Thut v triu tp cuc hp vi chun tng L Trung Tng, i t V Th Quang v i t Nguyn Trng Lut nh gi tnh hnh. Theo tng Ph: tnh hnh c Lp qu xu, khng cn kh nng cu vn nn khng tng thm vin binh, rt lin on 21 bit ng qun t Bun H v bo v pha Bc th x; tiu on 2, trung on 53 phi c gi ng ba c Sc, ch thi c phn kch ly li c Lp; tng vin mt chi on thit gip cho th x v rt 2 tiu on bo an Bn n v phng th ngoi vi th x. i t V Th Quang c b nhim lm t lnh cc lc lng phng th Bun Ma Thut. Cho n lc , tng Ph vn mt mc cho rng: Cng sn nh Qung c, uy hip Bun Ma Thut l nghi binh v vi ngy ti, h s tp trung tn kch mnh vo Pleiku - Kon Tum. 6 gi chiu ngy 9 thng 3, tng Ph v n Pleiku v ra lnh cm tri 100%*7+. Ngay c n khi Bun Ma Thut b tn cng, tng Ph v c B T lnh Qun on II cng cha bit rng cuc tn cng ny c thc hin ch yu bi s on 316 b mt hnh qun xung Nam Ty Nguyn theo sau s on 320A, dng s on 320A lm bnh phong che giu s c mt ca mnh. Li dng vic cc n v ch lc ca QLVNCH ti Bun Ma Thut tp trung gii

ta ng 14 trn hng Thun Mn - Bun H, cc trung on cng binh 7 v 575 (QNDVN) m thng cc con ng 50B, 50C, 50D, 51, 57B, 57C bo m cho xe pho cc loi c th ko thng vo Bun Ma Thut. Ring ng 20C Ty Nam Bun Ma Thut nm trn hng t kch ca trung on xe tng 273 c m mt cch c o. Cc cy ln ch c ca 3/4 gn gc. Khi xe tng xut kch, c th hc cy t m ng trong hnh tin. V vy, trinh st ng khng ca QLVNCH khng pht hin c s c mt ca trung on xe tng 273 ti y. Vic ch huy tc chin c thc hin hon ton bng thng tin hu tuyn v hiu ha cc hot ng trinh st in i ca QLVNCH. *40+. Cc n v ch lc ca QLVNCH ti Qun khu II b cng ko ra nhiu hng v chn chn ti cc c im phng th, gim thiu kh nng c ng ng cu cho nhau. Th trn xung quanh Bun Ma Thut c ci t.*41+ *sa+Trn Bun Ma Thut

Ha tin H-12 c Mt trn Ty Nguyn s dng nh chim th x Bun Ma Thut sng ngy 10 thng 3 nm 1975. Hin vt trng by tiBo tng Chin dch H Ch Minh. *sa+Cuc chin trong th x 2 gi sng 10 thng 3 nm 1975, cuc tin cng ca QNDVN vo Bun Ma Thut bt u vi cc trn t kch su ca trung on 198 c cng vo cc mc tiu: Sn bay Ha Bnh, khu kho Mai Hc , khu hu c ca trung on 53 (QLVNCH) vi s ym h ca ha tin tm ngn KB v H-12. Theo li k ca thiu t Phm Hun, tr l{ bo ch ca tng Phm Vn Ph, trn pho kch gy kinh hong cho c hai v ch huy QLVNCH ti Bun Ma Thut l i t Nguyn Trng Lut v i t V Th Quang*42+. Ti thi im , i t Quang vn nhn nh rng: Cng qun ch dng c cng v pho binh quy ri ri n sng, h s rt ra*43+ n 3 gi 30 pht, tiu on 4 (trung on 198) khai thng ng Phan Chu Trinh v chim c phn pha Nam sn bay Ha Bnh cht gi ti , ch b binh v xe tng chi vin. Tiu on 5 (trung on 198) nh vo khu kho Mai Hc v on ng 429, tip tc pho kch bng ha lc KB, H-12 (trong KB l ha lc ch cng kim sot ton b cc mc tiu trong th x. theo yu cu ca b binh)vo S ch huy s on 23, S ch huy tiu khu, trung tm thng tin, doanh tri thit gip v khng ch trn a pho. Lc 5 gi sng, ca ng tin qun bng c gii ca QNDVN t hng ng bc, ty bc, ty v ty nam vo Bun Ma Thut c khai thng. Sau khi pho binh s on v pho binh chin dch tip tc pho kch vo th x, cc i i xe tng c b binh i km bt n pha m ht cng sut, hc cc cy rng ca sn, vt qua cc tuyn phng th vng ngoi nh thng vo trung tm th x.*44+. Hng Ty Nam, trung on 174 c 1 i i xe tng ym h vt qua cc cht Chi

