Giáo Trình Quản Lý Tổng Hợp Vùng Bờ (Đại Học NT)

I HC NHA TRANG
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GIO TRNH
QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN
Gio trnh dnh cho sinh vin nm th 3 i hc
Gio trnh Qun l tng hp vng ven bin c bin son trong khun
kh chng trnh hp tc v tng cng nng lc Qun l tng hp vng
ven bin gia trng i hc Nha Trang (NTU) v Trung tm Bo tn
Sinh vt bin v Pht trin Cng ng (MCD), theo Tha thun hp tc s
09-02/MCD. Chng trnh do Lin minh Chu u (EC) ti tr.
Gio trnh c hon thnh vo thng 9 nm 2010.
Nhm tc gi:
Nguyn Lm Anh:
i hc Nha Trang
Trn Vn Phc:
i hc Nha Trang
Nguyn Trng Lng:
i hc Nha Trang
Nhm chuyn gia t vn:

Marcel Marchand: Chuyn gia t vn quc t v qun l vng b, tp on t v n
DELTARES (H Lan)
Nguyn Minh Sn: Ph Vin trng, Vin Cng ngh Mi trng
Ha Chin Thng: Ph gim c, Trung tm nghin cu v quy hoch bin o,
Tng cc bin v hi o Vit Nam
H Th Yn Thu:
Ph gim c, Trung tm Bo tn Sinh vt bin v Pht trin

Cng ng (MCD)
V Minh Ct:
Ch nhim Khoa k thut Bin, i hc Thy li H Ni
Minh Hong:
Trng phng Qun l ti nguyn vng b, MCD
Li ta
Qun l tng hp vng ven bin l mt cch tip cn mi trong qun l ti
nguyn ven bc gii thiu v bc u p dng c hiu qu Vit Nam.
Qun l tng hp vng ven bin c xem nh mt h thng qun l ti nguyn
v mi trng theo cch tip cn tng hp, c trng bi qu trnh lp v thc hin k
hoch c s tham gia ca y cc bn lin quan, nhm gii quyt nhng vn
qun l phc tp vng ven bin. Cch tip cn ny khc phc c nhng khim
khuyt trong qun l truyn thng n ngnh v theo lnh th, nh vic gii quyt cc
bt hp l trong s dng khng gian v ti nguyn vng b gia cc ngnh, c quan v
cng ng.
Xc nh c tm quan trng ca vic p dng Qun l tng hp vng ven bin,
chnh ph Vit Nam ban hnh Nghnh 25/2009/N-CP ngy 6/3/2009 v qun l
tng hp ti nguyn v bo v mi trng bin v hi o. y l mt vn bn php l
nh du bc tin quan trng v th ch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng
bin v hi o ca Vit Nam. Thm vo , quyt nh 158/Q-TTg ngy 09 thng
10 nm 2007 ca Th tng chnh ph v vic ph duyt Chng trnh Qun l tng
hp di ven bin vng Bc Trung B v duyn hi Trung Bn nm 2010 vnh
hng n nm 2020 khng nh nhu cu cn p dng cch tip cn ny trong qun
l ti nguyn cc a phng ven bin nc ta.
Bn cnh nh hng chnh sch ca c quan qun l nh nc, nhiu c quan
o to v t chc phi chnh ph cng ang c nhng n lc ng k trong vic thc
y p dng cch tip cn trn. in hnh l s hp tc gia trng i hc Nha
Trang, tnh Khnh Ha v Trung tm Bo tn Sinh vt bin v Pht trin Cng ng
(MCD), mt t chc phi chnh ph Vit Nam hot ng trong lnh vc bo v ti
nguyn ven bin v pht trin cng ng. MCD cng vi i hc Nha Trang t
chc xy dng hon chnh gio trnh mn hc Qun l tng hp vng ven bin phc
v ging dy trong nh trng cho sinh vin bc i hc - ngun nhn lc tng lai
cho cng tc qun l ti nguyn ven bin ca t nc. Gio trnh mang li nhng kin
thc cp nht nht v Qun l tng hp vng ven bin, ng thi cung cp nhng dn
chng, bi hc kinh nghim thc t trong vic p dng cch tip cn ny trn th gii
v Vit Nam.
Gio trnh thc s l mt trong nhng ti liu ging dy chun u tin bc i
hc do nhm tc gi Vit Nam xy dng dnh cho cc sinh vin Vit Nam, ng gp
quan trng vo vic ph bin, nng cao nng lc p dng Qun l tng hp vng ven
bin ca t nc trong hin ti v tng lai.
Vi ngha nh vy, ti trn trng gii thiu gio trnh Qun l tng hp vng
ven bin ny ti c gi v cc bn ng nghip.
2
H Ni, thng 11 nm 2010
Nguyn Vn C
Tng cc trng
Tng cc Bin v Hi o Vit Nam
MU
Vng ven bin (coastal area) l vng chuyn tip gia bin v lc a, chu tc
ng ca s tng tc gia thu quyn, sinh quyn, thch quyn v kh quyn, hnh
thnh nn sa dng v ti nguyn thin nhin, a dng sinh hc v giu khong sn.
Theo Cicin-Sain (2002) vng ven bin ch chim 20% b mt tri t nhng ng vai
tr quan trng i vi cuc sng con ngi trn hnh tinh chng ta.
-
Khong 50% dn s th gii sinh sng trong phm vi 200 km vng ven
bin (UN 2002).
Mt dn s trung bnh vng ven bin vo khong 80 ngi/km2 gp

i mt dn s trung bnh trn ton th gii (UNEP 2002).
Trn 70% cc thnh phng dn nht th gii (hn 8 triu dn) nm

vng ven bin (IOC 1999).
Cc h sinh thi ven bng gp 90% sn lng thy sn th gii, sn sinh ra

25% nng sut sinh hc, vng gp gn 80% trong tng s 13.200 loi c bin. Thc
s cc h sinh thi ang gnh trch nhim lm sch v bo v mi trng vng ven
bin trc cc hot ng kinh t ca con ngi. Do , vng ven bin l quan trng
i vi cc quc gia c bin, tr thnh tin cho s pht trin a ngnh, a mc tiu,
trong c thu sn, du lch, hng hi, du kh...
Tuy nhin, vng ny li lun chu nhng sc p rt ln ca cc qu trnh t nhin
v cc hot ng ca con ngi, dn n lun bin ng, thng b suy thoi v
nhim. S bng n dn s, s m rng cc th v hnh thnh cc th mi ven
bin; cc loi cht thi t nng nghip, cng nghip v rc thi sinh hot; nhim do
hot ng ca tu b v cc ng khai thc du kh; s khai thc qu mc ngun li,
thm ch vi vic s dng cc phng tin khai thc c tnh cht hu dit trong ngnh
thy sn; s tn ph cc h sinh thi; bo t, lt li v cc ri ro thin nhin cng vi
s dng ca mc nc bin do hiu ng nh knh vang xy ra. ng thi, cc
mu thun li ch trong vic s dng a ngnh, a mc tiu, gia pht trin v bo tn,
gia khai thc v bo v cc ti nguyn thin nhin vng ven bin xut hin v
ngy cng gia tng.
Mt iu d nhn thy rng mc d vng ven bin l vng a chc nng, phc v
s pht trin a ngnh; nhng cho n nay hot ng qun l n li ch yu theo cch
tip cn n ngnh. Chnh v th, khng nhng khng gii quyt c cc mu thun
li ch trong pht trin m cn tip tc lm gia tng v phc tp ho cc mu thun li
ch . Cch qun l nh vy s khng m bo tnh bn vng ca vng ven bin.
Thc tang i hi phi c phng thc qun l mi, vi mt khun kh thng nht
v ton din cho cc chnh sch, k hoch v hnh ng qun l, nhm p ng hi
ho cc mc tiu pht trin kinh t x hi vi bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin trong mt
mi trng thn thin. chnh l c s dn n s ra i ca qun l tng hp vng
ven bin, c a vo trong vn liu khoa hc thuc chng 17, chng trnh
4
ngh s 21 Hnh trang loi ngi bc vo th k 21 ti Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)

thng 6, 1992.
Vit Nam nm bn b Bin ng vi chiu di trn 3.260 km, c vng bin rng
trn 1 triu km2, trung bnh khong 100 km2t lin c 1 km b bin (cao gp 6 ln t
l ny ca th gii), khng mt ni no trn t nc ta li cch xa bin hn 500 km.
Ven b c khong 3.000 hn o ln, nh cc loi, ch yu nm Vnh Bc b. Vng
ven bin Vit Nam c dn c tp trung khng c, vi khong hn 25 triu ngi,
bng gn 31% dn s c nc v khong hn 13 triu lao ng (nm 2005). D bo
n nm 20l0, dn s vng ven bin khong gn 27 triu ngi, trong lao ng gn
18 triu ngi; nm 2020, dn s khong trn 30 triu ngi, trong , lao ng
khong gn 19 triu ngi. V vy, vng ven bin gn b mt thit vnh hng
ln n s pht trin kinh t - x hi,m bo quc phng, an ninh, bo v mi trng
ca mi min t nc.
Ngy 23/6/1994, Quc hi nc ta ph chun Cng c ca Lin hip quc v
Lut bin 1982 (UNCLOS). Vic qun l tng hp vng ven bin pht trin theo
hng bn vng vang c cc cp chnh quyn quan tm. Quyt nh 158 ca
Th tng Chnh ph k ngy 9/10/2007 ph duyt chng trnh qun l tng hp di
ven bin vng Bc Trung b v duyn hi Trung bn nm 2010 vnh hng n
nm 2020 vi mc tiu tng qut nhmTng cng nng lc qun l, bo v, s
dng v khai thc ti nguyn, mi trng, phc v pht trin bn vng cc tnh,
thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng vng Bc Trung b v Duyn hi Trung b thng
qua p dng phng thc qun l tng hp vng ven bin. Ngy 6/3/2009, Chnh
ph cng ph chun Nghnh 25 v qun l tng hp ti nguyn v bo v mi
trng bin, hi o vi 5 chng, 30 iu, lm c s cho cc hot ng qun l
tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam. Trong thc t, qun l tng hp vng ven bin
cng c trin khai mt sa phng Vit Nam nhng nm qua, nh Qung
Ninh, Nam nh, Tha Thin Hu, Qung Nam, Nng, Khnh Ha v B Ra Vng Tu, di hnh thc cc Dn thim vi s gip ca NOAA, Chnh ph
H Lan, Chng trnh Hp tc Qun l Mi trng khu vc bin ng
(PEMSEA) v T chc phi chnh ph Bo tn sinh vt bin v Pht trin cng ng
(MCD), bc u t c nhng thnh cng nht nh v cn nhn rng ra c
nc. Tuy nhin, iu ny i hi phi c ngun nhn lc c o to bi bn, nm
v ng kin thc v cc k nng thc hin chng trnh qun l tng hp vng ven
bin.
Hin nay vic ging dy mn hc Qun l tng hp vng ven bin hoc cc kin
thc lin quan c thc hin mt s Trng i hc nhH KHTN H Ni v
thnh ph H Ch Minh, H Thy li, H Hu, H Nng. Trng i hc Nha
Trang cng trin khai ging dy mn hc ny cho sinh vin ngnh Qun l Mi
trng v Ngun li thy sn, ngnh Khai thc hng hi. Nm 2009, thng qua
chng trnh hp tc v tng cng nng lc Qun l tng hp vng ven bin gia
trng i hc Nha Trang (NTU) v Trung tm Bo tn Sinh vt bin v Pht tri n
Cng ng (MCD), gio trnh mn hc Qun l tng hp vng ven bin c xy
5
dng vc xc nh s dng thng nht trong chng trnh ging dy ca i hc

Nha Trang v qun l ti nguyn, mi trng. Gio trnh ny l ti liu hu ch nhm
cung cp cho ngi c cc kin thc c bn di dng cc mun v tm quan trng
ca vng ven bin, cc qu trnh ang din ra di tc ng t nhin v con ngi, cc
khi nim v pht trin bn vng v qun l tng hp vng ven bin, quy trnh qun l
tng hp vng ven bin vi cc cng c h tr, v cc vn qun l tng hp vng
ven bin Vit Nam.
Ni dung ca gio trnh ny c bin son da trn chun u ra (KAS) cho
ngnh hc qun l mi trng v ngun li thy sn ca trng i hc Nha Trang.
Trong qu trnh xy dng, gio trnh ny c thc hin vi s h tr t vn ca cc
chuyn gia trong v ngoi nc, cng nhc tham vn vi cc ban ngnh hu quan
v qun l ti nguyn, mi trng.
Mc d rt n lc trong qu trnh bin son, bin tp gio trnh ny, song chc
chn cn c nhng thiu st v nhiu iu cha c nh mong mun. Do vy, chng
ti rt mong nhn c s gp chn thnh ca ng nghip, sinh vin, nh qun
l, ni dung ti liu ny c iu chnh kp thi v ph hp vi nhu cu thc
tin hn.
Thay mt cho Ban bin son, chng ti xin chn thnh cm n cc chuyn gia do
Trung tm MCD gii thiu, gm ng Nguyn Minh Sn Ph Vin trng Vin Cng
ngh Mi trng; ng Ha Chin Thng Ph gim c Trung tm nghin cu v quy
hoch bin o, (Tng cc bin v hi o); ng Marcel Marchand Tp on t vn
DELTARES (H Lan); b H Th Yn Thu Ph gim c Trung tm Bo tn Sinh
vt bin v Pht trin Cng ng (MCD); ng V Minh Ct Ch nhim Khoa k
thut Bin, i hc Thy li H Ni v c nhng t vn chuyn mn c th cho
vic xy dng cc ni dung ca gio trnh. Chng ti rt bit n s gip ca tp th
cn b gio vin v Ban Ch nhim Khoa Nui trng Thy sn; Khoa Khai thc hng
hi; Khoa Kinh t; cc chuyn vin Phng Bin-Hi o, S Ti nguyn mi trng
cc tnh Ph Yn, Bnh nh, Khnh Ha; cn b cc S Khoa hc cng ngh cc tnh
Khnh Ha, Ninh Thun; Trung tm Quan trc ti nguyn mi trng Khnh Ha
c nhng ng gp qu bu gio trnh ny c hon thin hn.
Chng ti cng xin chn thnh cm n Ban Gim Hiu Trng i hc Nha
Trang v Phng Khoa hc Cng ngh& Hp tc quc t quan tm v to iu kin
chng ti hon thnh c cun gio trnh ny.
Nha Trang, thng 8 nm 2010

Thay mt Nhm tc gi
Ths. Nguyn Lm Anh
MC LC
MU .............................................................................................................................................. 4
PHN 1: C IM V CC VN CA VNG VEN BIN ............................................. 9
1.1.
Cc c im ca vng ven bin ................................................................................... 9
1.1.1. Khi nim...................................................................................................................... 9

1.1.2. Cc qu trnh ven bin ............................................................................................... 10
1.1.3. Ti nguyn vng ven bin.......................................................................................... 17
1.2.
Chc nng ca vng ven bin...................................................................................... 33
1.2.1. Cc hot ng ti vng ven bin ............................................................................... 33

1.2.2. Mu thun gia cc ngnh ......................................................................................... 40
1.3.
Cc vn ca vng ven bin ..................................................................................... 46
1.3.1. Mi trng v nhim mi trng........................................................................... 46

1.3.2. Suy thoi ti nguyn ................................................................................................... 48
1.3.3. Thin tai ...................................................................................................................... 49
1.3.4. S c mi trng ........................................................................................................ 50
1.3.5. Bin i kh hu v mc nc bin dng ................................................................. 51
PHN 2. PHT TRIN BN VNG V QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN ........... 55
2.1. Pht trin bn vng ............................................................................................................ 55
2.1.1. Khi nim.................................................................................................................... 56
2.1.2. Cc nguyn tc pht trin bn vng .......................................................................... 56
2.1.3. Mt s m hnh pht trin bn vng ......................................................................... 57
2.2. Qun l tng hp vng ven bin....................................................................................... 59
2.2.1. Qun l bin v hi o ............................................................................................. 59
2.2.2. Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ............................................................................... 62
PHN 3. QUY TRNH QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN .......................................... 69
3.1. Nhng c im ca mt k hoch Qun l tng hp vng ven bin............................ 69
3.2. Chu trnh Qun l tng hp vng ven bin theo m hnh PEMSEA ............................. 69
3.2.1. Cn c xy dng v trin khai chng trnh Qun l tng hp vng ven bin...... 70
7
3.2.2. Cc giai on chnh ca qu trnh xy dng v trin khai chng trnh Qun l
tng hp vng ven bin ........................................................................................................ 71
3.2.3. Cc yu t cn thit cho s thnh cng ca chng trnh Qun l tng hp vng
ven bin ................................................................................................................................. 72
PHN 4. CC CNG C H TR QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN..................... 74
4.1. Khi qut v cng c h tr Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ....................................... 74
4.1.1. Cng c cung cp v qun l thng tin, d liu ....................................................... 74
4.1.2. Cng c phn tch vnh gi .................................................................................. 78
4.2. Mt s cng cc trng .................................................................................................. 99
4.2.1. Xy dng h s vng b ............................................................................................ 99
4.2.2. Xy dng h thng qun l thng tin tng hp ...................................................... 102
4.2.3. Truyn thng............................................................................................................. 106
PHN 5. QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN VIT NAM ....................................... 111
5.1. Hin trng v nhu cu qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam ........................... 111
5.1.1. Tnh hnh chung........................................................................................................ 111
5.1.2. Hin trng qun l .................................................................................................... 111
5.1.3. Nhu cu qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam........................................... 116
5.2. Thc tin hot ng Qun ltng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam ............................. 119
5.2.1. Xu hng p dng qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam ......................... 120
5.2.2. Mt s trng hp in hnh Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ti Vit Nam...... 122
5.3. Mt s trng hp in hnh trn th gii ..................................................................... 157
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................................... 174
PHN 1: C IM V CC VN CA VNG VEN BIN

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1.1. Cc c im ca vng ven bin

Phn ny trnh by cc quan im v gii hn vng ven bin trn th gii
v trong nc, cng nh cc qu trnh t nhin v cc ngu n ti nguyn
phong ph vng ven bin.
1.1.1. Khi nim
Hu ht cc ti liu hng dn Qun l tng hp vng ven bin c xut bn
u cho rng vng ven bin (hay cn gi l vng b) l vng giao hi ca bin vt
lin. l ni cc qu trnh sinh thi ph thuc vo s tc ng ln nhau kh phc tp
gia t lin v bin.
Vng b l mt phn trong i b, c nhng c tnh tng t nhi b. Vng
ny bao gm hai phn: vng t ven bin (vng ven bin) v vng bin ven b (vng
ven b). Phm vi ln nh ca vng b tu thuc vo nhu cu v kh nng qun l
(Nguyn Chu Hi, 2005).
Theo IUCN (1986), vng bl vng m lc a v bin tng tc vi
nhau, vi ranh gii vt lin c xc nh bi gii hn cc nh hng ca bin n
lc a v ranh gii v bin c xc nh bi gii hn cc nh hng t lc a n
bin.
Theo dn chng ca Kay v Alder (1999), o lut Qun l v Bo v vng b
Queensland nm 1995 s dng mt snh ngha nh sau:
- Bi bin l vng t nm gia ngn nc cao v thp ca thu triu lc cao
nht;
- Vng b bao gm c khu vc bn trong v bn ngoi bi bin;
- Qun l vng b gm bo v, bo tn, ti to, v pht trin cc h sinh thi ti
vng b;
- Ti nguyn vng b gm c ngun li t nhin v vn ho;
- Vng bin ven b l vng bin Queensland cho n gii hn ca thu triu cc
i;
- Vng t ngp nc ven b bao gm vng t ngp nc thu triu, ca sng,
m ly, rng ngp mn, h hoc dng nc nh ven b, bt chp vic nc ti l
mn, ngt hay l.
9
Phn 1.c im v cc vn ca vng ven bin
- Vng ven bin l: (a) vng bin ven b; v (b) tt c khu vc thuc pha t lin
ca vng ven bin, m ti cc c im, qutrnh t nhin, sinh thi v cc hot
ng con ngi nh hng hoc c kh nng nh hng n bi bin hay cc ti
nguyn vng ven b.
Ranh gii vng ven bin c xc nh trn c s thc t bao gm cc khu vc
v cc hot ng lin quan n vn qun l quan tm. Trong nhiu trng hp, ranh
gii vng t v bin thng gn vi cc im mc t nhin chng hn nh mc nc
thp trung bnh hay mc nc cao trung bnh, o, mi o...
Qua nghin cu nhiu ti liu v nhiu dn chng khoa hc lin quan n vng
ven bin, c th thy: vng ven bin mi nc rt khc nhau, c xc nh trn
nhng c s khc nhau. C th, vng ven bin ca mt s nc nh Hawaii,
Singapore, Singaporec th hin bng 1.1.
Bng 1.1: Mt s v d v ranh gii vng ven bin (Nguyn Mng, 2005)
Nc/ Bang
Ranh gii trn t lin
Ranh gii trn bin
Rhode Island
200 dm k t b bin
Vng lnh hi (3 hi l)
Hawaii
Tt c vng t lin, tr cc vng

c rng bo v
Brunei
Tt c vng t lin v vng

nc ven b cch mc nc cao
trung bnh 1km
Singapore
Ton bt lin
Sri lanka
T mc nc cao trung bnh

n 200 m nc su
Vng lnh hi v cc o xa
b
300 m t mc nc cao trung

bnh
Malaysia
Vng nc ca bang
Ranh gii huyn
2 km t mc nc thp trung
bnh
20 km t b
Nghnh 25 ca Chnh ph v Qun l tng hp ti nguyn v bo v

mi trng bin, hi o ra i ngy 6/3/2009 ch r: Vng ven bin l
vng chuyn tip gia lc a v bin, bao gm vng bin ven b v vng
t ven bin c xc nh theo ranh gii hnh chnh qun l.
1.1.2. Cc qu trnh ven bin
a) Khng lc hc
Trong qu trnh khng lc hc, ging vai tr trc tip bt v vn chuyn
cc ht ct. Nng lng vn chuyn bn ct ph thuc vo tc gi v tng tc
10
ca gi vi mt bin, mt t. B mt v ma st b mt lm thay i bn cht ca dng

kh v quyt nh tc gi gn lp mt.
Lp bin: L mt phn ca tng i lu b thay i bi qu trnh ti. Theo Stull
(1988), lp bin l mt phn ca tng i lu, trc tip chu nh hng ca b mt tri
t chng li cc lc b mt. S ti (nhit, m, ng lng) din ra do chuyn ng
ri. Chuyn ng ri, gi bo tc ng trn nn gi thng c th hnh dung nh l cc
xoy kch c khc nhau, chng ln nhau. Phn ln chuyn ng ri trong lp bin sinh
ra do cc tc ng t mt t. V d st nng mt t ca mt tri to ra nhng
lung kh nng bc ln to thnh cc xoy ln. Ma st dng kh thi qua mt t l
nguyn nhn hnh thnh cc ng sut trn b mt di dng cc chuyn ng ri. Cc
vt cn nh cy ci, cn ct lm chuyn hng lung gi v sinh ri ti khu vc ngay
sau vt cn. Kh nng vn chuyn vt cht trong chuyn ng ri thng ln hn
trong cc chuyn ng khuch tn phn t. Tn sut kh cao ca s xut hin ri gn
mt t l mt trong nhng c im phn bit lp bin vi phn cn li ca kh
quyn.
Lp bin trong: Khi dng kh b thay i bi ma st mt, n cn mt qung
ng thch nghi vi b mt mi. Ti vng chuyn tip do ma st , hnh thnh
lp bin trong. Trong lp bin trong, dng gi thch ng c vi b mt mi. Chiu
cao ca lp bin trong tng dn tim c s chuyn tip ma st b mt. Pha trn
cao ny, lung gi vn thch nghi vi b mt trc khi c s chuyn tip. vng t
ca hnh phc tp, mt ct gi cha mt vi lp bin trong chng ln nhau. Tc
gi theo chiu thng ng s khc nhau khi gp a hnh ny v nu b qua nh hng
ca a hnh th s rt kh phn tch qui lut ca gi v dn n sai s ln do khng
xem xt n ma st b mt.
Mt ct gi: Gi trung bnh ng vai tr chnh trong s vn chuyn ngang (hay
chuyn ng i lu). Ma st lm tc gi trung bnh gim ng k gn mt t.
Trn mt b mt ng nht, v hn viu kin bnh thng, mi quan h gia tc
gi theo cao tun theo quy lut c tn gi lLut tng chn. V tc gi
tng theo logarit ca cao, nn mi quan h ny cn c gi phn b dng logarit.
Dng kh: Thng trn mt t, mt ct gi khng c dng chun logarit v s
sai khc ny ph thuc vo a hnh v nhm b mt. Khi dng khi ngang qua
cc cn ct, phn b tc gi t chn nh khi trn bi bin s b xo trn khi i
qua cn ct. Cc thay i ca a hnh lm tng tc gi trn nh v mt pha bin
ca cc cn ct, lm gim tc di chn cn ct, cng nh mt khut gi ca
cn ct. S tng nhm v pha t lin do mt thc vt tng cng lm gim tc
gi. V vy, tc gi dc theo mt mt ct s rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo mc
tng hay gim ca n. S thay i ny c vai tr quan trng i vi vn chuy n
trm tch do gi. S tng hay gim tc gi cn ph thuc c vo hng gi. Nu
gi vung gc vi cn ct th tc ng ca a hnh ln dng kht gi tr cc i,
nu gi tc ng xin gc vi cn ct th tc ng ca cn ct ln dng kh s b gim
v v vy nh hng ca nn dng kh s nh hn. Nhng cn ct cao c th lm
11
cho dng kh b chuyn hng to ra gi gn chn cn ct v song song vi n.

Trng hp ny, vn chuyn ct vo pha t lin b gim ng k.
b) Thy ng lc hc
Cc qu trnh thung lc hc c th kn nh sng, thy triu, dao ng
mc nc v dng chy, v.v.
Dng chy: Dng chy l s chuyn ng c hng ca cc ht nc. Vn tc
ca dng chy ngang thng c biu din bng knot (knot = hi l/gi). i vi cc
dng chy c vn tc nh ngi ta s dng n v hi l/ngy. Trong cc nghin cu
l thuyt ngi ta quy c dng n v cm/s. Dng chy l vn ng lm vn chuyn
cc khi nc v lm xo trn mnh cc lp nc bin vi dng. Cn c vo cc
lc gy nn dng chy, c th chia chng thnh 3 nhm chnh l:
- Dng chy gradien, l dng chy gy nn bi gradien ngang ca p sut thu
tnh xut hin khi mt bin nm nghing so vi mt ng th. Ty thuc vo nguyn
nhn gy nn nghing ca mt bin c th chia cc dng chy gradien thnh: dng
chy dng rt (l dng chy gy nn bi s dng v rt nc di tc dng ca gi);
dng chy gradien p lc (l dng chy gy nn bi thay i p sut kh quyn); dng
chy b (l dng chy gy nn bi s dng mc nc ven b v cc vng ca sng do
nc sng chy ra) v dng chy mt (l dng chy gy nn bi gradien ngang ca
mt nc). Nu s phn b khng u ca mt nc bin ch l do s phn b
khng u ca nhit nc v mui gy nn, th dng chy sinh ra c gi l
dng chy nhit mui.
- Dng chy gi v dng chy tri: Dng chy tri do tc ng ko theo ca gi
gy nn, cn dng chy gi th do tc ng ca nguyn nhn ni trn v nghing
mt bin to nn di tc dng trc tip ca gi v s phn b li mt do dng chy
tri.
- Dng triu l dng chy do lc to triu gy nn.
Sng to ra gia phng v lng l hiu ng ca cc qu trnh nhiu lon
trong bin. Lu l sng khng lm di chuyn cc ht nc v ti su bng na
bc sng th sng coi nh khng c. Sng c nng lng rt ln, c tnh sng di
vi bin 7 mt to ra nng lng khong 1 triu m lc trn 1 km b bin. y l
mi e da cho mi trng v cc h sinh thi ven bin. Sng c phn ra thnh hai
loi l sng trng thi bin v sng lng. Sng trng thi bin c hnh thnh bi
trng gi cc b v thng kh dc vi di bc sng gp 10-20 ln cao sng.
Khi sng truyn cng xa khi ngun (ni to sng) th dc ca n s gim. Lc
, sng tr nn thp v bc sng kh di (bc sng ln gp 30 500 ln cao
sng) vc gi l sng lng. Mt nhm sng khc gi l sng triu. Loi sng ny
c to bi lc ht ca mt trng v mt tri. Sng triu thuc loi sng c bc
sng rt di c hnh thnh ti dng v c th truyn vo vng bin nng khin
mc nc bin dng v rt mt hoc hai ln trong ngy (cn gi l thy triu). Mc
12
triu khc nhau ng k cc ni khc nhau trn tri t. Ti mt s ni, rt kh nhn

ra dao ng ca thu triu v ln rt nh (v d nha Trung Hi), trong khi
mt s ni khc gi tr ny c th ln ti 7-10m (v d Anchorage, Alaska). Nhm
sng ln nht cn gi l sng thn, c hinh thnh do ng t hoc a chn di
y bin. Nhng con sng ny kh di v cha mt nng lng rt ln. Sng thn rt
nguy him v rt kh nhn bit khi ngoi khi, nhng tin vo b vi cao rt ln,
thi gian rt nhanh gy thit hi rt ln cho vng ven bin.
Thy triu l s vn ng vn ng thng xuyn, c chu k ca cc khi nc
vng vai tr ht sc quan trng i vi i sng, x hi, kinh t ca con ngi v
i vi s sinh sn v pht trin ca cc loi sinh vt; n lm a dng ha cc h sinh
thi va dng sinh hc vng ven bin.
Hnh 1.1. Cc dng chuyn ng chnh ca trm tch trong mt vung gc vi b

(Kraus v Horikwa, 1992)
Mc nc bin l mt b mt hnh ellipsoid bao quanh tri t, tng trng cho
cao ca bin vc dng ly mc v cao ca vt th trn tri t. y l
mc nc trung bnh tng i tnh trong ton nm ca mt vng bin, c xc nh
theo qui nh trong tiu chun quc gia ca mi nc v c cao qui c l "0 mt".
Mc nc bin c ngha rt quan trng i vi i b. Ngy nay, mi e da ln cho
con ngi v cc loi sinh vt l mc nc bin ang dng ln do hu qu ca hin
tng m ln ton cu. Hi ngh lin chnh ph v bin i kh hu do Lin Hp Quc
t chc nm 2007 d bo ti nm 2100, mc nc i dng s dng ln khong
18 n 59 centimet. Nhng nghin cu gn y hn v tc ng ca hin tng bng
tan Nam Cc vo bng cho thy mc tng c tnh s ln n t nht mt mt
vo cui th k ny. Nhng tc ng mnh trn din rng sc nhn ln do tc
ng ca bo nhit i cng vi vic tht thot cc khu rng t nhin nh hin tng
cc rng c, cc h sinh thi ven b b mt dn i.
13
Cc qu trnh ng lc hc v hnh thi vng ven b b chi phi bi hai hin

tng chnh l gi v thy triu. Gi trc tip vn chuyn ct cc bi ct kh v
to sng, dng chy vo dao ng mc nc, cn thy triu th to ra s ln xung
tun hon ca mc nc v cc dng triu. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, vn chuyn
bn ct v s thay i a hnh v hnh dng ng bc sinh ra trc tip do nh
hng ca gi v dng chy, mc d trong mt s trng hp nht nh, khng th
khng ni n nh hng ca gi.
Vn chuyn bn ct mnh nht xy ra vng gn b, ni sng b v khi truyn
vo vng nc nng. Khi sng v, nng lng sng b phn tn v to nn chuy n
ng ri. Sng lm tng mc nc trung bnh ti vng sng v gi l sng v b. Mt
phn sng dn ln v rt xung theo dc b. Khi sng dn ln, nc ngm vo bi
ct v chy xung khi sng rt, mang theo bn ct.
Phn nh ca sng v to ra s vn chuyn nc vo b. Theo s liu o c,
chuyn ng ca nc vo b cn bng bi vn chuyn ra bin ca lp nc thp hn
thng gi l dng ngc. V bn cht, dng chy t b ra bin c th xem l dng do
sng dn nc vo b gy nn. Khi sng truyn vo b vi mt gc xin no , hin
tng sng v s to ra dng chy dc b (cn gi l dng ven b).
Vn tc quo ca sng, dng chy vc bit l chuyn ng ri ca nc
trong vng sng v lm cho bn ct b bt ln khi y v l lng trong dng nc.
Dng chy s mang bn ct theo hng vung gc vi b bin. Dng ngc t b ra
bin s mang cc ht bn ct l lng ra xa hn. Mt qu trnh vn chuyn vo b khc
xy ra lp st y do tnh khng i xng ca chuyn ng quo sng. Pha ngoi
vng sng v, tnh khng i xng ca sng cng to nn s vn chuyn bn ct vo
b v trng lc c th l yu t cn tr qu trnh .
Vn chuyn dc b nhng vng gn b ch yu c thc hin bi dng chy
do sng v gi sinh ra. Vi cao khc nhau, sng b v nhng su khc nhau,
sinh ra dng ven kh lin tc v to ra phn b bn ct khc nhau trn hng vung
gc vi b trong qu trnh vn chuyn dc b. Dng triu kt hp vi chiu chuyn
ng quo do sng lm cho cc ht bn ct bt ln khi y v sau vn chuyn
dc theo b. Cn bng gia lng bn ct n v lng bn ct ra khi mt ct no
ph thuc vo su v hnh dng b bin. S mt cn bng ny (c th do tc ng
ca con ngi) l nguyn nhn dn n cc qu trnh thay i t nhin, chng hn nh
s hnh thnh cc cn ct ngm hay cc mit nh ra bin. V d vic xy cc cng
trnh nh k m hn, chn sng thng gy bi pha trc trn ng vn chuy n
ca bn ct v gy xi l cc on b pha sau. Lin quan n cc qu trnh ng
lc, hnh thi hc ny, cn phn bit cc tc ng ngn hn v lu di. Chng hn, do
s thay i theo ma ca cc iu kin thu lc, c th xy ra bin ng ca b bin
trong thi hn ngn, m khng nht thit p dng cc bin php khc phc mang tnh
lu di.
14
Sn nh lu di ca b bin mang tnh cht n nh ng vi tnh trng bt n

nh ngn hn thng xuyn xy ra. Vi cc on b bin thoi, hin tng xi xy ra
trong thi gian ngn v ko di lin tc. iu ny c minh ha trn hnh 1.2.
Hnh 1.2. Mc thay i ca v trng b (Terwindt v Kroon, 1993).

c) a ng lc hc
Cc qu trnh a ng lc hc do s mt n nh va cht nh st ln, nng
ln ca mt t, ng t, ha lng v trt l.
St ln t l hin tng rt nguy hi cho i sng x hi ca loi ngi v ph
v s cn bng sinh thi va dng sinh hc. Theo mt nghin cu c cng b mi
y, 2/3 s chu th ln trn th gii, ni c ng ca gn na t ngi, ang c nguy
c b ln hoc s b nc bin nhn chm. Nhng pht hin mi ny da trn nhng
hnh nh chp t v tinh cho thy, 28 trong s 33 chu th rng nht th gii hng
chu nhng trn lt nghim trng trong mt thp k qua v gy nh hng xu n
tng s 260 ngn km vung din tch chu th, ven bin v con s ny s tng ln rt
ln trong th k ny nu mc nc bin dng ln do tc ng ca bin i kh hu.
Nguyn nhn chnh gy ln hin tng st ln t c bn l do hot ng ca con
ngi nh khai thc khong sn, du m, nc ngm, xy p ngn nc. Ngoi ra, n
cn do a chn nn lm thay i cu trc lng t v gy nn hin tng st ln.
t tri, hay cn gi l s nng ln ca b mt t, xut hin nhiu nhng khu
vc bng tan nhiu. Hin tng ny c gii thch l: khi khi lng bng nng
ln mt t, lm t b ln xung, sau khi bng tan ra do kh nng tn hi ca t,
t c nng ln v d mc nc bin tng ln do bng tuyt tan ra, nhng mc
nc dng thp hn mc t tri. V tht tri ln cao hn. Hin tng t tri
ny xy ra Juneau, thuc Alaska (M). mt s khu vc khc nh Bangladesh,
ngi ta i u ch nh dng nc t th ng ngun ra nh ng khu v c th p lpt
15
ph sa nng cao ln v gim nh hng ca mc nc bin tng cao. Cn Alaska,

cc nh khoa hc ghi nhn, trong vng 200 nm qua t c nng ln 3m so
vi mc nc bin. H qu ca t tri l lm nc bin rt xa lm tt gim mch
nc ngm, lm kh cc dng chy v vng m ly, t tri ln t nc v chim ch
nhng vng m t. Hiu ng ny cn lm thay i gii hn in th, khin cc c
dn tranh lun bit xem ai s s hu nhng din tch t mi pht sinh ny v s
dng ra sao. Ngoi ra, nc bng tan mang theo cc lp cn lng khin cc dng chy
tr nn nng cn hn, hn ch s di chuyn ca tu b. iu quan trng hn l nhng
thay i v mt a hnh ny e da cc h sinh thi.
ng t l hin tng do nhnga mng nm k cn v di chuyn theo nhng
phng hng khc nhau vi nhng vn tc vi cm mi nm. Khi di chuyn, chng c
thm xo vo nhau, mt mng s chm vo bn di mng kia, hoc chng c th di
chuyn chn p bn nhau. Ranh gii hay mt tip xc gia hai a mng chnh l ni
ng t xy ra. ai la Thi Bnh Dng (Pacific Ring of Fire), ni mng v bi n
Pacific chm bn di cc v lc a Nam M, Bc M v pha bng; bn di v
lc a chu v pha b Ty l ni ghi nhn nhiu hotng a chn cng nh ni
la hin nay. Hin tng ng t xy ra lm nh hng ln n s pht trin kinh t,
ph hy cc cng trnh nhn to vt nhiu nh hng n h sinh thi v mi trng.
Do cc qu trnh trn, din mo b bin lun lun b thay i theo thi gian v
khng gian. S tin trin ca a mo l kt qu tt yu ca nhng thay i ca vn
chuyn bn ct theo khng gian v thi gian (Steetrel,1993). Khi s vn chuyn bn ct
t thy bin s nng ln v ngc li khi vn chuyn trm tch tng th n s b xi
mn. khu vc b bin, s tin trin a mo thng c phn nh bng s thay i
v trng b m l yu t quyt nh cho vic tin hnh cc bin php, cng trnh
chng xi l b bin. S tin trin a mo c th phn thnh hai loi - di hn v ngn
hn. S phn bit r rng gia hai loi tin trin ny theo quan nim thi gian l khng
tn ti. Tuy nhin, khi nghin cu s xi l b bin v nhng bin php bo v tng
ng, ngi ta thng nghn khong thi gian no (c th vi nm, c th vi chc
nm hoc hn). Phm vi thi gian i vi s tin trin ngn hn c th rt khc nhau.
i khi, s thay i va mo trong mt cn bo, mt trn l lt li rt ng k, trong
khi thay i iu kin sng hng nm li chc th dn n nhng thay i i mo
mang tnh ngn hn (thay i theo ma). a ra c quyt nh lin quan n cc
bin php bo v b bin, vic xem xt nhng din bin di hn rt quan trng, mc d
quyt nh c thc hin i vi s tin trin ngn hn. V d, b bin v lu di c
th b xi l, nhng v tr ca ng b vn cn n nh trong nhng iu kin bnh
thng. Tuy nhin mt cn bo hay trn l lt c th gy ra nhng nh hng tc thi,
thu hp bi bin hay gy xi l cc cn ct mc khng chp nhn c; v vy cn c
ngay cc bin php bo v b bin. iu ny c ngha l xi l b bin di hn s lm
cho b bin khng cn kh nng duy trc s thay i ngn hn. R rng, t hp ca
s xi l gy ra bi c cc hnh thc vn chuyn dc b v giao b hon ton c th xy
ra. Ni chung, nhng din bin bt li di hn din ra t t, nhng lin tc (tng nm)
gy ra tnh trng xi l khng th phc hi ca bi bin v cc cn ct. Ngc li vi
16
xi l di hn, xi l ngn hn din ra khng thng xuyn do s kin nguy him t xy

ra (nh nc dng do bo v cc trn bo bin). Hn na, nhng thay i ng k ca
mt ct b bin trong trng hp ch gii hn nhng phn trn cao ca mt ct nh
bi v cn ct v ch din ra trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn. Trong trng hp
khng c s thay i vn chuyn bn ct dc b hay tng khi lng bn ct nm gia
hai mt ct s khng i, mc d c s bin i mt ct sau bo do xi l cc b trn b
mt cn ct. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, s xi l ny ch tm thi v mt ct bi
bin s dn n c phc hi sau bo, m v nguyn tc t nhiu dng cn bng.
d) Sinh thi ng lc hc
Cc qu trnh sinh thi ng lc hc m t nhng thay i xy ra trong h sinh
thi do cc qu trnh nh: qu trnh khng lc hc (nh tng tc kh quyn - bin
hoc s vn chuyn bn ct do gi); qu trnh thung lc hc; qu trnh hnh thi
ng lc hc (nh tng tc gia vn chuyn bn ct v cc thay i a hnh y bin
v hnh thi ng b); qu trnh a ng lc hc do s mt n nh va cht (nh
st ln, nng ln ca mt t, ng t, ho lng v trt l).
1.1.3. Ti nguyn vng ven bin
a) Ti nguyn t nhin
Khi nim
Ton b gi tr vt cht sn c trong t nhin (nh nguyn liu, nhin liu, vt liu
do t nhin to ra m loi ngi c th khai thc v s dng trong sn xut v phc v
i sng), l nhng iu kin cn thit cho s tn ti ca x hi loi ng. Tt c nhng
dng vt cht khi cha c hiu bit, khai thc, s dng th cha c gi l ti nguyn
t nhin m ch liu kin t nhin hay mi trng t nhin. V th, ti nguyn t
nhin mang tnh cht x hi vc x hi ho. Nh vy, ngun ti nguyn t nhin
lun lun c m rng vi s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi. Ti nguyn t nhin c
th thu c t mi trng t nhin, c s dng trc tip nh khng kh, nc, cc
loi sinh vt c trong t nhin v cng c th s dng gin tip thng qua cc qu trnh
khai thc v ch bin nh cc loi khong sn, t ai sn xut ra cc sn phm
nhm tho mn nhu cu v vt cht v tinh thn ca con ngi.
Hng nm, con ngi ly ra t mi trng t nhin khong 35 - 40 t tn nguyn
vt liu. Cc dng ti nguyn t nhin ch yu bao gm: cc ngun nng lng (nng
lng mt tri, nng lng gi, nng lng thu triu, nhit trong lng t), khng kh,
nc, t ai, khong sn, sinh vt, vv. Ti nguyn t nhin l t liu sn xut bao qut
nht, liu kin khng th thiu ca hot ng sn xut ca x hi.
Ti nguyn vng b l nhng ti nguyn hnh thnh v phn b trong vng b.
Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin loi ngi gn lin vi vic s dng ti nguyn thin
nhin. Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc v cng ngh, nhn thc v ti nguyn thin
nhin ca con ngi cng c thay i. Ban u, ngi ta quan nim ti nguyn thin
nhin l nh ng d ng v t ch t c th c a t nhin m con ngi c th s d ng ch
17
tc ra cc vt dng hng ngy phc v cho chnh cuc sng ca h. y l quan nim
c bit n theo ngha hp v hon ton trc quan. Cho nn, ch nhng dng vt cht
nhn thy nh cy ci, qung hoc chim, th... mi c hiu l ti nguyn. Cn nhng
yu t khng nhn thy c nh cc chc nng, gi tr sinh thi v dch v ca mt h
t nhin no th khng c xp vo quan nim trn (Nguyn Chu Hi, 2003).
Qu trnh pht trin ca x hi loi ngi, cng vi nhng tin b vt bc ca
khoa hc v cng ngh, quan nim v ti nguyn thin nhin thay i vc hiu
theo ngha rng. Quan nim mi cho rng:
Ti nguyn thin nhin l ton b cc dng vt cht hu dng cho con
ngi, cng nh cc yu t t nhin m con ngi c th s dng trc tip
hoc gin tip phc v cho chnh s pht trin ca h.
Theo quan nim ny, ti nguyn thin nhin cng l nhng hp phn ca mi
trng t nhin v cc dng phi vt cht m con ngi c th s dng trc tip hay
gin tip. Nh vy, cc dng vt cht v cc hp phn ca mi trng t nhin khng
hu dng hoc ngc li c th gy tc hi cho s sng v pht trin th khng c
quan nim l ti nguyn thin nhin (Ruth A. Eblen, 1994).
Ti nguyn t nhin phn bkhng ng u trn tri t. Mt s nc c ngun
ti nguyn phong ph va dng nh Hoa K, Nga, cc nc Chu u, xtrylia, vv l
iu kin tt cc nc ny pht trin nhanh v mnh. Bn cnh mt s nc khc
Chu Phi, Chu , Chu M Latinh ct ti nguyn t nhin hn, kh hu khc nghit
vt ai km ph nhiu hn, y l nguyn nhn lm cho cc nc ny chm pht trin
hn.
Mc d ti nguyn t nhin nhn chung rt phong ph, a dng v thm ch l v
tn (i vi cc ngun ti nguyn phc hi), nhng nu s dng khng hp l thn
mt lc no s vt qu kh nng t phc hi, ti to i vi cc ngun ti nguyn
phc hi v cn kit i vi cc ngun ti nguyn khng phc hi. Chnh v th, vn
bo v v s dng hp l ti nguyn t nhin c ngha rt ln cho s pht trin bn
vng.
Phn loi
Tu thuc mc ch nghin cu hoc qun l m ngi ta c th phn loi ti
nguyn t nhin theo cc tiu chun khc nhau nh:
- Theo ngun gc ca ti nguyn: Bao gm ti nguyn sinh vt (cy ci, c tm,
cua, v.v) v ti nguyn phi sinh vt (du kh, kh ga, nc, khng kh, v.v).
- Theo bn cht tn ti: Bao gm ti nguyn ti to (sinh vt, nc ngt, t. v.v)
v ti nguyn khng ti to (Khong sn, ngun gen ca mt loi ng vt no nu b
khai thc n mc tuyt chng, v.v).
18
- Theo mc s dng; Bao gm ti nguyn nguyn khai v ti nguyn b khai

thc.
- Theo bn cht khai thc: Bao gm ti nguyn tiu hao (cc loi khong sn) v
ti nguyn khng tiu hao (nng lng mt tri, khng kh).
- Theo cng dng kinh t: Bao gm ti nguyn nng nghip, ti nguyn cng
nghip, ti nguyn du lch, ti nguyn bin, ti nguyn t, v.v
Ti nguyn sinh vt bao gm cc dng sng ca th gii hu sinh nh; tm c, to,
ng vt ph du... Ti nguyn sinh vt c thc xem xt di cc kha cnh: a dng
sinh hc loi v h sinh thi, ngun li hi sn v tim nng nui trng.
Ngc li vi ti nguyn sinh vt l ti nguyn phi sinh vt, bao gm cc dng vt
cht ca th gii v sinh nh: qung kim loi, t, , du kh, vt liu xy dng, nng
lng bin, du lch, tim nng pht trin cng, v tim nng v th.
Ti nguyn ti to l ti nguyn c th t duy tr hoc t b sung mt cch lin tc
khi c s dng qun l mt cch hp l. Tuy nhin, nu s dng khng hp l, ti
nguyn ti to c th b suy thoi n mc nghim trng v khng th ti to c. V
d: nc c th b nhim; t c th b mn ho, bc mu, xi mn; ti nguyn thy
sn c th b khai thc cn kit v mt s loi sinh vt b tuyt chng v.v.
Ti nguyn khng ti to l loi ti nguyn tn ti hu hn trong mt khong thi
gian no , s mt i hoc bin i sau qu trnh s dng. Chng hn, cc loi ti
nguyn khong sn c th cn kit sau khi khai
thc nh than, du kh, thic, st, v.v
Ti nguyn khng khi phc c bao
gm cc loi khong sn ang c khai thc
s dng trong cng nghip. S hnh thnh
cc ti nguyn khong sn phi mt hng triu
nm. V th, cc ti nguyn ny khi khai thc
cn kit th khng phc hi c.
Ti nguyn c kh nng phc hi nht
trng, cc loi ng vt v thc vt. Nu s dng hp l th ph nhiu ca t khng
nhng c phc hi mt cn cth mu m hn. Ti nguyn sinh vt cng c th
c ti to v pht trin nu c khai thc v qun l tt.
Ti nguyn khng b hao kit nh nng lng mt tri, khng kh, nc Khng
kh v nc c lng rt ln n mc con ngi khng th s dng lm cho chng cn
kit c. Tuy nhin, ti nguyn nc khng phn bu gia cc vng trn tri t
nhiu vng ang phi i mt vi tnh trng thiu nc ngt, c bit l thiu nc sch.
Sinh thi vng ven bin
19
Vng ven bin l vng chuyn tip tnh hng phn t lin sang nh hng
ca bin. Thy triu, sng, ngun nc ngt t sng ra bin v vng nc nng to
nn mt mi trng vi cc iu kin thng xuyn thay i. Trong mi trng, c
nhiu trng thi, t nc mn ti nc ngt, t cng ti ht t mn, t sng ti ti,
t vng nc c ti vng nc trong, t vng nc ng ti vng nc chy, t
trng thi chm ti trng thi ni. Phn h hu sinh ni y bao gm cc h sinh thi
vi cc qun x v cng a dng, thch nghi vi iu kin sng ti vng chuyn tip
ny. Phn h hu sinh thch ng vi tnh a dng v nng sut sinh hc ni tri lc
im ca vng ven bin. L ni tp trung cc h sinh thi, hai phn ba h sinh thi i
dng tp trung vng ven bin v ba phn t tng nng sut sinh hc (gC/m2) s cp
cng tp trung y. Tnh t vng ni cao n vng bin su nht th vng ven bin l
ni c nng sut sn xut sinh hc ti u. H sinh thi ven bin cng to iu kin tt
cho cc chc nng sinh thi v to ra cc mt hng t nhin cho con ngi. Vic duy
tr h sinh thi ny c th phc v cho cc chc nng sinh thi t nhin liu
khng th thiu pht trin bn vng h sinh thi ca tri t.
Cc h sinh thi c trng
H sinh thi rn san h:
Rn san h l cu trc aragonit c to bi cc c th sng. Cc rn san h
thng c thy cc vng bin nhit i nng m trong nc ct hoc khng c
dinh dng.
H sinh thi rn san h l tng canxicacbonat ln c hnh thnh qua nhiu th
k t san h, to v cc sinh vt tit ra canxicacbonat khc. iu kin thun li pht
trin rn san h l nhit nc trn 180C, su nh hn 50 m, mn n nh
36, nng bn ct thp, ngun nc khng b nhim v c nn y tng i
cng.
Hnh 1.3: Phn b h sinh thi rn san h trn th gii

S phn b ca cc h sinh thi rn san h tp trung khu vc hai bn ng
xch o tri t v 30 Bc n 30 Nam. Rn san h ngm c tnh bao ph trn
20
284.300 km. Vng bin n - Thi Bnh Dng (bao gm Hng Hi, n
Dng, ng Nam v Thi Bnh Dng) chim 91,9% tng s. Trong , ng
Nam chim 32,3%, Thi Bnh Dng 40,8% (Spalding, Mark, Corinna Ravilious,
and Edmund Green, 2001).
Vit Nam nm trong vng a dng san h ln nht th gii, ciu kin t nhin
ni chung l thun li cho s pht trin ca san h to rn. Tuy nhin, chn phn mi
trong s hn 1000 km2 rn san h Vit Nam ang tnh trng nguy cp, 96% san h
be da, trong 75% be da nghim trng v rt nghim trng (B Ti nguyn
v Mi trng).
Cc rn san h v di san h c chc nng chn sng t nhin, bo v cc
vng b thp trnh xi mn. Cc rn san h cng gp
phn vo vic bi tch t thng qua vic bi p thm
ct vo cc bi bin. Bn cnh , cc rn san h cng
l mi trng tt cc loi thy sinh sinh sn v pht
trin nh c rn, tm, tm hm, hi sm, v.v.
Ngoi ra, vi vp t nhin, s phong ph v
mt sinh hc, a dng v mu sc t nhin, vng nc
trong lnh l nhng c im tt chng tr thnh San h ti Khu bo v h sinh thi
bin Rn Tro, x Vn Hng, huyn
cc khu vc gii trc u chung trn th gii.
Vn Ninh, tnh Khnh Ha. nh:
MCD
H sinh thi rng ngp mn:

L thut ng m t h sinh thi thuc vng nhit i v cn nhit i hnh thnh
trn nn cc thc vt vng triu vi t hp ng, thc vt c trng. Trong h sinh thi
ny, cc ng, thc vt, vi sinh vt trong t v mi trng t nhin c lin kt vi
nhau thng qua qu trnh trao i cht vng ha nng lng.
Rng ngp mn in hnh ca

min Bc Vit Nam.
Rng ngp mn in hnh ca

min Nam Vit Nam.
21
Hnh 1.4: Phn b rng ngp mn trn th gii (Mu xanh: Tng din tch rng ngp
mn, mu : din tch rng ngp mn b ph hy, mu bc: Din tch rng ngp mn
cn li)
Rng ngp mn phn b ch yu trong cc vng ca sng, ven bin nhit i v
cn nhit i hai bn ng Xch o (t 250 Bc n 250 Nam). Tng din tch rng
ngp mn trn th gii c tnh khong 15.429.000ha, trong c 6.246.000ha thuc
Chu nhit i v Chu i dng, 5.781.000 ha Chu M nhit i v
3.402.000ha thuc Chu Phi.
Vit Nam c nhiu iu kin thun li cho rng ngp mn sinh trng v pht
trin, c bit l vng ven bin ng bng Nam b. Trc chin tranh, rng ngp mn
nc ta chim din tch tng i ln, khong 400.000ha (Maurand, 1943), trong
vng Nam b chim 250.000ha. Hai vng c rng ngp mn tp trung l bn o C
Mau khong 150.000ha v Rng st (khu vc Bin Ha v Tp H Ch Minh) khong
40.000ha. Do khai thc rng ly than, g, ci qu mc nn din tch rng gi m
nhanh chng, n cui nm 1960 rng ngp m n ch cn ba phn t din tch. T nm
1962 -1971 cuc chin tranh ha hc ca M hy dit khong 104.123 ha, trong
52% mi C Mau v41% Rng st. n nay h sinh thi rng ngp mn nc ta
b ph hy nghim trng, nguyn nhn ch yu l khai thc qu mc, ph rng lm
ao nui trng thy sn, xy dng cc khu cng nghip, khu dn c.
Mi trng thun li cho h sinh thi rng ngp mn pht trin lt ngp nc,
ngun khong v cc b sung cho h sinh thi thng qua qu trnh trao i nc
t sng v bin, v qu trnh phn hy cht v c do vi sinh vt v cc loi ng vt.
22
Cc qun x rng ngp mn c nhiu li ch trong h sinh thi ln hn ni chng

sng. im ni bt nht l sn xut ra mt lng ln sinh khi v cc cht b - nhng
th theo dng nc mang i lm giu cho mi trng ven bin. Nhng mnh vn ny
s l ngun thc n cho nhiu loi ng vt. H sinh thi rng ngp mn cn l ni tr
n v pht trin ca cc loi ng vt trn cn v di nc, l l chn sng, bo cho
vng t lin, lc my lc nc khng l v c tc dng ln trong vic bo v cht
lng nc thng qua kh nng t tch cht dinh dng ra khi nc. Bn cnh ,
rng ngp mn cn h tr mt s hot ng thng mi v cc li ch c bit cho
cng ng c dn ven bin.
H sinh thi c bin:
C bin phn b rng nhiu vng ven
bin nhit i vn i c nn nc nng,
nc trong v khng c sng mnh. N khng
pht trin nhng vng bin c nng lng
sng mnh c bit l trong v gn vng bin
c sng cn, sng v hoc vng ca sng
nhp lu ca nhiu dng sng ln c mang
theo nhiu bn ct.
Cng ging nh h sinh thi rng ngp
mn v rn san h, h sinh thi c bin cng
tp trung phn ln vng nhit i vn i. Theo s liu thng k cha y ca
Trung tm gim st bo v th gii (WCMC) thuc Chng trnh mi trng LHQ
(Unep), din tch c bin trn th gii hin vo khong 177.000km2. Tuy nhin, con
s ny khng y do cha c mt cuc kho st no ngoi khi b bin pha ty
ca chu Phi v M Latinh.
Vit Nam, c bin phn b dc theo b bin, t Bc cho ti Nam, vng triu
ven bin, ven o, vng ca sng, rng ngp mn, m ph, vng, vnh vi din tch
c tnh 16.000ha.
23
Hnh 1.5: Phn b c bin trn th gii

Vai tr ca ca qun x c bin trong h sinh thi ven bin l cung cp mi
trng sng cho nhiu loi c, ng vt khng xng sng v cc ng vt khc, cung
cp ngun thc n cho cac sinh vt nh c vnh vin hoc tm thi . Ngoi ra, l
c cn thu gi cc trm tch v cng lm gim dng chy v tc ng ca sng, do
c tc dng n nh mi trng, chng xi mn. H thng r lin kt cc trm tch v
ngn cn s ti to cc th vn, v c bin cng bo v rn san h bng cch lin kt
trm tch v lm sch nc.
Tuy nhin, c bin ang b hu hoi dn dn bi cc cht dinh dng v trm
tch do con ngi ra bin, tu b, ln t, hot ng no vt v mt s phng php
nh bt c. Ed Green, mt thnh vin tham gia lp bn c bin, cho bit Hin c
bin chc bo v mt vi ni. Chng ta bit rng v s c s dng c bin cho
mt giai on ngn song quan trng trong vng i ca chng. Chng ta cng dn
thc c vai tr ca c bin i vi cc chu k carbon i dng v khhu cng
nh bo v b bin. Kh c tho c gi tr kinh t thc s ca chng".
H sinh thi vng ca sng vm ph:
Ca sng l vng nc ven bin na khp kn, lin kt t do vi bin khi v
trong nc bin trn ln nc ngt c
a n tt lin.
m ph l mt khong nc nng gn
bin hoc thng vi bin v mt phn hoc
hon ton tch ra khi bin bi mt di t hp,
di v thp, rn san h, o chn sng, bi ct
hoc mi t. Cc khu vc m ph ven bin
chim 13% b bin trn thgii v c nng
sut cao (Knoppers, 1994). Do v tr ca chng
phn b bao gm c trn t lin v giao din
vi bin, m ph ven bin l khu chuyn tip
24
Ph Tam Giang, Tha Thin-Hu
quan trng cung cp cc h sinh thi, cc dch v thit yu cho con ngi (Levin et
al,2001).
Mi trng ca sng vm ph l nhng v din hnh ca nhng h sinh thi
kt hp, cn bng gia cc thnh phn vt l v sinh hc. H thng ny bao gm nhiu
h thng con lin kt vi nhau do chu trnh thy triu v dng nc theo chu trnh thu
vn. C hai cung cp nng lng h tr cho ton b h thng ny. Ca sng l mi
trng khng n nh cho hn hp ca nc ngt v nc mn bin i. Do cc iu
kin vt l ca sng hay tht thng, tnh a dng loi y tng i thp. Tuy
nhin, iu kin thc n rt thun li v do ca sng giu v sinh khi. Ca sng v
m ph c mc nng sut cao. Nng sut thay i theo v, ma v mt s yu t
vt l v ho hc quan trng ca h sinh thi.
Ca sng vm ph c nhiu chc nng t nhin quan trng nh cung cp
ngun cht dinh dng v cht hu c cho cc vng nc ngt v vng ven bin thng
qua hot ng thu triu; l mi trng sng cho nhiu loi thy sn vng vt thn
gip c gi tr thng mi, gii tr v la im thun li cho c trng, sinh trng
v pht trin hoc ng ging cho nhiu loi c c vy, ng vt thn gip v nhi u
loi di c.
H sinh thi m ly nc mn:
Cc m ly nc mn ven bin l mi
trng nm gia khu vc thu triu ln v xung,
l ni cht nn phn ln l bn v c nhiu thc
vt nc mn. Cc m ly nc mn pht trin
ph bin vng ven bin nng lng thp thuc
v trung bnh v cao, cn vng nhit i v
nhit i chng b thay th bng cc qun x
cy ngp mn. Mt vng m ly n nh thng
cung cp ngun nng lng h tr cho cc vng
ln cn c nng sut thp hn.
m Tr
S xut hin cc vng m ly nc mn do iu kin a l t nhin vng ven

bin chi phi, v mi trng bn ch c th tch lu ni hot ng sng hn ch. Do
vy, cc bi bn v vng m ly thng thy cc vng, vnh, ca sng b che chn,
ch khut ca cc o v mi t. Tuy nhin, cng thy cc m nc mn tn ti
cc vng nng v rng ven bin. Bn ct tch lu phn ven bin vm c th pht
trin thnh m ly nc mn hoc rng ngp mn. y c mt tng tc hu nh
khng i gia khi nc v vng m ly. Mi tng tc ny c to thun li bi
mt mng cc knh rch. Do vy nc, cc cht ho tan, cc cht l lng hoc ho tan
v cc sinh vt i qua. Cc loi c thng l sinh vt sn xut s cp u th, di khi
c cc loi thc vt cy bi thp thay th c.
25
Vng m ly cng vi bi thu triu v rng ngp mn l ni dng chn i vi

cc loi chim di tr k c chim nc. Vng m ly nc mn cng h tr cho ngh
nh c ngoi khi v l vng lu gi vt cht tri ni do bo.
H sinh thi bi thy triu:
Vng triu l vng khng ngp nc mt
khong thi gian trong ngy theo chu k thy triu,
vi cc yu t t nhin thay i do nc v khng
kh chi phi. Qun x sinh vt thch nghi mi trng
ny v s lin kt gia sinh vt v mi trng to
nn h sinh thi bi thy triu.
Bi triu Giao Thy, Nam nh
Bi thu triu l vng khng c thc vt v thu triu ln xung theo chu k bao
gm nht triu, bn nht triu v hn hp triu. Thy triu l yu t quan trng nht
tc ng ln cc sinh vt bi thy triu. Vng ny c th l bi bn hoc bi ct tu
thuc vo th ca vt cht to nn chng. Nhng mi trng sng ny thng thy
kt hp vi cc vng m ly nc mn, rng ngp mn v bi bin nm pha t
lin ca bi thu triu. mc thu triu thp, mi trng thun li cho cc qun x
y mm v cc bi c bin pht trin. Cc bi thu triu c nng sut sinh hc ln to
ngun thc n cho cc loi sinh vt ln hn nh chim v c, l ni dng chn cho cc
loi chim nc di tr.
Vng triu c vai tr rt quan trng trong h sinh thi nc mn bao gm cc
chc nng nh: l ni c tr, sinh sng ca cc loi sinh vt bin (hai mnh v, rong,
to, v.v); l ni cung cp ngun li kinh t v cng l ni din ra qu trnh trao i
cht, nng lng, to nn ngun sinh khi ln trong h sinh thi; l ni cung cp nng
sut s cp cho vng ca sng, lm tng tnh a dng vng ca sng. Hn na, h sinh
thi vng thy triu gp phn vo vic iu ha kh hu thng qua cc thm thc vt.
Ngoi ra, h sinh thi ny cn c vai tr quan trng trong chu trnh dinh dng.
H sinh thi bi bin:
H sinh thi ny a dng t bi cui, si chim
u th vi s lng hn ch thc vt vng vt.
Nng sut sinh hc ca h sinh thi ny khng cao
do hn ch s lng vi sinh vt sinh sng. y l
vng c bit c ngha cho cc loi ra bin, nhn
bin v cc loi chim bin khc sinh sn v pht
trin.
Bi bin thuc VQG Ni

Cha, Ninh Thun
b) Ti nguyn nc ngt
Nc l mi trng thnh phn, l thnh phn mi trng quan trng khng th
thiu trong h sinh thi mi trng. Mi trng nc duy tr s sng, s trao i cht,
s cn bng sinh thi trn ton cu. Bn thn mi trng nc l dng mi trng y
, c 3 thnh phn chnh l nc, cht ha tan v cht kh. Nc cc dng khc
26
nhau nh nc ngt, nc mn, nc l, nc ao h, sng ngi, nc ng bng

tuyt, hi nc v nc ngm.
Chu trnh nc ton cu n t nhiu ngun khc nhau nh sng ngi, ma, bng
tuyt, nc ngm, hi nc trong khng kh. Chu trnh nc l mt chu trnh tu n
hon: Nc t bin vt lin bc hi trn b mt ln khng trung, gp lnh s ngng
t thnh my, my thp to ra nhng ht nc ln dn n ma. nhng khu vc c
nhit thp, nc ma to thnh bng tuyt. Ngc li nhng khu vc c nhit
cao, nc ma s chy xung nhng ch trng, ao h, sng sui, bin vi dng
sau tr li chu k tun hon ca n. Mt phn nc ma trn b mt t lin s
ngm xung t v b sung vo ngun nc ngm. Chu trnh nc ton cu quyt nh
kh nng cung cp nc ngt cho con ngi, hot ng nng nghip, thy in v cc
hot ng khc. Trong thc t, nc ngt v nc ma phn b khng ng u ph
thuc vo cc yu t nh kh hu, a hnh, vng a l, v.v. Chnh v th, c nhng
ni ngun nc ngt rt di do nhng c nhng ni thiu nc ngt hoc nc km
cht lng, nht l nhng vng c lng ma trung bnh hng nm thp v dn s
cao.
Hnh 1.6: Mc bao ph nc ngt c th lm nc ung trn th gii

(WHO/UNICEF, 2006)
Khi lng nc trn tri t c tnh khong 1385 triu Km3, trong nc
mn chim khong 97,5%, 2,5% cn li l nc ngt cho cy ci, ng vt v con
ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, gn 90% lng nc ngt ny khng th s dng v chng
tn ti di dng bng tuyt 2 cc ca tri t. Khong 0,26% (93.000 km3) lng
nc ngt trn tri t c th dng c cho con ngi v cc loi sinh vt khc v
khong 0,014% c th dng lm nc ung, phn ln lng nc ny l my v
ngun nc ngm. Nh vy, chng ta thy rng, lng nc ngt trn b mt tri t
khng thc s ln v nc l ngun ti nguyn t nhin c th phc hi. Tuy nhin,
nu qun l tt ngun nc c th b nhim v hu qu ca n l thiu nc sch cho
27
cc hot ng ca x hi nh sn xut nng nghip, cng nghip, thy sn v c nc

sinh hot ca con ngi.
Nc ngt trn tri t c s dng vo ba mc ch chnh l sn xut nng
nghip khong 69%, phc v cc ngnh cng nghip khong 23%, nc ung v sinh
hot khong 8%. Mc tiu th nc ngt ca con ngi l khc nhau cc quc
gia/vng khc nhau. Lng nc tiu th trung bnh trn u ngi mi nm Bc
M khong 1,280m3, cc nc Chu u v Australia khong 694m3, Cc nc Asian
khong 535m3, Nam M 311m3 v Chu Phi l 186m3. Bn cnh , lng nc ngt
tiu th trn u ngi mi nm ang b suy gim nhanh chng.
S gia tng dn sng ngha vi mc tiu th nc tng v lm gim mc
lng nc cung cp trn u ngi. Do , s dn n tnh trng thiu nc ngt
nhiu quc gia v vng lnh th trn th gii. Vo nm 1989, khong 9.000
m3/ngi/nm; n nm 2000 con s ny gim xung ch
cn 7800 m3/ngi/nm. Hng nm, dn s th gii tng
ln khong 80 triu ngi (tng ng dn s Vit Nam),
ko theo l nhu cu s dng nc ngt cng tng ln, c
tnh mi nm khong 64 t m3. Mt quc gia c th ni l
cng thng v vn nc ngt khi kh nng cung cp
di 1,700m3/ngi/nm, nu nh
hn
3
1.000m /ngi/nm c coi l ngun nc b khan him.
Theo ch s ny, th vo nm 1995 c ti 31 quc gia
vi 0,5 t ngi c xp vo tnh trng cng thng v
khan him nc, n nm 2025 s l 48 quc gia vi gn 3
t ngi v nm 2050 l 54 quc gia vi 4 t ngi s b
Git nc cui cng
thiu nc ngt (Gardner-Outlaw v Engelman, 1997)
28
Hnh 1.7: Ngun nc ngt trn u ngi mi nm theo cc vng chu th trn
th gii.
Song song vi dn s tng cao v ngun nc ngt ngy cng khan him, gi
nc tiu dng cng khng ngng tng ln. Gi nc ung tng ln mi vng, mi
quc gia rt khc nhau, ty thuc vo kh nng cung cp..
29
Hnh 1.8: Gi nc ung trung bnh mt s quc gia (WHO/UNICEF, 2000)

Nhn chung, vng ven bin ngun nc ngt kh di do. Tuy nhin, ngun
nc ny cng ang b suy gim ng k, do nhim ngun nc v s xm nhp ca
nc mn.
c) Ti nguyn khong sn du m
Khong sn
Khong sn l thnh to khong vt ca lp v tri t, m thnh phn ha hc
v cc tnh cht vt l ca chng cho php s dng chng c hiu qu v li ch trong
lnh vc sn xut ra ca ci vt cht.
Khong sn l ti nguyn trong lng t, trn mt t di dng nhng tch t t
nhin khong vt, khong cht cch th rn, th lng, th kh, hin ti hoc sau ny
c th khai thc c. Khong vt, khong cht bi thi ca m m sau ny c th
c khai thc li, cng l khong sn. Hu ht khong sn l ti nguyn khng ti to
c, l ti sn quan trng ca quc gia Do vy phi c qun l, bo v, khai thc,
s dng hp l, tit kim v c hiu qu nhm p ng yu cu cng nghip ha, hi n
i ha t nc, pht trin bn vng kinh t - x hi trc mt v lu di, bo m
quc phng, an ninh. Khong sn c th tn ti trng thi rn (qung, ), lng (du,
nc khong,), hoc kh (kht).
Khong sn cng c th hiu l ngun nguyn liu t nhin c ngun gc v c
hoc hu c, tuyt i b phn nm trong lng t v qu trnh hnh thnh c lin quan
30
mt thit n qu trnh lch s pht trin ca v tri t trong thi gian di t hng
ngn nm, hng trm triu nm.
Khong sn kim loi: Nhm khong sn st v hp kim st (st, mangan, crom,
vanadi, niken, molipden, vonfram, coban); Nhm kim loi c bn (thic, ng, ch,
km, antimoan); Nhm kim loi nh (nhm, titan, berylly); Nhm kim loi qu him
(vng, bc, bch kim); Nhm kim loi phng x (uran, thori) v nhm kim loi him.
Khong sn phi kim loi: Nhm khong sn ho cht v phn bn (apatit,
photphorit, barit, fluorit, mui m, thch cao,); Nhm nguyn liu gm s, thu tinh
chu la, bo n, st kaolin, magnezit, fenspat, diatomit); Nhm nguyn liu k
thut (kim cng, grafit, thch anh, mica, tan, atbet, zeolit), Nhm vt liu xy dng
( macma, vi, hoa, ct si).
Khong sn chy: than (than , than nu, than bn), du kh (du m, kht,
du).
Vit Nam, ngun ti khong sn rt phong ph v chng loi va dng v
loi hnh, trong c c khong sn kim loi en, kim loi mu, kim loi qu him v
c cc loi khong sn phi kim. Theo kt quiu tra thm di cht v tm kim
khong sn, nc ta c hn 3.500 m vim qung ca hn 80 loi khong sn khc
nhau, trong chng ta khai thc c 270 m vim qung.
Du m
Du m hay du th l mt cht lng snh c mu nu hoc ng lc. Du th
tn ti trong cc lp t ti mt s ni trong v Tri t. Du m l mt hn hp
ha cht hu c th lng m c, phn ln l nhng hp cht ca hydrocarbon,
thuc gc alkane, thnh phn rt a dng. Hin nay du m ch yu dng sn xut
du ha, diezen v xng nhin liu. Ngoi ra, du th cng l ngun nguyn liu ch
yu sn xut ra cc sn phm ca ngnh ha du nh dung mi, phn bn ha hc,
nha, thuc tr su, nc hoa, nha ng, v.v. Khong 88% du th dng sn
xut nng lng, 12% cn li dng cho ha du (International Energy Agency IEA).
Du m l ngun ti nguyn c gi tr h ng u, gp phn to ln vo s pht
trin kinh t ca cc quc gia. S phn b du kh trn th gii khng u cc nc
v cc vng a l, tp trung ch yu vng ven bin. Tuy nhin, do gi tr to ln ca
ngun ti nguyn ny m trong lch s th gii xy ra rt nhiu cuc chin tranh,
nhm tranh ginh quyn s hu chng.
Tr lng du trn th gii c tnh khong 1.178.161 t thng. Trong , cc
nc Trung ng chim lnh trn 60% tr lng ton th gii. Cc nc c tr lng
du m ln trn th gii bao gm; Saudi Arabia c 262,73 t thng, chim 22,3% tr
lng du m th gii; Iran 132,46 t thng (11,2%); Iraq 115,00 t thng (9,7%);
Kuwait 99,00 t thng (8,4%); United Arab Emirates 97,80 t thng (8,3%) ;
Venezuela 77,22 t thng (6,5%); Nga 72,27 t thng (6,1%); Kazakitstan 39,62 triu
thng (3,4%). Ngc li, cc n c tiu th d u l n l i l nh ng nc c tr l ng du
31
nh nh: M, Trung Quc, Nga, Canada, Mexico, Brazil. c bit, M tiu th

khong 20.000.000 thng/ngy nhng tr lng du ca nc ny ch khong 21,37 t
thng, chim 1,8% lng du th gii (PB statistical review year end 2004 & energy
information administration).
Hnh 1.9: Phn b tr lng v mc tiu th du trn th gii (PB Statistical

Review Year End 2004 & Energy Information Administration)
Vit Nam c xp vo cc nc xut khu du m t nm 1991 khi sn lng
xut c vi ba triu tn. n nay, sn lng du kh khai thc v xut khu hng
nm t vo khong 20 triu tn/nm. Qua tm kim, thm d, cc tnh ton khng
nh tim nng du kh Vit Nam tp trung ch yu thm lc a, tr lng kh thin
nhin nhiu hn du. Tng tim nng du kh ti cc b trm tch: Sng Hng, Ph
Khnh, Nam Cn Sn, Cu Long, Ma lay - Th Chu, Vng T Chnh - Vng My...
vi tr lng khong 5-6 t tn du v t 2.100 n 2.800 t m3 kh. Kh nng khai
thc mi nm t 23-25 triu tn du th. Hin nay, nc ta ang xy dng vi vo
hot ng khu cng nghip ha du Dung Qut (Qung Ngi). V th, trong tng lai
chng ta c th tp ng c nhu cu tiu dng nhin liu lng v kht. ng
thi, chng ta cng s xy dng cc ngnh cng nghip ha cht to ra cc sn phm
t du kh do ngnh cng nghip ha du cung cp nguyn liu (Vin Du Kh Vit
Nam).
d) Ti nguyn nhn vn
Ti nguyn nhn vn l tt c cc i tng, hin tng do con ngi to ra trng
qu trnh pht trin bao gm: truyn thng vn ho, cc yu t vn ho, vn ngh dn
32
gian, di tch lch s, di tch cch mng, kho c, kin trc, cc cng trnh lao ng
sng to ca con ngi v cc di sn vn ho vt th, phi vt th khc.
Cc di tch lch s vn ho: Cc di tch lch s vn ho l nhng cng trnh c
to ra bi tp th hoc c nhn con ngi trong qu trnh sng to lch s, hot ng
vn ho (vn ho vt cht, vn ho x hi v vn ho tinh thn) bao gm: di tch kho
c, di tch lch s, di tch vn ho ngh thut, danh lam thng cnh, bo tng, v.v.
Cc l hi: L hi cu ng, l hi Long
Chu, l va B Thin Hu, l t Cng (c Voi),
l Xun Thu, l hi cu ma, v.v.
Cc ngh v lng ngh th cng truyn
thng: chm khc , nghc ng, ngh kim
hon, ngh gm, ngh mc, ngh my tre an,
ngh dt mi nghu c lch s pht trin
lu di v khc o.
i vi vng ven bin, ti nguyn nhn vn rt phong ph va dng gn lin
vi lch s loi ngi, lao ng v sn xut. Ngy nay, con ngi bit khai thc
ngun ti nguyn gi tr v mang tnh cht vng min ny phc v cho s pht trin
kinh t v chnh cuc sng ca h. Ti nguyn nhn vn gn lin vi cc hot ng
kinh doanh du lch, th dc th thao, l hi, v.v, cc hot ng gn lin vi bin.
Quc gia no bit khai thc v khai thc bn vng ngun ti nguyn ny s c li th
cnh tranh rt ln i vi s pht trin kinh t ni chung v cc ngnh c th ni
ring.
1.2. Chc nng ca vng ven bin

Phn ny th hin vai tr ca vng ven bin thng qua cc hot ng kinh t x
hi c a con ngi v chnh v v y cng ti m n cc mu thu n l i ch gi a cc
ngnh kinh t.
1.2.1. Cc hot ng ti vng ven bin
a) V kinh t - x hi
Vng ven bin c chc nng v tm quan trng rt ln i vi nn kinh t ca tt
c cc quc gia c bin v khng c bin, cung cp ti nguyn, a th, mi trng
pht trin cho cc ngnh kinh t. Cc hot ng vng b trong nhiu nc gp
phn ng k vo s tng trng GDP ca quc gia. V d nh Sri Lanka, vng ven
bin ch chim 20% din tch t c nc, nhng ng gp 40% GDP ca quc gia
vi 50% dn s sng y. Nhiu cng ng dn c cc nc ng Nam ph
thuc vo cc ngnh cng nghip nh: du kh, ng tu, khai thc- nui trng thy
33
sn, cng bin, vn ti ng thy, lm mui, nng lng sch v du lch vng ven
bin.
Vi nhiu li th pht trin a ngnh ngh, a lnh vc i b v n ko
theo nhiu vn x hi ni tim nng ny. i b c vai tr v v tr quan trng
cho pht trin kinh t v cc vn sinh hot khc, l ni sinh sng l tng bi tnh
cht kh hu n ha, thnh vng v ti nguyn, nn cng l ni cung cp ch cho
cng ng dn c cc chu th trn th gii. Theo Edgren (1993) dn sc tnh sng
vng b cui th k 20 bng vi dn s ton cu trong nhng nm 50 ca th k
20. Nhiu nghin cu ch ra rng hin nay dn sc tnh ang sng vng b bin
trn th gii chim 50-70% trong s 5,3 t ngi. Nhng c s khc nhau ln gia cc
nc v dn s, vic lm, mt dn c, thu nhp vng b bin. Chng hn Kenya
ch c 17% tng s dn nh c dc b bin (Burbridge,1995). Xu hng tng dn s
vn cn tip tc v trong 30 nm ti, dn sc tnh sinh sng vng b s nhiu hn
dn s ton cu hin nay (NOAA, 1994).
Phn ln s tng dn s cc nc pht trin din ra vng ang th ha v
tp trung phn ln vo cc vng b bin nh trng hp cc nc cng nghip. Dn
thnh th c mc tiu dng cao hn v kiu tiu th khc nhau so vi dn nng thn,
tng nhu cu lng thc - thc phm i hi tng nng sut trong nng ng nghip.
Nhng iu ny thng b cn tr do vic chuyn t nng nghip m rng th
v gim tim nng ng nghip v mt dn mi trng sng thun li ca c tm v gia
tng nhim nc sng, nc bin do ngun cht thi th v cng nghip.
Cc thnh ph ven bin thng kt hp vi nhng cng bin ln, thun tin cho
vic chuyn ch hng ho bng ng thu, thu ht c cc ngnh cng nghip u
t v pht trin. S tng trng kinh t cung cp vic lm v c hi u t, cc thnh
ph ven bin tr thnh nhngthi nam chm thu ht nhng ngi ang tm kim
c hi ci thin kinh t. Sc thu ht ca vng b cng cn ch du lch, gii tr. Hi n
nay, rt nhiu thang c pht trin v m rng nhm p ng nhu cu ca cc
c dn mi v nh, v sinh vgiao thng.
Nhiu vn c t ra trong qun l v qui hoch lin quan n mt dn
c, s pht trin cc cng trnh xy dng, s mu thun gia quyn s dng cng cng
v t nhn cc bi bin v vng t ven bin, lm gia tng p lc ln ti nguyn vng
b v c s h tng chng hn nh giao thng, t ai v h thng nc thi.
Song song vi kh nng pht trin kinh t, vic lm di do, thu ht lao ng,
dn s tng cao, thu nhp v mc sng cao i hi cc ngnh khc nh gio dc o
to, y t, dch v, vn ha, gii tr, iu dng, v.v khng ngng pht trin. Do vy,
vng ven bin thc s nng ng vy cc loi hnh dch v pht trin.
Vit Nam chng ta cng vy l nc ang pht trin tng i nhanh, mc tng
bnh qun GDP hng nmt t 8 9%, pht trin kinh tang l mc tiu ca Chnh
ph v cng ng. ng thi mc sng c nng cao, sc p i vi ti nguyn v
mi trng cng khng ngng gia tng, l mt quc gia bin vi 70% dn s sng
34
vng ven bin v cc hot ng kinh t ch yu tp trung vng ven bin v trn bin.
Tuy nhin, qua nhng nm gn y th hin s pht trin cha bn vng. cng l
thch thc khng nhi vi Chnh ph, cc nh qun l v cng ng c dn.
b) Cng bin - Giao thng
Vn ti bin quc t l mt phn ca thng mi quc t, c tnh vn chuyn ti
90% khi lng trao i thng mi ton cu. Vn ti bin lun l cch thc vn
chuyn hng ha hu hiu nht. c EE Mitropoulos, tng th k T chc Hng
hi Quc t (IMO) nhn mnh rngNu khng c tu thy, mt na th gii s
ng bng v na cn li s cht i. Vng ven bin l vng tp trung ca cc
ca sng, sng ngi, lung lch, vng vnh v cng bin. V th n cho li th v giao
thng ng thy cc k quan trng, l ca ng giao thng gia cc nn kinh t
trn th gii, vi li ch kinh t rt ln thng qua chuyn vn hng ha, hnh khch.
Giao thng thy l mt trong nhng loi hnh giao thng r nht v vth n to iu
kin thun li cho cc loi hng ha c th mnh cnh tranh cao hn, gi thnh r hn,
mang li s thnh vng cho cc quc gia c bin. Tuy nhin, cng nh mi hot ng
khc, vn ti bin cng c mt tri ca n, nh hng trc tip ln cc h sinh thi
vng ven bin, h sinh thi bin vi dng.
Nc ta c trn 3.260 km b bin v c nhiu v tr c th xy dng h thng
cng bin nh: Ca ng, Ci Ln, Nghi Sn, Hn La, Vng ng, Chn My, Dung
Qut, Vn Phong, Th Vi... iu kin cho hng trm triu tn hng ha thng qua
mi nm, ng thi m bo cho ngnh sa cha, ng mi phng tin thy v cc
ngnh dch v bin pht trin c trong hin ti v tng lai. Ring khu vc t Vng
Tu n H Tin do bin nng, nhiu snh ly nn t c kh nng xy dng cng bin
ln, nhng vn c th xy dng cc cng c quy m va Hn Chng, Ph Quc
hoc cng sng Cn Th. Chnh v nhng iu
kin thun li trn, chng ta c mc tiu
pht trin kinh t bin n nm 2020 l kinh t
bin v vng ven bin ng gp 53-55% tng
GDP ca c nc, trong ngnh hng hi c
v tr hng u. Vi cc chnh sch m ca v
hi nhp quc t ph hp cho tng giai on
pht trin, cc ngnh kinh t bin ca Vit Nam
Cng Chn My,
s ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng hn trong
Tha Thin Hu
nn kinh t ca Vit Nam v t trng GDP ca
kinh t bin v ven bin t 53-55% vo nm
2020 nh chin lc ra l hon ton kh thi.
Bng 1.2: Lng hng ha thng qua cng bin do Trung ng qun l
(1.000 tn)
Hng ha qua cng
1995
1998
35
2001
2004
2007
Hng ha qua cng
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
Hng xut khu
3.737,1
4.788,1
8.530,7
6.922,4
11.661,1
Hng nhp khu
7.903,2
7.489,0
13.447,4
14.798,4
17.855,6
Hng ni a
2.823,2
4.864,0
8.589,6
12.140,0
16.730,1
Tng
16.458,5
19.139,1
32.568,7
35.864,8
48.253,8
(Ngun: Tng cc thng k, 2009)

c) Khai thc khong sn v du m
Hu ht cc m du kh, kht tp trung i b. y l loi khng sn qu gi
phc v pht trin nn kinh tt nc v nhu cu sn xut, tiu dng ca th gii.
Ngoi ra, i b cng cha ng nhiu loi khong sn qu gi khc. Theo s pht
trin ca khoa hc cng ngh, vic khai thc v s dng ti nguyn khong sn thc
y s pht trin ca cc nn vn minh nhn loi, em li s thnh vng cho nhiu
quc gia. Tuy nhin, vic khai thc ti nguyn cng gy ra nhiu vn mi trng
nghim trng, nh hng n s pht trin ca cc nn kinh t khc. Mi trng vng
ven bin l thnh phn chu nhiu nh hng nghim trng nht ca vic khai thc
khong sn, c bit l cc s c do khai thc du kh gy ra.
d) Du lch v gii tr
Ngnh cng nghip du lch quc t v ni a khng ngng tng trng v phn
ln tp trung vo khu vc ven b. Du lch th gii tng 260% khi so snh gia 1970 v
1990, vi mc tng trng hng nm khong 2% n 4.5% (Brandon, 1996). c tnh
nm 1995 cho thy du lch chim 10.9% ton b GDP th gii v thu ht 10.6% lc
lng lao ng ton cu. (Hi ng du lch th gii, 1996). cc nc thuc Cariber,
du lch ng gp h tr cc nn kinh t vc tnh ng gp khong 43% GNP kt
hp trong khu vc (Miller v Auyong, 1991). Qun o Galapagos to ra khong
700.000 la/nm t di lch vc tnh c th tng ln 25 triu la.
Rt nhiu nc ang pht trin coi du lch l ngun thu ngoi t quan trng,
nhng li thiu kinh nghim trong vic lp k hoch cho s pht trin bn vng v
qun l tt nn cng nghip ny. Cc vn ch yu lin quan n mi trng v x
hi. Cc vn v mi trng bao gm cc nh hng ca s pht trin cc c s du
lch nh nh ngh, cng vin, sn golf..., dn n e do phong cnh t nhin v nu
qun l khng tt s l ngun gy nhim. nh hng khc n mi trng c th k
n vic tng khai thc ngun li bin v ven b do du khch k c vic neo u tu
thuyn gy hi n t chc y, khai thc hi sn qu mc v rc thi. Cc vn x
hi lin quan n s xo trn c dn bn a, hn ch tip cn ngun li cho thu nhp
v kim sng, thu hp vng hoang d, mu thun gia ngi s dng ti nguyn v
thay i li sng. Cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh du lch ko theo cc ngnh phc
v gii tr nh du thuyn thng ngon, ln khm ph bin, lt sng, cu c, tm
36
nng, tm bin, v.v cng pht trin. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng li ch em li, th
ngnh du lch gii tr cng ang gy ra nhng tc ng khng nhnh hng n mi
trng ven b.
Vit Nam, dc b bin v cc hi o, nhiu ni c tim nng bo tn thin
nhin, v c hn 125 bi bin c th pht trin du lch, trong c trn 20 bi bin t
quy m v tiu chun quc t nh Tr C, Bi Chy, Sn, Sm Sn, Nha Trang,
Vng Tu, Ph Quc,... dc b bin c cc di tch lch s vn ha nh c Hu, ph
c Hi An, Thp Chm,...
Cc bn o v cc o ln nh lin kt
nhau to thnh mt qun th du lch him c
trn th gii nh Vnh H Long, Vnh Nha
Trang. Vi nhng iu kin t nhin l tng
, ngnh du lch nc ta s lim n l
tng cho du khch nc ngoi.
Vnh H Long
e) Nng nghip
Vng ven bin l ni sinh sng l tng cho con ngi v v th ni y cng l
mi trng tt pht trin cc ngnh cng nghip, nng nghip. i vi cc ngnh
cng nghip c th kn l khai khong, du kh, ng sa tu thuyn, vn ti bin,
du lch, v.v. y l cc ngnh mang li li ch kinh t rt ln cho cc quc gia c bin.
Bn cnh , i b cng l mi trng tt pht trin cc ngnh nng nghip. Tuy
nhin, vic pht trin ca cc nganh ny lun c s cnh tranh ln nhau v tc ng
tiu cc n mi trng ven bin.
Vit Nam chng ta c trn 70% dn s sng nng thn, ch yu tp trung cc
th vng bng duyn hi. Chnh v th thc y ngnh nng nghip pht trin
kh nhanh, cung cp nhiu loi nng sn xut khu c gi tr cao. c bit, sn lng
la go, t mt nc thiu lng thc chng ta tr thnh nc ng th 3 trn th
gii v xut khu go. iu cho thy, tim nng nng nghip ca nc ta c trin
vng rt ln.
f) Thy sn
Vng ven bin c nhiu th mnh pht trin, trong ngnh thy sn khng
th tn ti v pht trin nu khng ci b. Ngnh thy sn ng gp mt phn quan
trng trong pht trin kinh t ca mi quc gia c bin, cng nh cung cp lng thc
phm dinh dng v protein cn thit cho con ngi. Vic khai thc, s dng ngun
li sinh vt bin ngy cng tng gp phn tng trng kinh t quc gia, nng cao i
sng, tng thu nhp v gii quyt cng n vic lm cho a phn dn c ven bin. Vng
ven bin l ni rt thch hp cho vic nui trng cc loi thy sn bin cng nh cc
loi nc l v nc ngt. Vic nui trng thy sn c ngha ln trong vic cung cp
protein v gim thiu i ngho cho ngi dn sng vng ven bin. Tuy nhin, cc
hot ng khai thc, nui trng v ch bin thy sn vang tc ng n mi
37
trng theo chiu hng tiu cc. Bn cnh , cc hot ng ny cng ang th hin
nhiu mu thun vi cc ngnh khc nh du lch, khai thc cng bin, khai thc
khong sn.
Bng 1.3: Sn lng khai thc - nui trng v tiu dng thy sn trn th gii
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Sn lng t ni a (1000 tn)