Lng, Ch Di v khu kho Mai Hc . Hng Ty Bc, trung on 148 c 1 i i xe tng m ng nh vo S ch huy tiu khu c Lc v dng 1 tiu on tn cng p Chu Sn . Hng Ty, c tiu on 4 (trung on 24 s on 10) v 2 i i xe tng nh vo S ch huy s on 23 v mc d xe tng b sa ly v b my bay QLVNCH bn ph song h vn tn cng vo khu qun y, khu truyn tin *45+. Hng ng Bc c trung on 95B nh vo khu vc ng su, hng ng Nam, trung on 149 (khng c xe tng i km) dng mt tiu on tn cng c im Ch Blom v im cao 582, 1 tiu on cn li nh thc qua c im Ba L v im cao 491 tin thng vo trung tm th x. Pha ng th x, trung on 3 (s on 10) c 1 i i xe tng ym h phi hp vi 1 tiu on ca trung on 149 (s 316) tn cng nh chim sn bay Ha Bnh t hai hng ng Bc v Ty Nam khp li. Trung on 2 (s on 10) nh chim c im Phc An.*46+ T hm ch huy ca s on 23, i t Nguyn Trng Lut iu 2 chi i thit gip M-113 ra gi Ng Su nhng b cc xe tng ca i i 5, tiu on 3, trung on xe tng 273 y li. Tiu on bit ng qun ng gi S ch huy tiu khu c Lc chng tr quyt lit. Phi n 17 gi 30, sau t tn cng th su, trung on 95B mi chim c s ch huy tiu khu.*47+ hng ng Bc th x, tiu on 9 lin on 21 bit ng qun ch gi c n tra th b y li ra ngoi vi pha ng th x, chu mt cc khu pho binh, thit gip v hu c ca trung on 45. hng Ty, S on 6 khng qun QLVNCH iu ng 8 chic A-37 nm bom vo i hnh ca trung on 24 (s on 10 QNDVN) gy mt s thng vong nhng khng lm chm li tc tin qun ca n v ny. hng Ty Nam, i t V Th Quang lin tc tung cc lc lng d b c trong tay phn kch nhm chim li khu kho Mai Hc , ng thi gi khng qun nh ph ngn chn. Trung on 174 phi li mt tiu on bao vy khu vc ny, iu 2 tiu on cn li nh vng qua khu kho tip cn S ch huy s on 23. hng ng Nam, cc tiu on 7 v 8 (trung on 149) mc d b nhiu tp my bay A-37 ca khng qun VNCH oanh tc vo i hnh, gy nhiu thng vong nhng h vn y li cc lc lng ca trung on 53, nh chim khu c x s quan, khu tip vn, S Th y, S Ngn kh, nh lao, n 15 gi th gp cc n v ca trung on 95B.*48+ n 14 gi 30, i t Trnh Tiu, trng phng qun bo Qun on II mi trnh tng Ph bn bo co trong kt lun: pht hin s on 316 ca QNDVN t Lo v ang di chuyn xung pha Nam. Tng Ph lp tc ra lnh ph cc cu trn ng 14 ngn chn n v ny nhng qu mun. n lc d th ton b s on 316 giao chin vi qun VNCH trong ni th x c hn 10 ting ng h.*49+ Lc 17 gi, tiu on 9 (trung on 149) phi hp vi cc n v ca trung on 198 c cng vy nh nhng khng chim c s ch huy sn bay Ha Bnh do mt tiu on bit ng qun QLVNCH phng gi. Trong th x, tiu on 7 (trung on 149) nh chim khu tham mu - truyn tin v nhm ln rng l S ch huy s on 23.*50+