Khai thc
6.6
6.7
6.5
6.6
6.8
7.0
Nui trng
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.6
9.3
8.8
Tng
12.6
13.2
13.5
14.2
16.1
15.8
Khai thc
72.0
69.8
70.2
67.2
71.3
69.7
Nui trng
4.9
5.3
5.6
6.1
6.6
6.6
Tng
76.9
75.1
75.8
73.3
77.9
76.3
Tng SL khai thc
78.6
76.5
76.7
73.8
78.1
76.7
Tng SL nui trng
10.9
11.8
12.6
13.7
15.9
15.4
Tng SL thy sn
89.5
88.3
89.3
87.5
94.0
92.1
Tiu dng cho ngi
63.9
65.7
65.7
67.5
68.9
69.0
Khng lm thc n
25.6
22.6
23.6
20.0
25.1
23.1
Dn s TG (t ngi)
4.8
4.9
5.0
5.0
5.1
5.1
Tiu
(kg)
13.3
13.4
13.1
13.5
13.5
13.5
Sn lng t bin (1000 tn)
Tiu dng
dng/ngi/nm
(Ngun: FAO, 2007)

c khong 200 triu ngi c cuc sng trc tip hoc gin tip lin quan n
ngh c (Weber, 1994). Ngh c ni chung rt quan trng i vi an ninh lng thc
ca nhiu nc, v c l ngun protein ng vt chnh. Trong s 40 nc tiu th mt
hng thy sn cao nht th gii th ch yu tp trung vo nhm cc nc ang pht
trin. Sn lng khai thc c bin c sn lng n nh v chim t l ln so vi c
khai thc t nc ngt. Tuy nhin, mt si tng c gi tr cao ang b suy gim,
38
iu cho thy nhng loi ny ang b khai thc qu mc, mi trng nui b
nhim v khng hiu qu.
Theo Burbridge (1995), c ba c bn trong pht trin ng nghip cc nc
cng nghip v cc nc ang pht trin. Th nht, lao ng th cng trong ngh c
gim mt s nc. Nguyn nhn chnh l do tr lng c ven b b suy gim nhanh
v tu thuyn khai thc c c gii ha. Th hai, khai thc qu mc do tng cng
lc khai thc v ti a ha hiu qu ca ng
c khai thc. Th ba l s suy thoi mi
trng vng ven b, l ni trng, ng
nui ca nhiu loi thy sn.
gim p lc ln ngun li thy sn
t nhin v tng hiu qu sn xut, nhiu
nc ngi ta chuyn sang nui trng thy
sn trong c Vit Nam.
Nui tm hm lng Khnh Ha
Bng 1.4: Sn lng khai thc - nui trng thy sn Vit Nam
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
DT nui mn, l (1000 ha)
397,1
556,1
642,3
683,0
713,8
SL nui (1000 tn)
589,6
844,8
1.202,5
1.693,9
2.465,6
SL khai thc (1000 tn)
1.660,9
1.802,6
1.940,0
2.026,6
2.136,4
Tng SL thy sn (1000 tn)
2.250,5
2.647,4
3.142,5
3.720,5
4.602,0
Gi tr khai thc (tng)
14.737,7
15.848,2
19.706,6
25.144,0
38.631,9
Gi tr nui trng (tng)
11.761,2
21.282,6
34.271,1
49.194,9
76.895,1
Tng gi tr SX TS (tng)
26.498,9
37.130,8
53.977,7
74.338,9
115.527,0
(Ngun: Tng cc thng k, 2009)

g) Khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn khc
Ct thy tinh l mt trong nhng khong sn ven bin c tim nng ln nht vi
tr lng don hng trm t tn. Cc m ct thy tinh ln v quan trng nh Vn
Hi, Ba n, Nam , Thy Triu, Hn Gm,... cht lng kh tt c s dng lm
nguyn liu sn xut cc loi thy tinh cao cp v vt liu khc.
Mui v cc ha cht bin ch yu l NaCl, l ngun thc phm ti cn thit
trong cuc sng v l nguyn liu iu ch cc ha phm cng nghip khc. Theo
nh gi s b, tim nng din tch pht trin ng mui vng ven bin nc ta rt
39
ln, t 50-60 nghn ha, trong khong 60% tp trung ven bin t Qung Ngi n
Bnh Thun.
Nc ta c th thu c nng lng t sng bin, dng hi lu, thy triu lm
ngun nng lng phc vi sng con ngi. Tuy nhin, mun khai thc c
ngun nng lng ny cn c vn v k thut cao. Ngun pht trin nng lng sc
gi, thy triu v sng rt ctim nng, nhng do vic u t ca chng ta cn hn
ch nn n nay mi ang giai on th nghim v lm thim.
Ti nguyn khc nh vi, xy dng, p lt, cao lanh, nc khong,...
phn b rng ri vng ven bin trn cc o, c th pht trin cng nghip xi mng
v vt liu xy dng, v c ngha rt quan trng trong vic chuyn i c cu kinh t
ca cc a phng ven bin theo hng cng nghip ha, hin i ha.
1.2.2. Mu thun gia cc ngnh
Trong vng b, s cnh tranh gia cc bn lin quan khc nhau i vi vic s
dng ti nguyn v mi trng thng dn n nhng xung t mnh lit v dn n
s ph hy tnh thng nht ti nguyn. Vic tm hiu mi lin h v tc ng qua li
ca cc ngnh ngh lin quan s gip cc nh qun la ra chin lc bo m cho
tt c cc nhm hp tc cht ch vi nhau v cng nhau khai thc, s dng mt cch
hp l ti nguyn v mi trng ph hp vi c th sinh thi ca tng vng.
a) Giao thng cng bin cng nghip tu thy v cc ngnh khc
Tc ng ca giao thng - cng bin v cng nghip ng tu n cc ngnh
ngh khc theo 2 hng tch cc v tiu cc.
V mt tch cc, khi xy dng h thng cng v giao thng ng bin s ko
theo mt s ngnh ngh khc pht trin nh du lch, vn ti, dch v, xy dng, cc
hot ng kinh t thng mi ca cc ngnh v gii quyt vic lm cho ngi lao
ng. Cng bin v giao thng thy to iu kin cho hng ha ni a xm nhp vo
th trng th gii vi mc chi ph vn chuyn thp nht, to li th cnh tranh tt.
Ngc li, th trng ni a c n nhn v tiu dng cc mt hng ca cc nn
kinh t khc chuyn n vi mc gi thp nht.
Bn cnh nhng mt tch cc, pht trin cng - giao thng v cng nghip ng
tu thy cng c nhng kha cnh tc ng khng tt n mt s ngnh v lnh vc
hot ng khc. C th, cng bin v giao thng thy c th tc ng n ngh khai
thc thy sn v nui trng do tc ng n mi trng sng ca cc loi thy sn, do
lm nhim ngun nc ti khu vc cng. Cc tu vn ti du p nguy c rt ln
cho mi trng bin vi dng. Bn cnh , cng bin cng tc ng n lnh vc
bo tn ti nguyn bin nh cc khu bo tn rn san h, bo tn ng vt hoang d,
bo v ra bin v khi xy dng h thng cng bin ng ngha vi vic xy dng khu
neo u cho tu thuyn v v th ph v h thng rn san h, lm mt bi ct t nhin
cho ra v loi ng vt khc sinh sng. Ngnh hng hi ni chung cng thi ra mi
tr ng cc ch t c h i v ch t th i sinh ho t, nhin li u, c n d u, nc r a tu ln
40
cht thi rn, mt kim loi, sn v cc cht ty ra trong qu trnh hot ng. Nhng
cht thi ny lm thay i tnh cht ha l ca nc,nh hng trc tip ti ng thc
vt v thy sinh bin v ven b cng nh gy tr ngi cho s pht trin mt s ngnh
cng nghip bin, c bit l cng nghip lm mui, nui trng thy sn v khai thc
du lch ven b bin.
Hi ng Nghin cu Quc gia Hoa K (NRC) a ra con sc on, hng
nm c khong 3,2 triu tn du lm nhim bin t cc ngun khc nhau. Ngun
nhim ln nht xut pht t cc c s cng nghip v dn c th. Theo NRC, c
khong 960.000 tn du nhim t ngun ny, chim 30%. ng hng th hai phi k
n nhim do hot ng ca cc tu ch du vi mc ng gp 22%, sau l cc
v tai nn tu ch du 13%.
Vit Nam, nhim ca hot ng hng hi v cng nghip ng tu gy ra ch
yu l nhim ngun nc do du vnhim trm tch do lng ng cc kim loi
nng. B bin Vit Nam c phn ra 3 vng nhy cm vy cng lim nng ca
nhim bin ven b l: Vng bin H Long - Hi Phng, vng Nng - Dung
Qut v vng Gnh Ri - Vng Tu.
T l nhim bin ven b do du t hot ng hng hi chim khong 48% do
cc tu khng c kt cha du bn, 35% do cc s cm va v 13% do s c trn
du. Theo s liu c tnh ca Cc ng kim Vit Nam th hot ng hng hi gy
nhim ti vng bin nc ta t cc nguyn nhn: do sc ra hm hng 46%, t nc
la-canh, ba-lt 22%, t s c nhn du 3%, t trn du 24% v cc nguyn nhn khc
l 3%.
Theo thng k s liu quan trc ti cc sng thuc khu vc H Long -Hi Phng,
nng du trong nc trung bnh 0,26mg/l, ti khu vc Vng Tu - Nng: trung
bnh 0,29mg/l, ti B Ra-Vng Tu: dao ng trong khong 0,14 n 0,52mg/l, tt c
u vt gii hn Tiu chun Vit Nam. Nhn chung, cht lng nc bin ven b ch
t c mc B v C theo TCVN 5943-1995. nhim du trong nc s hy dit cc
loi c, tm thy sinh v sinh vt y, v nghim trng hn l khi hm lng du trong
nc cao hn 0,2mg/l, nc s khng dng lm ngun cp nc sinh hot c.
Bng 1.5: Quy trnh cng ngh v cht thi trong ng tu bin
TT
Nguyn vt liu u
vo
Cc giai on cng ngh
Cht thi gy nhim
St, thp, g vt liu

ph, que hn, hi hn
du m, in nng
Gia cng khung sn, kt

cu phn tng on; bo
dng thit b my mc
Kh thi c, hi hn,
vn kim loi, thic hn;
g vn, du thi
Thit b ph tng my
mc
Lp rp my ti neo, li,
hng ng, bm
Vt liu ph, du thi,

khc t hn ct
41
TT
Nguyn vt liu u
vo
Cc giai on cng ngh
Cht thi gy nhim
Ct (ht kim loi, ha

cht) sn, dung mi,
in nng
Phun ct lm sch kt cu
v tu; sn ton tu
Hi sn, bi sn, bi
ct, r kim loi, cht ha
hc ca sn du thi
G, du m
H thy
G vn, du m thi
Du m, xng, vt liu
ph
Lp rp my ng lc,
cn chnh
Du m thi
Cc vt liu ph
Hon thin
Cht thi rn, du thi
Xng du
Th ti ch, ti bn
Kh thi, du thi
Xng du
Thng di
Kh thi, du thi
Vt liu ph
Hon thin; nghim thu

bn giao
Cht thi rn, du thi
(Ngun: Cc ng kim Vit Nam)

b) Du lch - gii tr v cc ngnh khc
Du lch v gii tr c thc coi nh l ngnh cng nghip sch. Cng nh cc
ngnh ngh khc, khi ngnh du lch v gii tr pht trin cng to ng lc cho cc
ngnh ngh khc pht trin chng hn nh h thng nh hng khch sn, cc dch v
v vn ha truyn thng, kinh t x hi, thng mi, cc lng ngh truyn thng, v.v.
Bnh cnh , pht trin du lch cng tc ng n mt s ngnh ngh hoc lnh vc
hot ng khc. C th, thng qua pht trin du lch sinh thi c th lm mt cnh
quan t nhin, h sinh thi ca mt vng min no , du lch ln bin khm ph san
h c th lm cho mi trng sng ca san h v cc loi thy sn sng trong khu vc
bnh hng. Hn na, ngnh du lch cng thi ra mi trng khng t rc thi ra
mi trng. V th cng nh hng n lnh vc khai thc v nui trng thy sn.
c) Khai khong - du kh v cc ngnh khc
Khai thc du kh c li ch v kinh t rt
ln, tuy nhin cng ny sinh nguy c lm
nhim mi trng bin rt cao. Nhng hot
ng khai thc du kh v vn ti trn bin thc
tang gy nhim mi trng bin. Trong
qu kh tng xy ra nhiu v nhim du trn
bin gy nh hng nghim trng n mi
trng sinh thi. Cc s c trong qu trnh khai
Thm ha trn du ti vnh Mexico, M
thc, vn chuyn du khng phi lc no cng
kim sot c. c tnh, ngnh cng nghip khai thc du kh thi ra mi trng
42
khong 2% lng nhim, tc ng n cc ngnh khc nh khai thc v nui trng

thy sn, bo tn ng vt hoang d, bo v mi trng, du lch, v.v. Cc s c trong
qu trnh khai thc v vn chuyn du c th kn l trn du, tai nn tu du, v.v.
Bn cnh , ngnh cng nghip khai khong cng thi ra mi trng nhiu cht
thi c hi, tc ng n h sinh thi xung quanh. cc tnh ven bin Vit Nam, tnh
trng khai thc ct en (sa khong cha titan) gy nhim mi trng nghim
trng, nh hng xu n ngnh du lch, thy s n v cng ng dn c.
Hnh 1.10. nh hng ca cc hot ng KT-XH ti vng ven bin (Nguyn B Qu,
2002)
d) Nng nghip Cng nghip v cc ngnh khc
Ngnh nng nghip v cng nghip trn th gii v nc ta th hin s pht trin
khng bn vng. Cc loi thuc tr su, dit c dng trong nng nghip v cc loi
cht thi, nc thi ca ngnh cng nghip, v.v lm cho mi trng nc b nhim,
tc ng xu n cc ngnh khc nh thy sn, du lch gii tr, cc khu dn c v
chnh ngnh nng nghip,
Hin nay, nc ta c khong 80% trong s 2,6 triu tn cht thi cng nghip
pht sinh mi nm t cc trung tm cng nghip ln min Bc v min Nam, trong
, 50% lng cht thi cng nghip ca Vit Nam pht sinh thnh ph H Ch
Minh v cc tnh ln cn, 30% cn li pht sinh vng ng bng sng Hng v Bc
Trung b. Thm vo , gn 1.500 lng ngh (tp trung ch yu cc vng nng thn
min Bc) thi ra 774.000 tn cht thi cng nghip mi nm.
43
Trong cc loi cht thi, cht thi nguy hi l mi him ha c bit. Ngun pht
sinh cht thi nguy hi ln nht l cc c s cng nghip (vi 130.000 tn/nm) v cc
bnh vin (21.000 tn/nm). Theo thng k, lng cht thi cng nghip nguy hi pht
sinh t vng kinh t trng im pha Nam chim ti 75% tng lng cht thi cng
nghip nguy hi ca c nc. Trong khi , lng cht thi y t nguy hi pht sinh t
thnh ph H Ch Minh, H Ni v Thanh Ho chim 27% tng lng cht thi y t
nguy hi ca c nc.
e) Nui trng thy sn v cc ngnh khc
Cc i tng nui ca ngnh nui trng thy sn thng rt nhy cm vi mi
trng sng. V thy l lnh vc d bnh hng t cc lnh vc, ngnh ngh khc.
Tuy nhin, nui trng thy sn cng tc ng nhn cc lnh vc nh du lch, bo
tn, mi trng, khai thc thy sn, v.v. Trong nhng nm gn y, vic thc y pht
trin nui trng thy sn v m rng ao nui ph hy nhiu h sinh thi. V d, khi
rng ngp mn b nhim vt qu kh nng lc cht thi ca n; hoc cht ph hay
pht quang rng ba bi phi tr gi cho ngnh khai thc thy sn, v khng c ni cho
c sinh sn viu cng ng ngha vi vic nh hng n mt b phn dn c
vn sng bng ngh ny. Bn cnh , x l nc thi khng tt t khu x l ao
nui, thuc cha bnh cho vt nui, dch bnh, v.v, a vo mi trng nhiu ha
cht c hi.
i vi ngnh nui trng thu sn nc ta, do quy hoch vng nui cha hp l,
u t cng ngh vn cn lc hu, sn xut manh mn v nht l thc bo v mi
trng ca cc ch nui cha cao dn n c, tm b bnh cht hng lot do mi
trng nui b nhim, gy thua l cho ngi nng dn. Bn cnh , mt iu ang
gy nhc nhi cho cc nh qun l l hin nay, lng sa bi cc lung, ca sng lin
tc tng. Cho nn, cng tc no vt cc lung vo cng din ra thng xuyn hn,
khin cho bn ct v cc vt cht gy nhim lng xung li ba ln, ho tan
trong nc, lm gia tng cc nguy c gy nhim n mi trng nc v h sinh thi
xunh quanh. S di chuyn ca bn ct l lng cn l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn
chnh gy ra hin tng c nc bi tm gy tc ng ln ngnh du lch, phn no
gim i s hp dn i vi a im du lch ny trong lng du khch.
44
Hnh 1.11: nh hng ca cc hot ng KT-XH n h sinh thi bin (Nguyn

B Qu, 2002)
f) Khai thc thy sn vi cc ngnh khc
Ngnh khai thc thy sn mt mt chu tc ng khng mong mun t cc lnh
vc khc nh cng bin, hng hi, bo tn bin, nui trng, cng nghip, v.v; mt khc
cng tc ng rt ln n h sinh bin v cc ngnh khc. Tu thuyn nh bt hi sn
cng x ra mi trng xng, du v cc li rc thi nguy hi khc.
Tng t nh hot ng ca ngnh hng hi, tu thuyn nh bt hi sn cng x
ra xng, du v cc li rc thi nguy hi khc lm nhim mi trng, gy nh hng
cho ngnh nui trng thy sn, cho cc loi ng vt t nhin. Ngnh khai thc thy
sn, mc bit l ngh li ko y tc ng rt ln n h sinh thi rn san h, thm
c bin. V th, trc tip hoc gin tip ph hoi mi trng sng ca cc loi c, tm,
ng vt hai mnh v. Thm c bin l mi trng u trung ca cc loi c tm
sinh trng v pht trin. Khi thm c ny b
thng tn s tc ng n kh nng sinh sn v
b sung ngun li thy sn cho ngnh nh bt.
nh bt c bng thuc n
Ngoi ra, hin nay ng dn Vit Nam v

mt s khu vc trn th gii vn s dng cc bin
php khai thc mang tnh hy cao nh thuc n,
cht c cyanua, li c kch thc mt nh hn
quy nh, khai thc c cha kch thc cho
php, c con, thm ch cn khai thc c nhng loi
cm, loi hn ch khai thc. iu ny cho thy,
ngnh khai thc thy sn pht trin cha bn
vng.
45
1.3.Cc vn ca vng ven bin

T cc ri ro do thin nhin, trong c cnh hng ca s bin i kh hu,
cng nh hu qu t cc hot ng ca con ngi, vng ven bin ang phi i mt
vi cc vn lin quan n nhim mi trng, suy thoi ti nguyn.
1.3.1. Mi trng v nhim mi trng
a) Mi trng
Mi trng vng ven bin bao gm c mi trng t nhin v chc nng vn c
ca n. Chc nng v tm quan trng ca mi trng vng b l rt to ln i vi con
ngi v cc ng thc vt, t loi thp nht cho ti loi cao nht. Cc chc nng
c th kn nh: cung cp sinh c t nhin, mi trng sng cho cc loi; duy tr v
pht trin a dng sinh hc; iu ha mi trng, thi tit v kh hu; bo v b bi n
khi xi mn, thin tai.
Ging nh tt c cc mi trng t nhin, di ven bin v cc hn o nh cung
cp mt s chc nng v qu trnh thit yu i vi phc li x hi con ngi. Phc
li ca con ngi ph thuc trc tip hoc gin tip vo kh nng sn c ca hng ha
v dch v mi trng m h thng bin v ven bin c th cung cp. V di ven bin
chnh l khu vc chuyn tip gia t lin v bin c, c trng bi h sinh thi a
dng nh cc rn san h, rng ngp mn, bi bin, cn ct v cc vng t ngp nc,
nhiu chc nng c thc hin trn mt khu vc nh. S tp trung cc chc nng
cng vi v tr khng gian lm cho di ven bin vo nh tr thnh a im thu ht
ngi dn ti sng ti .
V tng th, cc chc nng mi trng (do De Groot (1992) c nh ngha l
Kh nng ca mi trng t nhin cung cp hng ha v dch v tha mn nhu cu
ca con ngi mt cch bn vng, c th phn thnh cc loi nh chc nng iu
chnh, chc nng sn xut v s dng, v cc chc nng thng tin (De Groot; Vellinga
et al. 1994). Vic nh gi chc nng no l quan trng nht i vi mt di ven bin
ph thuc vo cc c im sinh thi, hon cnh kinh t x hi v cc mc tiu qun l
i vi khu vc .
Tuy nhin, do nhu cu pht trin ca con ngi, chc nng v tm quan trng
ca vng bang chu nhiu tc ng v khng th hin ht vai tr ca n trong nhp
sng hin i. i tng tc ng ln nht n mi trng ven bin ch yu bt ngun
t cc hot ng ca con ngi. Cc yu t t nhin nh sng thn, ni la, l lt,
triu , v.v c tn ti nhng ch trong phm vi nh tng khu vc nht nh. Cc tc
ng ca con ngi n mi trng ny c thc minh ha bng hnh 1.12 v 1.13:
46
Hnh 1.12: Con ngi l trung tm ca pht trin vng b (Nguyn Mng, 2005)
Hnh 1.13: Mi trng l tm im phi gnh chu ts pht trin (Nguyn

Mng, 2005)
47
b) nhim mi trng
Nhn chung, mi trng ven bin l mt h thng nht. Khi cc mi trng
thnh phn (nh nc, t, khng kh, v.v) b nhim, s ko theo cc mi trng
thnh phn khc bnh hng. Tuy nhin, mi trng nc c s tc ng ln nht
n cc thnh phn mi trng khc.
Cht lng nc be da t nhiu ngun khc nhau nh ngun nc thi sinh
hot, cng nghip, sn xut nng nghip, ng nghip, vn ti, cu cng, v.v, l nguyn
nhn dn n s bin mt ca nhiu mi trng sng chng hn nh c bin, hay li
gia tng nhiu loi khng mong mun khc. S nhim ngun nc cng lin quan
n nc v rc thi t cc tu thuyn, c bit cc vng vnh kn v vng ca sng.
Cc s c trn du cng l nguyn nhn e do mi trng bin.
Cc ngun nhim c ngun gc c th l tt lin thng qua h thng sng
ngi, rc thi trc tip v t bu kh quyn. Cht thi, cht gy nhim t cc hot
ng trn t lin c th kn nh: thuc tr su, kim loi nng, c do ph sa v
nhng rc thi cng nghip c hi khc. Thm vo , nhim mi trng do cc
hot ng thm quan, du lch, ngh mt ti cc bi tm v cc khu ngh mt cng l
mt trong nhng vn i vi vng ven bin.
mi trng ven bin trong lnh th khng phi mt c quan chc nng hay
mt ngnh ring bit no c th kim sot c, m l c mt h thng cc ngnh
(hnh 1.13).
1.3.2. Suy thoi ti nguyn
Suy thoi ti nguyn chnh l s lm thay i cht lng v s lng ca ti
nguyn thnh phn, gy nh hng xu cho i sng ca con ngi, sinh vt v thin
nhin. Ti nguyn thnh phn c hiu l: khng kh, nc, t, m thanh, nh sng,
lng t, ni, rng, sng, h bin, sinh vt, cc h sinh thi, cc khu dn c, khu sn
xut, khu bo tn thin nhin, cnh quan thin nhin, danh lam thng cnh, di tch lch
s v cc hnh thi vt cht khc.
i vi ti nguyn khng phc hi nh cc loi khong sn, du m, v.v suy
thoi l do khai thc qu mc, lm cn kit ngun ti nguyn ny.
i vi ti nguyn phc hi nh sng bin, thy triu, gi, nng lng mt tri,
v.v suy thoi c hai nguyn nhn khch quan (bin i kh hu lm thay i ton b
hay b phn ca mi trng hay ti nguyn thnh phn) v ch quan (hay l do con
ngi khai thc khng ng mc, khng ng quy trnh, lm thay i cht lng v s
lng ca ti nguyn).
i vi ti nguyn c th phc hi nh khng kh, nc, t, ti nguyn sinh
hc b suy thoi c bn cng do tc nhn ch quan (do con ngi khai thc qu mc,
thi ra cht c hi lm lm cho chng b cn kit, khng c kh nng phc hi hoc
48
phc hi chm) v tc nhn khch quan (l do thin tai, sng thn, l lt lm cho cc
loi ti nguyn ny bnh hng ng k hay b nhim).
Trong nhng nm gn y rng ngp mn b suy thoi nghim trng, do cht
ph lm ao a nui trng thy sn, ly g, ly t sn xut nng nghip... Hu qu l
ni sinh si ca nhiu loi sinh vt bin b hy hoi, kh hu vng ln cn bin i
theo hng xu, b bin b xi l. iu tc ng n mi trng v cc h sinh thi
lin quan.
Rn san h, ni tr ng ca nhiu loi c gi
trkinh t cao, ni bo tn ngun gen a dng v
qu bu cng ang b suy thoi nhiu ni do khai
thc qu mc, nhim mi trng, cng nhng tc
ng tiu cc ca du lch bin. Sau trn sng thn
khng khip cui nm 2004 Nam , ngi ta
thy, ni no cn nhiu rng ngp mn v san h
th sc tn ph b ngn chn ng k. Thit hi v
mi trng l khng th tnh ton c. Tuy nhin,
trong vic xy dng nhiu cng trnh kinh t lin
quan n bin, vn bo tn thin nhin bin li
cha c quan tm ng mc.
C cht hng lot trn rn san h
Suy thoi ti nguyn ang xy ra trn ton th gii nht l cc nc ngho v

nc ang pht trin. i vi cc nc ny, h cng nhn thc c vic suy thoi;
tuy nhin, v li ch kinh t v v s pht trin trc mt nn vn cha c gii
quyt.
1.3.3. Thin tai
Thin tai l nhng thm ha bt ng do thin nhin gy ra cho con ngi mt
a phng, mt vng, mt t nc, mt khu vc hoc cho ton th gii.
ng t, ni la phun, l lt, hn hn, sng thn, l bn, trt , dch bnh, mt cn
bng sinh thi, l nhng thin tai m con ngi bit n. Nhng danh mc cc
thin tai khng dng li m c ko di ra cng vi s pht trin ca x hi loi
ngi. ng thi phm vi pht trin ca thin tai cng m rng khng ngng v phm
vi din tch, tc hi n ngy cng nhiu ngi hn, thit hi n kinh t ngy cng to
ln hn.
Nh ni trn, i b l ni tp trung s lng ln dn c, l ni tp trung
phn ln cc hot ng kinh t, x hi. Tuy nhin, ni y cng tim n nhiu ri ro
do thin tai. Theo kha cnh t nhin, cc h sinh thi ven bin c kh nng chng
thin tai rt ln, nu chng ta ph hy hay lm gim cc h sinh thi ven bin nh rng
ngp mn, rn san h, b ct, lm thay i ch thy triu, v.v th kh nng chng
ca chng s gim xung. Mi khi kh nng t chng ca chng b gim hay mt
hon ton, th hu qu tt yu l con ngi v chnh cc h sinh thi b tn thng
nng n nht. i vi hu ht cc nc trn th gii, thin tai u c kh nng e da
49
n tnh mng, ti sn v tinh thn ca con ngi cng nh cc loi sinh vt khc. i
vi con ngi, sau thin tai l ngho i, dch bnh, t nn x hi, v.v do thin tai
cp i mng sng, cp i nh ca, kho tng, bn mi, ti sn v c tinh thn.
Theo cc nh khoa hc, bin php ph hp nht i vi vic bo tn cc ti
nguyn sinh thi chnh l cc bin php cn cho duy tr cc h thng t nhin vn c
chng li thin tai. Cc hot ng ca con ngi thng gy ra nhng thay i ti
vung t cn c bo v, nh khai thc ct, san h, ph hy hay lm suy gim rng
ngp mn. Do , lm gim kh nng t bo v ca b bin.
1.3.4. S c mi trng
S c mi trng l cc tai bin hoc ri ro xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca
con ngi hoc bin i bt thng ca thin nhin, gy suy thoi mi trng.
S c mi trng l mt giai on trong tai bin mi trng. Tai bin mi trng
c chia thnh 3 giai on, v giai on cui s c mi trng l nguy hi nht i
vi con ngi v sinh vt.
- Giai on nguy c (hay him ho): Cc yu t gy hi tn ti trong h thng,
nhng cha pht trin gy mt n nh. Trong giai on ny, hthng mi trng vn
th hin sn nh ca n v ni chung vn cha c biu hin tc ng xu.
- Giai on pht trin: Cc yu t tai bin tp trung li, gia tng, to trng thi
mt n nh nhng cha vt qua ngng an ton ca h thng mi trng. Trong giai
on ny, mi trng vi kh nng vn c ca n vn cn chng c. i vi cc
sinh vt v h sinh thi nhy cm, th giai on ny tc ng n chng nhng
mc nh hoc cc b.
- Giai on s c mi trng: Qu trnh vt qua ngng an ton, gy thit hi
cho con ngi v sc kho, tnh mng, ti sn,... Nhng s c gy thit hi ln c
gi l tai ho, ln hn na c gi l thm ha mi trng.
Lch s Tri t tng ghi nhn, nm thm ha ln hay cn gi l nm t tuyt
chng hng lot, trong nng nht vo k Permi cch nay 250 triu nm, tuyt
dit 90% cc loi sinh vt bin v 75% cc loi ng thc vt trn cn. Theo cc nh
khoa hc, chng ta ang chun b phi hng chu thm ha th su, l do bin i
kh hu, nhit tri t tng, lm tan bng tan v cui cng l nc dng. Theo d
on ln ny, mc tuyt chng trung bnh din ra nhanh hn t 1.000-10.000 ln so
vi 60 triu nm qua. Trong s cc nguyn nhn m gio s Richard Kingsford (nh
sinh thi hc thuc trng i hc tng hp bang New South Wales) nu ra, c tnh
trng mi trng sng b hy hoi, kh hu thay i, nn nhim..., trong mi
trng sng b hy hoi l nguy c ln nht, lin quan n 80% cc loi trn mt t
be da chu i Dng.
50
1.3.5. Bin i kh hu v mc nc bin dng

Bin i kh hu v mc nc bin dng cao s c nhiu nh hng tiu cc, bao
gm c vic tn xut ln hn ca cc dng nc nng; tng cng cc trn bo, l lt
v hn hn; mc nc bin dng cao; s phn tn nhanh hn ca cc bnh; mt a dng
sinh hc. S dng ln ca mc nc bin gy nn mi e do nghim trng c cc quc
gia c mc tp trung cao c dn c v cc hot ng kinh tcc khu vc ven bin.
Trong bo co nh gi th nht, IPCC d bo, theo kch bn kinh doanh hot
ng nh hin nay, mc nc bin ca th gii s tng trung bnh 3-10cm /thp k
trong th k ti (WarricknOerrlemans, 1990). Hu ht mc gia tng ny l do s gin
n v nhit ca i dng (43cm), sau l do ni, sng bng tan (18cm) v lp bng
Greenland vng cc (10cm).
Trong cc nghin cu trc y, nh hng lm lnh ca cc kh c gc sunfat,
c to ra do vic t than khng c tnh n. Theo
cc d bo hin nay th s gia tng mc nc bin t 25 n
80cm cho n nm 2100, vi c tnh tt nht l 50cm
(Warrick et al). K c khi mc ny thp hn 25% so vi
mc d bo nm 1990, thm ch mc d bo thp hn t 2-4
ln so vi tc thc t trong 100 nm qua, th vn qui
hoch qun l di b bin tr thnh mi quan tm chnh
trong hoch nh vng ven bin. Hn na, s pht thi kh
nh knh n nh hoc gim xung, mc nc bin s tip tc gia tng trong hng thp
k hoc thm ch hng th k v thi gian phn ng lu di ca h thng i dng
trn th gii.
Mc nc bin gia tng nh hng n cc h sinh thi v kinh t x hi vng
ven bin. Tc ng ca s gia tng mc nc bin i vi h thng c s h tng l
(Tsyban v cng s, 1990):
- Lm ngp v chim cht ngp nc v vng t thp;
- Xi mn b bin;
- Lm trm trng nn ngp lt do bo b bin;
- Lm tng mn ca vng ca sng ve do tng nc ngt; lm gim cht
lng nc;
- Lm thay i phm vi thu triu cc sng v vnh;
- Lm thay i kiu lng ng bn ct;
- Lm gim lng nh sng chiu xung y nc.
Nhng tc ng ny dn n nhng hu qu tip theo i vi cc h sinh thi v
cui cng nh hng n cc h thng kinh t x hi vng ven bin. Ngi ta thy
51
rng, nhng tc ng ny khng ging nhau trn th gii v mi khu vc b tc ng

khc nhau. Cc khu vc ny l cc vng ng bng thy triu vng bng ven bi n
thp, cc bi ct, cc o chn sng, vng t ngp nc ven bin, vng ca sng v
m ph, rng ngp mn v rn san h. Cc o nh l trng tm cn quan tm v mt
s d bo cho rng cc o san h vo san h vng thp s hon ton bin mt hoc
s khng c sinh vt , do s di dn mt s quc gia o nh (Roy and Connell,
1991).
Ni chung, phn ng ca bt c h sinh thi ven bin no vi s gia tng mc
nc bin ph thuc nhiu vo kh nng phc hi ni vi s thay i. Cc p lc
khc ngoi nguyn nhn lin quan n kh hu, nh khai thc qu mc ti nguyn,
nhim v s cn kit bn ct, tc ng bt li n kh nng phc hi ca h sinh
thi, gia tng p lc ln h sinh thi. nhng ni, vng ven bin c pht trin v
bo v bng vp, s dch chuyn v pha t lin ca h sinh thi vng ven bin
nh vng t ngp nc b chn li. Tuy nhin, theo cc d bo hin nay v s gia
tng trung bnh ca mc nc bin ton cu, cc h sinh thi lnh mnh c kh nng
thch nghi vi cc hon cnh mi (Bigilsma et al).
Cc khu vc kinh t x hi be da bi tc ng thay i kh hu v s gia
tng ca mc nc bin vi mc khc nhau. S lin quan ca nhng hin tng
thay i kh hu khc nhau gm c s thay i mc nc bin, nhng hin tng cc
oan v nhit nc i vi cc khu vc kinh t x hi ch yu v kha cnh tc
ng c tnh th trng v phi th trng Trong my nm gn y, c nhiu c gng
nh gi nhng tc ng ca s thay i kh hu v s gia tng ca mc nc bin n
vng ven bin. Nm 1991, nhm qun l vng ven bin trc y ca IPCC cng
b phng php lun vnh gi kh nng d b tn hi ca vng ven bin i vi s
gia tng mc nc bin (IPCC CZMS, 1992). Phng php c pht trin da trn s
liu nh gi v mc ri ro ca t nht 46 nc. Nhng nh gi ny nhm xc nh s
dn v ti nguyn b ri ro cng nh chi ph, tnh kh thi ca cc gii php nhm gim
thiu tc ng ny.
Kt qu mt vi nghin cu v bin i kh hu v mc nc bin dng
+ Nghin cu 1:
Xc nh cc nhm dn c chu ri ro cao nht do hin tng mc nc bin
dng v cc cn lc xoy do ng Gordon McGranahan thuc Vin Mi trng v Pht
trin quc t ti Anh cng cc cng s l Deborah Balk v Bridget Anderson (i hc
New York vi hc Columbia) thc hin.
Cc pht hin chnh ca nghin cu:
- Nghin cu cho thy c 634 triu ngi (1/10 dn s th gii) ang sng ti cc
vng duyn hi, cao khong 10 mt trn mc nc bin.
- Trong s hn 180 quc gia c dn s sinh sng ti cc vng t thp ven bin,
130 nc (chi m kho ng 70%) c th l n nh t t i vng duyn h i chu nguy c ri
52
ro rt cao. Hn na, i vi cc thnh ph ln trn th gii (hn 5 triu dn), trung

bnh c khong 1/5 dn s v 1/6 din tch thuc vng ven bin c nguy c chu ri ro
cao.
- Gn 2/3 cc khu dn c th vi dn s hn 5 triu ngi sng ti cc khu vc
cao hn mc nc bin 0 10 mt.
- Tnh trung bnh, 14% dn s th gii sng cc nc km pht trin nht hin
ang sinh sng ti cc vng c mc ri ro cao (so vi 10% dn s ti cc nc c
trong T chc hp tc v pht trin kinh t - OECD).
- 21% dn s th ti cc nc km pht trin nht th gii sng ti cc vng c
mc ri ro cao (11% ti cc nc thuc OECD).
- Khong 75% dn s sinh sng trong cc vng c mc ri ro cao thuc chu
.
- 21 nc c hn mt na s dn sinh sng trong vng c mc ri ro cao (16
nc l cc quc o nh).
- Cc nc ngho v cc cng ng ngho ti cc nc ngho li tng chu
ri ro cao nht.
+ Nghin cu 2:
nh hng ca mc nc bin dng cao cc nc ang pht trin - phn tch so
snh. (Bi nghin cu Chnh sch ca Ngn hng Th gii 4136 thng 2 nm 2007
http://econ.worldbank.org). Trong nghin cu ny, nhm tc gia ra gi thit mc
nc tng ln 5 mc l 1m, 2m, 3m, 4m v 5m phn tch, so snh.
Cc pht hin chnh ca nghin cu khu vc ng
ng s bnh hng rt ln bi mc nc bin dng cao (SLR- Sea Level
Rise). Ti mc SLR 5 mt, ng l khu vc nh hng nghim trng nht trong cc
khu vc ca cc nc ang pht trin. T mc tng 1 mt n 5 mt ca SLR, dn s
bnh hng l 2% n 8.6%, trong khi nh hng ca GDP l 2.09% n 10.2%.
Khu vc th v din tch m ly cng bnh hng rt nghim trng bi SLR.
Vit Nam l nc bnh hng nghim trng bi SLR: khong 16% tng din tch
ca Vit Nam s bnh hng vi mc tng 5 mt ca SLR, lm cho quc gia ny tr
thnh nc th hai sau Bahamas trong s cc nc c phn tch trong nghin cu ny.
a snh hng ny tc ng n ng bng sng Hng vng bng sng Cu Long.
Phn ln dn c Vit Nam v cc hot ng kinh t nm vng ng bng
ca hai con sng ny, 10.8% dn s Vit Nam s bnh hng khi mc SLR mc
1 mt. y l t l ln nht trong s 84 quc gia (tip theo l Ai Cp vi 10.56%).
Dn s Vit Nam s bnh hng n 35% vi SRL mc 5 mt. nh hng ca
SLR n GDP ca Vit Nam khong 37%.
53
Hnh 1.14: Cc khu vc ca Vit Nam s b ngp khi nc bin dng t 1-5m
54
PHN 2. PHT TRIN BN VNG V QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN

-----------
----
----
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2.1. Pht trin bn vng

S pht trin bn vng (PTBV) l mt tng xut hin trn 40 nm nay v
ngy cng hon thin gn lin vi mt s ct mc chnh trong s pht trin ca chin
lc ton cu khc phc cc vn v mi trng v x hi. Cc mc thi gian
c th lit k nh di y:
Tuyn b Stockholm
Hi ngh Lin hip quc v Mi trng Con ngi nm 1972 l cuc hp chnh
u tin xem xt cc hot ng ca con ngi tc ng n mi trng nh th no.
Tuyn b nhn mnh cc vn bc xc v nhim, s hu dit ti nguyn, e do
mi trng, mi him nguy cho cc loi v s cn thit nng cao sc kho x hi loi
ngi. Hi ngh cng cng nhn s cn thit cc quc gia ci thin mc sng cho
nhn dn v tuyn b 26 nguyn tc m bo cho s pht trin l bn vng.
Hi ngh thng nh Rio
Nm 1992, hn 100 nc gp nhau Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ti Hi ngh thng
nh quc t ln th nht bn v cc vn bc xc khn cp v bo v mi trng,
v s pht trin kinh t x hi. Mt vi tho thun chung ch yu t c nh hip
nh v s thay i kh hu nhm lm gim s bc x kh nh knh CO 2 v CH4; hip
nh va dng sinh hc nhm giao trch nhim cho cc quc gia bo tn sa dng
loi v s dng ti nguyn sinh vt theo hng bn vng; tuyn b v cc nguyn tc
v rng cho s pht trin bn vng v chm dt cht ph rng; vc bit l chng
trnh nghi s 21 nhm lp k hoch t n s pht trin bn vng trong th k 21.
Chng trnh ngh s 21
Hi ngh thng nh Rio cho ra i mt k hoch chnh cho s pht trin bn
vng gi l chng trnh ngh s 21. N xut rng si ngho c thc gim
thiu khi cho con ngi quyn s dng ti nguyn h cn cho cuc sng ca chnh h.
Cc nc pht trin ng tr gip cc nc khc pht trin theo phng cch
gim thiu ti a s tc ng mi trng khi tng trng kinh t. Chng trnh ngh s
21 ku gi cc nc gim nhim, bc x v vic s dng ti nguyn thin nhin qu
him. Cc chnh ph cn lnh o theo hng thay i ny nhng nhn mnh sng
gp ca ngi dn vo s nghip chung v theo cch ny cc hot ng ta phng
rt c coi trng.
Nghnh th Kyoto v s thay i ca kh hu
Nm 1997, cc chnh ph gp nhau Kyoto, Nht Bn thm mt ln na bn v
vn s nng ln ca tri t. Nhng tho thun chung trc c gng gii hn s
bc x ca CO2 ngang bng mc nm 1990. Nhiu quc gia tht bi khng t
55
Phn .Pht trin bn vng v Qun l tng hp vng ven bin
c mc tiu thm ch ch gim mt t, ch c Anh vc l thc hin c. Ti

Kyoto, cc mc tiu mi nhm gim kh nh knh c thng qua. n 2012, s
bc x ca 6 kh nh knh chnh s phi c gim thp hn mc nm 1990 cho giai
on 2008-2012.
Johannesburg 2002 "Rio+10"
Mi nm sau Hi ngh thng nh Rio, cc quc gia gp nhau ra sot li
qu trnh hng n s pht trin bn vng. Hi ngh tp trung vo s di ngho v
quyn cc nc ung sch v h thng v sinh an ton. Mt s mc tiu c
thng qua nh:
Gim s lng ngi khng c cung cp nc ung sch t trn 1 t
xung 500 triu vo nm 2015
Gim mt na s ngi khng c m bo h thng v sinh ng cch
xung cn 1,2 t ngi.
Tng cng s dng cc ngun nng lng bn vng v khi phc cc n
c b cn kit.
Phn ny s cp n khi nim, cc nguyn tc ca PTBV v mt s m hnh
PTBV c p dng trn th gii.
2.1.1. Khi nim.
Khi nim v s bn vng xut hin trong bo co ca U ban th gii v Mi
trng v Pht trin (WCED) vo nm 1987 cho rng:
Pht trin bn vng l s pht trin nhm tho mn nhu cu ca th h hm nay
nhng khng lm tn hi n nhu cu ca th h mai sau.
Theo Snedaker v Getter (1985), trn hu khp th gii, cc ngun ti nguyn
ven b c th ti to c c khuynh hng b gii hn mt kha cnh kinh t. Theo
thi gian, nhu cu s dng ti nguyn nhn chung s vt qu mc cung cp nh lt
trng trt, nc ngt, g hay hi sn. Qun l bn vng ti nguyn s gip cho vic
m bo cc ngun ti nguyn ny vn cn cho th h tng lai.
Khai thc bn vng l cu tr li cho vic s dng v qun l khn ngoan i vi
tng loi sinh vt n l v qun x, ng thi vi ni sinh c v h sinh thi ni
chng sinh sng. Tiu chun cho s dng bn vng c ngha l ngun li s khng b
khai thc qu mc m nc ti to.
2.1.2. Cc nguyn tc pht trin bn vng
S pht trin bn vng c xem nh mt tin trnh i hi s pht trin ng
thi ca c 4 lnh vc: kinh t, nhn vn, mi trng v k thut. Pht trin bn vng
bao gm:
56
- Pht trin kinh t nng cao cht lng cuc sng.