Tng i k nim chin thng ngy 11-3-1975 ti Qung trng Ng Su, thnh ph Bun Ma Thut. Tc gi: Gorick Francois m 10 thng 3, chin s tm lng. Cc n v QLVNCH cn li trong th x co cm trong cc c im cn gi c nh S ch huy s on 23, khu nh ga sn bay Ha Bnh, i pht thanh. i t V Th Quang in cho chun tng L Trung Tng xin tip ng nhng ch nhn c cu tr li: B ch huy ang bn i ph trn hng Pleiku-Kon Tum. i t rng gi vng. Cng qun c nh ln th cng ch c vi ngy ri rt nh hi Mu Thn.*51+ Sng 11 thng 3, cc n v QNDVN tip tc tn cng trong ln ma bom t cc my bay A-37 ca khng qun VNCH trt xung th x. Lc 7 gi 55, mt tp A-37 trong khi nm bom ngn chn 10 xe tng ca QNDVN nh hai qu bom trng hm ch huy v truyn tin S ch huy s on 23. B t lnh qun on II QLVNCH mt lin lc hon ton vi B t lnh s on 23 k t gi pht *52+*49+. Mt s ch huy, ng thi b vy nh t nhiu pha, cc n v cn sng st ca QLVNCH c gng chng c ch vin binh nhng n 11 gi ngy 11 thng 3, cc n v ca s on 316 hon ton lm ch th x Bun Ma Thut. Ch cn lin on 21 bit ng qun (thiu) v mt s n v cn li ca trung on 53 ang c gi cht phng ng cui cng ti sn bay Ha Bnh (phi trng Phng Dc).*53+ *sa+Phn kch v chng phn kch n ngy 12 thng 3, khu vc hu c trung on 53 (s on 23) v sn bay Ha Bnh (Phng Dc) tr thnh ni n tr ca hu ht cc lc lng QLVNCH cn li sau hai ngy tc chin v y. Tuy nhin, trong s khng c i t V Th Quang v i t Nguyn Trng Lut. Hai ng ny b bt lm t binh lc 2 gi sng ngy 12 thng 3 nm 1975. Trung t V n, trung on tng trung on 53 ch huy cnh qun ny *54+. T Si Gn, Tng thng Nguyn Vn Thiu lnh cho tng Phm Vn Ph phi gi bng c cc v tr cn li pha ng th x lm bn p v phi c ngay k hoch phn kch gii ta cho Bun Ma Thut. Rng sng ngy 12 thng 3, k hoch ti chim Bun Ma Thut c Nguyn Vn Thiu chp thun gm cc hot ng qun s ln sau y:

S dng lin on 21 bit ng qun (thiu) phi hp vi s qun cn li ca trung on 53 ti tri B50 )hu c s on 23) hnh thnh mt cnh qun ti ch phn kch.

iu ng ton b hai trung on cn li ca s on 23 (44 v 45) dng trc thng vn b xung khu vc Nng Tri - Phc An (pha ng Bun Ma Thut), hnh thnh cnh qun phn kch ch yu nh thng vo th x. Huy ng ti a cc s on khng qun 6 (thuc Qun on II), 1 (ti Nng), 4 (ti Cn Th) ym tr ti a cho cuc hnh qun. iu ng lin on 7 bit ng t Si Gn ln Pleiku thay th hai trung on 44 v 45 c rt i nm xung Bun Ma Thut.*55+.

Chiu ngy 12 thng 3, sau trn oanh kch dn bi ca 81 my bay cng kch A-1, A-37, F-5; hai tiu on ca trung on 45 v mt i i thm bo ca s on 23 do trung t Phng Vn Quang (trung on trng trung on 45 ch huy) l nhng n v u tin qun xung Phc An. Hn 100 my bay trc thng loi, k c CH-47 Chinook c huy ng cho cuc chuyn qun. Lc 13 gi 10 pht chiu 12 thng 3, ch thn thiu tng Phm Vn Ph bay trn phi c hng nh U-17 ln vng tri Bun Ma Thut ch huy cuc phn kch. T trn my bay, tng Ph in cho trung t V n ang ch huy cc lc lng gi sn bay Ha Bnh bit cuc qun xung Phc An - Nng Tri bt u v ng vin cc n v ny c gng gi vng. Sang ngy 13 thng 3, 145 chic trc thng trung on 44, pho i 232 v tiu on cn li ca trung on 45 xung khu vc im cao 581, Nng Tri, Phc An, Ch Cc dc ng 21. Chiu ti 12 thng 3, sau khi t 1 ca cuc qun hon tt, tng Ph quay li Pleiku gp tng thng Nguyn Vn Thiu trn my lin lc cao tn bo co cho tng thng Thiu tin tc mi nht v s xut hin ca s on 316 QNDVN trn chin trng Bun Ma Thut.*56+ Trong khi ang thc hin vic chuyn qun ca s on 23 t Pleiku v Bun Ma Thut, sn bay C Hanh tip tc b cc n v ca s on 968 QNDVN pho kch. B T lnh QNDVN ti mt trn Ty Nguyn d liu c phn ng ca QLVNCH v hnh ng theo phng chm: tranh th c mt ting ng h, lc lng c th tng gp i; tranh th c 24 ting ng h, lc lng c th tng gp mi*57+. Ngy 11 thng 3 trong khi cc trn nh trong th x cn tip din, tiu on 6, trung on 24 (s on 10) tn cng c dim Ch Nga v cn c 45 pha ng th x. Vic mt cn c 45 v c dim Ch Nga buc cc trung on 44 v 45 QLVNCH phi thay i a im qun n Nng Tri Phc An. T chiu 13 thng 3, cc trung on 24 v 28 (s on 10) c tng cng hai i i xe tng v mt tiu on pho binh hnh qun sut m v p st qun l Phc An vo rng sng. 7 gi 7 pht sng 14 thng 3, trong khi cc n v ca hai trung on 44 v 45 QLVNCH cn cha trin khai i hnh, trung on 24 (s on 10 QNDVN) c hai tiu on ca trung on xe tng 273 ym h t hai pha n sng tn cng trung on 45 ti im cao 581.*58+. n 12 gi tra ngy 14 thng 3, cc tiu on 1 v 2 ca trung on 45 cng tiu on bo an ti im cao 581 hu nh b nh ta. Tiu on cn li va nh va li v khu vc Nng Tri. By gi th nhim v trc mt ca trung on 44 (s on 23 QLVNCH) cha phi l gii to Bun Ma Thut m l ng vin cho trung on 45 ang b vy p. Ngy 15 thng 3, cnh qun cn li ca s on 23, trong c S ch huy nh ca s on qun xung Phc An. Ngy 16 thng 3, c hai cm qun ca s on 23 ti Phc An v Nng Tri cng lc b tn cng. n 8 gi 15 pht, tiu on 3, n v cui cng ca trung on 45 (s on 23 QLVNCH) b nh tan, trung t Phng Vn Quang v ton b ban ch huy trung on b bt lm t binh cng vi chic trc thng n my nh bc h ln khng. Ngy 17 thng 3, B T lnh mt trn Ty Nguyn iu tip trung on 28 (s on 10) v tiu on xe tng cn li ca trung on 273 tng cng cho trung on 24 tn cng Phc An. Cng ngy, trung on 66 (s on 10) v trung on c cng 198 m t tng cng kch vo cm qun cn li ca trung on 53 v lin

on 21 bit ng qun ti sn bay Ha Bnh (Phng Dc). 11 gi 30 sng 17 thng 3, sn bay Ha Bnh b chim. Trung on 53 b xa s. Mt nhm nh gn 20 binh s ca c qun ny thot vy chy v c Phc An*42+. Trong ngy 17 thng 3, trung on 44 b tn cng lin tc tan r ti Phc An. i t c (t lnh mi ca s on 23) a s ch huy nh s on v hn 700 qun cn li v Ch Cc. Ngay lp tc, h b trung on 28 (s on 10) v 1 tiu on ca trung on xe tng 273 QNDVN truy kch, phi b Ch Cc chy v Pleiku.