- Pht trin ph hp v phng din mi trng.
- Pht trin s gy ra tc ng mi trng v s dng ngun li nhng phi
bo v cc qu trnh sinh thi va dng sinh hc.
- Pht trin mt cch hp l, gim n mc thp nht s khnh kit ngun li
m bo cho s khai thc lu di.
- S cng bng gia cc nhm ngi trong x hi bao gm quyn ca c dn
ti ch, s cng bng gia cc th h bo v quyn li cho cc th h tng
lai v s cng bng quc t bo m bn phn vi cc quc gia khc.
2.1.3. Mt s m hnh pht trin bn vng
M hnh pht trin bn vng trn tng lnh vc theo cch tip cn khc nhau.
Mi cch tip cn vn cho ra ni hm xc nh vnh gi khc nhau tuy nhin u
m bo cc nguyn tc PTBV nh trnh by trn. Di y l mt s tip cn
ca m hnh pht trin bn vng:
M hnh Bo v mi trng (BVMT) bn vng theo tip cn ma trn p lc
Tnh trng Phn ng (PSR)
Nhim v BVMT lun bao gm hin tng vt l v bo v mi trng cng vi
nh gi theo kha cnh x hi. Do vy, nhiu ch tiu khc nhau cn c s dng
quan trc v: p lc mi trng, tnh trng mi trng v nhng p ng (ng ph)
ca con ngi. Cch tip cnp lc Tnh trng Phn ng (PSR) nhm nh gi
lnh vc mi trng v pht trin do t chc Hp tc Pht trin Kinh t (OECD)
xut nm 1993.
Cch tip cn PSR a ra phng php m t mi quan h giap lc do hot
ng ca con ngi gy nn (trong nng lng, giao thng vn ti, cng nghip, nng
nghip v.v.) vi tnh trng ca mi trng v dn n phn ng ca cc cp chnh
quyn, gia nh, doanh nghip v cng ng quc tnhm i ph vi tnh trng
mi trng.
M hnh pht trin bn vng thca chu u theo cc ch s bn vng
chung
Dn ch s bn vng ca chu u do vin Mi trng th Quc t vi s
tham gia ca 12 th chu u nhm to ra h thng cc ch so c cc thnh
ph ton chu u. Cc ch tiu bn vng l:
- Mi trng trong lnh: S ngy trong nm c cht lng khng kh vt
qu tiu chun ca a phng.
- Khng gian xanh: t l phn trm s ngi n vi vn cy xanh khong
cch nht nh.
57
- S dng hiu qu ti nguyn: Ton b nng lng, nc tiu th, ph thi

tnh theo u ngi trong mt nm. T s gia cc ngun nng lng c th
ti sinh v khng th ti sinh.
- Cht lng mi trng tin cy: T l khng gian m cho din tch c dng
t.
- Kh nng i li: S Km i bng phng tin giao thng ( t, xe p,
phng tin cng cng, v.v..) tnh theo u ngi trong mt nm.
-Nn kinh t xanh: T l phn trm s cng ty kt hp phng php kim
ton v qun l sinh thi (EMS) hoc phng php tng t.
- trng tn: S cc hot ng hoc phng tin vn ha v x hi.
- S tham gia ca cng ng: S cc nhm, s thnh vin hoc t chc tnh
nguyn tnh trn 1000 dn.
- Cng bng x hi: T l phn trm s ngi di mc ngho kh.
- Phc li: Kho st s tha mn ca cc cng dn v cht lng i sng
(Ni dung kho st c a phng quyt nh)
M hnh nh gi tin b v bn vng
Nhm nh gi Quc t do IUCN lp nhm th nghim v pht trin phng
php thc tin nh gi nhng tin bt c v bn vng. Phng php lu n
nh gi theo h thng v da vo ngi tiu dng (SUSA):
- Tnh tng th: cung cp mt cm quan v h thng tng th (con ngi n m
trong h sinh thi).
- Tnh hng vo mc tiu: tp trung vo vic nh gi hng vo vn ci
thin iu kin sng ca con ngi v h sinh thi.
- Tnh th bc: phn nhm cc ch tiu theo th ti t ci ring v cc b
n co chung v ph bin, hiu c ton b h thng l tt ln hay xu
i. iu ny cng cho php s dng c nhng ch tiu ph hp vi a
phng, m vn cho php so snh c mc tng qut cao hn.
- Dn dt bi ginh: nu nhng nh gi v xut cc hnh ng di
hnh thc cc ginh gip ngui dng nghin cu v ci thin cc hnh
ng.
Da vo ngi dng:
- u tin ngi dng: phn nh nhng iu kin, nhu cu v nhng u tin
ca ngi s dng kt qu v cho php h la chn nhng ch tiu ca ring
mnh.
58
- Da vo s nht tr: nhng nh gic kt hp nhng yu tc

tha nhn rng ri vi cc tip cn khc.
- Nhn bit tc th: mi ngi nhanh chng nm c hang u v
ang tin ti u.
- Thu sut v tip cn c: a ra nhng nh gi v phn xt r rng v
cung cp d liu theo cch thc cc ngi khc c th tm ti nhng di n
gii.
M hnh qu trng m t tnh bn vng ca x hi
H con ngi nm trong h sinh thi, nh lng nm trong lng trng ca qu
trng. Qu trng tt khi c lng v lng trng u tt. Tng t, x hi bn vng
ch khi c hai: h con ngi v h sinh thi u t yu cu vc ci thin. Con
ngi v h sinh thi u quan trng nh nhau trong iu kin pht trin bn vng
(PTBV).
2.2. Qun l tng hp vng ven bin
Vng ven bin l vng rt nhy cm ni tn ti nhiu h sinh thi trng thi cn
bng. Vng ny khng ch chu nh hng bi nhng iu kin a phng m cn b
tc ng bi nhng s kin hoc iu kin rt xa. p lc t mi trng sng ca con
ngi v s pht trin kinh t l tnh trng chung cc vng ven bin trn ton th
gii. Vic qun l vng ven bin do cn c s n lc tng hp va ngnh.
Phn ny s cp n vic qun l bin v hi o thng qua cc hip c
quc t cng nh qu trnh qun l bi n v h i o nc ta. Ph n chnh s
c p n qu n l t ng h p vng ven bi n v i nh ngha, nhu c u, thch th c v
tr ngi, th ch v khung php l, mc tiu v cc nguyn tc ch dn.
2.2.1. Qun l bin v hi o
a) Khi nim qun l
Quan nim chung: qun lc m t l st c nhng mc tiu nhim v
thng qua vic ti u ho ngun vt lc v nhn lc thc hin nhng k hoch
trong mt khong thi gian cho.
Qun l l qu trnh quyt nh mt lot sn phm u ra sc sn xut ra, khi
no, u v cho ai vm bo sn lng ca lot sn phm u ra . Nhim v
c bn ca qun l l phn b ngun ti nguyn khan him trong s cnh tranh (v
thng mu thun) gia nhng ngi s dng, vi mc ch cui cng l ti u ho
vic s dng ngun ti nguyn ny" (Awosika et al.1993).
59
b) Cc hip c quc t
- Cng c Lin hp quc v Lut bin (UNCLOS), gi tt l Cng c bin nm
1982, ch ni dung mi trng v bo v mi trng.
Nm 1994, Cng c ca Lin hp quc v Lut bin 1982
c hiu lc. Vit Nam cng ph chun cng c ny. Cng
c 1982 cc ni dung: cng c v cc vng bin, cng c
v bo v mi trng bin, cng c v qun l v bo tn ti
nguyn bin; cng c vu tranh chng cc ti phm trn
bin; cng c thit lp cc t chc quc t ring v lut bin.
UNCLOS l c s cc quc gia tham gia r sot v hon
chnh cc lut l cn thit bo v trt t php l v ti nguyn
mi trng vng bin v thm lc a, lm c s cho cc hot
ng trn bin ca mnh. y l bc i tt yu, khng nh quyt tm ca Vit Nam
cng cng ng quc t xy dng mt trt t php l mi, cng bng trn bin. Cc
hot ng QLTH vng ven bin v vng bin theo hng pht trin l ph hp vi
UNCLOS
Cng c dnh trn vn phn XII v "Bo v v gi gn mi trng bin",
gm c 46 iu, vi nhng ni dung chnh sau y:
* Xc nh ngun nhim bin: Cng c yu cu cc quc gia tin
hnh tt c cc bin php cn thit ngn nga, gim bt v kim sot
nhim mi trng bin t bt k ngun no: tt lin (iu 207); nhim do
cc hot ng lin quann y bin thuc quyn ti phn quc gia gy ra
(iu 208); nhim do tu thuyn gy ra (iu 211),...
* Quyn hn ca cc nc ven bin x l cc v nhim, quyn hn ca
cc nc c cng i vi cc phng tin c kh nng gy nhim bin, vic
x li vi cc loi nhim bin khc (tiu 213 n iu 222).
- Cng c quc t v ngn chn nhim t tu (Cng c MARPOL 1973/1978)
Mc ch ca Cng c l thng qua cc bin php ton din nhm ngn chn
vic gy do thi ba bi t tu tt c cc cht c hi bit, tr cc cht phng x.
- Cng c a dng sinh hc 1992
Cng c a ra mt nh ngha tng i hon chnh v sa dng sinh hc:
a dng sinh hc c ngha l tnh bin thin (a dng) gia cc h sinh thi tip gip,
trn cn, trn bin, cc h sinh thi thy vc khc v cc tp hp sinh thi m chng l
mt phn. Tnh a dng ny th hin trong mi b, loi, gia cc loi v cc h sinh
thi.
Cng c cng quy nh mt s nguyn tc ln v bo v sa dng sinh hc:
Cc quc gia, ph hp vi Hin chng Lin hp quc v cc nguyn tc lut php
60
quc t c ton quyn khai thc cc ti nguyn ca h theo cc chnh sch m h ra;
v c trch nhim bo m rng cc hot ng trong phm vi thm quyn hay ki m
sot ca h khng lm phng hi n mi trng ca cc quc gia khc hoc cc khu
vc khng thuc thm quyn quc gia.
- Cng c v cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc tc bit nh l
ni c tr ca loi chim nc - Cng c RAMSA ngy 2/2/1971
Cng c coi chc nng sinh thi c bn ca cc vng t ngp nc
nh l ni iu ho cc ch nc v l ni c tr cho mt h
ng v thc vt c trng, c bit l loi chim nc. Cng c xc
nh cc vng t ngp nc to ra mt ngun ti nguyn c gi tr ln
v kinh t, vn ho, khoa hc v gii tr, m s tn tht ca chng s
khng th cu cha ni. Cng c quy nh t ngp nc l nhng
vng m ly, snh ly, than bn hoc vng nc d l thin nhin hay nhn to,
thng xuyn hay tm thi, vi nc ng hay nc chy, nc ngt, nc l, hay
nc mn, bao gm c cc vng nc bin c su khng qu 6 mt khi thu tri u
thp (iu 1).
Cc quc gia s chnh ra nhng vng t ngp nc thch hp trong phm vi
lnh th ca mnh a vo Danh mc cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng
quc t (iu 2, khon 1). Trc ht l nhng vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng
quc ti vi loi chim nc bt c ma no (iu 2, khon 2). Xy dng v thc
hin quy hoch ca mnh nhm y mnh vic bo v cc vng t ngp nc a
vo Danh mc, s dng khn kho cc vng t ngp nc trong phm vi lnh th ca
mnh.
c) Qun l bin v hi o Vit Nam
Vit Nam nm bn b bin ng, c vng bin rng trn 1 triu km2. B bin
Vit Nam di trn 3.260 km c 3 hng: ng, Nam v Ty Nam, trung bnh
khong 100 km2t lin c 1 km b bin (cao gp 6 ln t l ny ca th gii), khng
mt ni no trn t nc ta li cch xa bin hn 500 km. Ven b c khong 3.000
hn o ln, nh cc loi, ch yu nm Vnh Bc b, vi din tch khong l.700 km2,
trong , c 3 o c din tch ln hn 100 km2, 23 o c din tch ln hn 10 km2,
82 o c din tch ln hn l km2 v khong trn l.400 o cha c tn. V vy, bin
gn b mt thit vnh hng ln n s pht trin kinh t - x hi, m bo quc
phng, an ninh, bo v mi trng ca mi min t nc.
Mc tiu qun l bin v hi o ca Vit Nam nhm: "Xy dng quc gia Vit
Nam mnh v bin v pht trin kinh t bin thnh mt b phn mi nhn ca
nn kinh t quc dn l mt mc tiu chin lc, ng thi l nhim v bc
bch ang t dn tc ta trc thch thc ln trn Bin ng" (Ngh quyt 03NQ/TW ngy 6/5/1993 ca B Chnh tr).
61
Ngy 23/6/1994, Quc hi nc ta ph chun Cng c ca Lin hp quc v

Lut bin 1982.
Cc yu t ca chin lc bin nc ta gm c:
- An ninh quc phng
- Vn ti v thng mi
- Ngh c
- Ti nguyn khong sn v nng lng
- Mi trng v nhim
Cc bin php thi hnh chin lc bin bao gm:
- Pht trin kinh t bin:
+ Du kh;
+ Thy sn;
+ Giao thng vn ti bin;
+ Du lch bin;
+ Khai thc khong sn bin;
+ Xy dng cc a bn v trung tm kinh t bin;
+ Pht trin kinh to.
- Tng cng qun l bin:
+ Xy dng lut php thng nht v bin;
+ Gii quyt tranh chp bin v phn nh vng bin;
+ Bo v mi trng sinh thi bin v vng ven bin;
+ Tng cng hp tc quc t trn bin;
+ Tuyn truyn nng cao nhn thc v bin, o to cn b qun l bin;
+ u tranh bo v ch quyn, an ninh trt t trn bin.
2.2.2. Qun l tng hp vng ven bin
a) nh ngha
Ti hi ngh quc t v Vng ven bin, Qun l tng hp vng ven bin
(QLTHVVB) c nh ngha nh sau:
62
QLTHVVB bao gm vic nh gi ton din, t ra cc mc tiu, quy hoch

v qun l h thng ti nguyn ven bin, c xt n cc yu t lch s, vn
ho v truyn thng v cc mu thun trong li ch s dng, l qu trnh lin
tc tin trin nhm t c s pht trin bn vng.
Theo Cicin - Sain B. v Knetch R. (1998), QLTHVVB l mt qu trnh c
thc hin lin tc, thng qua nhng quyt nh s dng bn vng, pht trin v bo
v ti nguyn vng ven b xy dng v thc hin. Ni dung chnh l xy dng c
cc th ch v chnh sch ho hp cc gii php qun l".
Th gii cn nhiu nh ngha QLTHVVB, nhng s khc nhau gia chng l rt
t. Hu ht cc nh ngha u cha ng ni dung l: QLTHVVB l quy trnh c tnh
lin tc, tnh tin phong trong thc hin v c kh nng thch nghi cao nhm qu l
ngun ti nguyn cho s pht trin bn vng vng ven b. QLTHVVB phi t c
mc tiu ca n trong cc iu kin hn ch v mi trng, kinh t, x hi v t nhin,
cng nh trong hn ch ca cc h thng v th ch v php l.
Khi nim tng hp l khi nim mu cht ca l thuyt QLTHVVB. Tng hp
c hiu l s thng nht, hp nht, lin kt vo mt mi chung. Tng hp bao hm
nhiu ngha, nh tng hp gia t vi nc, gia hin ti vi tng lai, gia cc loi
hnh hot ng khc nhau trong s dng ti nguyn chung, gia pht trin v bo tn,
gia h thng t nhin v h thng kinh t-x hi, gia cc cp qun l v cc bn lin
quan khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cc nh chuyn mn phn tch va ra 3 phm tr
quan trng ca tng hp i vi cch tip cn QLTHVVB:
Tng hp theo tnh h thng: vng ven bin c nc, t, thc vt, ng vt, c
trn cn ln di bin v tt c nhng g lin quan n chng, nh sng, sui, i, ni,
rng, xung quanh. Cn xem vng ven bin nh mt h sinh thi, khng nn qun l
tch ring theo tng mnh hay tng thnh phn cu to nn vng ven bin.
Tng hp theo chc nng: vng ven bin c nhiu chc nng, nhiu ho kh hu,
cung cp thc phm cho con ngi, phc v con ngi trong giao thng v pht trin
cng, nui trng thy sn, l chvui chi gii tr, du lch, hp th mt phn cht thi
t lc a... Khng th s dng vng ven bin thiu suy xt cho mt hay vi mc ch,
m khng lu n cc chc nng ca n v s hn ch ca cc chc nng .
Tng hp v chnh sch: m bo tnh thng nht trong chnh sch v cc hnh
ng qun l vng ven bin, gia cc ngnh nh thu sn, nng nghip, du lch, cng
nghip, dn sinh (tng hp theo chiu ngang), gia cc cp chnh quyn, cc c
quan lin quan v cng ng ven bin (tng hp theo chiu dc).
b) S cn thit ca qun l tng hp vng ven bin
R rng l vng ven bin rt kh qun l ch mt loi ti nguyn c th no
hoc tng cng s pht trin ch ca mt lnh vc kinh t no khi thiu vng mt
khun kh chung, tng hp v ton din trong chnh sch qui hoch v qun l. Mc
tiu chung ca mt chng trnh qun l tng hp nh l qun l tng hp vng ven
63
bin l qun l di hi v s dng bn vng ti nguyn ven b vm bo mi

trng t nhin mt cch tt nht.
QLTHVVB hp nht nhng nguyn l hin i trong qui hoch v qun l ti
nguyn, ngun thng tin y , v tip cn a ngnh. iu chng t n l mt
khun kh chung hiu qu nhm mc ch pht trin siu phi trong qun l gii
quyt nhng mu thun pht sinh trong s dng ti nguyn ven b.
QLTHVVB t hiu qu cao cn c mi lin kt rng ln gia chnh quyn
v cc nhm c quyn li lin quan. Nhng hot ng phc tp trong khai thc hi
sn, khai m, giao thng vn ti, quc phng, li ch cng cng, v du lch gii tri
hi s phi hp qun l v kt hp a ngnh. Thc hin vic kt hp i hi s tham
gia y cc thnh phn trong mt chng trnh qun l tng hp. Bn cnh s hu
thun t pha chnh quyn nhm thc y hp tc gia cc ngnh v duy tr chnh sch,
iu quan trng l cc sng kin QLTHVVB phi to ra sng h mnh m ca cng
ng thng qua s hp nht cc bn lin quan trong qu trnh quy hoch v qun l
theo m hnh QLTHVVB.
c) Thch thc v tr ngi
Qun l cc hot ng ca con ngi vng ven bin gp nhiu thch thc v
phc tp hn ln thun qun l ch trn bin hoc t lin. Nhng nguyn nhn
chnh lm cho qun l tng hp v s dng bn vng vng ven bin kht c
nhng tin b nhanh chng bao gm:
-
Vng ven bin a dng v h sinh thi;
Vng ven bin c s dng cho cc nhu cu thng ngy nhn mc, , trao
i hng ho cng nh cho cc hot ng vn ho, gii tr;
S tng dn s nhanh chng cc nc ang pht trin i hi phi c k

hoch cho vic pht trin bn vng;
Xu hng di dn ra vng ven bin;
Th ch php lut, hnh chnh v cc qui hoch pht trin ch yu p ng

nhng quan tm v kinh t m khng trnh c nhng mu thun vi nhng
mi quan tm khc c mi ph thuc vo cc h sinh thi vng ven bin;
Quan im tch bit bin vt lin trong khi chng ph thuc vo nhau;
Cc thnh phn kinh t him khi hp tc xy dng chnh sch v cc chng

trnh qun l v khng nhn thy r li ch v lo ngi khng c thm quyn lp
chnh sch;
Cc nh lp chnh sch thng t c thng tin v gi tr hin ti v tng lai

ca vng ven bin; v
64
Thiu nh hng chnh tr nhm tng cng lp k hoch v thc thi qun l
pht trin vng ven bin
d) Th ch v khung php l
QLTHVVB phi da trn nn tng chnh sch v lut php ca Nh nc. Do
cn thit pht trin snh hng chnh tr tng cng lp k hoch qun l v s
dng hp l vng ven bin thng qua cc bin php sau:
-
Tng cng s trao i gia cc nh khoa hc v lp chnh sch v ngha sinh

thi, kinh t x hi ca vng ven bin;
Nng cao hiu bit v chc nng ca cc h sinh thi ven b v ngun li m
chng mang li;
Tng cng hiu bit ca cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, lm qui hoch v

qun l v cc mi quan tm ca cc thnh phn kinh t-x hi;
Pht trin cc chnh sch, k hoch v chin lc qun l ti u cho vic s

dng vng ven bin vp ng cc mc tiu kinh t x hi
QLTHVVB c xem nh qu trnh a ngnh, c thit lp ci thin vic

pht trin qui hoch v bo v ti nguyn thng qua lin kt v phi hp. N khng th
coi nh thay th cho mt chng trnh n ngnh nh l t chc du lch hay hng hi,
hoc thay th cho cc chng trnh lm nghip hay nng nghip ven b. Lin quan n
ngnh thu sn, trong khi chng trnh QLTHVVB gip bo v sinh cnh, cc h sinh
thi v cht lng nc nhng li thng khng a vo cc vn hot ng thu
sn chng hn nh kim sot khai thc (v d nh giy php, kch c li, loi ng
c...) bi v chc nng kim sot khai thc ch lin quan n mi ngnh thu sn, cn
qun l tng hp vng ven bin ch xt cc vn a ngnh. Tuy nhin m hnh qun
l tng hp c th h tr qun l khai thc thu sn nh l qui nh cc khu vc c
khai thc hay khng v duy tr cc hot ng khai thc truyn thng.
Mt xu hng chung trong QLTHVVB hin nay l s phn cp trong qun l v
nng cao vai tr tham gia qun l ca cc cng ng ngi a phng. Vic qun l
theo kiu tp trung bao cp t trung ng ngy cng bc l nhng nhc im khi n
khng i din cho ngi s dng ti nguyn ven ba phng. Do thiu s hu
thun v quan tm ca tt c cc thnh phn lin quan dn n qun l thiu hi u
qu. Tng cng vai tr qun l cho cc cp a phng v s phi hp, cng tc gia
chnh quyn v cng ng dn ca phng trong vic qun l ti nguyn ven b
ang l mt gii php hiu qu nhm qun l v pht trin bn vng ti nguyn, bo v
mi trng vng ven bin.
Nghnh 25/2009/N-CP ngy 6/3/2009 ca Chnh ph (gi tt l Nghnh
25) v qun l tng hp ti nguyn v bo v mi trng bin, hi o l mt vn bn
php lnh du bc tin quan trng v th ch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi
65
trng bin v hi o ca Vit Nam. Ngh quyt bc u tha mn nhng yu

cu c bn trong QLTH vng bin v ven bin nc ta.
Tuy nhin, qu trnh trin khai QLTH trn thc t va chm n rt nhiu lnh
vc a phng ven bin ma phng c nhng k hoch, quy hoch lin
quan n ti nguyn v mi trng. V d quy hoch s dng t, quy hoch th, k
hoch pht trin kinh t x hi 5-10 nm, v.v... Liu khi c quy hoch s dng ti
nguyn mi trng bin, hi o th vai tr ca n th no trong bi cnh trn?
Mong mun ca ngi lm chuyn mn l quy hoch s dng ti nguyn cn
c lp theo quan im tng hp, ph hp vi chin lc qun l tng hp vng ven
bin a phng , tr thnh b lc nhm la chn viu phi nhng hot
ng khc nhau vng bin v ven bin. Nh mt v d, Nghnh 25 quy nh B
Ti nguyn v Mi trng l c quan ch tr phi hp vi cc b, ngnh khc vy
ban nhn dn cc tnh ven bin lp ra quy hoch s dng ti nguyn, mi trng bin
v hi o trong phm vi c nc, trong quy nh UBND cc tnh xut nhu cu
cho tnh mnh, sau B Ti nguyn v Mi trng s tng hp. iu bn khon t
pha chuyn mn l: cc vn s dng, khai thc mang tnh lin tnh th s th no?
(vng dng qun l tng hp vng ven bin va chm n rt nhiu vn lin tnh);
vic tng hp ca B t cc tnh ln cng s nh th no? (bi v quy hoch chung cho
bin v hi o c nc khng phi nh mt php cng ca cc tnh thnh). Nh vy,
cn c thng t hng dn thc hin th cc im ny sc lm r hn.
e) Cc mc tiu v nguyn tc ch dn ca QLTHVVB
Cc mc tiu ca QLTHVVB
Mc ch chung ca chng trnh qun l tng hp lm bo vic s dng bn
vng nht ti nguyn vng ven bin, duy tr mc cao sa dng sinh hc, v bo v
thc s cc sinh cnh ang be da. Mc tiu c th ca qun l tng hp ven b c
th bao gm h tr ngh c, bo v cng ng trc thin tai, thu ht du lch, khuyn
khch li ch cng cng, duy tr sn lng t rng ngp mn v bo tn rn san h.
Mc tiu ch yu ca QLTHVVB liu phi vic tin hnh nhiu lnh vc kinh
t khc nhau (v d nh vn ti thu, nng nghip, ngh c) hng n nn kinh t x
hi ti u lu di, bao gm c gii quyt mu thun gia cc thnh phn kinh t v sp
xp t n cn bng v li nhun. Theo hng ny, cch tip cn a thnh phn c
th hng hot ng ca cc ngnh kinh t mi nhn tun theo mt h thng qui hoch
v qun l hiu qu vng ven bin.
V d nh c ngnh du lch v ngh c ph thuc mt phn ln vo cht lng
mi trng gm c cht lng nc ven b. C hai ngnh ny c th bnh hng bi
hiu ng vt du loang nh s nhim, s bin mt mi trng sng hoang d v s
gim m quan khi pht trin cng nghip du kh khng theo k hoch. Do nhng
ngnh ny cn hot ng di ci qun l tng hp.
66
mt v d khc, ngnh thu sn i hi cng dch v tng t nh bn du lch

cng phi l thuc vo h thng c s h tng cung cp nc, h thng v sinh,
giao thng v vin thng. Do , qui hoch cho c hai ngnh thu sn v du lch cn
c xem xt hp l giao thng v dch v cng cng thng qua qun l tng hp.
Cc mc tiu chung:
- Pht trin bn vng cc vng ven bin trn c s chp nhn pht trin a
ngnh.
- Gim nguy ce do vng ven bin do cc thin tai.
- Bo ton cc qu trnh sinh thi quan trng, cc h thng h tri sng cc
loi (gm c loi ngi) va dng sinh hc vng ven bin.
Cc mc tiu c th:
- Bo v, bo tn v khi phc cc h sinh thi vng ven bin
- Nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng ven bin trong qun l ti nguyn b
- Thc y sinh k bn vng v cc h thng cng ngh
- Tng cng cc gii php qun l lin ngnh nhm duy tr cht lng mi
trng v ti nguyn b
- Thc hin khun kh QLTHVVB cc khu vc nghin cu tnh hung/trng
im v ph bin nhng kt qu
- Xc tin phn vng chc nng vng ven bin v phn b ti nguyn b mt
cch cng bng, cng nh nhng gii php gim thiu mu thun li ch trong vic s
dng a ngnh.
Cc nguyn tc:
- Qun l mang tnh a ngnh. Mi vn chuyn bit cn c sp t trong
khun kh ca k hoch qun l tng hp.
- Mt qu trnh phn tch nhm t vn cho chnh quyn nhng mc tiu u tin,
cc tho thun, cc vn v cc gii php.
- L mt qu trnh qun l hnh chnh nng ng v lin tc i vi vic s dng,
pht trin v bo v vng ven bin, cng nh ti nguyn b ph hp vi mc
ch c x hi chp nhn.
- Nhm khai thc v gii quyt vn theo mt h thng, theo chc nng trong
mi quan h gia cc h thng v vic s dng vng ven bin.
- Bo m cn bng gia vic bo v cc h sinh thi quan trng i vi pht
trin kinh t lu di vng ven bin. Xc nh cc mc tiu u tin c tnh n yu
cu gim thiu hoc phc hi cc h sinh thi b suy thoi hoc cht lng mi
trng vnh ra cc hng dn hp l x l vn .
67
- Thc hin chc nng qun l trong phm vi nht nh do cc c quan phi hp
xc nh.
- L mt qu trnh i hi c nhng gii php lp i lp li i vi cc vn
kinh t, x hi, mi trng v lut php phc tp. Chc nng chnh ca mt k
hoch qun l tng hp vng ven bin l hp nht nhu cu ca cc ngnh v vn
mi trng mc thc hin thng qua cc tho thun php l gia cc
ngnh, cc cp.
- Phi nh ra mt c cu gim thiu hay gii quyt cc mu thun c th pht
sinh mc khc nhau lin quan n vic phn phi v s dng ti nguyn
vng ven bin.
- Phi khuyn khch nng cao nhn thc cho cng ng, cho cc nh hoch nh
chnh sch v nhng ngi lin quan n cng tc qun l vng ven bin v li
cun cng ng tham gia trong sut qu trnh lp k hoch qun l. Chn
mc tiu xoi gim ngho v ci thin sinh k cho cng ng a phng.
- L mt hnh vi chng, i cng vi nhn t pht trin, ch khng phi l
hnh vi thng, i c nhng d kin pht trin ri mi hnh ng. Nh vy
qun l tng hp cha ng c nhng nguyn tc c bn trong xy dng cc k
hoch/chng trnh kinh t-x hi cc cp.
- Xy dng cc c ch ti chnh t ch qun l lu di vn nh.
68
PHN 3. QUY TRNH QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN

-----------
----
----
-----------
3.1. Nhng c im ca mt k hoch Qun l tng hp vng ven bin

Dng c th ca mt chng trnh QLTHVVB ph thuc vo c im ca vng
ven bin, cc vn cn gii quyt, v nng lc ca a phng. Tuy nhin, mc tiu
chung ca QLTHVVB l xy dng mt c ch th cha ngnh, a bn, a lnh vc
nhm tng cng kh nng qun l, s dng lu bn cc ngun ti nguyn chung ti
vng ven bin, h tr qu trnh pht trin bn vng. QLTHVVB cn c pht trin
mt cch c h thng, c tnh n thi gian cho vic thu ht cc ngun kinh ph v xy
dng nng lc qun l/k thut cp a phng nhm h tr vic xc nh vtrin khai
cc can thip cng ngh thch hp; h tr s hp tc gia cc c quan v cc bn lin
quan; nng cao nhn thc v thay i thc ca cc nh lm chnh sch, cc nh qu n
l kinh t, ti nguyn v cc nh nghin cu khoa hc.
QLTHVVB c thc hin thng qua cc chu trnh lin tip nhau. Mi chu trnh
(giai on) c nhng mc tiu c th khc nhau p ng nhng vn ny sinh mi vi
nhu cu ngy cng cao hn, trn c s k tha nhng kt qut c trong nhng
chu trnh trc. Mt k hoch QLTHVVB thng mang cc c im sau (Nguy n
Chu Hi, 2005):
- C tnh lin tc, gm nhiu chu trnh v c thiu chnh
- C ranh gii xc nh gm c hai phn: phn bin vt lin
- C mt thit ch t chc vi t cch l mt t chc c lp hoc mt mng li
ca cc t chc.
- Tng hp cc d bo ca vng b.
- Duy tr v tn trng vn ho truyn thng, tm linh v nhng kinh nghim bn
a.
- Thu ht cng ng a phng v xem xt tnh nhy cm v gii
3.2. Chu trnh Qun l tng hp vng ven bin theo m hnh PEMSEA
C nhiu m hnh QLTHVVB c p dng vi s giai on thc hin khc nhau
chng hn nh Dn H Lan gm 4 giai on, trong khi m hnh ca PEMSEA c 6 giai
on, nhng nhn chung u do s sp xp cc giai on ln l hay gp nhiu giai on
li vi nhau vu m bo phi c nhng giai on chnh l chun b, xy dng, ph
duyt, thc hin, nh gi v xut chu trnh mi. Trong phm vi ti liu ny s xt n
chng trnh QLTHVVB do Chng trnh Hp tc v Qun l Mi trng cc bin ng
69
Phn 3.Quy trnh qun l tng hp vng ven bin
(PEMSEA) xut gm 6 giai on ang thc hin Nng vt c nhng

thnh cng bc u (chi tit v Dn ny c cp Module 5).
3.2.1. Cn c xy dng v trin khai chng trnh Qun l tng hp vng ven
bin
u tin cn xem xt cc cn c xy dng mt chng trnh QLTHVVB.
Cc cn c ny bao gm cc yu t bn ngoi nh cc ngun ti tr t cc t chc,
qu quc tm bo ti chnh cho hot ng ca chng trnh v cc vn bn/tuyn
b quc t lin quan n pht trin bn vng v qun l tng hp vng ven bin; v
cc yu t bn trong nh cc vn v mi trng, cc tai nn/ s c mi trng, cc
nhu cu bo tn bin v cc h sinh thi, cc mu thun trong s dng a ngnh, quan
im ca cc nh hoch nh chnh sch trung ng va phng, chnh sch i
b/lut v QLTHVVB ca quc gia.
Sau khi c cc cn c thc hin chng trnh, bc tip theo l xc nh
a im trin khai chng trnh QLTHVVB vi phm vi ranh gii vng qun l c
th, khi ng chng trnh v ph duyt.
Cc a phng c xem l ph hp khi xut hin cc vn v qun l ti
nguyn v mi trng, quyt tm ca chnh quyn v cc bn lin quan v kh nng
gii quyt c vn , c th nhn rng m hnh, v c cc yu t h tr nh ti
chnh v ngun nhn lc p dng chng trnh QLTHVVB. Ranh gii vng qun
l, c trn t lin v bin, c xc nh c th, m bo tnh kh thi.
Mt khung chng trnh QLTHVVB bao gm:
-
Chin lc, mc tiu, mc ch

C chiu phi, phi hp
K hoch cng vic v ngn sch
Hot ng v kt qu cn t
Qun l chng trnh
Gim st, nh gi
Sau khi khung chng trnh c hnh thnh, cc Hi tho khi ng (v

tuyn truyn) sc tin hnh hon thin khung chng trnh. Cc iu kin c
bn mt chng trnh QLTHVVB c ph duyt l:
-
Chng trnh QLTHVVB c chun b vi s tham gia y ca

cc bn lin quan.
C ngun ti chnh cn thit
a phng c nng lc t chc thc hin chng trnh
Cam kt/ng h ca chnh quyn a phng
Xy dng c mi lin kt hp tc vi cc t chc khc trong v
ngoi nc.
70
3.2.2. Cc giai on chnh ca qu trnh xy dng v trin khai chng trnh

Qun l tng hp vng ven bin
Mt chng trnh QLTHVVB c th bao gm mt hay nhiu chu trnh dng
xon c vi 6 giai on nh hnh di.
Hnh 3.1: cc giai on ca mt chu trnh QLTHVVB (Ngun: PEMSEA)

1. Giai on chun b bao gm:
- C ch qun l dn/chng trnh
- K hoch cng vc v ngn sch
- Xc nh cc BLQ v tham vn bc u
- Hun luyn i ng cn b nng ct
- Xy dng chng trnh gim st dn
- nh gi nhu cu hiu r trng thi i b
- nh gi nhu cu xy dng cc vn bn lut v ICM
2. Giai on khi ng bao gm:
- H s vng b
- Xc nh cc vn u tin (bo tn a dng sinh hc/mi trng
sng; nhim mi trng; bin i kh hu/ri ro mi trng; bo v
ngun li thy sn; ngun cp v vic s dng nc)
- nh gi ri ro ban u
- H thng qun l thng tin tng hp
- Truyn thng
- Tham vn cc BLQ/Nng cao nhn thc cng ng
71
3.
4.
5.
6.
- Chin lc QLTHVVB
- Xy dng nng lc
Giai on xy dng:
- Khung chnh sch th ch
- nh gi chi tit ri ro
- K hoch thc hin chin lc QLTHVVB
- Cc k hoch hnh ng c th (qun l v ngn chn s c mi
trng do thin nhin v con ngi; qun l, bo v v ti to cc h
sinh thi; qun l cung cp v s dng nc; qun l an ton lng
thc v ngh kim sng; qun l rc thi v gim thiu nhim)
- Cc la chn u t v c ch ti chnh bn vng
- Gim st mi trng tng hp
- S tham gia ca cc bn lin quan
Giai on ph chun
- C cu t chc qun l dn/chng trnh
- Chnh sch, chin lc, v k hoch hnh ng vng b trong
khong thi gian 3-5 nm
- C ch cp kinh ph thc hin chng trnh
Giai on thc hin
- C chiu phi v qun l chng trnh/dn
- Chng trnh gim st mi trng
- Cc k hoch hnh ng 3-5 nm
Giai on sng lc cng c
- R sot c cu t chc
- Gim st vnh gi chng trnh
- Thm nh cc chin lc v k hoch hnh ng
- Nng tm chin lc
- K hoch cho chu trnh tip theo (cp nht h s vng b; xc nh
cc mc tiu QLTHVVB mi).
3.2.3. Cc yu t cn thit cho s thnh cng ca chng trnh Qun l tng hp

vng ven bin
mt chng trnh QLTHVVB thnh cng cn thit phi m bo c cc
yu t sau (Bng 3.1).
Bng 3.1: Cc yu tm bo s thnh cng ca chng trnh QLTHVVB (theo
PEMSEA)
Cc yu t
Mc tiu
Cam kt ca chnh quyn
t c tnh s hu
72
Cc yu t
Mc tiu
Sp xp th ch
gim st chng trnh v h triu phi
Vn bn php l
Lm c s thu ht s tham gia

H tr vic hi ha chnh sch
Kh nng huy ng ti
chnh
Duy tr chng trnh
Nhn thc cng ng
m bo s tham gia
Nng lc cn b
thc hin v m rng cc hot ng QLTHVVB
Vai tr ngi u n
Cc ch trng, ch o xy d ng v tri n khai

chng trnh
H tr k thut
m bo vic ra quyt nh hp l
73
PHN 4. CC CNG C H TR QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN

-----------
----
----
-----------
4.1. Khi qut v cng c h tr Qun ltng hp vng ven bin

Mc ny cp n cc cng c h tr c thc s dng trong qu
trnh QLTHVVB vc trnh by theo 2 nhm l nhm cc cng c
quan trc v qun l d liu v nhm cc cng c phn tch vnh gi.
4.1.1. Cng c cung cp v qun l thng tin, d liu
a) H thng tin a l (Geographical Informations System GIS)
Khi nim
H thng tin a l (GIS) l mt cng c my tnh lp bn v phn tch
cc s vt, hin tng thc trn tri t. Cng ngh GIS kt hp cc thao tc c s d
liu thng thng (nh cu trc hi p) v cc php phn tch thng k, phn tch a
l, trong php phn tch a l v hnh nh c cung cp duy nht t cc bn .
Nhng kh nng ny phn bit GIS vi cc h thng thng tin khc v lm cho GIS c
phm vi ng dng rng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau (phn tch cc s kin, don
tc ng v hoch nh chin lc). Hin nay, nhng thch thc chnh m chng ta
phi i mt - bng n dn s, nhim, ph rng, thin tai - chim mt khng gian a
l quan trng.
Thnh phn ca GIS
GIS c kt hp bi nm thnh phn chnh: phn cng, phn mm, d liu,
con ngi v phng php.
- Phn cng l h thng my tnh trn mt h GIS hot ng. Ngy nay, phn mm
GIS c kh nng chy trn rt nhiu dng phn cng, t my ch trung tm n cc
my trm hot ng c lp hoc lin kt mng.
- Phn mm GIS cung cp cc chc nng v cc cng c cn thit lu gi, phn tch
v hin th thng tin a l. Cc thnh phn chnh trong phn mm GIS l:
Cng c nhp v thao tc trn cc thng tin a l.
H qun tr c s d liu.
Cng c h tr hi p, phn tch v hin tha l.
Giao din ha ngi-my truy cp cc cng c d dng.
- D liu c th coi thnh phn quan trng nht trong mt h GIS. Cc d liu a l
v d li u thuc tnh lin quan c th c ngi s d ng t t p h p ho c c mua
74
Phn 4.Cc cng c h tr qun l tng hp vng ven bin
t nh cung cp d liu thng mi. H GIS s kt hp d liu khng gian vi cc

ngun d liu khc, thm ch c th s dng h qun tr c s d liu t chc lu
gi v qun l d liu.
- Con ngi: cng ngh GIS s b hn ch nu khng c con ngi tham gia qun l h
thng v pht trin nhng ng dng GIS trong thc t. Ngi s dng GIS c th l
nhng chuyn gia k thut, ngi thit k v duy tr h thng, hoc nhng ngi dng
GIS gii quyt cc vn trong cng vic.
- Phng php: mt h GIS thnh cng theo kha cnh thit k v lut thng mi l
c m phng v thc thi duy nht cho mi t chc.
D liu cho GIS
Nhng d liu bn no l cn thit?
Nhn chung c mt s loi d liu bn ph bin sau:
- Bn nn: bao gm cc bn ng ph, ng quc l; ng ranh gii hnh
chnh, ranh gii vng dn c; sng, h; mc bin gii; tn a danh v bn raster.
- Bn v d liu thng mi: bao gm d liu lin quan n dn s/nhn khu,
ngi tiu th, dch v thng mi, bo him sc khe, bt ng sn, truyn thng,
qung co, c s kinh doanh, vn ti, tnh trng ti phm.
- Bn v d liu mi trng: bao gm cc d liu lin quan n mi trng, thi
tit, s c mi trng, nh v tinh, a hnh v cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin.
- Bn tham kho chung: Bn th gii v quc gia, cc d liu lm nn cho cc
c s d liu ring.
b) Chng trnh quan trc mi trng tng hp (Integrated Environmental
Monitoring Program - IEMP)
nh ngha
Mt k hoch kim tra nh gi hiu qu v mang tnh thng nht l s kt hp nh
gi mc nhim v mi trng sng, sc kho ca con ngi trong 1 khu vc c th.
Mc tiu
+ Xc nh, nh lng, sp xp nhng vn u tin vnh gi vic tun th
nh gi hiu qu ca hot ng, nng cao kin thc a ra cc quyt nh qun l
thch hp.
+ Gii quyt nhng hn ch v cc l hng ca phng php tip cn hin c quan
trc mi trng nh: d liu khng tng ng, khng tch hp thng tin, s thiu logic
gia k hoch quan trc v thng s, khng cch cho cc nhqun l/cc nh hoch
75
nh chnh sch, chuyn dch trong chin lc qun l vnh gi hiu qu chng
trnh quan trc.
Cch p dng IEMP
- Cc u tin, l hng d liu v s khng chc chn c xc nh trong nh gi ri
ro c s dng xy dng IEMP.
- Cc d liu, thng tin t IEMP c s dng nh gi ri ro chi tit, cung cp
thng tin chnh xc cho nh gi ri ro.
- Ph chun IEMP di hn cung cp thng tin nh gi tnh trng mi trng v
hiu qu ca cc hnh ng qun l.
- p dng nh gi ri ro to iu kin cho vic s dng cc thng tin k thut t
IEMP h tr cc hnh ng v quyt nh qun l.
Ni dung chnh ca IEMP
- Hnh thnh mng li quan trc lin ngnh.
- Thnh lp v sp xp chia s thng tin.
- Thit k v xy dng cc trm quan trc.
- Nng cao nng lc h tr cho IEMP.
- Thit lp c ch chuyn giao kt qu.
- Xy dng cc c ch, th ch v t chc trong vic thc hin lu di IEMP v bn
vng mng li quan trc, ti nguyn v chia s thng tin.
- Hon thin c ch th ch thc hin IEMP mt cch bn vng mng li quan
trc, ti nguyn v chia s thng tin.
IEMP l chng trnh quan trc tng hp v nhim mi trng, nh gi v
sinh cnh, ngun ti nguyn vnh gi mi quan h gia sc khe con ngi v cc
yu t mi trng ti mt khu vc nht nh. Kt qu ca nh gi ri ro cung cp cc
kt quu vo cho IEMP. D liu t IEMP c s dng cho vic nh gi ri ro chi
tit.
c) Bo co hin trng vng ven bin (Current Status Report of Coastal Zone
CRCZ))
Khi nim CRCZ
CRCZ l mt h thng bo co da trn khung pht trin bn vng cc bin
ng SDS - SEA, SDCA phi hp vi cc ch s b sung ca WSSD, Agenda 21.
Vai tr CRCZ
76
- Cng c thng tin t nhiu ngun khc nhau.

- Bo co v cc xu hng, mc tiu v qun l cc phn hi.
- Xc nh cc l hng v d liu.
- Cung cp cc thng tin ton din v c c s.
- To iu kin cho gim st vnh gi.
Cc yu cu cn chun b cho CRCZ
- Chnh quyn a phng cam kt m bo ngun nhn lc v ti chnh.
- Chnh quyn cn cam kt v thc hin theo bo co CRCZ.
- S tham gia ca cc bn lin quan.
- Vn phng Dn QLTHVVB hng dn v to iu kin xy dng v thc hin
CRCZ.
Mu bo co CRCZ
- Hng dn vic thu thp cc thng tin ph hp cho bo co CRCZ.
- Bao gm c cc ch s cho mi yu t qun l v cc lnh vc pht trin bn vng
da trn khung pht trin bn vng (PTBV).
- Xc nh cc l hng thng tin.
Qu trnh xy dng bo co CRCZ
Bc 1: Xy dng CRCZ theo di s tin b vnh gi tc ng ca vic thc hin
QLTHVVB.
Bc 2: Tham kho kin ca cc bn lin quan v cc ch s, yu cu d liu v k
hoch hnh ng cho bo co CRCZ.
Bc 3: Thu thp d liu.
Bc 4: Phn tch cc kt qu v xy dng d tho bo co CRCZ.
Bc 5: Xc nh d liu, ni dung ca bo co v tham vn cc bn lin quan.
Bc 6: Xut bn v ph bin bo co CRCZ.
Bc 7: CRCZ cung cp c s cho vic lp k hoch viu chnh cc chng trnh
QLTHVVB. Cp nht bo co CRCZ.
Cc ng dng v li ch khc t bo co CRCZ
77
Bo co CRCZ cung cp cc thng tin c th s dng cc cc hot ng khc ca

QLTHVVB nh:
- nh gi ri ro mi trng.
- Xy dng chin lc vng ven bin v k hoch hnh ng.
- Phn vng s dng vng ven bin.
- Phn tch th ch.
- Quan trc mi trng.
- u t mi trng.
- Nng cao nhn thc cng ng.
- nh gi nng lc.
Bo co CRCZ cng c th h tr chnh quyn a phng
- nh gi hin trng mi trng.
- nh gi hiu qu ca cc phn ng qun l trong cc vn mi trng.
- Xc nh cc l hng v d liu.
- Cng c cc thng tin t cc chng trnh lin quan.
- Trnh by cc ti liu v mi trng v kinh t x hi.
- Gim st vnh gi s tin b trong vic thc hin QLTHVVB.
- nh gi s tin b trong vic p ng cc mc tiu pht trin bn vng.
4.1.2. Cng c phn tch vnh gi
a) nh gi nhanh nng thn (Rural Rapid Assessment - RRA)
Phng php nh gi nhanh nng thn nhn mnh tm quan trng ca vic hc
nhanh v trc tip t mi ngi. RRA bao gm c ly kin a phng v thu thp
thng tin v cch nhn nh thu o ca ngi dn a phng, s dng nhiu
phng php v cng c b tr ln nhau (Jackson v Ingles, 1995). RRA thng c
p dng thng bo cho nhng i tng bn ngoi cng ng.
Phng php nh gi nhanh nng thn bao gm nhng ni dung chnh sau:
- Mt hot ng do mt nhm ngi c kin thc chung khc nhau, hot ng ny
nhm mc ch nghin cu v mt chc trng, mt vng, tnh hung, nhm
ngi hoc nhng gc cc i tng quan tm t chc RRA.
78
- RRA thng bao gm vic thu thp thng tin bng cch ni chuyn vi mi ngi trong
cng ng.
- Phng php ny s dng nhiu ch dn v lm
th no tin hnh thu thp thng tin, nghin cu
thng tin v thu ht ngi dn a phng tham gia
cc hot ng gii thch v gii thiu chng trnh.
- Phng php ny s dng nhiu loi cng c
bao gm c cc bi tp v k thut thu thp
thng tin, cc phng thc t chc thng tin
nhiu i tng trong cng ng hiu c,
Mt bui trao i vi cng ng ca
k thut m phng s tng tc ln nhau gia
cn b MCD ti Lng C, Hu
thnh vin cng ng v cc phng php d
dng phn tch v thng bo nhng pht hin cng nha ra cc hot ng thch hp.
Hp cng c RRA phi phong ph, a dng v thng xuyn c nng cp.
Cng cc la chn ty theo mc tiu, bi cnh v cc iu kin c th v cn phn
nh c cc cng cc nhn ca ngi s dng. Theo danh mc cng c, cng c
RRA gm c: kim tra li d liu ph, hi tho, quan st theo cu trc, sp xp v
phn loi, phng vn, cc cuc hp cng ng, k thut lp bn , cc biu , hnh
minh ha v hiu r cc qu trnh v nhng thay i.
C bn hng mc ln trong RRA:
- Thm d: mc tiu l nghin cu nhng iu kin trong mt vng lnh th c th
bng cch quan st c th thit k cc hot ng trin khai thch hp.
- Ch: mc tiu l nghin cu su v nhng vn c th nhm hiu r vy cc vn
.
- Kim sot vnh gi: mc tiu t ra l phi kim sot vnh gi cc hot ng
ang c thc hin.
- Tham gia: mc tiu l c nhiu hn thnh vin cng ng tham gia (Townsley,
1996).
b)nh gi ri ro mi trng (Environmental Risk Assessment - ERA)
Khi nim ERA
S dng thng tin nh gi mt cch c h thng v khoa hc cc hot ng
ca con ngi tc ng n cc h sinh thi v con ngi.
Vai tr ERA
- S dng thng tin nh gi cc cp ri ro.
79
- Kt hp cc thng tin nhn dng v k thut: (i) u tin cc vn mi trng cn quan

tm, (ii) cc l hng d liu quan trng v (iii) cc khu vc khng chc chn cn nh gi
thm.
- Cung cp cc xut c bn v chnh sch v qun l.
- Cung cp mt mi trng thun li cho cc c nhn v t chc tham gia hp tc
Yu cu ca ERA
Cc thng tin c c s khoa hc v chnh xc.
Cc pha ca nh gi ri ro
Pha A: Xc nh vn
Pha B: nh gi ri ro hi c
Pha C: nh gi ri ro d bo
Pha D: Qun l ri ro
Hnh 4.1. Cc pha nh gi ri ro

-nh gi ri ro hi c
+ C gng tr li cu hi: Bng chng no gy tc hi n cc i tng?

+ Cc bc nh gi ri ro hi c:
- Bc 1: nh gi cc bng chng v suy gim ca h sinh thi v mi trng vi cc
i tng vt l.
- Bc 2: nh gi cc bng chng v suy gim ti nguyn v sinh cnh vi cc i
tng vt l ca vng.
- Bc 3: Xc nh nguyn nhn tim nng ca suy gim ca i tng quan st.
- Bc 4: nh gi kh nng xc nh nguyn nhn tim nng c th gy ra s suy
gim.
- nh gi ri ro d bo
+ C gng tr li cu hi: Cc vn g gy tc ng tiu cc n sc kho con
ngi, h sinh thi v cc loi?
+ nh gi ri ro d bo bng phng php H s ri ro
H s ri ro l t l gia nng mi trng o c hoc nng d bo vi nng
khng gy tc hi ln i tng.
80
Cc bc nh gi ri ro
- nh gi ri ro ban u
- Tin hnh nh gi nhanh chng cung cp cc iu kin mi trng da trn thng tin
c.
- Tin hnh nh gi nhanh chng cc vn v mi trng da trn cc thng tin
c.
- Xc nh cc vn quan tm vu tin v mi trng.
- Xc nh cc lnh vc qun l cn can thip ngay lp tc hoc cn nh gi thm.
- Cc l hng hoc ngun d liu khng chc chn cho nh gi.
- nh gi ri ro chi tit
Xc nh cc lnh vc cn quan tm phi nh gi chi tit hn hoc phi b sung
d liu nh gi.
S dng kt qunh gi ri ro nh th no qun l ri ro?
- Kt qu ca nh gi ri ro ch c ngha khi nc s dng qun l ri ro.
- Cc kt qu khoa hc ca nh gi ri ro c s dng thit lp cc hnh ng qun
l.
Bng 4.1. ng dng kt qunh gi ri ro qun l ri ro
Cc v dp dng
Cc kt qunh gi RR s dng nh th no?
Xy dng k hoch
thc hin chin
lc.
Thng qua kt qunh gi ri ro xc nh cc chin

lc v xy dng chng trnh hnh ng.
u t mi trng.
Chng trnh quan

trc mi trng tng
hp.
Bng cch xc nh cc khu vc cn tp trung qun l,

RRA h tr xc nh cc chin lc nhm phn b cc
ngun lc hn ch lng ph ngun ti nguyn.
Cc u tin, l hng d liu v cc vn khng chc
chn t kt qunh gi ri ro c s dng xy
dng chng trnh quan trc di hn vi mc ch huy
ng cc c quan c lin quan gim chi ph cho
chng trnh quan trc.
c) . nh gi tc ng mi trng (Environmental Impact Assessment EIA)

nh ngha
81
Theo UNEP - Chng trnh mi trng ca Lin Hip quc, nh gi tc ng

mi trng l mt qu trnh nghin cu c s dng d bo nhng hu qu v mi
trng ca mt dn pht trin quan trng c d kin thc thi. Trn c s khi
nim ny viu kin kinh t x hi nc ta, iu 3 Lut BVMT quy nh:nh gi
tc ng mi trng (TM) l vic phn tch, d bo cc tc ng n mi trng ca
dn u t c tha ra cc bin php bo v mi trng khi trin khai dn .
i tng phi tin hnh TM
l c dn, chin lc c qui nh ti iu 14 Lut BVMT (2005) v
Khon 1 iu 18 Lut BVMT v nm trong danh mc do Chnh ph qui nh (ph lc
I 80/2006 N-CP).
Quy trnh thc hin TM
- Lp bo co TM
+ Ch th lp bo co TM
Theo quy nh ca php lut hin hnh, trch nhim thc hin vic nh gi
mi trng c p dng i vi cc t chc, c nhn tin hnh cc dn pht trin,
c th: C quan c giao nhim v lp dn xy dng cc chin lc, quy hach, k
hach quy nh ti iu 14 Lut BVMT c trch nhim lp bo co nh gi tch ng mi
trng chin lc.
Ch cc dn pht trin ti Khon 1 iu 18 LBVMT v nm trong danh mc
do Chnh ph quy nh phi lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.
Nh vy, trch nhim nh gi mi trng chin lc ch do c quan, t chc
nh nc tin hnh. Trch nhim nh gi tc ng mi trng khng loi tr ch th
no xt trn phng din hnh thc s hu hay xt v c cu t chc. Ch dn c th
t mnh hoc thu t chc dch v t vn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.
+ Ni dung bo co
Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng phi c th hin theo ng cu trc v
p ng nhng yu cu v ni dung qui nh ti Ph lc 4 km theo 08/2006/TTBTNMT 8/9/2006. Theo iu 20 Lut BVMT, ni dung bo co TM phi gm:
- Lit k, m t chi tit cc hng mc cng trnh ca dn km theo quy m v khng
gian, thi gian v khi lng thi cng; cng ngh vn hnh ca tng hng mc cng
trnh v ca c dn.
- nh gi chung v hin trng mi trng ni thc hin dn v vng k cn, mc
nhy cm v sc chu ti ca mi trng.
- nh gi chi tit cc tc ng mi trng c kh nng xy ra khi dn c thc
hin v cc thnh phn mi trng, yu t kinh t - x hi chu tc ng ca dn, d
bo ri ro v s c mi trng do cng trnh gy ra.
82
- Cc bin php c th gim thiu cc tc ng xu i vi mi trng; phng nga,

ng ph s c mi trng.
- Cam kt thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh
cng trnh.
- Danh mc cng trnh, chng trnh qun l v gim st cc vn mi trng trong
qu trnh trin khai dn.
- D ton kinh ph xy dng cc hng mc cng trnh bo v mi trng trong tng d
ton kinh ph ca dn.
- kin ca y ban nhn dn x, phng, th trn (sau y gi chung ly ban nhn
dn cp x), i din cng ng dn c ni thc hin dn, cc kin khng tn
thnh vic t dn ti a phng hoc khng tn thnh i vi cc gii php bo v
mi trng phi c nu trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.
- Ch dn ngun cung cp s liu, d liu v phng php nh gi.
- Thm nh bo co TM
Thm nh bo co TM l trch nhim ca c quan qun l nh nc nhm xem
xt thm tra v mt php l cng nh ni dung khoa hc ca bo co. Cn c vo qui
nh php lut hin hnh, cc c quan c trch nhim thm nh phi a ra cc nhn
xt v s ph hp php lut ca bo co, ng thi phi nh gi tnh chnh xc, khch
quan mt khoa hc ca cc xut trong bo co. Kt lun thm nh ny cng vi cc
kt lun khc trong lun chng kinh t - k thut l c s cc c quan nh nc c
thm quyn xt duyt dn hoc cho php thc hin dn.
Thng qua hot ng ny, c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng vi t cch l
c quan phn bin cc bo co nh gi mi trng, s thay mt chnh quyn xem xt
v cn i mt cch ton din mi lin h gia li ch kinh t m cc dn em li vi
li ch mi trng cn bo v, gia li ch ca mt s ngnh, lnh vc vi li ch tng
th ca ton x hi, gia li ch trc mt v li ch lu di, cn bn ca t nc.
Vic thm nh phi da trn cc nguyn tc sau:
- Phi xem xt mi quan h gia yu cu pht trin kinh t - x hi vi yu cu bo v mi
trng.
- Phi xem xt, gii quyt hi ha li ch c nhn, li ch cc b ca tng n v, t
chc, li ch ca a phng vi li ch chung ca ton x hi.
- Phi xem xt li ch trc mt v li ch lu di.
Thm quyn thm nh bo co TM
- Hnh thc tin hnh thm nh:
83
Vic thm nh bo co TM c th tin hnh thng qua mt trong hai hnh

thc: hi ng thm nh v t chc dch v thm nh.
i vi bo co TM th Th trng hoc ngi ng u c quan quy nh ti
Khon 7 iu 21 ca Lut BVMT cn c vo tnh cht phc tp v k thut, cng
ngh v mi trng ca dn quyt nh la chn hnh thc thm nh thng qua
Hi ng thm nh hoc t chc dch v thm nh. ng thi ra quyt nh thnh
lp Hi ng thm nh hay la chn T chc dch v thm nh.
i vi cc dn thuc lnh vc an ninh, quc phng v dn c lin quan n
b mt quc gia ch la chn t chc dch v trong ni b ngnh an ninh, quc phng.
Thng qua hi ng thm nh (HT) (quy nh ti Khon 2, Khon 3, Khon
4 - iu 21 (Lut BVMT 2005).
Sau khi nhn c h s hp l vp ng yu cu thm nh, c quan t
chc vic thm nh thnh lp HT (m bo t nht l 7 thnh vin). T chc v
hot ng ca HT thc hin theo qui ch v t chc v hot ng ca HT do
B TN&MT ban hnh, HT bo co TM ban hnh km theo quyt nh s
13/2006/Q- BTNMT ngy 08 thng 9 nm 2006 ca B trng B TN&MT (iu 4
TT s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 9 nm 2006).
Thnh phn HTi vi cc dn thuc trch nhim t chc thm nh ca
B TN & MT, cc b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph gm c:
+ i din ca c quan ph duyt dn.
+ C quan chuyn mn v bo v mi trng ca c quan ph duyt dn.
+ C quan chuyn mn v bo v mi trng cp tnh ni thc hin dn.
+ Cc chuyn gia c kinh nghim, trnh chuyn mn ph hp vi ni dung, tnh cht ca d
n.
+ i din ca t chc, c nhn khc do c quan c thm quyn thnh lp hi ng
thm nh quyt nh.
Thnh phn ca HTi vi cc dn thuc trch nhim t chc thm nh
ca UBND cp tnh gm:
+ i din UBND cp tnh.
+ C quan chuyn mn v bo v mi trng v cc s, ban chuyn mn cp tnh c
lin quan.
+ Cc chuyn gia c kinh nghim, trnh chuyn mn ph hp vi ni dung, tnh
cht ca dn.
84
+ i din ca t chc c nhn khc do c quan c thm quyn thnh lp HT quyt

nh.
Trong trng hp cn thit th UBND cp tnh c th mi i din ca B TN&MT,
cc b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph c lin quan tham gia HT.
HT phi c trn 50% s thnh vin c chuyn mn v mi trng v lnh vc c
lin quan n ni dung dn. Ngi trc tip tham gia lp bo co TM khng c
tham gia HT.
Thng qua cc t chc dch v thm nh: l loi hnh dch v mi trng hot
ng theo hng dn ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng.
- T chc c tuyn chn thc hin dch v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng
mi trng phi c cc tiu chun theo mc 5 TT 08/2006/TT-BTNMT:
+ Ci ng cn b c trnh , nng lc chuyn mn ph hp vi yu cu thm
nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca dn.
+ C phng tin thit b, c s vt cht k thut, phng th nghim vi cht
lng v tin cy cn thit o c, ly mu, x l, phn tch cc mu v mi trng
v cc mu lin quan khc ph hp vi tnh cht ca dn va im thc hin dn,
trng hp khng p ng yu cu th phi k hp ng thu t chc c nhn p ng
yu cu t ra.
+ C cc iu kin khc theo quy nh ca php lut c lin quan.
- Trch nhim ca t chc dch v thm nh bo co TM: c tham gia thm nh
theo quyt nh ca c quan ph duyt dn v phi chu trch nhim v kin, kt
lun thm nh ca mnh (Khon 5 iu 21 Lut BVMT 2005).
- Hat ng theo qui nh ca B TN&MT.
- Tuy nhin, vic s dng cc t chc dch v thm nh i vi cc dn c lin quan
n lnh vc an ninh, quc phng s c nhng hn ch nht nh v thc hin theo qui
nh ca c quan c thm quyn.
- Ch th c thm quyn lp HT/T chc dch v thm nh: l cc c quan t chc
vic thm nh mc 4 TT08, c th l th trng hoc ngi ng u c qua n quy
nh ti Khon 7 iu 21 ca lut ny.
- Thi hn thm nh bo co TM (iu 12 N 80/2006/N-CP).
Cc dn thuc thm quyn quyt nh, ph duyt ca Quc hi, Chnh ph,
Th tng Chnh ph v cc dn lin ngnh, lin tnh thi hn thm nh ti a l 45
ngy lm vic, k t ngy nhn h s hp l.
Cc dn khng thuc din quy nh ti khon 1 iu ny, thi hn thm nh
ti a l 30 ngy lm vic, k t ngy nhn h s hp l.
85
Trong trng hp bo co TM khng c thng qua v phi thm nh li

th thi gian thm nh li thc hin nh quy nh ti Khon 1 v Khon 2 iu ny.
- Thm nh li bo co TM
Trng hp bo co TM khng c HT hoc t chc dch v thm nh
thng qua, vic thm nh li c thc hin theo ngh ca ch dn.
Vic thm nh li bo co TM do HT hoc t chc dch v thm nh
trc tin hnh; trng hp cn thit, c quan c thm quyn ph duyt bo co
TM thnh lp hi ng mi hoc tuyn chn t chc dch v thm nh khc thm
nh li.
Trch nhim t chc thm nh bo co:
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng t chc HT hoc tuyn chn t chc dch v
thm nh bo co TM i vi cc dn do Quc hi, Chnh ph, Th tng Chnh
ph quyt nh, ph duyt, dn lin ngnh, lin tnh.
B, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph t chc HT hoc tuyn
chn t chc dch v thm nh bo co TM i vi cc dn thuc thm quyn
quyt nh, ph duyt ca mnh, tr dn lin ngnh lin tnh.
UBND cp tnh t chc HT hoc tuyn chn t chc dch v thm nh bo
co TM i vi dn trn a bn qun l thuc thm quyn quyt nh ph duyt
ca mnh v ca HND cng cp.
Ph duyt bo co TM (iu 22 Lut BVMT)
C quan thnh lp hi ng thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c
trch nhim xem xt v ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng sau khi c
thm nh.
- C quan ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c trch nhim xem xt khiu
ni, kin ngh ca ch dn, cng ng dn c, t chc, c nhn lin quan trc khi ph
duyt.
- Trong thi hn mi lm ngy lm vic, k t ngy nhn c bo co nh gi tc
ng mi trng c chnh sa t yu cu theo kt lun ca hi ng thm nh,
t chc dch v thm nh, th trng c quan quy nh ti Khon 1 iu ny phi
xem xt, quyt nh ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng, nu khng ph
duyt th phi tr li bng vn bn nu r l do cho ch dn bit.
Cc dn quy nh ti iu 18 ca Lut ny chc ph duyt, cp php u
t, xy dng, khai thc sau khi bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c ph
duyt.
Quyt nh ph duyt bo co TM c lp theo mu quy nh ti ph lc 7
km theo Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 9 nm 2006.
86
Trng hp xt thy kh nng xy ra nhng tc ng xu v mi trng nhng

cha c nh gi mt cch y trong bo co TM v nguyn nhn khch quan
nh: cha c s liu chi tit ca dn hoc s liu v hin trng v sc ti ca mi
trng xung quanh, vic nh gi ri ro cha tin cy v nguyn nhn bt kh khng
khc cho n thi im ph duyt bo co TM, c quan c thm quyn ph duyt
phi c phn lu phn cc yu cu km theo ca quyt nh ph duyt.
- Hot ng sau thm nh bo co TM
Hiu mt cch tng qut thy l hot ng c thc hin bi ch dn, c

quan qun l nh nc v BVMT cc cp khc nhau v cc c quan t chc lin
quan nhm bo m thc hin nhng ni dung, bin php bo v mi trng trong bo
co nh gi tc ng mi trng
- Trch nhim ca ch dn:
Quy nh ti iu 23 v hng dn c th ti iu 14 N 80/2006 nh sau:
C vn bn bo co y ban nhn dn cp huyn ni thc hin dn v ni dung
quyt nh ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng km theo bn sao quyt nh ph
duyt.
Nim yt cng khai ti a im thc hin dn bn tm tt bo co nh gi
tc ng mi trng c ph duyt, trong ch r: chng loi, khi lng cc loi
cht thi; cng ngh, thit b x l cht thi; mc x l theo cc thng sc trng
ca cht thi so vi tiu chun quy nh; cc bin php khc v bo v mi trng.
Thc hin ng, y cc ni dung bo v mi trng nu trong bo co nh
gi tc ng mi trng v cc yu cu ca quyt nh ph duyt bo co nh gi tc
ng mi trng.
Thng bo cho c quan ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
kim tra, xc nhn vic thc hin cc ni dung ca bo co v yu cu ca quyt
nh ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.
Chc a cng trnh vo s dng sau khi c c quan c thm quyn
kim tra, xc nhn vic thc hin y yu cu quy nh ti cc im a, b v c
Khon ny.
- Trch nhim ca c quan ph duyt bo co TM:
c quy nh ti iu 23 Lut BVMT v hng dn c th ti iu 15 N
80/2006 nh sau: b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph gi bn chnh ca
quyt nh ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca mnh cho y ban nhn
dn cp tnh ni thc hin dn.
87
y ban nhn dn cp tnh gi bn sao quyt nh ph duyt bo co nh gi

tc ng mi trng ca mnh v ca b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph
cho y ban nhn dn cp huyn ni thc hin dn.
C quan nh nc c thm quyn sau khi ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng
mi trng c trch nhim sau y:
Xem xt vi chiu h s thit k, xy lp cc cng trnh x l mi trng vi
bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c ph duyt; trng hp pht hin nhng
im khng ph hp vi bo co nh gitc ng mi trng, trong thi hn khng
qu 7 ngy lm vic, k t ngy nhn c h s, bo co, phi c vn bn thng bo
cho ch dn bit iu chnh, b sung.
Tip nhn v x l cc kin xut, kin ngh ca ch dn, cc t chc v
c nhn lin quan n vic thc hin cc ni dung, bin php bo v mi trng trong
qu trnh thi cng, xy dng dn.
B tr k hoch v tin hnh gim st, kim tra vic thc hin cc ni dung v
bin php bo v mi trng, x l theo thm quyn hoc kin ngh x l nhng vi
phm xy ra.
T chc kim tra, gim st vic vn hnh th nghim cc cng trnh x l mi
trng ca ch dn sau khi nhn c k hoch vn hnh th nghim ca ch dn.
Xem xt v xc nhn kt qu vn hnh th nghim cc cng trnh x l mi
trng.
Lu gi v qun l ton b h s, vn bn v hot ng sau thm nh do ch
dn, cc c quan v c nhn c lin quan gi n.
d) Phng php nh gi kh nng chu ti (Methodology for Carrying Capacity
Assessment CCA)
S dng kh nng chu ti v khung gii hn chuyn i chp nhn khng
nhm mc ch qun l h sinh thi nhng c nhiu hiu qu v vic qun l tc ng
ca cc hot ng n ti nguyn. C nhng quan im khc nhau cng tn ti,
Cifuentes (1992) v Ceballos - Lascurain (1996) a ra mt s hng dn thc hin
cc cng c qun l ny. Qu trnh nh gi kh nng chu ti bao gm 6 bc sau:
- Phn tch cc chnh sch qun l v pht trin ti nguyn nc.
- Phn tch khch quan ti nguyn nc.
- Phn tch hin trng s dng nc.
- nh ngha, sc mnh hoc s thay i ca cc chnh sch qun l ti nguyn nc.
- Nhn bit cc yu tnh hng n vic s dng ti nguyn nc.
88
- Xc nh c kh nng chu ti ca nc.

Mi bc trn l rt quan trng v to thnh mi tng tc vi nhau v lin tc.
+ Bc 1: Phn tch cc chnh sch qun l v cho ti nguyn nc
Cc chnh sch qun l v pht trin ti nguyn nc rt cn thit v mong
mun cc chnh sch trn khng mu thun v b sung cho nhau, khng nh hng
n s pht trin bn vng ti nguyn nc.
Chng mang tnh cht bt buc trc khi nh mc s dng v phi nh gi
kh nng chu ti ca ti nguyn nc, tim nng v mu thun gia pht trin v qun
l ti nguyn nc phi c nhn ra trong tng hon cnh.
+ Bc 2: Phn tch khch quan ti nguyn nc
Chng cn thit cho vic xc nh vic cho cc hot ng s dng nc cho
ph hp v khch quan ti nguyn nc. V tr li mt s cu hi sau:
- Hin trng cc hot ng c tha nhn, dng chung hay s dng ring?
- Hin trng mc v m hnh s dng ring?
+ Bc 3: Phn tch hin trng s dng nc
Phn tch hin trng s dng ti nguyn nc phi bo m da trn cc kha
cnh mc tiu ca mt ti nguyn nc cha ng quy hoch qun l, chng bao gm
cc lnh vc qun l. Mt s cu hi khi phn tch:
- Cc mc tiu qun l thch hp l g?
- Quy hoch cc vng tng ng vi vic thc hin cc mc tiu ca ti nguyn nc?
- Phn vng nh th no cho thch hp vic s dng v nhn thy l sng n?
- Nhng mu thun cn tn ti v chng ta lm th no loi tr hoc gim i?
- S thay i quy hoch qun l v phn vng cn thit cho c hin trng v k hoch nh th
no?
+ Bc 4: nh ngha, sc mnh hoc s thay i ca cc chnh sch qun l ti nguyn
nc
T bc 1 n bc 3 cp n s tng hp tim nng v mu thun, k c hin
ti v tng lai. Chng cho thy r kha cnh qun l ti nguyn nc cho mc ch s
dng. S tng hp ny sng gp nhng hn ch v xut cc mc tiu mi, chnh sch,
chin lc v hng dn hnh ng, tng thm sc mnh.
+ Bc 5: Nhn bit cc yu tnh hng n vic sdng ti nguyn nc
89
Chng l nhng kin thc chi tit quan trng ca cc c im c trng c gi

tr ca ti nguyn nc. Mi ti nguyn s c cc c im l sinh v vn ha x hi
khc nhau vi s hp dn ca vn ha v thin nhin. S hiu bit v cc kha cnh
cht lng v s lng l ch yu, cng nhnh giim yu v d b tn hi ca ti
nguyn.
Pht trin bn vng c tht c nu mt s cn bng hi ha c tht
c gia cc yu t l sinh, sinh thi, x hi v qun l m chng lm gim bt hin
trng v s cung cp ca ti nguyn nc.
+ Bc 6: Xc nh c kh nng chu ti ca nc
Ba mc tnh kh nng ti ca nc c thit lp:
- Kh nng ti t nhin (Physical Carrying Capacity - PCC).
- Kh nng ti thc t (Real Carrying Capacity - RCC).
- Kh nng ti chp nhn c (Effective Carrying Capacity - ECC).
Kh nng ti t nhin (PCC) lun ln hn kh nng ti thc t (RCC) v kh
nng ti thc t (RCC) lun ln hn kh nng ti chp nhn c (ECC), nh vy:
PCC > RCC v RCC ECC
Kh nng ti t nhin (PCC)
nh ngha: kh nng ti t nhin l lng ti a m ngi s dng c th tc
ng n ti nguyn nc theo thi gian.
Cng thc:
PCC = A x U/a x Rf
Trong :
A = din tch vng s dng chung

U/a = gii hn din tch/lt
Rf = h s lun phin (s lt/ngy)
Kh nng ti thc t (RCC)

nh ngha: kh nng ti thc t l lng ti a chp nhn c cho ngi s
dng ti nguyn nc, tha s hiu chnh c hnh thnh t cc c im chi tit ca
v trc p dng tnh kh nng thc t.
Cng thc: RCC = PCC Cf1 Cf2 - Cfn
Trong : Cf = tha s hiu chnh biu th gi tr %
RCC = PCC x (100 Cf1)% x (100 Cf2)% x (100 Cfn)%
Kh nng ti chp nhn c (ECC)
90
nh ngha: kh nng ti chp nhn c l lng ti a du khch m c

th chu ng c da trn gi tr nng lc qun l (MC).
Cng thc:
ECC = [Infrastructure Capacity x MC]/RCC

Trong : MC = kh nng qun l da trn ngun nhn lc v ti chnh
e. nh gi thit hi ti nguyn thin nhin (Natural Resources Damaged

Assessment NRDA)
Gii thiu
Ti nguyn thin nhin c th b thit hi khi cc cht nguy him nh du v
cht c ha hc thi vo mi trng. N cng rt kh khn cho vic c tnh thit hi
cc ti nguyn ny bi v li ch mt i thng khng c ngha trong thng mi v
v vy chng khng c gi tr phn tch c th s dng nh gi gi tr mt i ca x
hi n vic lm gim hoc mt i. Tuy nhin, hin nay cc c quan chnh r cc
hot ng cho con ngi trong nh gi thit hi ti nguyn thin nhin.
Phng php nh gi thit hi ti nguyn thin nhin (i vi du)
Phng php bao gm bn hp phn chnh:
- Phn hng tc hi ca mi lp du c xc nh bi cc thuc tnh ha hc, l hc
v c hc v cc nhn tnh hng mnh v duy tr hiu ng ca du trong mi
trng.
- Vn lin quan n phn hng mc nguy hi i vi mi trng, chng c thu
thp c ti nhng v tr trn du, mi trng sng v tnh nhy cm ca ti nguyn
i vi s c trn du, ma v phn b ca ti nguyn, cc vng s dng, ni gn s
c c tc ng quan trng n mi trng sng ca chim, ng vt thy sinh, c v
cc loi khc.
- Phng php tnh ton thit hi ti nguyn do trn du da trn 2 ni dung trn.
- Phng php tnh ton thit hi da trn ni dung th 3 nh s loi b trc tip du
t mi trng, cn tr mi nguy hi ca du.
nh gi thit hi ti nguyn thin nhin
- Vng nc ca sng v bin: t l tn hi do s c trn du i vi mi trng
ca sng v bin (SVSME) c tnh theo cng thc:
SVSiME = HVSi + BVS + MVS + MFVS + SFVS + SAVS + RVS
SVSiME = T l tn hi do tc ng du th i trong mi trng ca sng hoc bin.
HVSi = Tng s mi trng sng b tn hi do tc ng du th i.
91

K
HVSi =
hv
PC K
k1
i = ch s tc dng ca du: i ph thuc c (AT), c ch gy hi (MI) hay b n

(PER).
K = Tng s mi trng sng cn tnh ton.
PCk = T l (%) ca mi trng sng loi k.
hvik = T l tn hi mi trng sng ca mi trng loi k v tc ng du th i.
BVS = Tn hi chim bin trong thi k s c trn du nhiu.
MVS = Tn hi ng vt bin trong thi k s c trn du nhiu.
MFVS = Tn hi c bin trong thi k s c trn du nhiu.
SFVS = Tn hi thn mm trong thi k s c trn du nhiu.
SAVS = Tn hi c Hi trong thi k s c trn du nhiu.
RVS = Tn hi khu vc gii tr trong thi k s c trn du nhiu.
- Ca sng: Chim, c, ng vt c v, ng vt khng xng sng nc, mi trng
sng v con ngi s dng cc ti nguyn nhy cm ny c nh gi cho mi
km2 trong vng ca sng vo mi ma.
Cng thc: VSi = BSSi + FSSi + MSSi + ISSi + HSSi + HUSi
Trong : VSi = t l tn hi n t bo i.
BSS = t l tn thng chim trong ma d b tn thng nht.
FSS = t l tn thng c trong ma d b tn thng nht.
MSS = t l tn thng ng vt c v trong ma d b tn thng nht.
ISS = t l tn thng ng vt khng xng sng trong ma d b tn thng nht.
HSS = t l tn thng mi trng sng trong ma d b tn thng nht.
HUS = t l tn thng ngi s dng trong ma d b tn thng nht.
- Sng, sui v h: i vi cc tng nc mt sng, sui v h th t l tn hi
(SVSFW) c xc nh n gin nh t l tn hi nc ngt (FVS) vi mt mi
trng sng im (HIS). Cng thc: SVSFW = FVS x HIS
- m ly nc ngt: tn hi trn du i vi m ly nc ngt (SVSWL) tng
ng tn hi trn du vng t ngp nc (WVS).
Cng thc: SVSWL = WVS
92
f) nh gi mi trng chin lc (Strategic Environmental Assessment - SEA)

Khi nim:
nh gi mi trng chin lc l vic xem xt, phn tch, nh gi v mi
trng i vi cc chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch pht trin quc gia, ngnh, vng
lnh th v cc quy hoch, k hoch pht trin khc trong qu trnh thm nh, ph
duyt cc chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch (Lut BVMT).
Theo Therivel v cng s (1992), SEA l qu trnh nh gi cc tc ng mi
trng ca mt chnh sch, mt k hoch, quy hoch hoc mt chng trnh pht trin
v cc phng n thay th mt cch c h thng v ton din, l vic chun b mt bo
co v cc kt qunh gi v s dng chng cho vic ra quyt nh mt cch c
trch nhim.
Phng php nh gi SEA:
+ Bc 1:
- Lit k cc mc tiu ca chnh sch, quy hoch, k hoch, chng trnh, bao gm cc
quyt nh chnh thc cn phi a ra v xc nh nhng kh khn.
- a cc mc tiu v cc vn u tin, xc nh cc mu thun v mi quan h gia
chng, ch ra cc cn tr ca cc mu thun, xem xt xem chng c th thay i theo
thi gian hoc l c th dn xp c cc mu thun .
+ Bc 2:
- Xc nh phm vi v phn tch cc hin trng mi trng, cc vn khc v cc
mc tiu bo v. Tp trung vo cc kha cnh v cc vn ch yu, cc nh hng
tiu cc do cc chnh sch, k hoch, chng trnh to nn.
- S dng cc chnh sch mi trng tng ng lit k cc mc tiu bo v mi
trng tng ng cho cc kha cnh hoc vn .
+ Bc 3:
- Ch r cc la chn kh thi cho cc quyt nh quy hoch v xc nh cc hu qu
mi trng ca chng.
- Xc nh vnh gi cc kha cnh mi trng v cc tc ng, bao gm c cc tc
ng tch lu v nhng kha cnh bn vng, khng c xem nh cc nh hng n
gin mc d chng khnh lng.
+ Bc 4:
Xin t vn: xc nh mt s ngi trung gian khch quan v xin h cc kin
v kt qunh gi chin lc trc khi ra quyt nh thc hin.
+ Bc 5:
93
- Xc nh cc bin php gim thiu v bi thng cc tc ng c ngha v tin

hnh la chn cc phng n tt hn. Trong bc ny tp trung vo phn tch cc tc
ng m kt qu s l cc ti liu phc v cho qu trnh ra cc quyt nh.
- So snh chng vi cc mc tiu bo v mi trng tng ng, so snh cc phng n
thay th la chn, bao gm vic xut chn hoc khng.
- Kim tra tnh nhy cm ca cc kt qu phn tch xem c kh nng thay i trong cc
iu kin hay khi dng cc gi thit khc nhau.
+ Bc 6:
- Xy dng k hoch gim st c th v quyt nh bc no snh gi vic thc
hin cc hot ng.
- Xc nh u cn y mnh nh gi; lit k cc dn, cc hot ng cn nh
gi tc ng mi trng cp dn.
+ Bc 7:
- Tn thnh hay phn i cc xut.
- Thi gian v cc iu kin cho vic thc hin.
Ni dung nh gi SEA:
- M t chi tit cc dn c lin quan n mi trng.
- M t hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin v cc yu t kinh t, x hi
lin quan trong vng thuc phm vi ca dn v ca vng k cn.
- nh gi hin trng nhim mi trng, suy thoi mi trng vnh gi sc chu
ti ca mi trng trong vng thuc phm vi ca dn v ca vng k cn.
- D bo din bin ca cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin v cc yu t kinh t, x
hi khi dn c thc hin.
- xut phng hng gii quyt cc vn mi trng trong qu trnh thc hin d
n.
xut quy hoch xy dng cc cng trnh x l cht thi tp trung, cc trm quan
trc mi trng.
g) Tiu chun nh gi ti nguyn tng hp (Multi-criteria Integrated Resource
Assessment MIRA)
MIRA l mt cch tip cn mi gip ngi ra quyt nh c nhiu hiu bit v mi
trng quyt nh bao gm c mi quan tm ca cc bn lin quan.
Quy trnh thng l:
94
- T chc v xp hng tiu chun quyt nh.

- Lin kt cc d liu n chnh sch quyt nh.
- S dng bi cnh quyt nh xc nh tm quan trng ca cc tiu chun quyt
nh.
- Thm d s la chn quyt nh khc.
Quy trnh MIRA gm 10 bc:
Bc 1: a ra cc cu hi quyt nh, quyt nh la chn cc tiu chun quyt nh
da trn cc cu hi .
Bc 2: La chn tp hp cc yu t m cn s dng MIRA.
Bc 3: Tp hp d liu cn thit cho mi tiu chun.
Bc 4: Tp hp danh mc vn ca cc yu t.
Bc 5: Cn nhc cc tiu chun.
Bc 6: To quyt nh ban u.
Bc 7: To ra cc quyt nh khc cho vn ban u v thay i vn .
Bc 8: Tho lun cc vn ny vi cc bn lin quan.
Bc 9: Ra quyt nh cui cng.
Bc 10: Lp li.
C
Bc 1
Khng
Bc 2
Cc vn cn
xc nh li
Bc 3
Khng
Bc 4
Bc 5
95
Khai thc thng

tin t cc chuyn
gia/bn lin quan
Hnh 4.2. S quy trnh MIRA

h) Phn tch li ch chi ph (Cost Benefit Analysis CBA)
Khi nim
Phn tch ti chnh dn c thc hin nh gi xem dn c kh nng
sinh li cho n v thc hin hay khng.
Phn tch li ch chi ph l mt phng php dng nh gi mt dn hay
mt chnh sch bng vic lng ha bng tin tt c cc li ch v chi ph trn quan
im x hi nhm cung cp thng tin cho vic ra quyt nh.
Phn tch kinh t (phn tch li ch chi ph) l phn tch m rng ca phn tch ti
chnh c thc hin ch yu bi Chnh quyn hoc cc t chc quc tnh gi xem
dn hay chnh sch cng gp ci thin phc li quc gia hay cng ng hay khng
(Frances Perkins, 1994).
Trong khi ngi phn tch c th xut dn, cn vic quyt nh ty
vo ngi ra quyt nh.
CBA c ngha b sung cho qu trnh ra quyt nh, ch khng thay th
vic ra quyt nh.
Phn loi CBA
Theo Boardman v ccs (2001), c th chia thnh 4 loi sau:
- Ex-ante BCA: c tin hnh trc khi dn c thc thi.
- Ex-post BCA: c tin hnh sau khi dn c thc thi xem li ch mang
li c ln hn chi ph khng.
96
- In medias res BCA: c tin hnh trong sut thi k thc thi dn.
- Ex-ante/ex-post BCA: dng kt hp gia ex-ante BCA v ex-post BCA.
Mc ch s dng BCA
C hai mc ch chnh sau y:
- Gip ci thin vic ra quyt nh.
Tht bi th trng = > s can thip ca chnh quyn = > CBA cho bit liu s
can thip ny c mang li hiu qu hn khng? Li ch c ln hn chi ph khng? Ni
cch khc, mc ch ca CBA l gip vic ra quyt nh v phn b ngun lc hiu
qu hn.
- Gip ngi phn tch hiu bit thm v dn cng nh tin trnh ca n.
Cc bc thc hin mt CBA
- Nhn dng vn v xc nh cc phng n gii quyt.
- Nhn dng cc li ch v chi ph x hi ca mi phng n.
- nh gi li ch v chi ph ca mi phng n (lng ha bng tin).
- Chit khu cc li ch v chi pha v hin gi.
- Xc nh tiu ch la chn dn.
- Phn tch s phn phi.
- Phn tch nhy.
- a ra xut.
Cc nguyn tc ca CBA
- Chi ph l tt c cc chi ph bt k ai gnh chu.
- Li ch l tt c cc li ch bt k ai hng th.
- Phi c mt n vo lng chung.
- Phi da trn nh gi ca ngi tiu dng v ngi sn xut v n th hin
hnh vi thc s ca h.
- Phn tch mt dn nn so snh gia c v khng c dn.
- Phi xc nh r quan im phn tch.
- Trnh tnh hai ln cc li ch v chi ph.
- Xc nh tiu ch quyt nh cc dn.
97
- Phi xc nh r tc ng tng thm v thay th.

h) H thng h tr quyt nh (Decision Support System DSS)
Khi nim
H thng h tr quytnh l mt loi h thng thng tin, chng h tr cho cc
hot ng quyt nh v t chc v kinh doanh. Mc ch h thng h tr quyt nh
nh l mt h thng mm tng tc ln nhau nhm gip cho cc nh ra quyt nh s
dng hiu qu thng tin t s tng hp d liu th, ti liu, hiu bit ca con ngi,
cc loi hnh kinh doanh nhn bit v gii quyt cc vn kh khn v ra quyt
nh.
Cc loi thng tin h tr quyt nh
- Kim k tt c thng tin ti sn hin hu (bao gm ti sn v cc ngun d liu lin
quan, d liu kho hng v d liu thng mi.
- So snh gi tr doanh thu gia cc tun.
- K hoch doanh thu t cc sn phm mi bn c.
Thnh phn ca DSS
- u vo: cc yu t, s lng vc im cho phn tch.
- Ngi s dng kin thc v kin ca gii chuyn mn: phn tch yu cu u vo
theo ngi s dng.
- u ra: Bin i d liu t s h tr quyt nh.
- Quyt nh: kt quc to ra bi h thng h tr quyt nh da trn tiu chun
ca ngi s dng.
Li ch ca DSS
- Ci thin nng lc con ngi.
- Thc hin gii quyt cc kh khn (lm nhanh hn qua strinhf gii quyt vn kh
khn ca mt t chc).
- S truyn t thng tin gia mi ngi d dng hn.
- y mnh s hc tp v rn luyn.
- Tng s gim st ca t chc.
- To ra chng c mi trong h tr quyt nh.
- To nn thun li cho s cnh tranh.
- Khuyn khch s thm d v s pht hin ra nhim v ca ngi ra quyt nh.
98
- Pht hin ra cch tip cn mi cho s suy ngh v khong cch gia cc vn .
- Gip qu trnh qun l chng hn.
4.2. Mt s cng cc trng
Mc ny cp n mt s cng c cn thit v thng c s dng trong qu
trnh QLTHVVB nh xy dng h s vng b, h thng qun l thng tin tng hp
hay cc cng c truyn thng.
4.2.1. Xy dng h s vng b
H s vng b s l c s thc hin cc hot ng hoch nh, cung cp c s
qun l v l ranh gii kim sot vnh gi. H s cn chi tit c th cung
cp cho ngi c hiu r v cc iu kin mi trng v x hi, ti sao li cn qun
l v lm th no c th qun lc cc iu kin ven b (Denr v ccs, 2001).
H s vng b s gm cc ni dung chnh sau:
- nh gi ngun li v sinh thi (REA).
- nh gi kinh t x hi (SEA).
- nh gi c cu t chc v lut php (LIA).
- nh gi vn tn ti, nhu cu v c hi (PNOA).
a) nh gi ngun li v sinh thi (Resources and Ecology Assessment - REA)
Nhng nh gi ngun li v sinh thi (REAs) l cc nghin cu chi tit v cc
gii hn sinh hc v ha l. Thng tin thu c c thc dng xc nh tnh trng
hin ti ca h sinh thi. Cc thng bo hoc h sc to ra u cc im k thut
v s lng thc t. REAs thng do nhng ngi c trnh k thut cao, hu ht h
n t cc trng i hc.
Ni dung REA c th bao gm nhng thng tin v cc gii hn sau:
- V quy lut t nhin: tng quan va l bao gm: t, dc, y bin, phn loi
c tr ven b, tng quan v rng ven b, sng vng phn nc.
- Mi trng xung quanh: mn, c v kh nng xm nhp nh sng.
- Kh hu: ma, lng ma, gi, nhit , my che ph.
- Hi dng hc: o su ca bin, m hnh lu thng, lu lng thy triu, sng,
cht lng nc, gi lc, kh nng chy v cht nn.
- Ni c tr quan trng: rn san h, thm c bin, rng ngp mn, t ngp nc, ca
sng, m ph vng vnh,
99
- C, cc loi gip xc, ng vt thn mm, ng vt da gai, loi c nhm, rong bin,
ng vt c v bin, cc loi chim bin v cc i sng sinh vt bin khc.
- S dng ngun li: bin v nc ngt.
- Cc thuc tnh k thut ca ngh c: th cng, quy m nh, thng mi, cng
nghip, ng c/cng ngh khai thc, loi bnh bt, mc khai thc.
- Lch s s dng ngun li: s ngi s dng ngun li, ng c, khai thc, ni c tr
(Walters v ccs, 1998).
b) nh gi kinh t x hi (Socio-Economic Assessment - SEA)
nh gi kinh t x hi l mt cch nghin cu v cc iu kin kinh t, x
hi, vn ha v chnh tr ca cc c nhn, h gia nh, nhm ngi, cng ng v t
chc. Khng c danh sch tng hp v nhng ch mc kim tra trong mt
SEA. SEA khc vi cc phng php nh gi khc l chng bao gm nhng ch
trn v ph thuc vo mc ch nh gi. Mt s SEA c th lnh giy v
tt c cc ch trn, mt s khc li ch tp trung vo s nhn thc ca i tng
tham gia hoc m hnh s dng ngun li. Chng ta c th tham kho cc phng
php h ca Bunce v ccs (2000).
C rt nhiu dng gii hn kinh t x hi c th xut hin trong mt SEA nh:
- Cc m hnh s dng ngun li.
- c im ca cc i tng tham gia.
- Cc mi quan h quyn lc chnh tr v kinh t.
- Cc c im s hu sn phm.
- Cc vn v gii.
- Nhn thc ca i tng tham gia.
- Kin thc bn a.
- Tin nghi v dch v cng cng.
- Cc thuc tnh th trng i vi vn s dng ngun li c chn lc.
- Cc thuc tnh th trng i vi vn s dng ngun li khng chn lc.
- Nhng gi tr khng th trng v khng s dng.
c) nh gi v lut v t chc (Legal and Institution Assessment - LIA)
nh gi v lut v t chc nhm nhn nh v phn tch cc t chc cng nh
c ch qun li vi qun l ngun li trong cng ng. LIA nhn dng cc i
tng s dng ngun li khc nhau, cc i tng tham gia, cc t chc lin quan n
100
qun l ngun li, LIA tin hnh phn tch vai tr ca nhng i tng k trn trong
qun l cng nhnh gi mc lin quan hin ti ca cc i tng tham gia qun
l ngun li. LIA nhn dng v kim tra v mt php ch, cc chnh sch, quy nh v
cc chng trnh v qun l ngun li (ngh c, qun l ven b, khu bo tn bin, cc
h sinh thi ven b) cc cp qun l khc nhau (lng x, th x, qun, huyn, tnh,
vng, min, quc gia v quc t). LIA xc nh quyn s hu thc t v sp xp ma
khai thc (chnh thc v khng chnh thc) nhm xc nh quyn tip cn v s dng
ngun li, liu nhng quyn ny c kh nng chuyn giao c khng v phi theo cc
nguyn tc nht nh khng. LIA ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh xy dng k
hoch qun l.
Phn tch th ch l mt phng php phi hp thng c xc nh php
lut, chnh sch v quy nh i vi cng tc qun l ngun li ven b v ngh c
cc cp qun l khc nhau c chnh thc v khng chnh thc. Phng php ny
cng c s dng nhn bit quyn s hu v b tr ma khai thc nhm xc nh
c quyn khai thc ngun li, ai c quyn tip cn ngun li v phi tun th
nhng quy tc no. Phn tch th ch cng c dng nh gi mc tham gia hin
ti ca cc i tng s dng ngun li trong qun l ngun li.
Cch tip cn tin hnh mt phn tch th ch bao gm:
- Thu thp d liu ph v
+ i tng tham gia.
+ Cc t chc cp cng ng.
+ Nhng iu chnh c cu cp cng ng.
+ Cc t chc/c quan trn cp cng ng.
+ Nhng iu chnh trn cp cng ng.
- B sung v thng qua vic thu thp d liu ph bng cch thu thp d liu
chnh. C th s dng nhiu phng php v k thut phi hp, bao gm c phng vn
kt cu v bn cu trc, cc nhm tp trung, lp bn ngun li, gii hn thi gian
lch s, cc m hnh dng chy, cc nghin cu c th v biu Venn.
- Thu thp v phn loi d liu, tp trung vo mi quan h gia v trong vic
sp xp th ch v cc t chc qun l.
- Xc nh cc phn b sung, xung t, s chng cho v nhng l hng trong
t chc v sp xp th ch h tr hoc cn tr qun l c hiu qu cc cp
qun l khc nhau ca chnh quyn v trong ni b cng ng.
- Nhn nh i tng cn h r qun l nh nhng quy nh mi, lut, t chc v c
ch ban hnh.
101
- xut cc chin lc trin khai cc m hnh quan h v mt khng gian, thi

gian, dng chy va ra quyt nh s dng nhiu loi cng c khc nhau nh mt
ct, bn , gii hn thi gian, biu Venn v ma trn.
- Phn tch cc nguyn tc thc hin, qun l v cc cp lut php.
- Thng qua nhng pht hin cng vi cng ng bo m tnh chnh xc v
hon chnh nhng l hng d liu.
d) nh gi cc vn tn ti, nhu cu v c hi (Problems of Need and
Opportunity Assessment - PNOA)
Cn b t chc cn xc nh cc vn v nhu cu ch yu ngay t khi mi
vo cng ng v trong giai on hi nhp. Cc nh gi vn , nhu cu v c hi th
yu sc tin hnh nhm cp nht nhng thng tin cc sm hn. iu nhn
mnh y l nhn nh cc nguyn nhn ct li ca cc vn cng nh thng
nht quan im v nhng nguyn nhn ny trc khi tm ra hng gii quyt cng nh
c nhng hnh ng c th. Trong trng hp cc khon ti tr v ngun li c
dng gii quyt cc vn s c th b gii hn, th vic tp trung n lc l rt quan
trng.
Xp loi u tin cho php cng ng c nhng chu tin cc vn tn ti
nhng la chn da vo nhng tiu chun vu tin c quy nh ca cc c nhn.
Xp loi theo h thng c thc dng h tr cng ng xc nh cc vn quan
tm hng u c thc th hin qua k hoch. Qu trnh ny bao gm cc hot ng
sau:
- T chc mt cuc hi tho gm cc i tng tham gia lin quan.
- Xc nh v phn loi cc vn hoc la chn cng nh lit k nhng la chn ln
bng.
- Xy dng tiu chun u tin hoc ly t danh mc la chn.
- Yu cu tng ngi tham d cho im cc la chn theo him s.
- Lp bng nhng phn hi ca cc thnh vin nhm v tnh tng im cho tng la
chn.
- Thng nht kin gia cc thnh vin nhm cc nhng chung nht (IIRR,
1998).
4.2.2. Xy dng h thng qun l thng tin tng hp
(Integrated Informations Management System - IIMS)
102
a) Khi nim
IIMS l mt h thng qun l thng tin tng hp cho vng ven bin v cc thy
vc l ni lu tr cc d liu cn thit cho vic qun l bin v ven bin.
b. Vai tr ca IIMS
- IIMS t chc v lu gi thng tin mt cch c h thng cho php lu tr, cp nht v
truy cp d dng.
- IIMS to iu kin cho vic s dng thng tin h tr cho vic xy dng chnh
sch v cc quyt nh.
- IIMS c th h tr gii quyt cc vn v chia s thng tin cn hn ch, s phn tn
ca cc ngun thng tin, trng lp trong nghin cu v thu thp thng tin/d liu, s
dng cc ngun lc km hiu qu.
c) Tnh nng chnh ca IIMS
- IIMS thc y ton din mi trng ng dng c s d liu.
- IIMS thn thin vi ngi s dng h thng truy vn.
- IIMS lin kt c vi cc phn mm bn ngoi.
- IIMS c th s dng trn nn Windows hoc h thng web.
d) ng dng IIMS h tr lp k hoch, qun l v ra quyt nh
103
Truy vn
c s d li
Bng, th v bo co
to r
C s
ch
- D liu a cc
bt
- D liu nhncou
hc
o kh
- D liu kinh t x hi
- D liu sinh hc
- D liu cc c quan
- D liu ngun nhim
- D liu v qun l ti
nguyn nc
- D liu v thm ha thin
nhin v con ngi
- D liu quan trc nc
- D liu a vn hc
Lin kt vi c s d
liu GIS
a vn hc
Phn tch khng gian
Kim tra, phn loi,

chun ha v m ha
d liu
C s d liu GIS
Bn
p dng:
- H s mi trng v
cc bn
- nh gi ri ro mi
trng
- nh gi gi tr ti
nguyn
- Xy dng chin lc
vng ven bin
- Phn vng s dng
vng ven bin
- K hoch ng ph trn
du
- u t mi trng
- Qun l
- Chng trnh hnh
ng thc hin chin
lc
ng gi, cung cp sn
phm v dch v cho
ngi s dng
Quan trc mi trng