*59+. Trn phn kch ca QLVNCH vi { nh ti chim Bun Ma Thut tht bi. *sa+Cuc rt qun trn ng s 7 *sa+Quyt nh sai lm chin lc ca Nguyn Vn Thiu Khi trn Bun Ma Thut v chin s Ty Nguyn ang din ra th QLVNCH ti Qun khu I cng ang phi i ph vi cc hot ng ca cc s on 324, 325 QNDVN ti Tr Thin Hu. Nhiu n v cp tiu on ca QNDVN xm nhp xung ng bng. T ngy 8 n ngy 13 thng 3, mt s trn nh n ra Trui (pha Nam Hu), chi khu qun s Mai Lnh, cn c M Tu (Tha Thin), cc chi khu qun s Tin Phc, Hu c (Qung Tn). Ti pha Nam Qun khu I, mt loi cn c ven sng V Qung Ngi b tin cng.*60+. Nhng p lc ca i phng tng mnh Qun khu I khin cho B Tng tham mu QLVNCH khng dm rt cc s on thuc lc lng tng tr b chin lc ca mnh (s d v s thy qun lc chin) ng cu cho Ty Nguyn *61+ Ngy 11 thng 3, tng thng Nguyn Vn Thiu hp vi cc th tng Trn Thin Khim, i tng tng tham mu trng Cao Vn Vin v trung tng ng Vn Quang bn v vic ti phi tr li lc lng. Ti cuc hp ny, Nguyn Vn Thiu thng bo quyt nh ca ng: "Vi kh nng v lc lng ta ang c, chc chn chng ta khng th bo v c tt c lnh th mun bo v. Nh vy chng ta nn ti phi tr lc lng v bo v nhng vng ng dn, tr ph, v nhng vng t mi thc s quan trng"*62+. 11 gi tra 14 thng 3, ti Cam Ranh din ra mt cuc hp m sau ny, nhiu nh bnh lun qun s cho rng n l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra mt thm ha qun s ln nht trong chin tranh Vit Nam*63+*64+ Ti cuc hp, thiu tng Phm Vn Ph bo co tng qut din bin chin s ti Ty Nguyn; trong , tng Ph thnh cu xin thm my bay cho s on 6 khng qun, b sung qun s b tn tht, tng vin t 1 n 2 l on d phng gi Kon Tum, Pleiku v sau dng phn kch chim li cc vng mt. Nguyn Vn Thiu khng chp nhn ngh ca tng Ph vi l{ do "khng cn qun tng phi, Cng sn c th nh mnh hn nm 1972" v lnh cho ng ny rt qun v ng bng, ti phi tr li lc lng. V hng rt qun, i tng Cao Vn Vin lu { v nhng nguy him kh lng khi rt theo ng 19, ng nhc li thm ha xy ra i vi Binh on c ng s 100 ca qun vin chinh Php trn ng 19 nm 1954. Sau khi tho lun nhiu ln v vic chn ng rt qun, Nguyn Vn Thiu v cc tng lnh quyt nh rt theo ng s 7 v h cho rng, con ng tuy xu nhng gy c bt ng cho i phng*65+ Tr v Pleiku, Phm Vn Ph khng bit bit rng trc mt ngy, Ng Quang Trng, t lnh Qun khu I cng c lnh rt cc lc lng ca mnh khi a bn qun khu.*66+ 16 gi ngy 14 thng 3, tng Ph triu tp ngay chun tng Trn Vn Cm, chun tng Phm Ngc Sang, chun tng Phm Duy Tt (mi c thng) v i t L Khc L{ bn vic rt qun vi my yu cu:

V k hoch chung: Bo m b mt tuyt i, khng lm vn bn, ch truyn khu lnh; cm tit l cho a phng qun v cc tiu khu. Phi rt nhanh gn, em theo v kh v mt c s n cho mt trn chin u. Rt theo kiu cun chiu, xa rt trc, gn rt sau.

V iu phi: Giao chun tng Phm Duy Tt ch huy hnh qun; chun tng Cm n c kim tra; chun tng Sang iu iu ng my bay vn ti ch hng ha qu{ him, dn sch hai bn ng rt qun bng my bay oanh tc; i t L{ iu ng cng binh sa ng, bc cu, gi lin lc vi B ch huy tin phng Qun khu II ti Nha Trang v B Tng tham mu ti Si Gn xin tip ng khi cn.*67+*7+