Thu thp d liu
Hnh 4.3. Sng dng IIMS
e. p dng IIMS trong chng trnh QLTHVVB

- IIMS h tr cc ng dng khc nhau trong chng trnh QLTHVVB:
+ H s mi trng/tnh trng vng ven bin.
+ Bin son cc thng tin hoc d liu ng ranh gii.
104
+ Nng cao nhn thc cng ng v huy ng s tham gia ca cc t

chc x hi.
+ Chin lc vng ven bin v xy dng k hoch thc hin.
+ nh gi ri ro mi trng.
+ Phn tch gii.
+ Phn vng s dng vng ven bin.
+ u t mi trng.
+ nh gi tc ng mi trng.
+ K hoch ng ph trn du.
+ Quan trc tng hp mi trng.
- IIMS phc v nh kho thng tin.
- IIMS nh gi xu hng, xc nh hiu qu ca cc bin php can thip vo
kinh t x hi v h sinh thi.
f) Cc bc v yu cu thit lp IIMS
- Cc bc thit lp IIMS:
Bc 1: nh gi nng lc hin c.
Bc 2: Mua sm v lp t cc my tnh v phn mm.
Bc 3: o to cn b c lin quan.
Bc 4: Thu thp, sng lc, chun ho v m ho d liu.
Bc 5: p dng trnh din.
- Yu cu thit lp IIMS:
+ Thit lp v duy tr mi quan h tt vi ch s hu d liu.
+ Th ch ho c ch hp tc nhn c s h tr ca cc bn.
g) Li ch t IIMS
- IIMS chun ho h thng thu thp, nh dng v lu tr d liu.
- IIMS cung cp quy trnh phn tch, ng gi v trnh by d liu mt cch
khoa hc trong mt nh dng phc v cho ngi s dng d liu.
- IIMS nh gi hiu qu ca cc bin php can thip qun l.
105
- IIMS tng cng cch tip cn v s dng thng tin cho sn xut, lp k hoch v
qun l.
4.2.3. Truyn thng
a) Xy dng k hoch truyn thng mi trng
Bin tp v pht hnh s tay hng dn truyn thng mi trng
Ni dung ti liu gm cc phn:
- Nhng vn chung v truyn thng mi trng: gii thiu v truyn thng
mi trng v vai tr ca truyn thng mi trng trong qun l mi trng.
- Cc phng php tip cn xy dng h thng truyn thng mi trng: gii
thiu phng php truyn thng c nhn, phng php tip cn truyn thng nhm,
phng php tip cn truyn thng i chng v cng ng.
- Gii thiu cc m hnh trn knh truyn thng mi trng: c m hnh trn
knh chiu dc, m hnh trn knh theo chiu ngang.
- Gii thiu mt s hnh thc truyn thng mi trng.
- Gii thiu cc kiu truyn thng mi trng: truyn thng mi trng trong
qun l dn, truyn thng mi trng nhn nhng ngy c bit.
- Gii thiu phng php xy dng k hoch v thc hin mt chng trnh
truyn thng mi trng gm 4 giai on: xc nh, lp k hoch, to sn phm truyn
thng, thc hin v phn hi.
- S tham gia ca cng ng trong truyn thng mi trng.
- Gii thiu khung k hoch hnh ng truyn thng mi trng Vit Nam
2002 - 2005.
Xy dng k hoch hnh ng gio dc v nng cao nhn thc v bo v mi
trng
K hoch hnh ng gm 5 nhim v c th nh sau:
Nhim v 1: Lng ghp gio dc mi trng vo h thng gio dc quc dn vi cc
hnh ng l:
- Bi dng chuyn mn cho gio vin ch cht ca cc trng.
- Tnh, huyn, x, phng hng dn cho cc trng ci thin c s trng lp.
- Hng dn t chc cc hot ng ngoi kho v bo v mi trng cho hc
sinh v gio vin.
- T chc din n hc sinh v mi trng.
106
Nhim v 2: Nng cao nhn thc v bi dng kin thc nghip v v bo v mi

trng cho cn b cng chc thuc cc c quan qun l nh nc v cc t chc qun
chng vi cc hnh ng l:
- Tp hun o to v qun l mi trng cho cn b cng chc cc s, ban,
ngnh, huyn, thnh ph.
- Bi dng kin thc, nng cao nhn thc bo v mi trng cho cn b cc t
chc qun chng trong tnh (ch cn b cp c s).
- La chn, son tho, in n cung cp ti liu cp nht v qun l nh nc
trong lnh vc bo v mi trng a phng cho cn b cng chc lin quan.
Nhim v 3: Truyn thng nng cao nhn thc bo v mi trng cho cng ng vi
cc hnh ng l:
- Tp hun v bo v mi trng nng thn v nng nghip cho cn b ca Hi
ng Nhn dn, Hi Nng dn, Hi Ph n, on
thanh nin,...
- Phi hp vi Mt trn T quc, Hi
Nng dn, Trung tm Khuyn nng, Chi cc bo
v thc vt, Trung tm Y t d phng, S Vn
ho Thng tin, S Y t v cc c quan thng tin
i chng a ni dung bo v mi trng nng
thn v nng nghip thnh chuyn mc thng
xuyn, t chc cc cuc thi cho cc Hi Nng
dn huyn, x v bo v mi trng, a ni
dung mi trng vo quy ch lng vn ho v
lin hoan vn ngh qun chng nng thn.
Cuc thi v bo v mi trng cho

cng ng do MCD t chc ti x
Giao Xun, Giao Thy, Nam nh
Nhim v 4: Truyn thng nng cao nhn thc cho cng ng th vi cc hnh ng
l:
- Truyn thng thng xuyn trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng vi cc
ni dung qun l cht thi th, tit kim s dng nc, cc dng nhin liu v nng
lng, thay i nhu cu theo hng thn thin mi trng, s dng hp l bao b cht
do, v sinh an ton thc phm.
- Pht ng ngy v sinh th thnh ph mi thng 1 ln.
- In, pht cc t bm, t ri nhm hng dn v sinh mi trng th.
Nhim v 5: Chng trnh nng cao nhn thc bo v mi trng khu vc sn xut
kinh doanh vi hnh ng l:
- Tp hun qun l mi trng cho cc cn b lm cng tc qun l mi trng
ca cc doanh nghip sn xut v kinh doanh vi cc ni dung v mi trng lao
107
ng, qun l cht thi nguy hi, sn xut sch, hng dn s dng bao b, bao gi sn
phm...
b) Xy dng mng li tuyn truyn vin v nhm tuyn truyn vin nng ct
Tp hun kin thc truyn thng mi trng cho i ng tuyn truyn vin
nng ct ca cc s, ban, ngnh v c s.
Vic tp hun c tp trung vo 2 loi i tng chnh:
- i vi i ng tuyn truyn vin nng ct ca cc s, ban, ngnh, cc on
th chnh tr-x hi v cn b c s tham gia c tp hun v phng php lun
truyn thng mi trng, xy dng k hoch truyn thng mi trng theo cc i
tng cn phi truyn thng. Ngoi ra, cc tuyn truyn vin cn c trang b mt s
kin thc qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng v cc kinh nghim bo v mi
trng trong cng ng.
- i vi cng ng ti cc c s, c tin hnh iu tra nh gi nhanh cc
vn bc xc v mi trng bng phng php nh gi nhanh nng thn c s
tham gia ca cng ng, xc nh cc vn u tin v mi trng thng qua iu tra
thc t v phng vn trc tip n cn b x v nhn dn.
Cung cp ti liu, hng dn cn b x, thn vit vc cc bi thng tin v
mi trng trn i truyn thanh ca x, thn nng cao thc, trch nhim bo v
mi trng trong cng ng dn c.
Xy dng m hnh thim truyn thng mi trng cp x
Cc s ban ngnh phi hp vi lnh o y ban Nhn dn x, lnh o thn
thnh lp t cng tc thc hin xy dng m hnh thim vi cc ni dung sau:
- Tp hun phng php lun v kinh nghim qun l mi trng cho lnh o
x, thn.
- Hng dn kin thc v bo v mi trng cho cng ng dn c nh phn
loi ngun rc, cch x l rc...
- Xy dng quy ch bo v mi trng ca thn, x nhm nng cao thc trch
nhim ca mi ngi dn vi cng ng.
- T chc hot ng v duy tr hot ng mi thng 1 ln huy ng cng ng
tham gia tng v sinh ng lng, ng xm, khai thng cng rnh.
- Quy hoch v xy dng b cha bao b thuc bo v thc vt ngoi ng.
- B trim chn lp rc thi sinh hot hp v sinh mi thn.
- Ly kin ng gp ca nhn dn xy dng v ban hnh quy c bo v
mi trng cp thn, x.
108
- H tr kinh ph cho m hnh im thc hin mt s cng vic v x l

nhim mi trng ti cng ng.
- Kt hp tuyn truyn, biu dng ngi tt, vic tt; ph bnh c nhn vi
phm v v sinh mi trng; gim st, nh gi kt qu, rt kinh nghim qu trnh
thc hin.
Xy dng m hnh truyn thng mi trng thim cp thn, x cn t c cc
mc tiu sau:
- Nng cao nhn thc v vn bo v mi trng cho i tng truyn thng.
- Tng cng s quan tm ca lnh o v nhn dn v bo v mi trng a
phng.
- Thay i thi i vi vn mi trng cho i tng truyn thng thng qua
tp hun.
- Thay i hnh vi c lin quan n vn mi trng cho i tng truyn
thng, thng qua cc hnh ng c th.
- Tng bc to lp thi quen cho cc i tng truyn thng v qun l v duy
tr bo v mi trng.
c. Phng php v s dng cc knh truyn thng
Mt s phng php truyn thng
Chng trnh truyn thng sp dng ba yu t sau:
- Huy ng l li ko vm bo s tham gia ca mng li cc t chc x hi ti
cng ng, mng li cc t chc phi chnh ph, chuyn gia, bo gii v cc i tc
trong Chng trnh QLTHB. Nhng mng li ny s l mt knh hiu qu tp
hp v chia s thng tin, cc kt qu nghin cu, kt qu hin trng cng nh cc
thng ip truyn thng. Nhng mng li ny (c bit l cc cng tc vin c s
qua tp hun v truyn thn) s l mt ngun nhn lc cho cc hot ng o to nng
cao nng lc, hot ng truyn thng chin dch.
- Vn ng chnh sch nhm m bo cc ngun lc v s cam kt ca cc nh lnh
o, nh hoch nh chnh sch/x hi cp huyn, tnh v quc gia. Thng qua cc
ban qun l Chng trnh QLTHB cc tnh, UBND cc tnh, Chng trnh
QLTHN s vn ng cc nh lm chnh sch tnh v quc gia thc y/qung b
va ra tho lun nhm cc cc chnh sch, quy nh nh hng n vng b
nht qun v khng trng lp gia cc ngnh.
- Truyn thng thay i hnh vi nhm khuyn khch cc hnh vi mi v bn vng
ci thin kin thc, thi , ng s v s tham gia ca cc bn c lin quan trong vic
qui hoch, khai thc v s dng cc ti nguyn bin v ven bin.
109
Cc phng tin v knh truyn thng

Cc phng php truyn thng c xut c th chia thnh cc nhm ln sau:
- Truyn thng trc tip: y l cch Chng trnh Truyn thng mi trng khuyn
khch s dng nhm m bo tnh hai chiu trong cng tc trao i thng tin. Phng
php c tin hnh thng qua cc bui trao i thng tin, bo co tin i vi cp
lnh o, hi tho, cc bui tho lun chuyn hay sinh hot mng li, din n,
v.v c km theo s dng cc phng tin truyn thng l cc bo co, ti liu in n,
hay tranh nh trc quan. i vi knh truyn thng ny, ngoi cn b ca c quan u
mi, nn huy ng lc lng cng tc vin l thnh vin trong cc mng li h tr
trin khai, sau khi hc tp hun nng cao nng lc trin khai truyn thng mi
trng.
- Truyn thng chin dch hay truyn thng i chng: thng qua cc bui l, s
kin hay lng ghp cng nhng chng trnh th thao gii tr. c im ca phng
php ny thng huy ng c mt s lng ln ngi tham gia, nhng cc thng
ip khng c duy tr trong mt thi gian di; nhng ngi tham gia c xu
hng b phn tn do cng mt qung thi gian phi tip nhn cc nhm thng ip
khc nhau. chnh l l do phng php truyn thng ny thng ch gip cc
chng trnh nh gic s lng ngi tham gia m kh c thnh gic cht
lng thng tin cc i tng truyn thng thu nhn c. i vi phng php ny,
cc ti liu truyn thng c s dng thng l cc ti liu in n (nh t ri, p
phch) v mt s ti liu trc quan khc nh phim nh, phng s, bn tin). Vi phng
php ny, nn huy ng ti a s hp tc vi cc c quan bo ch, pht thanh v truyn
hnh.
- Pht ti liu: khng nn thc hin phng php ny mt cch c lp m nn kt
hp vi hai phng php c nu trn. Thc hin nh vy s trnh p t cc i
tng truyn thng trong vic tip nhn ti liu, thng tin dn n lng ph (pht
nhng ti liu h bit) hay thng tin c pht khng ph hp. Vic pht ti liu
tin hnh c lp cng khng gip chng trnh nhn c kin phn hi nh gi
cht lng ti liu, bo co, tr khi p dng gi trong phn gim st nh gi ca ti
liu ny, lnhkm mt phiu nhn xt ti liu trong mi cun bo co, ti liu
(chuyn mn) c pht hnh.
110
PHN 5. QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN VIT NAM

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5.1. Hin trng v nhu cu qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam
5.1.1. Tnh hnh chung
Chin lc bo v mi trng quc gia (2001 2010) cp n 5 lnh vc u
tin lin quan n cc ngnh v cc khu vc a l trng im trong quy hoch v pht
trin kinh t. Tm hnh ng tip theo lin quan n cc dng ti nguyn thin nhin
v cc h sinh thi m cc lnh vc pht trin u ph thuc vo n. l:
a. Quy hoch, qun l v ci thin mi trng cho pht trin bn vng
- Ci tin cng tc qun l mi trng trong lnh vc cng nghip.
- Bo v v ci thin mi trng th.
- Bo v v ci thin mi trng nng thn.
- S dng bn vng ti nguyn, tng cng cng tc quy hoch v qun l mi
trng trong tt c cc lnh vc pht trin.
- S dng bn vng ti nguyn, tng cng cng tc quy hoch v qun l mi
trng tt c 8 vng kinh t trng im v t nhin theo hng dn ca cc k hoch
hnh ng v mi trng khu vc.
b. Bo v, bo tn v s dng bn vng ti nguyn thin nhin
- Bo v mi trng nc v s dng bn vng ti nguyn nc.
- Bo v v s dng bn vng ti nguyn t, ti nguyn khong sn trong lng
t.
- Bo v mi trng khng kh.
- Bo tn a dng sinh hc.
- Bo v, bo tn v s dng bn vng rng.
- Bo v, bo tn v s dng bn vng bin, cc vng b bin v hi o.
- Bo v, bo tn v s dng bn vng t ngp nc.
- Bo v, bo tn v s dng bn vng di sn t nhin v vn ha.
5.1.2. Hin trng qun l
a. Mt s hot ng bo v mi trng ven bin
111
Phn 5. Qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam

Dn im trnh din quc gia v QLTHVVB ti Qung Nam
- Pht trin kinh t x hi theo hng s dng hp l hn cc ngun li t

nhin v bo v mi trng theo cc chnh sch m trong chnh sch quan trng
nht l Ngh quyt s 246/HBT ca Hi ng B trng (9/1985).
- Ban hnh hng lot b lut cp n khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin, pht
trin v bo v mi trng, trong s c lut v khai thc ti nguyn khong sn
(1989), v hng hi (1990), v pht trin v bo v rng (1991) v Sc lnh v bo v
ngun li thy sn (1989).
- Tham d cc hi ngh quc t, trong c Hi ngh Ramsar vt ngp ngp
nc (1971), Hi ngh Lun n v rc thi ra bin (1972), Hi ngh v vn ha
th gii v cc di sn t nhin (1972), Tuyn b Stockholm v ci thin mi trng
(1972), Hi ngh Marpol v ngn nga nhim bin (1973, 1979), Hi ngh v cc
Lut bin,...
- Pht trin chin lc quc gia v bo tn t nhin (1975) v k hoch quc gia
v pht trin mi trng v pht trin bn vng mt khun kh cho cc hnh ng
trong giai on 1991 2000 (1991) v giai on 2001 2010 (2001), chng c coi l
cha kha cho tt c hot ng.
- Thnh lp B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng (MoSTE) thay thy ban
Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc, vi nhng quyn hn, t chc v chc nng mi.
- Tham d cc Hi ngh quc t, k c Hi ngh v bo tn a dng sinh hc
(1972), Hi ngh v thay i kh hu (1991),...
- Ban hnh mt lot b lut, trong c Lut bo v mi trng (1994) i theo
sau l nhng ch thc thc hin, Lut du kh (1993), Lut t ai (1993, c b
sung nm 1998), Lut ti nguyn nc,...
- Thc hin chin lc quc gia v bo tn t nhin bng vic thnh lp 10
Vn quc gia c tng din tch 239.641 ha, 52 khu bo tn din tch 1.411.158 ha, 18
khu bo tn v phong cnh c bit c din tch 502.746 ha, 22 khu bo tn vn ha v
phong cnh vi din tch 107.193 ha v mt xut cho 16 khu bo tn bin (MPAs)
din tch 66.406 ha.
- Lp k hoch cho k hoch hnh ng a dng sinh hc (BAP, 1995), K
hoch hnh ng mi trng quc gia (NEAP, 1995), pht trin mt h thng ca
chng trnh Ti trng rng 5 triu ha tun th Ngh quyt s 661/Q-TTg
(1998),...
- Mt s ti tr ln cho bo v mi trng c u t vo cc hnh thc gio
dc cng ng v chuyn mn, vo cc nghin cu trng tm v c bn, gim st v
nh gi tc ng, x l cht thi v ri ro, pht trin cc khu bo tn t nhin, t k
hoch di hn v ngn hn cho vic ci thin cht lng mi trng, hoch nh nhng
chnh sch ph hp linh hot kt hp v lm ngang bng cc nhu cu gia s pht
112

trin kinh t x hi, s dng ti nguyn thin nhin vi vic bo v mi trng theo
hng bn vng, duy tr c quan qun l hnh chnh tt c cc cp (Hnh 5.1).
b. Tng cng kim sot mi trng
Phng thc ny bao gm cc cng c php l lin quan n h thng kim tra, kim
sot, cng ch thc thi, ch yu nh: tiu chun mi trng, nh gi mi trng (GM),
gim st cnh bo mi trng, cc loi giy php v bin php kim sot s dng t ven
bin v nc ven b.
Ban hnh cc tiu chun mi trng cho php nh gi cc mc tiu hnh ng,
cc p ng qun l mi trng ca cc hot ng pht trin vng ven bin v trn
bin bo m tnh bn vng. Gi tr ca cc tiu chun c th ph thuc vo bn
cht v thc trng kinh t ca mi nc. Tc l mc cht, lng ca tng ch tiu
trong tiu chun khc nhau ty thuc vo tnh hnh kinh t x hi ca mi nc.
nc ta, ngy 25-3-1995 B trng B KHCN&MT ra Qut nh s 229Q/TDC v tiu chun mi trng v Quyt nh s 35/2002/Q-KHCNMT ngy 256-2002 cng b danh mc Tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng bt buc p dng,
trong c Tiu chun cht lng nc ven b (TCVN 5943-1995). Tuy cha y
vng b, nhng b tiu chun ny p ng kp thi yu cu ca cng tc BVMT
quc gia.
Trong qui nh hai loi tiu chun chnh: tiu chun v cht lng nc
v tiu chun thi. Vn cn cha ban hnh thng nht vng b cc tiu chun v
qui cch k thut v thit k ca cc thit b, phng tin, cng trnh s dng trn
bin Vit Nam, cng nh tiu chun ho cc phng php ly mu v phn tch cc
thnh phn mi trng bin. Nhiu tiu chu n c th khc nh cht lng trm
tch, cht lng nc cho cc mc ch s dng bin (du lch bin, khu bo t n
bin, cng vin bin, khu cng trnh nhn to...) v cho tng a phng, tng vng
bin c trng v tng ngnh cng cha c ban hnh. Tiu chun cho php thi,
nhn chm rc thi v ph liu vo mi trng bin cn thiu, cho nn mt s
trng hp phi s dng tiu chun nc ngoi khi cn thit. iu ny cng gy ra
nhiu kh khn khi x l cc vn c th gc php lut.
113

Hnh 5.1. C quan qun l hnh chnh v bo v mi trng ca B Ti nguyn

v Mi trng
kim sot mi trng, vic cp hoc khng cp cc loi giy php l mt cng
c quan trng kim sot mi trng. nc ta, vic cp php c tin hnh thng
qua p ng yu cu ca php lut v thc hinnh gi tc ng mi trng (TM).
Nghnh s 175-CP hng dn thi hnh Lut BVMT yu cu tt c cc dn pht
trin hoc tin hnh cc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh s dng bin hoc vng ven
bin u phi tin hnh TM bt buc. y l mt bin php qun l nh nc v mi
trng hu hiu trong bi cnh ca mt nc ngho, nn sn xut lc hu v kh nng
gy nhim cao, nhng nhu cu s dng ti nguyn bin - ven bin cho mc ch pht
trin v sinh k li rt cao.
Thi gian qua, cng cTM chp dng ch yu cho cc dn ring l, trong
khi tc ng ca cc dn trong mt vng lnh th, cc chnh sch, qui hoch/k
hoch cha c quan tm ng mc, i khi TM khng pht huy c tc dng.
Ngoi cng cTM, trong nh gi mi trng (GM) cn c nhng cng c khc
nhnh gi mi trng chin lc (MC) dng nh gi tc ng mi trng ca
114

cc chnh sch, cc qui hoch/k hoch, vnh gi mi trng tng th (TMT)

dng nh gi tc ng cng hng, cng lc ca cc dn phn b trong cng
mt n v lnh th. Nhng n nay, cha c nhng hng dn k thut p dng
cc cng c mi ny.
TM i hi bt c t chc, c nhn no nu thc hin dn hoc hot ng c
th gy nh hng n mi trng u phi tin hnh phn tch vnh gi tc ng
mi trng v phi xut cc gii php gim thiu tc ng v BVMT. y l mt
ngha v mang tnh ni dung gn lin vi qu trnh xem xt, ph duyt dn v cp
php, nh dn xy dng nh my, khu cng nghip v th ven bin, hot ng
thm d v tm kim du kh... nhm ngn nga v hn ch ngay tu v ngay t
ngun gy nhim mi trng bin. i vi cc tu thuyn khi c cc giy chng
nhn an ton k thut i bin v giy chng nhn v phng nga nhim mi trng
liu kin tu thuyn c ri bn. Vic p dng giy php cho php cc c quan
qun l ra quyt nh rt hoc tm treo giy php iu chnh cc hnh vi vi phm
mi trng. Tuy nhin, h thng cp php thng hay chng cho, lm dng v cn
phi c ci tin cc th tc cp php, tng cng gim st v ch bo co thng
xuyn.
Qun l s dng t ven bin v vng nc ven b cng s gp phn gim
thiu cc nh hng xu n mi trng vng ven bin. Gn y, ngi ta hay s
dng bin php phn vng chc nng ca vng nghin cu v xc nh nng lc ti
ca mt h thng (t nhin, nhn to). Trn c sa ra ngng khai thc s
dng ph hp i vi mt khu vc bin, mt vng ven bin, mt khu bo tn bin hay
mt h sinh thi t nhin vng ven bin...Cc hnh thc nh phn b hp l ngun
ti nguyn cho cc mc ch pht trin vng ven bin, xc nh tnh nhy cm v
tnh khng ch ca cc khu b, cm mt s hot ng pht trin c kh nng gy
nhim hoc suy thoi mi trng...l nhng bin php h tr hu ch gim thiu cc
tc ng n mi trng bin v vng ven bin. Tuy nhin, cc bin php nh vy cn
cha c p dng i tr nc ta.
Quan trc mi trng l mt trong nhng cng c hu hiu cung cp cp
nht cc thng tin qun l mi trng. l s theo di nh k, lp i lp li theo
khng gian v thi gian i vi mt s thng s mi trng c trng cho cht lng
cc hp phn mi trng mt vng ven bin nht nh. Cc thng tin t hot ng
quan trc - cnh bo (QTCB) s gip nh qun l hiu c hin trng, din bin cht
lng mi trng vnh gi hiu qu ca cc cng tc qun l mi trng. Thng
thng ngi ta chia ra mt s kiu loi QTCB: quan trc mi trng nn, quan trc
tc ng v quan trc tun th.
nc ta, nhn thc r tm quan trng ca cng tc QTCB nn mt h thng
quan trc mi trng bin quc gia c thit lp t nm 1995 theo c ch phi
thuc nhm tn dng tim lc ca cc c quan khoa hc v bin sn c. Trong h
thng ny, c ba trm vng quan trc ven b (min Bc, Trung, Nam), mt trm quan
trc vng khai thc du kh thm lc a pha Nam v mt trm bin khi. Hng nm
115

quan trc 4 ln (4 qu), mi ln quan trc tng s 22 thng s (To, S%o, pH, dinh
dng, BOD, COD, DO, dng chy, du, thuc tr su, kim loi nng, to gy hi,...).
Tng sa im quan trc khong trn 20, gm 2 loi trm: nn (Bch Long V, Cn
C, L Sn, Cn o, Ph Quc) v tc ng (phn b cc vng ca sng chnh).
Ti mi a im quan trc s lng thng s quan trc cng khc nhau ph thuc vo
phn tch d bo ngun gy nhim khi qui hoch. T nm 2000, cc kt qu quan
trc gp phn vo bo co hin trng mi trng trnh Quc hi hng nm.
H thng QTCB mi trng quc gia cn bc l nhiu yu im: mng li o
c v ly mu qu tha, kiu quan trc tun th cn cha c thit lp (rt cn cho
cc KBTB), cc ch th mi trng (indicator) cha c la chn in hnh ho
cc thng s quan trc, tn sut quan trc cn tha, quy trnh QA/QC cn cha c
p dng bo m tin cy ca cc kt qu quan trc, v tr cc a im quan trc
cn cha in hnh, k thut quan trc cn cha thng nht gia cc c quan tham gia.
Cc cng c kinh tc cc quc gia pht trin s dng rng ri nhm h tr cho
cc bin php kim sot mi trng tr nn mm do, kp thi v hiu qu vi chi ph thp
hn.
Cc cng c kinh t thng bao gm: l ph nhim, l ph x thi, ph s dng
bin, ph sn phm, l ph hnh chnh, thu, cc qu mi trng v cc khon tr cp
khc. Trong khi hoch nh mc kinh ph, th vic xc nh mc ph ti u c hi u
lc rn e gio dc; mc ph khng c thp qu lm mt tc dng; nhng mc ph
qu cao dn n tng chi phu vo ca sn xut, gy p lc v phn ng t cc c
s sn sut, km hm s pht trin kinh t, gy bt n nh x hi.
c. Qun l tng hp mi trng vng ven bin
y l nguyn tc c ghi trong iu 12 v 17 ca Hin php nm 1992 v
iu 3 ca Lut BVMT Vit Nam: cc thnh phn mi trng u thuc s hu ton
dn (iu 17, Hin php 1992) v xc nh ni dung qun l nh nc v BVMT, phn
cng v phn cp trong qun l nh nc v mi trng (tinh thn ca iu 3, Lut
BVMT). Cc hnh ng qun l thc hin nguyn tc ny u phi chn cch tip
cn tng hp, lin ngnh v li cun cc bn lin quan (stakeholders) trong s dng a
ngnh/a mc tiu ti nguyn thin nhin vng ven bin. y l cch tip cn hon
ton mi v ln u tin c cp n trong Chng 17, Chng trnh Ngh s 21
nm 1992. Gn y, do tm quan trng ca vng ven bin v xu hng suy thoi ti
nguyn b nc ta, nhiu n lc quc gia v quc t thng qua cc dn khc nhau v
qun l tng hp vng ven bin c tin hnh.
5.1.3. Nhu cu qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam
a) S suy gim cc ngun li ven bin
Cc h sinh thi vng duyn hi
116

Cc h sinh thi vng duyn hi chim mt din tch ln ca vng ven bin Vit
Nam nhng ch yu min Bc v min Nam. Chng bao gm cc bi bin v vng
t thp ven b bin gia lc thu triu ln v xung, mi nm hng nghn tn
thc n bin c dn li ch yu t nhuyn th, gip xc (tm, cua), giun nhiu t,
v.v...
Bn cnh , c hn 200.000 ha din tch ao nui thu sn nc lc ngn
khi vng t thp bnh hng ca thu triu (k c vng t thp chu nh hng
thu triu cao v thp) nui tm, cua, nhuyn th, c v rong cu. Phn ln cc ao
nui thu sn u rt gn vi cc ca sng, cc vnh vm ph ven bin, tr
lng t nhin v thc n c sn v tng t ct rt phhp. Phng php nui qung
canh l phng php ph bin nht v s dng phng php bn thm canh cn hn
ch. Phng php thm canh c p dng qui m nh do hn ch v cng ngh.
H sinh thi rng ngp mn
H sinh thi rng ngp mn l mt trong nhng h sinh thi ven bin phong ph
vc xem l ngun h tr quan trng cho cuc sng gn cht vi cc cng ng
ven bin. Nm 1943, rng ngp mn ca Vit Nam c tnh l 400.000 ha. N b
gim i 50% (200.000 ha) nm 1990 do b tn ph bi chin tranh v do s cht ph
qu mc lm ci, s khai hoang v nui trng thu sn nc l.
Rng c gi tr cho nn kinh t, sinh thi v mi trng cc hnh thc cung
cp trc tip ci un hoc xy dng v nguyn liu dc phm. Rng ngp m n
cn h tr nui dng ong mt; cc bi v chim nc (c bit chim di c
Phng Bc) v cc sn phm thu sn khc. V mt sinh thi, r ng ngp mn cn
lm hi ha vi kh hu, kim ch l lt, gp phn bo v b bin khi s xi mn,
v.v...
H sinh thi ngm san h
H sinh thi ngm san h l h sinh thi phong ph nht vng ven bi n
Vit Nam. N bao trm mt din tch khong 17.000 km2 (Sorokin, 1990), hin ang
l cc vng sinh thi chnh. Vng ven bin pha Ty ca vnh Bc b bao gm
khong 200 loi san h, vng ven bin min Trung vng Nam b c 500 loi, v
vng o ven bin Ty Nam b 250 loi. Nng sut c h sinh thi ngm san h
trc kia c tnh l 1.950 kg/ha (Nguyen Huy Yet, 1994). Bn c nh thu sn v
san h, qun th rn san h cng bao gm nhuyn th, gip xc, ng vt da gai, b
st, ra bin, c nc, trng c l, to, c bin,v.v..., trong cc loi c nhiu loi
c gi tr rt ln.
H sinh thi m ph
Ven bin min Trung Vit Nam l mt vng ngho ngun li t nhin, c ph
cho mt h sinh thi m ph c gi tr rt ln i vi s pht trin kinh t-x hi vng
ven bin. Min Trung Vit Nam c 12 m ph ln ven bin, v tr v Bc 11o 117

16o, vi tng din tch 447,8 km2, trong cm phc trng th hai. m ph ven
bin Tam Giang- Cu Hai (tnh Tha Thin Hu) lm ph ln nht (216 km2) v
thuc t l ln ca th gii, m ph hng vt v thc vt gm c 742 loi, khng
k 73 loi chim nc. N h tr rt nhiu cho s pht trin kinh t - x hi ven bin
ca tnh Tha Thin Hu, tm ph khong 4.500 5.000 tn sn phm thu sn
trc kia c khai thc mi nm trong thi gian trc nm 1975 v sau ny ch l
2.000 2.500 tn/nm. Cc sn phm chnh ny l c, tm, nhuyn th, rong cu, cha
kn hng nghn tn c bin (Hydrophytes) lm phn bn v thc n cho gia sc.
m ph ln khc tnh Bnh nh c tn lm Th Ni c 686 loi hng vt v
thc vt.
b) Mu thun li ch trong s dng a ngnh ti nguyn b nh: Nui trng thy
sn; nng nghip ven bin; lm nghip; khai thc m v ch bin khong sn ven bin;
khai thc thy sn; pht trin cng nghip ven bin; giao thng vn ti; cng v hng
hi; nh c/khai hoang ln bin; du lch ven bin; th ha v ph thi; bo t n
v bo v; khoa hc v gio dc; an ninh quc phng v khai thc du kh,
Quan im v mu thun
Ti nguyn thin nhin a dng v n cha ng tim nng pht trin a ngnh
v xy ra cc mu thun li ch trong bi cnh lch s s dng a ngnh ti nguyn
ven bin. Mu thun li ch trong s dng a ngnh ti nguyn bin c hiu l
nhng tranh chp li ch pht trin gia cc ngnh, cng nhng thit hi do ngnh ny,
lnh vc ny gy ra cho nhng ngnh khc v lnh vc khc.
Cc kiu mu thun
- Theo hnh thc khc nhau: tranh chp khng gian (thng ni m v th tr
thnh dng ti nguyn c bit c gi tr); tranh chp ti nguyn ( mt vng ven bin
hoc trong khng gian mt h sinh thi); tranh chp u t (khi thu ht u t vo lnh
vc ny lm gim nh lnh vc khc) v tranh chp mi trng (do tc ng mi
trng tiu cc ca ngnh ny gy thit hi cho ngnh khc).
- Theo cc tng quan: Mu thun mt chiu (ngnh ny gy thit hi cho
ngnh kia v khng c phn ng ngc); mu thun hai chiu (c hai ngnh gy thit
hi cho nhau) v mu thun nhiu chiu (mt ngnh chu thit hi do nhiu ngnh gy
ra v ngc li).
- Qui m thi gian v mc khc nhau: Mu thun tm thi (hu qu tranh
chp khng lu di, qui m hp); mu thun i khng (gy thit hi ln, kh c th
dung ha) v xung t li ch (xy ra mu thun i khng mc gay gt nht).
c) Sc p t cc hot ng pht trin
- Khai thc qu mc, hy dit.
- Suy thoi v nhim mi trng vng ven bin.
118

- Ph hy ni sinh c vng ven bin.

- Thin tai (bo l, ngp lt ven bin).
- Khai hoang ln bin.
- Lm dng phn bn v thuc tr su.
- Xy dng ng x/cng bin.
- X nc thi khng qua x l.
- Ph h sinh thi rng ngp mn, thm c bin v rn san h.
- Du lch ven bin.
- Ph dng do nui trng thy sn.
d) Vn kinh t - x hi vng ven bin
- Dn s tng nhanh to nn sc p ln ti nguyn vng ven bin.
- Trnh dn tr thp ca cng ng v mi trng v ti nguyn vng ven bin
yu.
- Ngho kh v cht lng cuc sng ca cc cng ng ven bin thp.
- Cc t chc qun chng x hi v cng ng a phng cha c li cun
vo qun l vng ven bin.
e) Th ch v chnh sch qun l vng ven bin cn nhiu bt cp
- Vn s hu t v mt nc vng ven bin cha r.
- Cha phn nh r rng cc vng chc nng v phn cp qun l.
- Nhiu c quan qun l khc nhau nhng chng cho v chc nng/nhim v.
- Thiu s phi hp gia cc c quan.
- Thc thi php lut cn yu.
- Thiu cn b c nng lc v kin thc trong quy hoch, thc hin v gim
st qun l vng ven bin.
- Thiu mt c ch qun l lin ngnh trong vic s dng a ngnh/a mc
tiu ti nguyn vng ven bin.
5.2. Thc tin hot ng Qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam
Trc nhu cu thc t v vic phi p dng QLTHVVB nc ta m bo
cc m c tiu pht tri n b n v ng, mt s dn im c trin khai vt c
119

nhng thnh cng nht nh. iu ny thu ht c s quan tm nhiu cp t

Trung ng n a phng. Mc ny cp n xu hng p dng QLTHVVB
nc ta, trnh by mt s dn QLTHVVB in hnh vang mang li nhng
thnh cng nht nh, bn cnh cng a ra ba nghin cu trng hp QLTHVVB
trn th gii bng ting Anh nhm mc ch gip sinh vin lm quen vi nhng thut
ng ting Anh chuyn ngnh.
5.2.1. Xu hng p dng qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam
QLTHVVB ang ngy cng c quan tm, chp nhn vp dng vo thc t
qun l tr thnh mt gii php hiu qu cho vic qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi
trng vng ven bin. nh hng ca cc chng trnh dn QLTHVVB, c bit
l Dn QLTHVVB ti Nng v Dn VNICZM, n cc hot ng qun l ti
nguyn v mi trng bin v ven bin ngy cng tr nn mnh m. Nhiu a phng
ven bin nhn thy tm quan trng v tnh thit thc ca QLTHVVB: mt sa
phng nh Thi Bnh, Thanh Ho, Qung Nam, Ninh Bnh, Ph Yn, v.v...
ngh B KHCN&MT h tr, hng dn v cho tham gia vo mng li cc a
phng c QLTHVVB hin nay ti Vit Nam.
Kinh nghim ca dn ICM trnh din Nng v Dn VNICZM gip vic
xy dng xut Chng trnh qun l tng hp di ven bin i Bc Trung b v
duyn hi Trung b do B TN&MT c Chnh ph giao ch tr xy dng nhm c
th ha Quyt nh s 113/2005/Q-TTg ngy 20 thng 5 nm 2005 ca Th tng
Chnh ph ban hnh Chng trnh hnh ng ca Chnh ph thc hin Ngh Quyt s
39-NQ/TW ngy 16 thng 8 nm 2004 ca B Chnh tr v pht trin kinh t x hi
vm bo quc phng, an ninh i Bc Trung b v duyn hi Trung b.
Chng trnh qun l tng hp di ven bin i Bc Trung b v duyn hi
Trung bn nm 2010 nh hng 2020 c Chnh ph ph duyt ti Quyt nh
s 158/2007/Q- TTg ngy 9/10/2007 bao gm 14 tnh ven bin min Trung, t
Thanh Ha n Bnh Thun, c xy dng thnh 2 giai on, t nay cho n 2010 v
2010 n 2020 vi ngun kinh phc xc nh l 650 t cho hai giai on.
Cc gii php thc hin bao gm: i) Tp trung xy dng v kin ton cc c ch
iu phi, hp tc a ngnh thc hin nhim v qun l tng hp vng ven bin; pht
trin ngun nhn lc v tng cng cng tc tuyn truyn, nng cao s hiu bit ca
cc cp qun l v cng ng phc v qun l tng hp vng ven bin. ii) Tng cng
va dng ho cc ngun vn u t cho qun l tng hp vng ven bin, trong : a
dng ho v s dng c hiu qu cc ngun vn u t; u tin u t cho vic o to
ngun nhn lc v tng cng c s vt cht k thut phc v xy dng c s d liu,
h thng thng tin tng hp; v khuyn khch, thu ht v khai thc tt cc ngun vn
u t khc thng qua cc chng trnh, dn hp tc quc t song phng va
phng; tch cc huy ng thm cc ngun vn t doanh nghip, t chc, c nhn
trong nc v nc ngoi.
120

ph bin v thc hin cch tip cn mi, trin khai cc hot ng bn l

QLTHVVB, hng lot nguyn tc v ni dung cng vic thc hin QLTHVVB c th
c nu trong Chng trnh qun l tng hp di ven bin i Bc Trung b v
duyn hi Trung b v cn c thng nht, tin hnh trong phm vi c nc, nh (i)
To ra m hnh QLTHVVB quy m cp tnh ph hp p dng cho cc tnh ven bin
ca Vit Nam; (ii) Nng cao hn na qu trnh th ch ho QLTHVVB; (iii) To ra
c h thng cng c v hng dn ph hp cho p dng QLTHVVB; (iv) Nhanh
chng o to i ng cn b thc hin QLTHVVB; (v) Cp tnh l cp quan trng
nht p dng QLTHVVB; (vi) C s hng dn v h tr ca TW, thng qua n
v chuyn trch v QLTHVVB hin mi c thnh lp ti Cc BVMT v cn c
nng cp trong thi gian ti; (vii) C c ch ph hp li ko cc bn tham gia c
sng thun ca cc bn tham gia: cc cp chnh quyn, on th, doanh nghip,
khoa hc, t vn, cng ng, ... vo qu trnh a QLTHVVB vo thc t; (viii) Lng
ghp, phi hp vi cc chng trnh, dn lin quan khc s dng hiu qu cc kt
qu cc; (ix) iu phi nhp nhng v hiu qu cc dn QLTHVVB t ngun ti
tr quc t,v.v...
Vic trin khai, vn hnh QLTHVVB cc tnh ven bin hin nay gp rt nhiu
kh khn v bt cp do: Cha c chnh sch chung v hng dn v php l cho vic
vn hnh QLTHVVB cp tnh; QLTHVVB ca giai on va qua ch mi mc s
khai v cn rt nhiu vn cn kim nghim v tng kt trc khi p dng i tr
vo thc t; Cha c h thng t chc ph hp v mnh Trung ng cng nh
cc tnh; Cha c cc hng dn v chuyn mn v k thut p dng QLTHVVB
cp tnh; Chuyn gia QLTHVVB Vit Nam cn thiu v yu tt c cc cp, c bit
l thiu chuyn gia c thnm vng gip vn hnh QLTHVVB; Cn ba
phng hiu bit rt hn ch v QLTHVVB; Nhn thc v QLTHVVB cha y
v cn rt khc nhau: Vn hnh QLTHVVB cn b hiu sai lch, nhiu khi nng v
khoa hc nhng coi nh v qun l; Kinh nghim v QLTHVVB ca Vit Nam cho
n nay mi t c bc ban u v th cha c kinh nghim giai on thc hin
c th li ko u t.
Qun l tng hp vng ven bin l mt qu trnh ci tin hot ng qun l nh
nc cc cp i vi ti nguyn v mi trng vng ven bin nhm hng n pht
trin bn vng, thng qua vic nhn rng v vn hnh mt m hnh qun l rt c gi
trc c rt trong thc t, m ra c hi ln cng nh thch thc khng nh v
nhiu mt trong giai on hin nay. Vic tip tc cc s hp tc v gip t cc
nc v cc t chc quc t c lin quan i vi cng cuc tin hnh QLTHVVB
nc ta l ht sc cn thit v cp bch, m quan trng nht l khu o to ngun
nhn lc, chuyn giao kin thc v kinh nghim, v trao i chuyn gia.
121
5.2.2. Mt s trng hp in hnh Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ti Vit Nam
-----------
----
----
-----------
Trng hp 1: Dn im trnh din quc gia v QLTHVVB ti thnh ph

Nng1
Gii thiu
Nm trung ca t nc, trn trc giao thng Bc - Nam vng b,
ng st, ng bin vng hng khng, Nng l mt trong nhng trung tm
pht trin kinh t quan trng ca Vit Nam. Nng cn l trung im ca 4 di s n
vn ho th gii ni ting l c Hu, Ph c Hi An, Thnh a M Sn v Rng
quc gia Phong Nha - K Bng. Trong phm vi khu vc v quc t, thnh ph
Nng l mt trong nhng ca ng quan trng ra bin ca Ty Nguyn v cc nc
Lo, Campuchia, Thi Lan, Myanma n cc nc vng ng Bc , thng qua Hnh
lang kinh tng Ty vi im kt thc l Cng bin Tin Sa.
V tra l chin lc, ngun nhn lc di do v s phong ph, a dng ca
cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin mang n cho Nng nhiu c hi pht trin
cc ngnh thng mi, dch v, du lch, giao thng vn ti, nh bt hi sn, nui
trng thu sn, cng nghip v xy dng. Chnh v vy, B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v
Mi trng (KHCN&MT) xut Chng trnh Hp tc Khu vc trong Qun l
cc Bin ng (PEMSEA) chn Nng xy dng dn im trnh din quc
gia v Qun l tng hp vng b (QLTHVB) trong Khu vc, nh mt a phng pht
trin mnh v c nguy c nhim, suy thoi mi trng cao.
la chn im trnh din QLTHVB ti Vit Nam, cui nm 2009, PEMSEA
kt hp vi B KHCN&MT tin hnh t kho st ti 4 a phng do B xut,
bao gm Ngh An, Qung Bnh, Nng v Khnh Ha v chn Nng v Khnh
Ha a vo danh sch xem xt cui cng. Cc tiu ch la chn ca PEMSEA bao
gm:
-
Sng h ca lnh o chnh quyn v cc ngnh ti a phng;
Kh nng nhn rng ca kt qu.
Tnh in hnh ca vn ti nguyn, mi trng cn gii quyt;
t kho st ln 2 c tin hnh vo u nm 2000 v Nng c chn

lim trnh din quc gia v QLTHVB ti Vit Nam. Thng 6 nm 2000, T chc
Hng hi Th gii (trc tip qun l PEMSEA) v UBND thnh ph Nng
chnh thc k vn bn tha thun xy dng v trin khai dn QLTHVB Nng,
vi s chng kin ca B Khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng.
Thng tin chung v dn
Ngi son: Nguyn Minh Sn, Ph vin trng, Vin Cng ngh mi trng
122

Dn im trnh din quc gia v QLTHVVB ti Nng
Dn im trnh din Quc gia v QLTHVB ti thnh ph Nng c tin

hnh trong thi gian 5 nm vi ngun kinh ph ti tr ca Qu Mi trng Ton cu
(GEF) l 450.000 la v vn i ng ca thnh ph Nng, tng ng 200.000
la. Vng b thnh ph Nng ban u c xc nh, bao gm phn t lin l
cc qun Lin Chiu, Thanh Kh, Hi Chu, Sn Tr, Ng Hnh Sn v phn bin l
vnh Nng v vng nc ven b Sn Tr-Ng Hnh Sn cch b khong 5 km.
Trong qu trnh trin khai Dn, phm vi thi gian v khng gian ca Dn
c iu chnh: Dn ko di n thng 6 nm 2006 v phm vi khng gian c
m rng thm huyn Ha Vang v pha t lin vn su 50m nc v pha bi n
(Hnh 5.2).
16 15'
Bin ng
Thin
10'
Hu
Vnh Nng
Q. Lin Chiu
Q. Sn Tr
5'
Q. Thanh
kh
Huyn ho vang
Q. Hi
Chu
Ch g i i
H ong Sa
UBND qun/huyn
Sng/h
qung nam
Ranh gii pha bin vng b

5'
108
5'
15 08' N
15 08' N
15 55'
UBND Thnh ph
107 50'
11505' E
11118' E
17 31' N
16
Q. Ng
Hnh sn
17 31' N
11118' E
10'
15'
20'
11505' E
25'
Hnh 5.2. Phm vi khng gian vng Dn QLTHVB thnh ph Nng

Dn c hai mc tiu chnh:
-
Tng cng nng lc qun l ti nguyn v mi trng (TN&MT) vng b, h

tr pht trin bn vng thnh ph Nng;
Trnh din m hnh QLTHVB cho cc a phng khc ca Vit Nam v Khu
vcng .
V pha quc t, Dn do PEMSEA trc tip qun l. cp Trung ng,

Chnh ph giao cho B KHCN&MT (nay l B TN&MT) iu phi. cp a
phng, Dn do UBND thnh ph Nng qun l thng qua Ban iu phi Dn.
Ban iu phi Dn c thnh lp theo Quyt nh s 7997/QD-UB ngy 5 thng 7
123

nm 2000 gm 25 thnh vin, trong c 1 Ph Ch tch UBND (Trng ban) v lnh

o cc s, ban, ngnh, t chc lin quan quan trng ca Thnh ph. y l t chc
iu phi hp a ngnh cao nht Nng, c nhim v cho, quyt nh cc hot
ng ca Dn v huy ng s tham gia ca tt c cc bn lin quan n Dn.
S Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng, sau l S Khoa hc v Cng ngh
v hin nay l S Ti nguyn v mi trng, l c quan u mi gip UBND Thnh
ph trin khai thc hin Dn. Vn phng Dn QLTHVB t ti c quan u mi,
m nhim vic qun l trc tip cc hot ng ca Dn. Nhm Chuyn gia k thut
a ngnh c thnh lp h tr Ban PDA v Vn phng Dn trong vic nh
gi cc cng, sn phm v xut k thut ca tng ni dung c th trong Dn.
Cc bn lin quan n ti nguyn mi trng vng b Thnh phu tham gia vo
hot ng qun l Dn. S t chc qun l Dn c trnh by trn hnh 5.3.
y ban Nhn dn
Thnh ph Nng
B TN&MT
S TN&MT
Nng
PEMSEA
Cc s, ban,
ngnh ca TP.
Ban iu phi Dn
Vn phng
Nhm chuyn
gia a ngnh
Dn
Qun,
huyn
C quan NC,
o to a
phng
C quan
t vn,
u t
DN, c s
t nhn
Hnh 5.3. S t chc qun l D

n
Hot ng v kt qu chnh ca
Dn
Cc i tc
lin quan
khc
Xy dng
Ph chun
Khi ng
Hot ng ca Dn c
chia thnh 6 giai on (Hnh 5.4),
bao gm:
T chc
x hi
Chu trnh mi
Thc hin
Chun b
124
Sng lc,
cng c
Hnh 5.4. Chu trnh QLTHVVB 6 bc

do PEMSEA xut

Giai on 1 - Chun b: hnh thnh c cu t chc, chun b ngun lc, k hoch,

thng tin, d liu ban u. Ti giai on ny, thnh lp Vn phng Dn, Ban
iu phi Dn v Nhm t vn K thut a ngnh; xy dng cc quy nh v chc
nng, quyn hn ca cc t chc ny. Mng li tuyn truyn vin v Nhm tuyn
truyn vin nng ct cng c t chc, h tr cho cng tc tuyn truyn, nng cao
nhn thc v li cun s tham gia ca cng ng. Mt s cn b ca Vn phng
c o to cp tc v QLTHVB ti Vn phng Chng trnh Khu vc Manila. K
hoch cng vic tng nm v cho ton b Dn c xy dng. Hi tho gii thiu
dn kt hp vi vic tp hp cc thng tin, d liu ban u c t chc, vi s
tham gia ca cc bn lin quan chnh.
Giai on 2 - Khi ng:nh gi hin trng v r sot cc vn ti vng b; nng
cao nhn thc cng ng; t chc qun l thng tin, d liu v xy dng nh hng
chung. Mt s hot ng k thut quan trng c trin khai ti giai on ny, nh:
-
Xy dng H s mi trng vng b Thnh ph;

Xy dng Chin lc QLTHVB thnh ph Nng;
Phn tch th ch qun l TN&MT;
Thit lp c s d liu v vng b Thnh ph;
Xy dng v bc u trin khai k hoch truyn thng mi trng.
Giai on 3 - Xy dng: xy dng K hoch hnh ng QLTHVB v cc ni dung u

tin ca K hoch. Ti giai on ny, mt s ni dung quan trng ca QLTHVB c
xy dng v thc hin, bao gm:
-
Xy dng k hoch hnh ng thc hin Chin lc QLTHVB;
nh gi ban u ri ro mi trng vng b Thnh ph;
Xc nh nhu cu u t mi trng v xut c ch to ngun ti chnh bn

vng;
Xy dng K hoch phn vng s dng tng hp vng b v khung th ch
thc thi K hoch;
Xy dng Chng trnh quan trc mi trng tng hp;
Xy dng H thng qun l thng tin tng hp (IIMS);
xut tng cng th ch QLTHVB cho thnh ph Nng.
Giai on 4 - Ph chun: ph duyt cc k hoch cng vic, cng cc hp phn,

cc t chc v sn phm ca Dn.
UBND thnh ph Nng ph duyt c cu t chc qun l Dn v cc
vn bn lin quan n chc nng, nhim v v cch thc hot ng ca cc t chc
ny. Tt c cng, kt qu ca cc nhim vu c Ban iu phi xem xt,
thng qua, trc khi th c hi n ho c k t thc. UBND Thnh ph xem xt v ph du yt
125

nhng sn phm quan trng ca Dn, nh Chin lc QLTHVB, K hoch hnh

ng thc hin Chin lc, K hoch Phn vng s dng tng hp vng b, Chng
trnh Quan trc mi trng tng hp v xut tng cng th ch QLTHVB.
Giai on 5 - Thc hin: trin khai Chin lc v KHH QLTHVB v cc hot ng
khc c ph duyt.
Ti giai on ny, Dn t chc trin khai cc hot ng lin quan n
nhng sn phm c ph duyt nh:
-
K hoch truyn thng mi trng (thng qua cc chin dch truyn thng v
vn ng qun chng tham gia bo v mi trng v tm hiu v QLTHVB);
Quan trc thim hon thin Chng trnh quan trc mi trng tng hp;
Trin khai phn vng, tp trung trc mt cho vng dnh cho hot ng du lch
ven bin Sn Tr Ng Hnh Sn;
T chc cc hot ng xc tin ku gi u t mi trng.
Khai thc IIMS (cp nht, x l, qung b, chia s thng tin d liu);
Giai on 6 - Sng lc v cng c: hon thin c ch qun l Dn, nh gi Dn;

c rt kinh nghim v xut chu trnh QLTHVB th 2 cho Thnh ph.
Trong sut qu trnh thc hin dn, Vn phng Dn t chc xy dng bo
co thng, bo co qu v bo co nm, trnh Ban iu phi dn v PEMSEA. Mi
hot ng c th ca dn cng c nh gi v lp bo co theo cng ph
duyt. Ngoi ra, nh gi gia k vnh gi kt thc dn c cc nhm chuyn
gia c lp ca UNDP thc hin. Cc kt qu, bi hc kinh nghim c xc nh, l
c s Dn xut cc hot ng tip theo sau khi Dn kt thc (pha chuyn
tip v chu trnh QLTHVB th 2 ca Nng).
V mt t chc, Ban iu phi Dn c iu chnh vo cc nm 2003, 2005
v 2006, thng qua cc quyt nh ca UBND Thnh ph, p ng s thay i v tr
cng tc ca cc thnh vin v vic sp xp li t chc ca B/s KH&CN v
TN&MT. Nhng xut hon thin th ch QLTHVB cng xy dng v trnh
UBND Thnh ph xem xt.
nh gi:
Thnh qu ni bt: Sau 6 nm trin khai, Dn t thu c mt s kt qu quan
trng.
V mt t chc, Vn phng Dn, Ban iu phi Dn, Nhm t vn K
thut a ngnh, Mng li tuyn truyn vin v Nhm tuyn truyn vin nng ct
c thnh lp, cng c v hot ng cho n ngy nay. C chiu phi, hp tc a
126

ngnh c xy dng v hot ng c hiu qu, to c sng h rng ri ca cc

bn lin quan.
V mt k thut, Dn to ra mt s sn phm gi tr, h trc lc cho
cng tc bo v v qun l TN&MT Thnh ph. l:
-
Chin lc QLTHVB thnh ph Nng v k hoch hnh ng thc hin

Chin lc, nh nhng nh hng di hn v l trnh Thnh ph tng cng
qun l TN&MT, hng ti pht trin bn vng;
H thng qun l thng tin tng hp s dng GIS, vi s tham gia cung cp
thng tin v khai thc hiu qu thng tin ca nhiu bn lin quan;
K hoch phn vng s dng tng hp vng b v khung th ch thc thi K

hoch, mt cng c quan trng trong vic gii quyt cc mu thun s dng a
ngnh, a mc tiu ti vng b Thnh ph. Cc quy nh s dng v c ch
trin khai phn vng cng c xy dng, hon thin, ph duyt v bc u
p dng th nghim cho vng khai thc du lch ven bin Sn Tr-Ng Hnh
Sn;
Chng trnh quan trc mi trng tng hp, lng ghp dn dn vo hot ng
quan trc mi trng trn a bn Thnh ph. Chng trnh th hin c s
iu phi, phi hp gia cc ngun lc quan trc, i tng cn quan trc v
cc bn s dng kt qu quan trc;
xut tng cng th ch QLTHVB thnh ph Nng - c s quan trng

Thnh ph tin hnh th ch ha QLTHVB.
Bn cnh , Dn QLTHVB h tr viu phi nhiu hot ng khc lin
quan n bo v TN&MT ca Thnh ph, nh:
-
iu tra nh gi ngun ti nguyn nc ngm Thnh ph;

-
Kho st iu tra nh gi ti nguyn t gi huyn Ho Vang;
Xy dng trm x l nc thi KCN Ho Khnh;
Lp qui hoch mi trng cho thnh ph Nng;
Trin khai chng trnh qun l nhim cng nghip;
nh gi ngun ti nguyn san h ti vng bin ven b Nng;
T chc cc chin dch tuyn truyn nng cao nhn thc cng ng.
V mt o to cn b v nng cao nhn thc cng ng, Dn QLTHVB
Nng tham gia v t chc thc hin nhiu hot ng cc cp khu vc, quc gia v
a phng:
-
T chc cho cn b ca cc s ban, ngnh, a phng tham gia 17 lp tp

hun, 10 hi tho v qun l TN&MT vng b do PEMSEA, cc t chc quc
t v cc c quan Trung ng t chc;
T chc 37 lp tp hun/o to ti Thnh ph v bo v, qun l TN&MT cho
gn 5.000 ngi, bao gm lnh o v cn b ca cc s/ban/ngnh, lnh o
ca cc qun/huyn, x/phng, cc on th, t dn ph;
127

Phi hp t chc cc chin dch BVMT nh Hi thi Nng sut xanh, pht trin
cy xanh th, lm sch bi bin, gii thiu BVMT vo cc trng hc... v
nhiu chng trnh truyn thng mi trng khc;
T chc nhiu cuc hp chuyn gia v hi tho tham vn cc bn lin quan

trong sut qu trnh trin khai Dn.
Hn ch v nguyn nhn: Do tnh phc tp ca QLTHVB, Nng khng trnh khi

nhng hn ch m nhiu a phng khc trong Khu vc gp phi.
Trc ht, mt s hot ng b chm tin nh:
-
Xy dng chin lc QLTHVB: do s tham vn lc u cha y , nn b n

tho Chin lc khng c cc bn lin quan ng h, buc Dn hu nh
phi lm li hon ton, t khu iu chnh cu trc Chin lc;
Chng trnh quan trc mi trng tng hp: vic la chn chng trnh quan
trc thim cha hp l, nn khng c ph duyt ngay, m phi iu chnh
nhiu ln; iu ny mt phn do tnh phc tp ca vic t chc chng trnh
quan trc mi trng tng hp, phn khc do nng lc cn hn ch ca nhm
chuyn gia xy dng ni dung ny;
Tng cng th ch QLTHVB cho thnh ph Nng: do lin tip c s thay

i nhn s v t chc trong nhng nm 2003-2005, c bit l vic chuyn
khi qun l mi trng t S KHCN&MT sang S TN&MT, cc xut hon
thin th ch phi cp nht nhiu v thiu thi gian tri nghim.
Th hai, mt s sn phm ca Dn cha c khai thc hoc khai thc km

hiu qu. l:
-
Cc dn u t mi trng: mc d xut 2 dn u t mi trng

trong lnh vc x l nc thi, vic vn ng cc doanh nghip tham gia u t
gp nhiu kh khn v h cha yn tm vi chnh sch u i u t hin hnh
v cha c kinh nghim trong lnh vc u t ny;
K hoch phn vng s dng tng hp vng b v khung th ch thc thi K

hoch: mt phn do tnh phc tp ca c ch t chc trin khai phn vng cn
xy dng, mt khc do nhng thay i v t chc trong qun l mi trng ti
a phng.
Ngoi ra, s hp tc vi Trung ng v cc a phng khc trong vic t chc

cc hot ng chung v qung b kt qu ca Dn cn yu: iu ny ch yu do
nng lc iu phi Dn cn hn ch v mt phn do khng a quan tm ny mt
cch y khi lp k hoch v ngn sch ca Dn.
Cui cng, vic lng ghp cc hot ng ca Dn vo cc hot ng qun l,
bo v TN&MT trn a bn Thnh ph cha t kt qu mong i v nhiu bn cha
nhn thc y v vn ny v Dn cng cha ch ra c c sm bo li ch
v chi ph hiu qu ca vic phi hp.
128

Mt s bi hc kinh nghim
Tnh t ch: QLTHVB i hi s t ch, t cng ca a phng. iu ny c
tun th trong sut qu trnh xy dng v trin khai Dn. PEMSEA v thnh ph
Nng xy dng khung dn vi s tham gia ca cc s, ban, ngnh, c quan lin
quan thng qua cc bui lm vic ca chuyn gia chng trnh Khu vc vi chuyn
gia a phng v 2 hi tho cc bn lin quan m rng. Trn c s khung dn ny,
Vn phng Dn vi s cho ca Ban cho dn v s h tr ca Nhm
chuyn gia a ngnh t chc xy dng cng chi tit cho tng hot ng c th
ca Dn. Nng t qun 100% kinh ph Dn v vic t chc trin khai cc hot
ng theo cc cng c ph duyt. PEMSEA ch h tr k thut (t xa) v c
chuyn gia sang Nng trin khai mt st tp hun ngn hn, khi c Thnh
ph yu cu. PEMSEA kim tra cng v cht lng cc sn phm theo yu cu v
k thut ca tng nhim v v vn chi tiu, ph hp vi cc quy nh ti chnh lin
quan ca IMO. Mt chuyn gia quc gia c thu h tr Dn v mt k thut;
chuyn gia quc gia lm vic 100% thi gian trong nm u tin, gim xung 50%
trong nm thc hai vc gii phng hon ton trong nhng nm cn li ca dn,
khi nng lc ca i ng cn b vn phng t trin khai Dn. Tt c nhng
iu ny m bo vic nng cao nng lc qun l cng nh k thut ca Thnh ph
trong QLTHVB, cng nh vic duy tr hot ng ny khi Dn kt thc.
B tr ngun nhn lc v t chc: Gim c S KHCN&MT trc tip iu hnh Vn
phng dn, dnh nhiu thi gian cho vic nghin cu v t chc trin khai cc
hot ng ca Dn. Ba cn b ch cht khc ca Vn phng Dn (lm vic 100%
thi gian) u c bng i hc ngoi ng vc o to cp tc 1 thng ti Vn
phng Chng trnh Khu vc v QLTHVB, trc khi Dn chnh thc trin khai.
iu ny m bo vic thc hin tt ngay tu cc hot ng ca Vn phng.
Dn to c mt c ch cho, iu phi thng nht vng b, huy
ng c s tham gia tch cc ca tt c cc bn lin quan vo qu trnh xy dng v
thc hin dn. Quy nh v Ban iu phi ban hnh ghi r vic khng c thay
th cc thnh vin ca Ban trong vic tham gia mi hot ng, nu khng c s
ng ca Trng ban. Tng t, thnh vin Nhm t vn K thut a ngnh cng
khng c thay th ty tin. iu ny lm cho cc thnh vin hiu r v Dn, m
bo cht lng ca cc kin, quyt nh ca hi vi cc xut, sn phm ca D
n, cng nh sng h ca h - i din cho cc s ban ngnh, c quan lin quan, i
vi Dn.
Cng cn ni rng, vic thay i 2 ln cc thnh vin Ban iu phi dn v 4
ln Gim c dn (ch yu l do nguyn nhn khch quan) nh hng ng k
n tin v cht lng ca Dn. Tuy nhin, tnh k tha v kh nng duy tr D
n, sau nhng thay i ny v nhng thng trm lin quan n vic iu chnh v t
129

chc qun l TN&MT cp Trung ng cng nha phng, l mt thnh cng ln

ca Nng trong hot ng QLTHVB.
Lm tt cng tc chun b: Dn tp trung vo cc hot ng ht sc quan trng
trong thi gian u, l:
-
o to cn b vn phng dn v qun l dn v v QLTHVB;

Xy dng mng li chuyn gia vi ng tuyn truyn vin n tn phng
x, t chc o to k v QLTHVB cho cc i tng ny;
Nhanh chng t chc hot ng nng cao nhn thc cng ng, to s quan
tm, ng h ca cc bn lin quan;
Tp hp, cng c v qun l thng tin d liu.

Nhng cng vic chun b ban u ny v cng quan trng, to c s cho cc
hot ng ca Dn sau c thc hin sun s.
-
Sau 6 nm thc hin Dn, thnh ph Nng t c nhng thnh cng

ng k, cng nhc rt c nhiu kinh nghim qu bu v QLTHVB, l m hnh
cc a phng khc ca Vit Nam v nh Khu vc hc hi, tham kho v rt kinh
nghim. Nng la phng duy nht Vit Nam m c cu t chc QLTHVB
c duy trn hm nay. Cng chnh v nhng tc ng tch cc ca Dn
QLTHVB, Nng lp v trin khai n xy dng Thnh ph Mi trng vo
nm 2020.
130
Trng hp 2: Dn im trnh din quc gia v QLTHVVB ti Qung Nam 2
Thng tin chung v khu vc

Qung Nam l mt tnh ven bin v tr trung ca t nc, thuc vng
pht trin kinh t trng im min Trung. Pha Bc gip thnh ph Nng; pha
ng gip bin ng; pha Nam gip tnh Qung Ngi; pha Ty gip tnh Kon
Tum v nc CHDCND Lo. Tnh Qung Nam c 18 n v hnh chnh trc thuc,
bao gm cc huyn: i Lc, in Bn, Duy Xuyn, Thng Bnh, Ni Thnh, Ph
Ninh, Tin Phc, Hip c, Nam Tr My, Bc Tr My, Phc Sn, ng Giang,
Ty Giang, Nam Giang, Qu Sn, Nng Sn, TP Hi An v TP Tam K. Din tch
t nhin c a tnh Qung Nam l 10.708,78 km2, dn s 1.454.324 ngi. Qung
Nam l mt trong st ni ca c nc ciu kin thun li hnh thnh khu
kinh t (theo m hnh khu t m) u tin ca c nc, to ng lc thc y s
pht trin kinh t - x hi, thc hin cng nghip ho, hin i ho khng ch ca
tnh Qung Nam m c cho khu vc min Trung v Ty Nguyn.
Vng b tnh Qung Nam (hnh 1), trn t lin c din tch t nhin khong
1.583 km2 (chim khong 15% din tch t ton tnh), gm 4 huyn v02 thnh
ph: in Bn, Duy Xuyn, Thng Bnh, Ni Th nh v 02 thnh ph: Tam K, Hi
An. V pha bin vng nc ven b ca tnh khong n su 50 mt nc, bao
gm co C Lao Chm. Dn c chim 57% dn c ton tnh (trung bnh vng b
703 ngi/km2, trong dn s tp trung cao nht ti TP. Hi An vi
1.351ngi/km2). Ngun lao ng di do v s lao ng c o to ngh kh
cao so vi mt bng chung ton tnh. Qung Nam cng b bin di 125 km tri
di trn 04 huyn: D dng nh n thy rng gn nh ton b cc hot ng kinh t
trng im ca tnh iu nm ti vng b. Trong nhng nm gn y vng b tnh
Qung Nam l ni ang din ra cc hot ng pht trin kinh t- x hi mnh m v
a dng nh qu trnh th ha, xy dng cng trnh, c s h tng, cc khu cng
nghip, khu kinh t, khu dn c, du lch, pht trin nh bt v nui trng thy
sn... Cc c hi pht trin kinh tang cn nhiu ha hn, hng lot cc Dn
u t vang c trin khai. Do vy, Qung Nam cng phi i mt vi hng
lot cc vn mi trng, khng ch tc ng n sc kho con ngi m cn e
do s pht trin bn vng ti nguyn mi trng tnh nh.
Vng b tnh Qung Nam c xc nh trin khai Dn da trn ba y u
t chnh l (1) Vn v cc mi quan tm i vi vng b; (2) Bin gii hnh
chnh; v (3) Kh nng qun l ca a phng.
Ngi son: Ha Chin Thng, Ph gim c Trung tm Quy hoch, iu tra, nh gi ti nguyn mi trng
bin v hi o, Tng cc Bin v Hi o Vit Nam
131

la chn a phng trin khai thim cho Dn, tin hnh mt s

hot ng nh gi s tuyn trn c s: phn tch cc ti liu lin quan n mi
trng, ti nguyn, s dng ti nguyn ca cc tnh/ thnh ph ven bin; cc nh
gi, kt lun ca cc nghin cu lin quan trc y v vn ti nguyn mi
trng cc vng ven bin Vit Nam; cc k hoch pht trin kinh t x hi ca
cc tnh/ thnh ph v cc khu vc ven bin; mi quan h ca a phng vi cc
c s khoa hc, ging dy, t vn v cc lnh vc lin quan n QLTHB, c bit
l quan h vi dn ICM PEMSEA Nng. Kho st thc t v lm vic vi
chnh quyn a phng, vi mt s s, ngnh chnh nh S Ti nguyn v Mi
trng, S Khoa hc v Cng ngh, S Thy sn, Cc Thng k, S K hoch v
u t, S Du lch cho thy Lnh o tnh v cc s ban ngnh Qung Nam rt
quan tm n vic thc hin dn ti a phngNgoi vic tho mn nhiu nht
cc tiu ch la chn nu trn, Qung Nam cn l mt trong 4 a phng ca mi n
Trung nm trong danh sch a phng u tin qun l ti nguyn bin v ven b
ca Ngn hng pht trin Chu trong H tr k thut ADB 3830-VIE "nh gi
v tng cng nng lc th ch Qun l tng hp vng b cho cc tnh min Trung
Vit nam v dn ADB 5712 REG v qun l mi trng bin v ven bin ng.
Hnh 5.5. V tr vng b Qung Nam (ngun: S TNMT Qung Nam)

Thng tin chung v dn QLTHB Qung Nam
Dn c tn Xy dng khung m hnh qun l tng hp vng b cp tnh
v bc u trin khai qun l tng hp vng b thim ti mt a phng ca
Vit Nam vi mc tiu c th v lu di l s dng m hnh QLTHVB ca
PEMSEA v kinh nghim ca dn hp tc Vit Nam H Lan v QLTHB
(VNICZM) gip y ban ND tnh xy dng v vn hnh dn QLTHB tnh,
132

qua c rt kinh nghim xy dng m hnh nhn rng QLTHB sang cc tnh
ven bin khc ca Vit Nam.
Dn c ti tr t ngun ngn sch dnh cho hot ng s nghip mi
trng ca Cc Bo v Mi trng. S Ti nguyn v Mi trng tnh Qung Nam
c la chn l c quan u mi vic t chc thc hin dn ti Qung Nam.
Dn c trin khai lm 2 giai on:
Giai on 1 trong 2 nm (2003-2004), ch yu tin hnh bc chun b v
bt u khi i vo khi ng. Giai on ny Phng QLTHB thuc Cc BVMT
phi hp vi cc Trung tm nghin cu H Ni nh: Vin C hc, Vin KHCN
Vit Nam; Trung tm Vin Thm, B TNMT; Cng ty t vn TECOS, B TNMT;
Vn phng dn VNICZM v Vn phng dn ICM Nng.
Giai on 2 trong 3 nm (2005-2007), c tn l thc hin bc 3, 4 v 5
QLTHB (ca Chu trnh ICM). Do thay i c ch m giai on ny, Vin Hi
dng hc Nha Trang ch tr phi hp vi mt s nh khoa hc Trng i hoc
quc gia H Ni, Vin Quy hoch v kinh t Th sn,t chc thc hin. Cc
BVMT chng vai tr l c quan qun l v cp vn cho trin khai thc hin. Vi
mong mun k tha v tip tc nhng thnh qu ca giai on trc, tin hnh cc
bc xy dng, ph chun v thc hin QLTHB song do thiu thc t v nng v
nghin cu, nh gi ti nguyn v mi trng tng hp nn kt qu thu c
khng vt qua c bc khi ng.
Vic tham gia ca a phng, y ban ND tnh, S TNMT v cc S ban
ngnh khc ngy cng gim st, c quan u mi thc hin dn ti S TNMT
hot ng ging nh vn phng dn tip nhn dn nghin cu h tr k thut
ca nc ngoi, khng ging nh vn phn cc dn ICM Nng hay trong
khun kh dn VNICZM Nam nh, TT Hu v B Ra-Vng Tu.
Nhng hot ng v kt qu chnh ca dn
Giai on 1 (2003-2004) dn t c kt qu nh sau:
(i) Khung dn cp tnh chung c xut, gn cc ni dung phi c
trin khai, nh sau: Lm c bc chun b v bt u khi ng QLTH B,
l: Quy hoch QLTHB; Hnh thnh chnh sch; Thit lp c chiu phi v phi
hp; Thc hnh hiu qu; Thu ht cng ng tham gia vo qu trnh QLTHB;
Tng hp thng tin mi trng, kinh t, x hi ngay t lc bt u qu trnh
QLTHB; Thit lp c ch to ngun ti chnh bn vng; Pht trin nng lc
QLTHB mi cp; Gim st tnh hiu qu ca cc dn v chng trnh
QLTHB
V c cu t chc c xut theo mu hnh ca Nng, th hin r
s tham gia, iu phi v phi hp ca cc bn lin quan ca vng b
133

(ii) Nm 2003 thc hin c cc ni dung nh: Thnh lp Vn phng D

n t ti S Ti nguyn v Mi trng Qung Nam do Gim c S ch tr cng
vi s tr gip ca Trng phng Qun l Mi trng ca S; Trang b cho Vn
phng Dn ti Qung Nam mt s thit b c bn mua mi bao gm: 2 my tnh
c nhn, 1 my in 1 my Scan v cc ph n mm GIS nh ARC/MAP, MICRO,
ARCVIEW; xc nh phm vi khng gian vng b ca Dn v pha t lin
bao gm cc huyn/th ven bin lin Bn, Hi An, Duy Xuyn, Thng Bnh,
Tam K v Ni Thnh v v pha bin vng nc ven b ca tnh khong n
su 50 mt nc, bao gm co C Lao Chm; Nng cao nng lc QLTHVB cho
cn ba phng thng qua cc khoo t o v GIS, QLTHVB ti H Ni v
Qung Nam cho cc cn b tnh Qung Nam; Thu thp x l v qun l thng
tin/d liu v vng b: thu thp, x l cc s liu, d liu nhiu nm v cc iu
kin t nhin v tnh hnh kinh t x hi, kho st b sung v cht lng mi
trng, c bit l ti ca K H, Ni Thnh, xy dng bn nn 1:25000 i vi
vng b v bc u xy dng c s d liu s dng GIS; Thc hin nh gi ban
u th ch qun l rti nguyn v mi trng vng b Qung Nam
Xy dng h s mi trng vng b Qung Nam; Xy dng k hoch truy n
thng mi trng v bc u trin khai hot ng ny nh thnh lp nhm tuyn
truy vin nng ct v m kho truyn thng cho cc i din cu cc bn lin quan
chnh trong tnh.
(iii) Nm 2004 thc hin mt s ni dung chnh sau: Tip tc trin khai K
hoch truyn thng mi trng; Tip tc xy dng nng lc cho cc ba phng
thng qua vic o to v xy dng c cu t chc thc hin Dn; Thu thp b
sung v xy dng c s d liu v ti nguyn v mi trng, s dng cng c GIS;
Xy dng Chin lc QLTHVB Qung Nam; xut khung k hoch hnh ng
thc hin Chin lc
Giai on 2 (2005-2007):
Nm 2005 Vin Hi dng hc Nha Trang c la chn ln v t vn,
tip tc h tr k thut thc hin cc bc tip theo ca Dn. T nm 2005 n
nay thc hin c mt s kt qu nh: (1) Cc cuc iu tra, kho st b
sung d liu. (thu thp phn tch mu, cc iu kin t nhin, kinh t x hi.),
thc hin chng trnh quan trc mi trng vng b; (2) T chc nhiu cuc hi
tho nhm ly kin ca cc bn lin quan; (3) Tng quan li ti liu, nh gi cc
iu kin t nhin, kinh t, x hi: c im a l, dn c, ngun li v hot ng
kinh t. nh gi nhng thun li v kh khn cng nh nhng u v khuyt im
ca bc 1 v bc 2 m Trung tm mi trng bin thc hin; (4) Xy dng
trang web Dn: http://www.icam-quangnam.org.vn v hot ng; (5) Tip tc
thc hin cng tc truyn thng mi trng, tp hun nng cao trnh cho cn b
ca cc phng TN&MT cc huyn, thnh ph ven bin v UBND cc x ven bi n
trong vng Dn; (6) B sung thit b vn phng (My tnh xch tay, my tnh
bn, my nh k thut s, my quay phim, my o nhanh mi trng); (7) Phn
134

vng i b tnh Qung Nam; (8) Xy dng v trnh UNND tnh Qung Nam ph
duyt chin lc qun l tng hp vng b tnh Qung Nam; (8) Trin khai 03 m
hnh trnh din: m hnh ng qun l cht thi rn phc v du lch cng ng; m
hnh phc hi v s dng c hiu qu h sinh thi thm c bin; m hnh phc hi
v bo v h sinh thi rn san h.
Mt s tn ti:
-
Trong thi gian qua (c th nm 2005) s gn kt gia Ch nhim Dn v

a phng Qung Nam cha c cht ch. Kinh phc ph duyt cho
cc hot ng ca Dn chm (Ph duyt vo Qu IV) nn kh khn cho
vic trin khai k hoch do b chi phi nhiu v thi gian cng nh thi tit
ca ma ma.
Trnh cn b ti a phng tham gia Dn cn nhiu hn ch, ch hot

ng theo ch kim nhim trong khi mc tiu ca Dn QLTHVB rt
ln v bao qut hu nh tt c cc hot ng kinh t x hi ti vng b.
Cn b t vn h tr k thut cha thng xuyn, nhit tnh vi cc cng

vic (cc m hnh trnh din, bt u trin khai t nm 2006 nh ng n cui
nm 2008 gn kt thc Dn mi trin khai cc ni dung c th), nhiu ni
dung cng vic c di chuyn t nm ny sang nm khc.
Cng mt Dn nhng c 02 n v t vn thc hin tuy thi im khc

nhan nhng vi cch lm v tip cn cng vic khc nhau nn hiu qu ca
mc tiu t ra cha cao.
Cha tranh th s gip t vn v k thut ca PEMSEA.
Cha nhn c s cho kp thi v chuyn mn c a cc c quan chc

nng cp trn.
nh gi chung v dn
Thng 11 nm 2004, Qung Nam c a vo danh sch cc im song
songp dng QLTHB trong khun kh Chng trnh Khu vc PEMSEA do vic
B TNMT cam kt h tr tnh nhn rng QLTHB, ph hp vi tiu ch v mong
mun ca PEMSEA. Vi vic tham gia hai dn trn, Qung Nam t c mt
s kt qu ban u nh: thit lp c c s d liu GIS, phc tho H s mi
trng i b, Chin lc QLTHB v K hoch truyn thng; hnh thnh Vn
phng dn, Ban Cho, Nhm t vn k thut a ngnh v Mng li tuyn
truyn vin nng ct nhng hot ng trn thc t ca cc Nhm ny cha c
tin hnh xut t nhu cu v thc t ca a phng m ch yu gp cho cc sn
phm khoa hc c to ra ca bn t vn. Nhiu hot ng k thut c th phc
v cho thc hin QLTHB nh xy dng k hoch hnh ng QLTHB, nh gi
ri ro mi trng, xy dng chng trnh quan trc mi trng tng hp, trin khai
135

K hoch truyn thng, tham vn, li cun cc bn tham gia, th hu nh cha c

tin hnh. Lnh o S TNMT tnh, c quan u mi thc hin QLTHB v lnh
o cc S ban ngnh lin quan u khng quan tm v cha nhn thc vic dn
em li li ch thc s cho c quan mnh, a phng mnh. Qung Nam cha thc
s tng cng c nng lc qun l tng hp i b m mi chc tng cng
nng lc v thng tin khoa hc vng b v mt s cn b tham gia dn c o
to v mt s lnh vc chuyn mn vc trao i hc tp kinh nghim vi
PEMSEA.
Nh vy, Qung Nam la phng ang p dng QLTHB giai on
u, chun b v khi ng. Vai tr ch tr v chng ca tnh cha cc,
trong khi vai tr ca nhm t vn v nghin cu rt cao lm cho dn
QLTHB khng cn l dn vn hnh m l dn nghin c u, xut thc
hin. So vi tiu chnh gi mc thnh cng dn ca PEMSEA ra (ICM
Code) th dn QLTHB Qung Nam cn phi phn u nhiu, trong thi gian di
v phi t ch hn mi hng t c kt qu v hiu ng qun l nh mong
mun.
Cc bi hc kinh nghim ca dn trong vic gii thiu vp dng QLTHB
i ng hng vt c ch, cn thit xem xt bi hc sau:
-
QLTHB phi c hiu ng, l cng c v phng thc ca qun l,

khng phi thun ty l m hnh nghin cu v cng khng phi l ti
nghin cu mi trng hoc ti s nghip mi trng qua mi lm
ng;
Cc ni dung cn tin hnh trong cc bc i (m hnh QLTHB ca

PEMSEA) trong k hoch ban u, cn c a phng tun th, chng
tho lun v xy dng di s t vn ca cc n v t vn;
Vai tr ca a phng l quan trng nht bo m thng li: Lnh o

Chnh quyna phng tnh phi quan tm, tham gia iu hnh; Lnh o
S TNMT phi trc tip tham gia t chc thc hin v cn coi QLTHB l
cng c qun l ca n v mnh;
T chc hot ng phi r rng v thng xuyn (Ban Cho, vn phng

dn; Gim c dn; iu phi vin; t chuyn gia lin ngnh, t vn
khoa hc,); mi ngi/nhm cn cc vai tr r rng trong hot ng
ny;
Chn t vn ng v c kinh nghim nhm h tr cho vn hnh l rt quan

trng, cn p dng phng php s dng chuyn gia tvn nh dn ICM
nng hoc VNICZM, qua nng tm t ch ca a phng ln
136

nh gi viu chnh: Trong qu trnh t chc thc hin, dn cn c

nh gi viu chnh ni dung thc hin ph hp vi hon cnh va kh
nng tip nhn ca tnh
Tham vn quc gia v quc t l cng vic cn c tin hnh, qua c

thm kinh nghim viu chnh nhng khim khuyt ca dn
ng h ca Chnh ph l cn thit v cn c c th ha, trnh vic nu ra

mt cch hnh thc
137
Trng hp 3: Dn Vit Nam H Lan v Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin

thnh cng bc u ca m hnh qun l hai cp3
Bi cnh
Sau Hi ngh Lin hp quc v Mi trng v Pht trin (UNCED) nm 1992
v Hi ngh th gii v vng ven bin (WCC) nm 1993, Vit Nam tin hnh nhiu
hot ng nhm thc hin cc cam kt ca mnh ti cc s kin quc t ny, trong
c cam kt trin khai p dng Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin (QLTHVVB) vo
thc tin cng tc qun l nhm ng ph vi cc vn lin quan n mi trng v
pht trin vng ven bin. Vi s h tr ca cng ng quc t, mt s cng trnh, d
n c thc hin phc v cho mc tiu ny. Mt trong nhng sng kin u tin l
Dn Vit Nam - H Lan v QLTHVVB (VNICZM), c trin khai trong khun
kh hp tc gia chnh ph hai nc Vit Nam v H Lan k tha Dn nh gi kh
nng b tn thng ca vng ven bin Vit Nam (VVA) trc .
Tng quan v dn VNICZM
Dn Vit Nam - H Lan v Qun l tng hp vng ven bin (VNICZM) c
thc hin trong hn 5 nm (9/2000 4/2006), do Chnh ph H Lan ti tr, hng ti
mc tiu tng th l gii thiu v h trp dng phng thc tip cn tng hp vo
qun l, quy hoch v pht trin vng b Vit Nam, qua gp ph n nng cao cht
lng cuc sng vm bo an ton cho cng ng dn c sinh sng vng b trc
thin tai v tai bin mi trng.
Dn VNICZM trin khai hot ng cp trung ng v cp tnh, ng thi
bc u tip cn xung cp huyn, vi mong mun thit lp mt m hnh thng nht
trin khai lu di, trn nguyn tc pht trin bn vng v ph hp vi hon cnh c
th ca Vit Nam.
Trong hai nm u, Dn do B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng qun l
viu phi thng qua Cc mi trng. T cui nm 2002, do c siu chnh c cu
Chnh ph, Dn chuyn sang thuc s qun l viu phi ca Cc Bo v Mi
trng thuc B Ti nguyn v Mi trng. Trong qu trnh xy dng v thc hin,
Dn nhn c s h tr k thut ca nhiu n v v chuyn gia trong v ngoi
nc, c bit l tp on t vn NEDECO, H Lan v cc i tc lin quan nh RIKZ
v IHE (H Lan), Trung tm Kho st, Nghin cu v T vn Mi trng bin thuc
Vin C hc (Vit Nam).
Cc cng tc ca Dn c trin khai H Ni v 3 tnh ven bin l Nam
nh (min Bc), Tha Thin Hu (min Trung) v B Ra Vng Tu (min Nam).
Ng i so n : H Th Yn Thu, Ph gim c Trung tm B o t n sinh vt bi n v Pht tri n cng ng (MCD).
138

Dn Vit Nam H Lan v QLTHVVB
Ba tnh ny vi nhng vn c trng ca vng b tng khu vc ca Vit Nam c

chn lm thim gii thiu v trin khai QLTHVVB.
Mc tiu dn
Dn VNICZM hng ti cc mc tiu c th sau y:
-
Nng cao nhn thc v QLTHVVB cho cc cp thm quyn, cc c quan, t

chc trung ng va phng, cc bn lin quan v cng ng dn c
vng ven bin;
Tng cng nng lc qun l viu phi cho cc cp c thm quyn ra quyt
nh lin quan n vng ven bin;
H tr vic thit lp chng trnh QLTHVVB di hn v hnh thnh c quan
u mi cho cc hot ng QLTHVVB Vit Nam;
Trin khai m hnh ng dng phng thc tip cn tng hp vo thc tin qun
l vng b ba tnh thim ca dn l Nam nh, Tha Thin - Hu v B
Ra Vng Tu.
M hnh qun l v c ch hot ng

QLTHVVB l mt qu trnh qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng vng ven
bin vi s tham gia, hp tc lu di v h thng ca tt c cc thnh phn kinh t, cc
c quan chnh ph, cc t chc v c nhn c lin quan. Bn cnh , Dn hng ti
tc ng cc cp qun l v cng ng dn c. Nh vy i hi phi c mt m hnh
trin khai Dn thch hp c th huy ng, duy tr v pht huy c s tham gia v
hp tc . V vy, Dn p dng c cu qun l v trin khai thc hin theo hai cp,
trung ng va phng, nhc minh ha trong hnh di y.
M hnh qun l
Cp trung ng
cp trung ng, Dn c t di s cho ca Ban Cho Quc gia lin b
c thnh lp theo quyt nh ca B KHCN&MT do Th trng B KHCN&MT
(sau ny l B TNMT) lm Trng ban. Banu, Ban Cho Quc gia c 11 thnh
vin li din cp v ca cc b, ngnh, c quan trung ng gm Khoa hc, Cng
ngh v Mi trng, K hoch vu t, Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, Thy
sn, Kh tng - Thy vn, Du lch, vi din ca cc a phng thim gm Ph
Ch tch tnh Nam nh v Gim c S KHCN&MT tnh Tha Thin Hu (TTH)
v tnh B Ra Vng Tu (BRVT). Sau mt thi gian hot ng, nhn thy s tham
gia ca lnh o cc tnh TT Hu v BRVT l rt cn thit v s tng cng hn cho
Ban Cho Quc gia. Chnh v vy, n u nm 2002, Ph Ch tch cc tnh TTH
v BRVT chnh thc c mi tham gia Ban Cho Quc gia, nng tng s thnh
139

vin ca Ban ln 13 ngi. ng ch l cc Ph Ch tch ca 3 tnh thim cng

ng thi l Trng Ban Cho ca Dn VNICZM thim ti tnh nh.
Ban Cho Lin b
Ban Gim c
Nhm Chuyn gia

a ngnh
Ban Cho
Dn Thim
B KHCNMT
Cc Mi Tr-ng
Vn phng
Dn Quc gia
Vn phng
Dn Thim
ti cc S KHCNMT
Nhm T- vn
K thut
Cc chuyn gia t- vn th-ng trc ca a ph-ng, trung -ng v quc t
Cp quc gia
Cp tnh
C quan u mi trin khai thc hin Dn l Cc Mi trng thuc B

KHCN&MT (sau ny l Cc Bo v Mi trng thuc B TN&MT). Cc trng Cc
Mi trng m nhim chc v Gim c Dn vng u mt Ban Gim c D
n Quc gia gm 3 thnh vin khc l cc Gim c S KHCN&MT (sau ny l S
TN&MT) ca 3 tnh thim. Cc gim c S KHCN&MT ny ng thi gi trch
nhim Gim c Dn thim ti mi tnh.
Ban Gim c Dn Quc gia c b phn gip vic l Ban Th k Dn. Ban
Th k gm cc thnh vin l lnh o cc n v thuc Cc Mi trng. Trng Ban
th kng thi liu phi vin Dn Quc gia.
Cc cng tc ca Dn c trc tip iu phi v thc hin bi Vn phng
Dn Quc gia H Ni. Vn phng Dn c c cu gn nh vi mt s cn b,
nhn vin hnh chnh v chuyn gia k thut nng ct, c huy ng t Cc Mi
trng, cc c quan lin quan, v t cc ngun nhn lc khc. Vn phng Dn cn
140

thit lp mi lin kt cng tc vi ng o cc chuyn gia thuc nhiu lnh vc khc

nhau. Nhm Chuyn gia a ngnh ny gi vai tr t vn v h tr Vn phng Dn
trong nhng nhim v, cng tc c th, theo yu cu ca Dn.
T khi Chnh ph thnh lp mi B Ti nguyn v Mi trng vo cui nm
2002, v Cc Bo v Mi trng (t tin thn l Cc Mi trng) vo u nm 2003,
Dn chuyn sang thuc s qun l viu hnh ca cc c quan ny, trong B
TN&MT gi vai tr tng ng vi B KHCN&MT trc y v Cc BVMT tip
thu nhim v lm u mi trin khai Dn t Cc MT c.
Cp t nh
C cu t chc Dn 3 tnh thim Nam nh, Tha Thin - Hu v B Ra
- Vng Tu cng theo m hnh tng t cp trung ng. Mi Dn thim u c
Ban Cho, Gim c v Vn phng dn.
Ban Cho Dn thim do UBND tnh thnh lp vi s tham gia ca cc
thnh vin l lnh o cc s, ban, ngnh, qun/huyn lin quan v do Ch tch UBND
tnh lm Trng ban. Trng Ban Cho Dn thim cng l thnh vin Ban Ch
o Quc gia.
Mi Dn thim t di siu hnh ca Gim c Dn thim l
Gim c S KHCN&MT (sau ny l S TN&MT) ca tnh v thnh vin Ban Gim
c Quc gia. Cc hot ng ca dn thim do Vn phng dn thim iu
phi v thc hin. Vn phng ny do iu phi vin dn thim ph trch v c s
tham gia ca mt s cn b chuyn mn v nhn vin hnh chnh. Bn cnh , mi
dn thim u c mt Nhm T vn K thut gm cc chuyn gia trong nhiu
lnh vc khc nhau t cc s, ban, ngnh ca tnh. Nhm chuyn gia ny m nhim
cc cng tc k thut ca Dn thim theo tng yu cu c th ca Dn.
H tr k thu t c a cc chuyn gia H Lan
Bn cnhi ng qun l v chuyn mn ca Vit Nam hai cp trung ng
va phng, Dn c s h tr ca tp on t vn NEDECO (H Lan) v cc
i tc khc nh RIKZ4 v IHE5, v cc vn k thut lin quan n QLTHVVB.
Ngoi cc chuyn gia sang cng tc ti H Ni v cc tnh thim theo tng t ngn
hn h tr nhng ni dung k thut c th, NEDECO cn c 4 chuyn gia cng tc
thng tr ti 4 vn phng dn. Ti mi vn phng dn, cc chuyn gia ny c vn
Vin Quc gia v Qun l Bin v Vng b thuc B Giao thng,Cng chnh v Qun l
nc, H Lan
Hc vin K ngh Thy lc, C s h tng v Mi trng, Delft, H Lan
141

v h triu phi vin trc tip trin khai iu phi v thc hin cc hot ng ca
Dn.
C ch hot ng
cp trung ng, Vn phng Dn Quc gia ti H Ni vn hnh cc cng
vic thng ngy ca Dn, lp bo co ti chnh, bo co tin , bo co k thut
v cc k hoch cng tc v phn b kinh ph cho 4 vn phng Dn ti trung ng v
cc tnh. Vn phng H Ni gi lin lc cht ch vi cc vn phng dn thim,
iu phi cc hot ng v cung cp h tr c v qun l v k thut cho cc dn th
im khi cn thit.
cp tnh, cc dn thim hot ng di siu hnh trc tip ca Gim
c Dn thim v theo siu phi ca Vn phng Dn Quc gia. Khi cn c
s h tr v chuyn mn i vi cc vn c th trong khun kh hot ng ca
mnh, Dn thim mi chuyn gia thuc Nhm T vn K thut cng tc. Trong
mt s trng hp, Dn thim cth yu cu h tr t Vn phng Dn Quc
gia.
Bn cnh b khung cnh trong qun l, iu hnh v thc hin Dn nh
vy, Dn cn p dng mt c ch hot ng mm do, linh hot, cho php xem xt,
nghin cu v gii quyt nhiu vn quan trng v cp thit thng qua cc cuc hp
Nhm Chuyn gia a ngnh, cc Nghin cu Trng im v Hi tho Khoa hc
Chuyn t chc c hai cp trung ng va phng. Hng nm, cc vn phng
Dn H Ni v cc tnh thim u t chc Hi tho gii thiu, bo co cc
hot ng ca Dn vi cc cp chnh quyn v cng chng, v cng to din n
trao i thng tin, kinh nghim v lnh vc QLTHVVB vi gii chuyn mn v cc
bn quan tm.
Cc hot ng v kt qut c
Sau hn 5 nm trin khai Dn p dng m hnh qun l v c ch hot ng
nh m t phn trn, Dn trin khai 7 nhm hot ng vt c cc kt qu
chnh nh sau:
1. Thit lp c s vt cht cho hot ng ca Dn v h tr cc hot ng iu
chnh, sp xp v th ch v hnh chnh ph hp cho trin khai QLTHVVB
Vit Nam: Thit lp cc vn phng dn ti H Ni v 3 tnh thim vi y
trang thit b cn thit, k c phng tin giao thng; Xy dng i ng cn b vn
phng dn nng lc v lm vic hiu qu; Thit lp mi quan h hp tc tch cc
vi cc bn lin quan trong QLTHVVB; Khi xng v trin khai cc hot ng nhm
thit k, xy dng v thit lp c cu th ch ph hp cho QLTHVVB c hai cp
142

trung ng va phng, huy ng c s tham gia ca nhiu bn quan tm, kt

qu bc u ng k l s thnh lp c quan u mi v QLTHVVB Vit Nam l
Phng Qu n l Tng hp Vng ven bin thuc Cc Bo v Mi trng nm 2003.
2. Thu thp s liu tng quan v cc dn v k hoch lin quan n vng ven
bin Vit Nam: Lp c thng k cc dn ca Vit Nam v cc dn c quc t
h tr lin quan n vng ven bin, v cc k hoch pht trin kinh t x hi vng
ven bin Vit Nam, c cp quc gia v cp tnh. S liu thng kc lu tr v
qun l trong mt b c s d liu c th chy trn nhiu phn mm my tnh v ti
ln mng Internet. S liu thng k gip cho cc nh qun lv cc cp ra quyt nh
nm c tng quan cc hot ng vang din ra vng ven bin.
3. Lp chin lc v k hoch hnh ng QLTHVVB cho cc tnh thim, ti n
ti xy dng chin lc v k hoch hnh ng QLTHVVB quc gia: Tng cng
nhn thc v nng lc ca cc cp ra quyt nh v cc nh chuyn mn c hai cp
quc gia v cp tnh v Chin lc v K hoch Hnh ng QLTHVVB; Hon thnh
vic xy dng Chin lc v K hoch Hnh ng QLTHVVB cho ba tnh Nam nh,
Tha Thin - Hu v B Ra Vng Tu km theo b K hoch Hnh ng u tin,
c UBND tnh ph dut v cho php i vo thc hin; Lp c hng dn chung
v xy dng Chin lc v KHH QLTHVVB cp tnh; Xy dng khung Chin lc
Quc gia v QLTHVVB v bn giao cho B TN&MT tip tc hon thin.
4. Ci thin cng tc qun l v kh nng truy cp s liu v vng ven bin theo
tiu chun thng nht: Khung c s d liu GIS phc v QLTHVVB c xy dng
cho cc tnh thim theo chun d liu GIS ca Cc Mi trng; B c s d li u
thng tin vi trn 450 lp d liu c lp v ti ln trang Web ca Dn; Nhi u
kha o to c bn v chuyn su v GIS c t chc, ginh cho cc cn b trong
v ngoi Dn; Cc sn phm t cng c GIS c s dng v h tr hiu qu cho
cng tc lp Chin lc v K hoch hnh ng ti cc tnh thim; c bit l cc
sn phm v s liu ca Dn c cng b v ph bin rng ri.
5. o to, tng cng nng lc v QLTHVVB cho cc cn b qun l v chuyn
gia k thut ca Vit Nam: Dn cung cp mt chng trnh o to phong ph,
tp trung vo gii thiu v ph bin cc nguyn tc, cng c vng dng ca
QLTHVVB cho cc cn b qun l cp b, ngnh, tnh v chuyn gia k thut ca
Vit Nam. Chng trnh o to c thc hin cc tnh thim, H Ni,
Philippines, v H Lan. Ngoi ra, chng trnh o to cn c cc ni dung ph tr
khc nho to v gii v cng ng, kinh t mi trng, vin thm v h thng
thng tin a l.
143