*sa+Thm ha trn ng s 7 Mc d B t lnh Qun on II QLVNCH c gng gi b mt ti a cuc rt qun nhng nhng hot ng nhn nhp bt thng ca khng qun ti Pleiku trong ngy 14 thng 3 gy nn nhng nghi ng trong gia nh cc s quan cp di, binh s v c dn chng. Sng sm ngy 15 thng 3, mt on xe qun s ln ca cc lin on 6 v 23 bit ng qun t Kon Tum di chuyn qua Pleiku xung pha Nam cng lm cho tm l{ ca cn, chnh, dn, binh thm xao xuyn. n tra ngy 15 th mi mnh lnh n nh tnh hnh ca chun tng Trn Vn Cm v i t L Khc L{ u tr nn v hiu. Mt s s quan, cng chc, binh lnh b n v v nhim s lo cho gia nh di tn. Nhiu v cp bc, tng tin xy ra. Ngay c CIA cng bt u di tn ngi M khi Pleiku v theo h nh gi, th x ny ging nh mt thng thuc sng.*68+*69+ 13 gi chiu 15 thng 3, cuc di tn ca Qun on II chnh thc bt u trong s cp rp, vi v. Thit on 19 v lin on 6 bit ng qun m ng t Pleiku i Ph Tc. Tip l b phn cn li ca B t lnh Qun on II, b t lnh l on 2 k binh thit gip, cc n v b binh, hu cn. Theo tnh ton ca tng Ph, cc n v QNDVN tp trung vy nh trung on 53, cn c B50 Bun Ma Thut v lo i ph vi cuc phn kch ca s on 23 ti Phc An nn phi mt ba n nm ngy mi c th iu qun n do ng s rt xu, c ng kh khn. Cn s on 968 nu c ui theo cng phi hnh qun b, nh vut ui v s b lin on 25 bit ng qun cn hu chn nh. Hai ngy u cuc di tn din ra thun li. Sng 16 thng 3, khi i thit gip i u trong on xe qun s di n hn 2.000 chic km theo gn 2.000 phng tin giao thng dn s cc loi n Cheo Reo an ton v bt u di chuyn xung Cng Sn th ton cui ca on xe ny mi ra khi th x Pleiku. *70+*42+ K hoch rt qun ca Qun on II QLVNCH khng qu bt ng i vi QNDVN. Bt ng duy nht m Nguyn Vn Thiu v Phm Vn Ph to ra c l cuc di tn ny c tin hnh qu nhanh. n chiu 15 thng 3, khi cnh qun i u ca thit on 19 qua Cheo Reo, B T lnh mt trn Ty nguyn mi c tin QLVNCH bt u rt khi Pleiku v Kon Tum. 20 gi ti 16 thng 3, lnh truy kch mi c ban b. Tiu on 9, trung on 64 (s on 320 QNDVN) l n v u tin c iu ng hnh qun ct rng sut m lp mt cht chn pha Nam th x Cheo Reo. Theo st h l i hnh chnh ca trung on 64 hnh qun trn 110 xe t cc loi c huy ng. B T lnh mt trn Ty Nguyn c ngay mt k hoch chn nh trn ng s 7, s dng ton b s on 320, tiu on xe tng 2 (trung on 273), trung on pho binh 675, trung on cao x 593 v hai tiu on qun a phng Ph Yn.*71+. Sng 17 thng 3, tp xe tng, thit gip i u ca thit on 19 v lin on 6 bit ng qun QLVNCH chm sng vi tiu on 9, trung on 64 QNDVN ti o Tuna, cch Cheo Reo 4 km v ng ng Ph Bn. on xe di tn khng l li ti Cheo Reo. T chiu ti 17 n sng 18 thng 3, chun tng Tt s dng lin on 7 bit ng qun vi s ym h ca khng qun, pho binh v thit gip lin tc cng kch nh cht, vu hi bc cht m ng nhng u b y li.*72+ Sng 18 thng 3, ton b trung on 64 (s on 320A QNDVN) trin khai xong cc cht chn tip theo pha h lu o Tuna; trung on 48 (thiu) ca s on ny v trung on 9 (s on 968) bao vy Cheo Reo t ba mt.*73+.

Tra ngy 18, chun tng Phm Vn Tt iu lin on 25 bit ng qun ang lm nhim v cn hu vt ln trc cng vi l on 2 thit k m cuc cng kch cui cng m ng. Cng thi im , cc n v pho binh ca trung on 675 bt u pho kch cc v tr ng qun tm thi ca QLVNCH trong th x Cheo Reo v 3 trung on b binh QNDVN bt u tn cng. Trong s hn lon, mi c gng n nh li tnh hnh v t chc khng c ca cc v ch huy QLVNCH tr nn v vng. 17 gi chiu, chun tng Phm Duy Tt nhn c lnh ph b tt c cc chin c nng. 17 gi 30, mt chic HU-1A vt qua ln n phng khng ca i phng h cch xung sn trng tiu hc Ph Bn d a tng Tt v i t Hong Th Nhu (tnh trng Pleiku) v Nha Trang.*74+. n 9 gi sng ngy 19 thng 3, cc n v QLVNCH b vy ti Cheo Reo chm dt khng c. Ch c thit on 19 v lin on 6 bit ng qun v c n Cng Sn vi t thit hi, thng vong nht. Trn ng v Tuy Ho, h phi dng li ti sng Ba bn ngy ch cng binh thit lp li bn ph. Cui cng, cc n v ny v n Tuy Ha ngy 25 thng 3 nm 1975.*75+. *sa+Bc ngot ca chin cuc 1975 *sa+Tn tht qun s v dn s i tng Cao Vn Vin nhn xt: "Cuc trit thoi khi cao nguyn l mt tht bi chin lc v phng din qun s. 75% lc lng ca Qun on 2, gm s on 23, bit ng qun, thit k, pho binh, truyn tin v cng binh b hao tn ch trong 10 ngy. K hoch ti chim Ban M Thut cng b tht bi v Qun on khng cn qun. Cng sn chim c Kon Tum v Pleiku khng tn mt vin n".*76+ Theo cc nh bnh lun qun s phng Ty, tht bi trong ca cuc rt lui ca Qun on II QLVNCH trn ng s 7 km theo nhng tn tht rt nng n c v qun s v dn s. t nht 3/4 lc lng ca Qun on II b i phng tiu dit, bt sng hoc o ng, r ng.*77+ C quan CIA ti Si Gn nhn xt rng ch cn mt s on rt v c n ven bin vi tn tht ti thiu cng l mt s may mn.*78+ S ti sn qun s gm xe tng M-48, xe bc thp M-113, i bc M-107 175 mm, i bc HM-3 155 mm, i bc HM-2 105 mm b ph hy hoc ri vo tay QNDVN ln n con s nghn. QNDVN cho bit h ch sau tm ngy, h loi khi vng chin u 28.514 s quan v binh s QLVNCH, trong s c 4.502 cht hoc b thng, 16.822 ngi b bt lm t binh, c 779 s quan t chun y n chun tng v c 7.190 ngi c th*37+. H thu gi v ph 17.183 sng cc loi, trong c 79 khu pho t 105 mm tr ln; ph hy v thu gi hn 2.000 xe qun s, trong c 207 xe tng v xe bc thp; bn ri 44 my bay, thu v ph 110 chic khc ca Khng lc VNCH*37+. V pha h, ch tn tht 56 ngi cht v hn 100 ngi b thng. *79+ Nhng tn tht v dn s cng rt nng n. Trong cuc di tn hn n, cc s quan v binh s QLVNCH em theo c gia nh h v cng vi nhng nhn vin dn s chen chc nhau trn con ng ngp c, bi cy ri vo tnh th cc kz no lon v thm ch cn b chnh my bay ca h bn nhm trong mt cuc hnh trnh y nc mt, thm ch khi cc cy cu b ph hy, on xe dn li, cc xe qun s vn trn i qua sng, thm ch cn qua cc xe khc. S dn thng v binh s b cht do xe cn ln ti vi nghn. Trong s gn 400.000 ngi di tn xung ng bng th ch c non mt phn t n ni.*80+*81+ Hng nghn ngi dn cht do ha lc ca hai bn hoc do i n trn cc on xe m gii bo ch gi l "on xe nc mt".*82+ Theo tnh ton ca Hoa Kz, s tn tht vt qu mi s o lng. Trong s 60.000 qun khi hnh th ch c 20.000 v n ch v hu nh khng cn sc chin u. Trong s 7.000 bit ng qun ch cn 700 sng st. Sau trn Bun Ma Thut v cuc rt lui thm ha trn ng s 7, Qun on II khng cn thc s hin hu nh l mt lc lng chin u tng xng vi quy m ca n na.*83+ *sa+Li lm ch t

Li lm ny xut pht trc ht t vic mt ht bnh tnh khi nh gi tnh hnh ca tng thng Nguyn Vn Thiu. Nu nh trc y, ng qu tin vo c quan tnh bo qun i nhng n khi b gi th v qun s qu cht, khng kp tr tay g ra th li quay ra mt tin tng hon ton vo tnh bo qun i. T khi Bun Ma Thut tht th, thi ca Nguyn Vn Thiu lm cho c quan ny mt s t tin v bn thn ng ta cng coi c quan tnh bo qun i c cng nh khng cho n tn pht cht ca cuc chin. Vic mt lng tin vo c quan tnh bo qun i v k c vo CIA dn n nhng sai lm chin lc qun s ca Nguyn Vn Thiu v ng ta b ngoi tai nhng li bn tho hp l{ ca cc tng lnh, k c i tng Cao Vn Vin ri t mnh nh ot mi chuyn.*84+. Khi thiu tng Phm Vn Ph khng khng i tng qun bo v Ty Nguyn th ng Thiu t ra cho tng Ph hai la chn: hoc l thi hnh lnh, hoc l b thay th v ngi t ngi khc thi hnh lnh. V ng nhin, tng Ph chn gii php chp hnh.*85+ Nguyn nhn th hai dn n vic tht th Ty Nguyn l s qu tin tng ca Nguyn Vn Thiu vo s chi vin trc tip bng qun s ca Hoa Kz. Trong khi c Qun on II ca tng Ph ang phi vt ln sng cht trn ng s 7 v mc d bit rng "ni mt vi ngy ti, tnh hnh s trm trng ht sc mau l" nhng ng vn hy vng vo vic "t vi Hoa Kz cu hi "yes or non" (c hay khng) buc h phi dt khot c mun gip hay khng". Trong khi th li tuyn b ca B trng Quc phng Hoa Kz Jame Schlesinger sau khi c tin Phc Long tht th v li an i ca Th trng William Clement chng t phn no vic Hoa Kz khng mun dnh lu tr li v qun s ti Vit Nam.*86+ Nguyn nhn th ba lm cho vic tht th Ty Nguyn ca QLVNCH l h mun mt cuc rt qun c t chc, c ch huy, c gi b mt nhng chnh s yu km v t chc v tnh linh hot khi x l{ cc tnh hung lm hi h. Lc lng ng, binh kh k thut nhiu nhng li ko di i hnh trn ng c o nn kh trnh c n tc. on qun ny li ko theo c hng chc vn thng dn, trong qu na l gia nh cc s quan, binh s v cng chc, rt kh trnh khi ri lon khi gp tnh hung bt ng. Hy vng duy nht c th trng cy c l tnh bt ng th ch sau hai ngy cng khng cn. Khi b i phng chn nh quyt lit th s tan r khng phi l iu kh hiu. Bo co tng trnh v cuc rt qun ca khi Ty Nguyn ca B t lnh Qun on II trnh tng thng Nguyn Vn Thiu ghi nhn: "Cuc hnh qun d tr khng c p lc ca i phng; nhng khi thc thi gp p lc nng n lm cho ch huy lng tng khng sao i ph c".*87+ Nguyn nhn cui cng dn n tht bi Ty Nguyn nm 1975 ca QLVNCH l yu t tinh thn. Cuc chin ko di dai dng nhiu nm lm cho tinh thn binh s sa st. S bi quan trong cc s quan ch huy cn tng thm khi ngoi trng Trn Vn Lm t Hoa Kz tr v thng bo kh nng tng thm qun vin v kinh vin gn nh khng cn v phi on ca Quc hi Hoa Kz cng khng ha hn g trong cuc i thm chnh thc hi thng 2 nm 1975. Khi rt qun, phn ln cc s quan v binh s QLVNCH em theo c gia nh. Lc lm trn, khng t ngi b i tm ngi nh thay v xng ra giao chin; v lng trung thnh ca h vi gia nh nhiu hn l vi cp ch huy nh hng ln n tinh thn chin u ca h.*88+ T thi chin tranh ng Dng 1945-1954, ngi Php v Vit Minh u coi Ty Nguyn l mi nh v l ci cha kha ca ng Dng. Mt cc cn c c bn tr ct phng th cao nguyn m trong tay khng cn lc lng d b c ng no kh d no c th xoay chuyn tnh th, QLVNCH vo tnh th rt nguy him. Nhng lc lng ca h tuy cn kh ng nhng li chim gi mt cch khng chc chn di t hp ven bin min Trung v c nguy c b tn cng chia ct bt c lc no. Quyt nh b Ty Nguyn v rt cc lc lng cn li v c th di ng bng ven bin min Trung ca Tng

thng Nguyn Vn Thiu trong cuc hp ngy 14 thng 3 ti cn c qun s Cam Ranh vi cc ng Cao Vn Vin, Trn Thin Khim v Phm Vn Phmc d c mt trong nhng nguyn nhn l tnh trng suy yu lc lng ca Vit Nam Cng ha lc nhng tr thnh mt li lm ch t. K hoch ny cng vi vin thc hin rt qun thiu t chc khng nhng khng cu vn c tnh th ca Qun on II m cn y h n ch b tiu dit v tan r, m u cho s sp khng trnh khi ca Vit Nam Cng ho. *