6. Xc nh mt s vn trng im lin quan n vng ven bin, cp trung

ng va phng, v xut gii php theo hng qun l tng hp: Dn
xc nh v t chc nghin cu 6 vn trng im lin quan n vng ven bin,
cp trung ng va phng, gm c (i) th ch ha QLTHVVB Vit Nam, (ii)
nhu cu v k hoch ng ph s c trn du khu vc TP H Ch Minh v Vng Tu,
(iii) ng lc hc vng b khu vc Nam nh v nam chu th sng Hng; (iv) quy
hoch s dng t mi bi huyn Ngha Hng, Nam nh; (v) tim nng du lch sinh
thi Vn Quc gia Xun Thy, Nam nh; v (vi) kh nng trin khai m hnh ha
ch thy ng lc khu vc m ph Tha Thin Hu. T chc hi tho khoa hc
chuyn v cc vn v nghin cu , tham vn cc chuyn gia v cc bn lin
quan v kt qu nghin cu v cc bin php xut, t lp cng dn v ni
dung lin quan gi ti cc cp thm quyn v cc nh ti tr. c bit, t nghin
cu v th ch ha QLTHVVB Vit Nam, cc khuyn ngh ca tiu dn ny c
B TN&MT xem xt v quyt nh cho php thnh lp Phng QLTHVVB trong c
cu Cc Bo v Mi trng tu nm 2003.
7. Trin khai QLTHVVB ti 3 tnh thim l Nam nh, Tha Thin Hu, v
B Ra Vng Tu: gii thiu vp dng cc nguyn tc, cng c v phng php
ca QLTHVVB xem xt v gii quyt nhng vn c th ca vng b tng
tnh thim, bc u a QLTHVVB lng ghp vo cng tc qun l ca cc tnh.
Ti Nam nh, chin lc bo vng b huyn Hi Hu l vn c u tin.
Dn thim Nam nh h tra phng p dng phng thc tip cn tng
hp, trong khng ch nhng qu trnh t nhin din ra vng b v hin tng xi
lc xem xt, m cc vn x hi nh ti nh c, pht trin cng ng v cng
bng gii cng c quan tm. TT Hu, Dn tin hnh nghin cu h thng
m ph vc im ca vng b trn quan im tip cn tng hp. Cc vn
c th nh quan trc cht lng nc, ng dng vin thm vo phn vng nhy cm l
lt, m hnh ha qu trnh thy ng lc v.v cng c trin khai vi s h tr ca
Chng trnh hp tc vng b CCP. Ti BRVT, Dn thim r sot nhng vn
chnh ca mt tnh c hot ng kinh t cng cao vi nhng tc ng n mi
trng v sinh thi, xem xt mt s vn cp thit i vi a phng nh suy thoi
cht lng nc khu vc ca sng, ven bin, s c trn du, xi l b bin, v.v....
Quan trng hn, c ba tnh thim, Dn VNICZM h tr nng cao nhn thc
v huy ng c s quan tm ca lnh o UBND tnh, cc s ban ngnh va
phng trong tnh v c cng ng dn c v QLTHVVB v s cn thit p dng tip
cn ny qun l, khai thc v pht trin hp l ti nguyn thin nhin vng b v
bo v mi trng. Qu trnh chun b, xy dng v hon thin Chin lc
QLTHVVB cc tnh l qu trnh lm vic theo tip cn a ngnh vi s hp tc cht
ch viu phi hp l gia cc s, ban, ngnh chc nng v cc bn lin quan, trong
cc nguyn tc v cng c ca QLTHVVB c huy ng ti a vo vic lp chnh
144

sch. T, qu trnh QLTHVVB thc sc khi ng trong thc tin qun l

ca a phng.
Bi hc kinh nghim
T thc t trin khai Dn, c th rt ra mt s bi hc kinh nghim v t chc v
qun l nh sau:
-
M hnh gii thiu vp dng QLTHVVB theo hai cp trung ng va

phng l hp l v hiu qu. QLTHVVB l cn thit v phi c p dng
trc ht cc a phng ven bin, khu vc y tim nng nhng cng ht
sc nhy cm, ang phi ng u vi nhng vn nan gii trong qun l,
khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin v bo v mi trng. Tuy nhin, thc t
Vit Nam cc c quan chc nng cp tnh, a phng v c s c rt nhiu hn
ch v nhn thc, nng lc, thng tin, v.v... Do , snh hng, h tr, v
to iu kin t pha trung ng (t cc b ngnh, cc c quan chuyn mn v
cc chuyn gia k thut) l thit yu. M hnh hai cp cho php pht huy cao
cc ngun lc c th c, khai thc c tnh chng ca a phng v
huy ng c s h tr ca trung ng, c bit ph hp vi mt tip cn
mang tnh tng hp nh QLTHVVB;
mi cp, vic thnh lp Ban Cho dn a ngnh to c c ch cho
ng b, huy ng c s tham gia ca nhiu bn lin quan ngay t nhng
hot ng u tin ca Dn. c bit, cp tnh, vic cc Ban Cho dn
thim u do Ph Ch tch UBND tnh lm Trng ban v cc thnh vin l
lnh o cc s, ban, ngnh, qun/huyn lin quan liu kin ht sc thun li
tip cn QLTHVVB m Dn gii thiu c thm nhp vo thc tin cng
tc qun l ca UBND v cc c quan ca tnh vi s cho, iu phi thng
nht vng b. cp trung ng, nu Ban Cho c tng cng vi s
tham gia ca lnh o cc b, ngnh lin quan th vai tr cho mang tnh a
ngnh sc nng cao;
Nng cao nhn thc vc tnh t nhin, kinh t, x hi ca vng ven bin, v
tm quan trng ca vng ven bin v vic phi qun l, khai thc v pht trin
ti nguyn thin nhin vng ven bin theo hng bn vng l c s tip
thu vp dng tip cn QLTHVVB vo thc tin. Vic nng cao nhn thc cn
c thc hin cho tt c cc bn lin quan, bao gm cc cp ra quyt nh, cc
nh qun l v cc cn b k thut cc ngnh, cc khu vc kinh t v cng
ng dn c;
Xc nh ng vn cp bch ca tng a phng v h tra phng a
tip cn QLTHVVB vo s dng nh mt cng c xem xt, gii quyt vn
mt cch ng b v trit l c s thu ht s quan tm v huy ng
145

s cam kt mnh m ca cc cp lnh o vo qu trnh gii thiu v trin khai

-
QLTHVVB ca Dn ti cc tnh thim;

Vic thnh lp cc Vn phng Dn H Ni v cc tnh thim l ht sc
cn thit. Cc vn phng ny lu mi t chc, iu phi v thc hin cc
hot ng ca Dn. Vi chc nng , i hi cc Vn phng Dn phi c
i ng cn b c nng lc chuyn mn vc bit l nng lc qun l dn
mc cao p ng c yu cu ca cng tc;
C ch hot ng ca Dn vi cc Nhm T vn K thut v Chuyn gia a
ngnh cho php huy ng c mt lc lng ng o cc nh qun l, cc
nh khoa hc, cc chuyn gia k thut trung ng va phng tham gia t
vn, tham mu vng gp kin thc chuyn mn cho cc hot ng ca D
n. Nh, cc vn m Dn cp n u c xem xt t nhiu gc
v cc bin php gii quyt c xut u mang tnh tng hp, h thng v
a ngnh, theo nguyn tc ca QLTHVVB. Vic tp hp lc lng t vn ny
cng l cch nng cao nhn thc vo to v QLTHVVB, gp phn hnh
thnh cc chuyn gia a ngnh cho cc hot ng v QLTHVVB trong tng
lai;
Vic trin khai Dn vi nhiu bn tham gia thuc cc cp khc nhau, cc a
phng khc nhau i hi mt c ch lm vic va mm do, linh hot, va
thng nht vng b, trong phn cng trch nhim hp l, thng tin lin
lc kp thi v bo co y l cc iu kin tin quyt m bo Dn v n
hnh tt v hiu qu.
146
Trng hp 4: Khu bo v H sinh thi bin Rn Tro Mt m hnh ng dng

cch tip cn qun l tng hp vng ven bin cp c s6
Gii thiu
X Vn Hng l mt x ven bin ca huyn Vn Ninh c din tch t nhin
khong 4.842 ha vc phn chia thnh 6 thn, gm Xun T 1, Xun T 2, Xun
Vinh, H Gi, Xun ng v Xun Ty. Dn s x Vn Hng c khong 11.086 ngi
(hn 2.432 h), trong ring ph n c khong 5.432 ngi (chim khong 49% dn
s. T l h ngho (theo chun ngho quc gia nm 2009) l 17,5%. C cu kinh t
ca x Vn Hng l nng lm ng nghip, cng nghip v dch v khc, c
phn chia theo t l nh sau: nng-lm-ng nghip: 86%; cng nghip-xy dng: 6%;
thng mi-dch v: 8%.
Nhng kt qu kho st, iu tra nm 2000 cho thy, c ti hn 70% h gia
nh trong x tham gia nh bt ven b; ngun ti nguyn sinh vt bin hin nay
gim i 10% so vi nhng nm 1980. Vic khai thc qu mc v khai thc bng cc
phng php hy dit (xung in, thuc n, li r) gy nh hng nghim trng
n mi trng bin, lm gim s lng cng nh cht lng v thm ch mt gi tr
thng mi ca nhiu loi hi sn. Nhng hot ng khai thc khng hp php
ng thi cng gy tc hi nghim trng cho cc rn san h. ph ca rn san h
cng vi cht lng tt ch cn khong 10%, thp hn so vi mc trung bnh vn
ng bo ng ca ton quc.
Rn Tro l mt rn san h gn b thuc vnh Vn Phong, tnh Khnh Ho. Rn
c din tch khong 28 ha v nm cch im gn b bin nht khong 1 km. Mc d
chim mt din tch tng i nh so vi vnh Vn Phong, song Rn Tro li c h
ng thc vt phong ph, a dng v ph san h kh cao vi cht lng tng i
tt so vi cc rn khc trong ton b Vnh. S loi thy sinh pht hin khu vc rn
chim trn 50% tng s loi vnh Vn Phong, c th: san h chim 64%, c rn
chim 69%, c bin 75%. Cc nghin cu cho thy, a dng sinh hc ti y kh cao
vi khong 145 loi thc vt ph du, 115 loi ng vt ph du, 190 loi ng vt y
mm, 5 loi cy ngp mn, 6 loi c bin, c bit l 82 loi san h v 69 loi c cng
vi 25 loi ng vt khng xng sng tr ng v kim n trong khu vc rn san h.
Thng tin chung v dn
Trc tnh hnh suy thoi mi trng v suy gim ngun li, t nm 2001,
Trung tm Bo tn Sinh vt bin v Pht trin Cng ng (MCD), m tin thn l chi
nhnh ti Vit Nam ca Lin minh Sinh vt bin Quc t (IMA), h tr cng ng
a phng x Vn Hng xy dng v trin khai dn thim Xy dng Khu bo
tn bin Rn Tro (Cng vn 2479/UB ngy 07/11/2001 ca UBND tnh Khnh Ha)
do a phng qun l nhm qun l v bo tn tt h sinh thi rn san h ven b qua
phc hi li ngun li thy sn, to iu kin ci thin i sng ca ngi dn. Sau
khi dn ny kt thc vo nm 2004, chnh quyn v ngi dn a phng vn tip
Ngi son: Minh Hong, Trng phng Qun l ti nguyn vng b, Trung tm Bo tn Sinh vt bin v Pht
trin cng ng (MCD).
147

Khu bo v h sinh thi bin Rn Tro - M hnh QLTHVVB cp c s
tc duy tr v gi vng nhng thnh qu ca dn bng chnh ngun lc ca a

phng tuy nhin vn cn gp nhiu kh khn. Trn c s xut ca a phng, t
chc MCD tip tc tm kim v kt ni vi mt s dn khc h tra phng
tip tc thc hin mc tiu qun l bo v ngun li thy sn v rn san h.
Khu bo v Rn Tro nm trong khu vc bin thuc x Vn Hng, huyn Vn
Ninh, tnh Khnh Ha. Tng din tch c khoanh vng bo v l 89 ha, trong
vng li bo v nghim ngt c din tch 54 ha. KBV c qun l bi chnh ngi
dn a phng vi sng h ca cc cp chnh quyn, cc c quan khoa hc. Trc
tip bo v KBV l cc thnh vin cng ng, do chnh cng ng bu chn.
Hnh 5.6. Bn Khu bo v H sinh thi bin Rn Tro
148

UBND tnh Khnh Ha
S NN&PTNT
BQL khu kinh t

Vn Phong
S TNMT
UBND huyn Vn Ninh
Ban qun l KBVHST

bin Rn Tro
UBND x
Vn Hng
T nng ct
thy sn
T tuyn
truyn
Trung tm
GDMT C
MCD
T bo v
Rn Tro
T nng ct
DLST
Hot ng trong Khu bo v h sinh thi bin Rn Tro
Hnh 5.7. S t chc qun l Khu bo v H sinh thi bin Rn Tro
Hot ng v kt qu chnh
Theo chu trnh Qun l tng hp vng ven bin 6 bc do PEMSEA xut
(Hnh 3) th ton b qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh Khu bo v H sinh thi bin Rn
Tro tri qua hu ht cc giai on chnh ca chu trnh tuy nhin din tin ca cc
giai on rt linh hot, bao gm:
Xy dng
Giai on 1- Chun b
Trong giai on ny, mc
tiu l chun b ngun lc, thit lp
c cu t chc, thu thp thng tin
d liu c s v chun b k hoch
thc hin.
Theo 01 Ban Qun l v
T thc hin Dn c xy dng
gm cc thnh vin l cn b v
ngi dn ca huyn Vn Ninh v
x Vn Hng. T chc MCD (khi
y gi l IMA Vit Nam) cng
c mi tham gia Ban qun l v
ch yu thc hin vai tr t vn
Ph chun
Khi ng
Chu trnh mi
Thc hin
Chun b
Sng lc,
cng c
Hnh 5.8. Chu trnh QLTHVB 6 bc do

PEMSEA xut
149

iu phi cng vic. Sau ny cc hot ng dn u c thc hin thng qua s

iu phi v trc tip tham gia ca Ban Qun l v T ny.
Cng tc o to, tp hun viu tra kinh t - x hi (PRA; PCRA), a dng
sinh hc bin c t chc v trin khai cho cc cn b thy sn v ng dn a
phng xy dng ngun nhn lc ti ch, chun b cho cng tc nh gi, thu thp
d liu c s ban u kinh t - x hi v ngun li bin. ng thi cng tc tuyn
truyn vn ng nng cao nhn thc ngi dn v thc bo v mi trng v ngu n
li bin cng c trin khai thng qua t chc Ngy lm sch bin quc t, tp
hun v k thut nui cc loi 02 mnh v, cc cuc thi tm hiu v mi trng v
ngun li bin, thi biu din vn ngh v v tranh cho hc sinh
Giai on 2 Khi ng
Trong giai on ny, mc tiu l xc nh c hin trng ngun li thy sn
v cc vn , cc mi e da n h sinh thi ven b; thu thp cc thng tin nn;
nng cao nhn thc cng ng v sinh vt bin v nhu cu bo v ngun li
Tip theo cng tc o to, tp hun viu tra kinh t - x hi va dng sinh
hc bin, cc cuc iu tra trn thc a cng c t chc tin hnh vi thnh phn
nng ct l nhng cn b, ngi dn c tp hun di siu phi, hng dn
ca cc chuyn gia Vin Hi dng hc; Vin Kinh t v Quy hoch thy sn v T
chc MCD. Cc thng tin, d liu thu thp c t cc cuc iu tra c lu tr,
tng hp v phn tch xy dng thnh cc bo co nh gi ban u. Cc bo co
ny c trnh by v tho lun vi chnh quyn, cng ng a phng cng tm
kim, xy dng phng n qun l ti nguyn tt hn; trn c s tng thnh lp
Khu bo v bin c a ra tho lun v ly kin cc c quan chc nng ca
tnh cng cc i tc khc v vic t chc thc hin. Cng vi cc hot ng nng
cao nhn thc tip tc c trin khai bng cc hot ng Lm sch bin, tham quan
Bo tng Hi dng hc, trng rng ngp mn, c bit thnh lp T thu gom rc
thn Xun T vi thnh phn nng ct l ph n (250 h tham gia).
Giai on 3 - Xy dng
Trong giai on ny, mc tiu l xy dng k hoch hnh ng gii quyt cc
vn , cc mi e da; t chc cng ng v thit lp quy ch cng ng.
T nhng tng xut ca cng ng v chnh quyn a phng cng nh
nhng gp ca cc c quan chc nng c lin quan, UBND huyn Vn Ninh cng
vi T chc MCD phi hp hon thnh bn xut dn c tn gi lKhu bo tn
bin Rn Tro do a phng qun l v trnh ln UBND tnh Khnh Ha xt
duyt. Cc nhm cngng chuyn trch c thnh lp trin khai cc ni dung
cng vic lin quan nh nhm ht nhn, nhm tuyn truyn, nhm xy dng Quy ch
Rn Tro. Thnh vin cc nhm ny l cc ng dn v c cc cn ba phng c
la chn v tp hun, o to cc k nng, kin thc ph hp. Quy ch Rn Tro c
xy dng da trn nhng xut ca chnh quyn, cng ng a phng v tham vn
vi cc c quan chc nng m bo ph hp vi cc quy nh ca php lut. Mt s
ni dung quan trng khc ca giai on ny c thc hin gm c:
150

Xy dng k hoch phn vng chc nng khu vc Rn Tro
Xy dng H s php l
Xy dng K hoch qun l 02 nm (2009 2010)
Giai on 4 Ph duyt
Mc tiu ca giai on ny l ph duyt xut dn, thit lp tnh php l
KBV, cc k hoch hot ng cng nh c cu t chc qun l bo v KBV Rn Tro
Trong giai on ny UBND tnh Khnh Ha ph duyt Dn Khu bo tn
bin Rn Tro (Cng vn s 2497/UB ngy 07 thng 11 nm 2001 ca UBND tnh
Khnh Ho); H s php l Khu bo v Rn Tro (Cng vn s 4671/UBND ngy 29
thng 07 nm 2008 ca UBND tnh Khnh Ha).
Trn c s, UBND huyn Vn Ninh ra quyt nh thnh lp Khu bo v
H sinh thi Rn Tro (Quyt nh 1738/Q-UBND ngy 28 thng 08 nm 2008); K
hoch qun l Khu bo v H sinh thi bin Rn Tro (Quyt nh 2357Q-UBND
ngy 09 thng 10 nm 2009);
Giai on 5 Trin khai
Mc tiu giai on ny l trin khai cc k hoch, ni dung hot ng c
ph duyt
Cc ni dung cng vic c trin khai trong giai on ny gm c:
Ra mt Khu bo v bin Rn Tro
Thnh lp Ban qun l Khu bo v HST bin Rn Tro
T chc gim st ngun li
Ti to rn san h (th rn san h nhn to)
Thit lp vng ranh gii bo v (th phao ranh)
Thc thi Quy ch Rn Tro
Trin khai cc chin dch truyn thng theo ch
Trin khai Chng trnh pht thanh v KBV Rn Tro trn h thng pht
thanh a phng
T chc cc chng trnh o to, tp hun theo ch
Hnh thnh Trung tm Gio dc mi trng cng ng
Tuyn truyn v th nghim sinh k thn thin mi trng (NTTS a

loi; nui th nghim mt s loi nhuyn th; Du lch sinh thi cng ng)
T chc cc hot ng giao lu v hc hi kinh nghim vi cc a

phng khc trong c nc
Giai on 6 Sng lc, cng c
151

Mc tiu giai on ny l hon thin c ch t chc, nh gi kt qu Dn;

ti liu ha bi hc kinh nghim v chia s; chun b k hoch cho chu trnh tip theo.
Cc hot ng c thc hin trong giai on ny gm c:
T chc nh gi nhn thc v Khu bo v Rn Tro
nh gi sinh hc v kinh t - x hi Khu bo v Rn Tro
Bn giao Khu bo v Rn Tro cho a phng
iu chnh Quy ch Rn Tro
Ban qun l Khu bo v Rn Tro c iu chnh v b sung
Nhm ht nhn bo v Rn Tro c iu chnh v b sung
nh gi:
Thnh qu ni b t: Sau 9 nm trin khai, n nay qu trnh xy dng v vn
hnh Khu bo v H sinh thi bin Rn Tro tri qua hon thin 01 chu trnh
QLTHVB (chu trnh 6 bc do PEMSEA xut) vang trong qu trnh thc hi n
chu trnh th 2. C th:
Chu trnh ln 01 gn lin vi qu trnh thc hin Dn Khu bo tn bin Rn
Tro v bn giao Khu bo v Rn Tro cho chnh quyn a phng
Chu trnh ln 02 gn lin vi qu trnh xy dng H s php l v trin khai K
hoch qun l
V bo v ngun li
San h: qua thi gian nhn chung ph san h khng thay i nhiu, hai loi
san h cng chim u th Rn Tro thuc v san h dng khi Goniopora lobata v
Platygyra sinensis, san h mm u th thuc v ging Sinularia. Kt qu kho st
bc u cng ghi nhn 28 ging san h cng, 3 ging san h mm.
C rn san h:Nhn chung mt c rn tng, xut hin nhiu loi c kch
thc ln v ghi nhn thm s phc hi ca hai loi c thuc loi gim st ngun li
a phng l Heniochus acumminatus, Lutianus kasmira
Sinh vt y kch thc ln: khng ghi nhn c c th no, tuy nhin c s
xut hin ca mt s loi c gi tr kinh t cao nhc bn tay, c nh y li v mt
cao ca loi c gai Drupella conus .
Vng ngoi khu bo tn: Trong khi s lng cng nh kch thc c rn san h
rn Tro gia tng th ngun li c rn san h khu vc khng c bo v tip tc
gim nhiu so vi trc y.
Nhn chung, mc d ph san h khu vc Rn Tro khng tng ln nhiu
lm, nhng ngun li sinh vt rn san h khu vc ny tng ln ng k.
Cc d liu thu c t cc cuc iu tra kinh t-x hi v nhn bit ca ng
dn v cc thnh vin cng ng khc v s thay i sn lng khai thc thy sn
152

a phng cho thy c s nhn thc tch cc ca ngi dn a phng v tc ng

ca khu bo v bin i vi s phc hi ngun li bin (Hnh 4)
Thay i v ngun li trong KBV Rn Tro
Thay i v ngun li trong khu vc bn ngoi

KBV Rn Tro
Khng bit
8%
Khng bit
9%
Khng i
Khng i
1%
5%
Gim
9%
Gim
13%
Tng
73%
Tng
82%
Hnh 5.9. Nhn thc ca ngi dn v thay i ngun li bn trong v ngoi

KBV Rn Tro
V nhn thc
Thng k cha y cho thy c khong 18 s kin nng cao nhn thc
cng ng c t chc vi nhiu hnh thc phong ph va dng nh Lm sch b
bin, biu din vn ngh, thi ki n thc, sng tc th ca vi khong hn 5.300 lt
ngi tham gia trc tip vo cc s kin.
Kt qu ca cc cuc iu tra nm 2005, 2007 v 2009 cho thy mc tham
gia ca ngi dn trong khu vc x Vn Hng trong cc hot ng bo v mi trng,
bo v ngun li cng nh hiu bit cc hot ng l kh cao so vi cc x khc
trong vnh Vn Phong. thc gn gi mi trng bin v ngun li TS ti vng dn
c nng cao, nhn thc v bo v mi trng sinh thi, a dng sinh hc v ngu n
li bin ca i b phn nhn dn c nng cao r rt. Ngi dn c thc trong
vic v sinh mi trng bin vt lin, khng x cht thi sn xut v sinh hot lm
nhim mi trng.Tnh trng khai thc thu sn bng cc hnh thc hu dit c bn
c xo b: nh mn, dng xianua, ph hoi cc rn san h. Vai tr, trch nhim
trong cng tc bo v Rn Tro cng c ngi dn nhn thc r rng hn (Hnh
)
c bit vai tr c a ph n trong c ng ng c nh ng bi n chuyn ng k
k t khi thnh l p Khu b o v thng qua vi c tham gia tch c c hn trong cc ho t
ng lin quan n Khu b o v v c ti ng ni nhiu hn trong cc quyt nh lin
quan n c ng ng.
V t chc
Ban qun l KBV Rn Tro, Ban qun l Trung tm gio dc mi trng cng
ng, cc nhm cng ng chuyn trch (bo v; tuyn truyn; du lch sinh thi C)
c thnh lp v hot ng trong sut 9 nm qua, v cng c cng c, kin
ton trong mt s th i k . C chi u ph i, h p tc v i c c c quan h u quan t cp
153

tnh n cp huyn, x cng nh vi cc a phng khc c xy dng v trin khai,

l nguyn tc cn bn vn hnh v duy tr Khu bo v Rn Tro cho n nay.
V nghin cu
K t khi c thnh lp v vn hnh cho n nay, Khu bo v H sinh thi
bin Rn Tro tr thnh mt im nghin cu c nhiu nh nghin cu, sinh vin
(c tt nghip v cao hc), cc c quan, t chc quan tm. c khong 14 nghin
cu c trin khai y, trong c 05 nghin cu cp thc sv 01 nghin cu cp
tin s. T nhng kt qu nghin cu vnh gi ny, c s d liu cho KBV Rn
Tro cng c xy dng nh danh lc cc loi thy sinh, h s cng ng, qua
ng gp tch cc vo cng tc qun l ti nguyn ven b ca huyn Vn Ninh.
Hnh ng c ngi dn thc thi khi pht hin xm phm KBV
Rn Tro
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Thng bo cho c quan
chc nng
Yu cu khng c
xm phm
Thng bo cho nhm

ht nhn
Khng lm g
Hnh 5.10. Hnh ng c ngi dn thc thi khi pht hin c xm phm KBV Rn
Tro
V tng cng nng lc

c khong 35 s kin tp hun, o to c t chc vi s tham gia ca
khong 796 lt ngi, gm cc cn b v ngi dn a phng v cc kin thc, k
nng lin quan n cng tc qun l bo v ngun li, thc thi quy ch, pht trin sinh
k v kinh doanh. Bn cnh , cc cn b v ngi dn tham gia trong cng tc qun
l KBV Rn Tro cn c to c hi c giao lu, hc hi vi cc a phng
khc thng qua cc chuyn tham quan thc t, tham gia trnh by Hi tho t cp quc
gia n cp quc t, vng.
Hn ch v nguyn nhn: Mc dt c nhng kt qu nht nh nhng m hnh
KBV HST bin Rn Tro vn gp phi nhng hn ch, kh khn nht nh, c bit
khi y cn c coi l m hnh trnh din u tin Vit Nam v QLTHVVB cp c
s. l:
Tnh php l ca Khu bo v Rn Tro: do trong chu trnh u tin qu tp
trung vo vic thnh lp Khu bo v, t chc cng ng nn mc d Khu bo v Rn
Tro c ra mt t nm 2002 nhng cha c tnh php l, cha c s cng nhn
chnh th c c a chnh quy n c p t nh. Chnh iu ny cng lm h n ch tnh hiu
154

qu trong iu phi vi cc c quan hu quan a phng thc thi quy ch bo v Rn

Tro da vo cng ng. n chu trnh th hai, khi tnh php l ca Khu bo v
c xc lp vi s cng nhn ca UBND tnh Khnh Ha v quyt nh thnh lp
chnh thc Khu bo v H sinh thi bin Rn Tro ca UBND huyn Vn Ninh. Tuy
vy thch thc t ra chnh l s cng nhn cp quc gia khi m mi quan tm ca
cc chnh sch ch dnh cho cc Khu bo v quy m ln.
Tnh k tha: trong qu trnh vn hnh Khu bo v Rn Tro c s thay i
v tr lnh o ng u cp huyn, cp x. S thay i ny dn n s k tha
khng y nhng sng kin ca ton b qu trnh v gy nhng nh hng nht
nh n nhng thnh qu ca dn mc d v c bn thnh phn v lc lng nhn
s trong c cu qun l, t chc vn c duy tr.
H thng c s d liu: mc d c kh nhiu nhng iu tra, nh gi v
nghin cu trong khu vc tuy nhin nhng d liu, thng tin thu thp c cha c
lu gi mt cch c h thng. Nguyn nhn l trong c cu qun l Khu bo v cha
c b phn chuyn trch m nhim vic thu thp v lu gi thng tin, bn cnh
cc hot ng qun l ch ch trng vo vic trin khai trn thc a m cha quan tm
n cc thng s khoa hc.
T chc iu phi gia cc c quan chc nng: vi vai tr lnh o trong Ban
qun l KBV Rn Tro, UBND huyn Vn Ninh ln v ch triu phi chnh. Tuy
nhin nhn thc v nng lc v QLTHVVB ca cc c quan v cc bn lin quan t
cp tnh n huyn, x cn cha y , do vy hiu quiu phi gp nhiu kh khn
dn n hn ch kh nng tip cn cc ngun lc h tr t cp tnh cng nh lng
ghp cc hot ng qun l KBV trong hot ng qun l chung ca a phng.
Mt s bi hc kinh nghim
Cc ht nhn a phng: y l mt trong nhng yu t then cht trin
khai QLTHVVB. Thng qua m hnh KBV Rn Tro, cc ht nhn a phng
c la chn v to thnh 01 mng li ht nhn a phng, h chnh l cc cn b,
ngi dn t cp tnh n cp huyn, c s quan tm c bit trong vic gii quyt cc
vn ca vng ven bin. cp tnh, sng h ca lnh o S NN&PTNT v S
TNMT l nhng nhn t v cng quan trng thuyt phc cc ban ngnh chc nng
khc cng nh chnh quyn cp tnh c nhng h tr v ngun lc v cho kp
thi cho cp trin khai di c s. cp huyn, cp x nhng cn b, ngi dn c
nng lc u c huy ng tham gia vo c cu qun l ca KBV HST bin Rn
Tro nh Ban qun l, cc nhm nng ct cng ng, v chnh h gp phn quyt
nh n s thnh cng ca m hnh qun l ny. Tuy nhin iu quan trng l cn
phi duy tr v tip tc pht trin cc ht nhn a phng ny theo cng mt mc tiu
chung tp trung ngun nhn lc, gi vng cc thnh qut c v tin ti nhng
thnh cng mi.
a dng huy ng ngun lc: Vic trin khai m hnh KBV Rn Tro cho
thy c nhiu ngun lc c thc huy ng h tr cho qu trnh trin khai
QLTHVVB. Bn cnh nhng ngun lc chnh thng t Ngn sch Nh nc th cc
155

ngun lc bn ngoi khc cng cn c coi trng nh ngun ti tr nc ngoi thng

qua cc dn; t cc Vin nghin cu thng qua cc ti nghin cu; cc lc lng
tnh nguyn vin trong v ngoi nc; cc doanh nghip a phng v c cc c nhn.
S tham gia ca cng ng v cc bn lin quan khc: Vi c trng ca
vng ven bin l s dng a mc tiu th s tham gia vm bo quyn li ca cc
bn lin quan trong c cng ng l thc s cn thit cho siu phi hiu qu.
iu ny c th hin r trong thnh phn Ban qun l KBV HST bin Rn Tro vi
s tham gia y ca lnh o chnh quyn cp huyn, cp x; cc lc lng chc
nng nh Bin phng, Qun l thy sn, i din cng ng a phng vc bit l
c s tham gia vi vai tr c vn ca S TNMT, S NN&PTNT, BQL Khu kinh t
Vn Phong. trn c s, mi hot ng din ra u c cc bn lin quan hiu
r, tham gia vng h.
Tnh t ch: Trong cng tc qun l ti nguyn vng ven bin cp c s ni
chung th s t ch, tch cc ca chnh quyn a phng l nhn t then cht m bo
cho qu trnh trin khai hiu qu cc dn cng nh duy tr v pht huy nhng thnh
qu do cc dn mang li. V mt dn, Khu bo v HST bin Rn Tro chnh
thc kt thc dn th nghim xy dng m hnh t nm 2004, tuy nhin chng
minh s cam kt, t ch ca a phng, UBND huyn Vn Ninh huy ng v b
tr 01 khon kinh ph khong 30 triu ng/nm t ngn sch a phng tip tc
h tr cho cc hot ng qun l ca KBV Rn Tro. Mc d cc hot ng din ra c
phn km si ni hn trc nhng y chnh l yu t quan trng sau ny t chc
MCD tip tc tm kim v kt ni cc dn khc h tr cho a phng trin khai
tip cc hot ng cng c v hon thin m hnh ny.
156
5.3. Mt s trng hp in hnh trn th gii 7

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Trng hp 1. Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ti Bangladesh

1. Background
A large part of Bangladesh belongs to the deltas of three large river systems: the
Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers. Together, these three rivers drain a
catchment of about 1.72 million km2, at the southern side of the Himalaya. The
coastline along the Bay of Bengal is approximately 710 km long and contains one of
the largest mangrove areas in the world: the Sunderbans. The delta is among the most
fertile regions in the world. Along the coast, the width of the delta is approximately
350 km.
Some 150 million people live on the delta, despite risks from floods caused by
monsoons, heavy runoff, and tropical cyclones. Most of the Ganges-Brahmaputra
Delta has a population density of some 1500 inhabitants per km making it one of the
most densely populated regions on earth. The annual growth rate is 2%.
The Government of Bangladesh in 1999 adopted a Policy Note expressing its support
for the ICZM approach (MoWR 1999). Under the directive of the 1999 Policy Note, a
program development office to facilitate the ICZM process was set up in 2001, located
within the Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO) of the Ministry of
Water Resources. In 2005 a Coastal Zone Policy was adopted.
2. Institutional setting
Bangladesh has a highly centralised government with a strong administrative culture.
Decisions are taken at the centre, even for local matters. The coast is an area of
institutional weakness: though several government agencies and departments are
working in the coastal region, there is hardly any linkage between them and
institutional fragmentation is common. Only bilateral communication takes place
between the Ministry of Land and other executing agencies when the latter require
land for construction purposes. Further, the agencies responsible have hardly any
presence at the local level. Most of these agencies operate only from their Thana level
offices; again this is not the case for all the departments who are responsible for
program concerning the coastal areas (Islam et al. 2009).
The government of Bangladesh, with the assistance of international donor
organizations, has introduced a National Water Policy, which guides all the activities
Ngi son: Dr. Marcel Marchand, chuyn gia t vn quc t v qun l vng b, cng ty t vn Deltares, H
Lan
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Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ti Bangladesh
in the water sector from the perspective of Integrated Water Resources Management.
Moreover, the government has prepared a National Water Management Plan (NWMP)
considering long term need, management and utilization of water resources cross
cutting all sectors. In 2005 government declared a Coastal Zone Policy, providing a
general guidance to all concerned for the management and development of the coastal
zone in a manner that the coastal people are able to pursue their life and livelihoods
within secure and favourable environment. Strategy and investment programs have
been developed to implement policy objectives.
3. Definition of the coastal zone

The coastal zone of Bangladesh covers an area of 47,201 km2, or 32% of the country,
being the landmass of 19 districts (see map). Around 35 million people, representing
29% of the population, live in the coastal zone.
Map of the coastal zone of Bangladesh.

Three indicators have been considered for determining the landward boundaries of the
coastal zone of Bangladesh. These are: influence of tidal waters, salinity intrusion and
cyclones/storm surges. 19 Districts of the country are being affected directly or
indirectly by some of these phenomena (ICZM Plan 2005).
4. Main problems
158
Pressure on available space

The Ganges Brahmaputra Delta belongs to the most densely populated areas of the
world. With a population density of more than 1000 inh/km2 and a growth rate of 2%
the pressure on the available space is high. In Bangladesh the delta is still active with
very unstable river branches. Riverbank and island erosion is one of the major issues,
and is probably the most important natural cause of landlessness and forced
resettlement.
Agriculture and flood protection
The majority of the population of the Ganges Delta depends on agriculture and agrorelated industry. Over 60.000 people each year are made landless by bank erosion
along the main rivers. The annual rate of erosion is estimated 10,000 ha whereas the
natural accretion is only 2,500 ha. Bangladesh cannot afford to lose any land to erosion
and erosion control is a top priority.
A second factor constraining agricultural production and safety of the agricultural
population, is flooding. Almost every year floods occur in Bangladesh, with varying
intensity and magnitude. In a normal year 20% of the country is inundated by river
spills and drainage congestions. Floods with a return period of 100 year may inundate
60% of the country. Flood protection and irrigation improvement is another main
concern in Bangladesh. Up to now some 1,600 km2 of agricultural land is well
protected. Floods may also occur due to cyclonic storm surges. Although the
frequency of these floods is low (major storm surge related floods are reported in
1970, 1991 and 2007) the floods may be extremely devastating. For example, the
cyclone of April 1991 induced a storm surge of 6 7,5 m height and caused nearly
150.000 deaths. The 1970 Bhola cyclone was less powerfull, but is nonetheless the
deadliest tropical cyclone on record. The exact death toll will never be known, but it is
estimated that between 300,000 and 500,000 people lost their lives. To reduce loss of
lives and property, Bangladesh focuses on the development of flood forecasting and
warning systems.
Water quality
The main issue related to water quality is the provision of reliable drinking water.
Currently the surface water gets polluted by the discharge of untreated domestic and
industrial sewage. While Bangladesh has made significant progress in supplying safe
water to its people, large differences in coverage exist across the country. Latrine
usage is very poor, averaging only 16% in the rural areas. Diarrheal diseases constitute
a major health problem in Bangladesh, killing over 100,000 children each year.
In the late 1970s, many groundwater wells were drilled to replace the traditional
contaminated surface water sources. However, in 1993, high arsenic concentrations
were discovered in shallow aquifers. Current understanding (2001) is that 25% of the
population in the Delta are exposed to contamination exceeding national standards,
with another 25% that do not meet WHO standards.
Wetlands
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The ecologically sensitive wetland areas of Bangladesh are under great pressure from
encroachment and their utilization as sources of subsistence and production. The
Sundarban Mangrove forest, being a Ramsar site requires special attention as
significant parts of the forest have been lost due to human interference.
5. Activities on ICZM
The adopted Coastal Zone Policy stipulates the formulation and implementation of a
Coastal Development Strategy for poverty reduction, economic growth and social
development. This strategy will be a time and resource-bound specification of the
priority actions in coastal development, but it will be about building a process to
implement the policies, not preparing a classic master plan. Such a strategy makes
critical choices, for example in relation to targeted regions, disadvantaged groups and
issues. Focus is on implementation, including a set of indicators and corresponding
monitoring arrangements to assess performance. Implementation will be the
responsibility of the respective Ministries and the agencies. A Priority Investment
Program (PIP) will be the basis for implementation of the ICZM process (GoB,
2005).
Besides the activities described in the investment program, a number of supporting
activities have been identified, such as a coastal resources survey, an integrated coastal
resources database, modelling tools, Information dissemination and capacity building.
6. Results and outlook
Bangladesh has made considerable progress in ICZM by adopting a policy for the
coastal zone. But this is only the first step in a long process. The implementation of the
policy in terms of a strategy has not yet begun.
Recently, the Bangladesh Water Development Board, financed jointly by the
Government of the Netherlands and UK Department for International Development
commissioned a consultancy consortium consisting of Mott MacDonald, Euroconsult
and CEGIS to work with the ICZM Programme Development Office (PDO) to
produce a management plan for the coastal zone.
7. Lessons learnt
As probably in no other country, the coastal zone of Bangladesh shows a wide range of
vulnerabilities. These include the threat of cyclones and storm surges, land erosion,
widespread poverty, highly unequal social structures, deterioration of coastal
ecosystems, saline intrusion etc. These vulnerabilities affect the livelihoods of coastal
communities.The case study of Bangladesh especially shows an understanding on a
close relation between ICZM and poverty reduction. This understanding has been
160
instrumental in preparing a meaningful coastal zone policy, and would guide the
formulation of a pragmatic coastal development strategy and a feasible investment
program for enhancement of livelihoods of the coastal people, particularly the
disadvantaged groups (Ahmad 2004)
Reference List
Ahmad, M. People and livelihoods. 2004. PDO-ICZMP. Living in the Coast.
Ref Type: Serial (Book,Monograph)
Islam,K.S., Xiong-Zhi,X. & Rahman,M.M. (2009) Succesful Integrated Coastal Zone
Management (ICZM) Program model of a developing country (Xiamen, China) Implementation in Bangladesh perspective. Journal of Wetlands Ecology, 2, 35-41.
GoB 2005: Coastal Zone Policy. Ministry of Water Resources, Government of the
Peoples Republic of Bangladesh
161
Trng hp 2: Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ti c

1. Background
The German coast is divided between the North and Baltic Seas. This is not only a
spatial division. A different genesis, tidal range, salinity and exposure have caused a
distinct coastline and distinct coastal ecosystems. The major coastal uses and the
cultural heritage are not the same and the federal system in Germany supports a largely
independent management of both regions. However, during the last years the need for
an integrated coastal development has become more and more obvious.
A national strategy for the development and implementation of ICZM in Germany,
based on the EU recommendation 2002/413/EG, was developed in 2005/06 and
accepted by the national government in March 2006. The development of this strategy
is already part of the ICZM process. It follows extensive (preliminary) work by
various parties involved, integrating the relevant actors into a supporting working
group and was presented and discussed at a conference. During this process, the
varying points of view of different stakeholders and the necessity of open
communication have already clearly emerged and influenced the strategy.
The strategy describes and analyses the ecological, economic, social and legal
situation in coastal and marine areas and, on this basis, elaborates steps to support the
ICZM process and thus implementation of the basic ICZM principles. It calls for an
analysis of the situation of the coast. Already major sections of the basic ICZM
principles have been implemented by means of current legal instruments. However, it
urges a number of further adaptations of the legal control instruments and is aimed at
fostering the ICZM process through the establishment of an ICZM secretariat. ICZM
forums are envisaged as a major means of communication and elaboration of common
goals for the development of coastal zones. Additional experience is to be gained at
various levels in best practice projects.
Germany has a federal government structure and consists of federal states called
Lnder. In coastal waters alone, more than 10 national and Lnder ministries as well
as national, Lnder and regional authorities bear responsibility. A special problem in
coastal waters is the varying spatial extension of competences. Federal ministries that
are responsible for the coast and sea include Foreign Affairs, Internal Affairs, Finance,
Science & Technology, Agriculture, Defence, Transport, Public Works & City
Planning, Environment and Education & Research. Besides, there are many executive
agencies with responsibility along the coast such as the Fisheries Institute (BFAFi),
Shipping & Hydrography (BSH), Nature Conservation (BfN) and Environment
Agency (UBA).
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Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ti c
The Lnder bear the main responsibility for coastal management. Basis is the well
developed, hierarchically designed spatial planning system, which can be regarded as
integrative in several aspects. Most important in this respect are the legal binding
Regional Planning Programmes prepared by State Regional Planning Authorities for
every Federal State or region. The results of the planning process are maps showing
actual uses and future development goals. Regional Planning Programmes ensure a
continuity and reliability of planning and decision processes.

ICZM will apply within the EEZ, the 12 mile zone, the transitional waters in
accordance with the Water Framework Directive, the areas adjoining estuaries and
influenced by the tides as well as the adjoining rural districts and respective
administrative units on shore. ICZM should permeate all relevant areas, therefore, all
actors will contribute to its implementation. At the same time bottom up and top down
processes must complement each other since different approaches are appropriate for
different problems and challenges.
Map of the German coastal zone (light blue is 12 miles zone, middle blue is EEZ)
4. Main problems
Shipping and harbour development
The German coast has a dense shipping traffic. Main harbours are Hamburg and
Bremen. There is always a risk of oil and chemical incidents.
Mining: gas and oil
163
The Northsea and Waddensea contain large reservoirs of oil and gas. The amount of
oil & gas platforms has risen from 300 to 475 between 1990 and 1998. Both the
exploitation and transportation through pipelines always contain a certain risk of spills.
Renewable energy: wind mills at sea and on land
Although 14 offshore wind farms with 80 windmills each have now received planning
permission for the German Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), none have yet been built.
The impacts of offshore wind farm development has triggered a contentious multistakeholder debate in Germany. The establishment of multi-purpose areas in the sea
might yield potential for integrating conflicting demands by maximising compatibility
between users.
Fishing
The Northsea is one of the most intensively fished seas in the world. Although some
fish stock species are in good condition, for many others there is still serious
overfishing (such as cod and flatfish). Some fishing techniques are harmful for the
environment (beamtrawling across seas bottom) and there are conflicts with other
functions, such as windfarms and other structures that reduce the fishable area.
Tourism
For most coastal towns tourism is the major economic activity. There are (potential)
conflicts with other coastal activities, such as windfarming (landscape amenity
degradation) and nature conservation (disturbance).
Safety against flooding
12,000 square km of flood-prone coastal lowlands exist in Germany. Without
protection, they could become flooded during extreme storm surges. More than 2.3
million people live in these coastal lowlands. Millions of euros are spent each year on
technical measures to safeguard these people and their assets.
Nature Conservation
Large parts of the coastal zone fall under the Natura2000 protection status of the EU.
Especially the Waddensea has very high nature values and international importance for
migrating birds and as nursery area for fish. There is a constant tension between the
conservation values and many of the other activities in the coastal zone, such as
shipping, finshing and windfarming.
The federal government has improved the set of legal instruments by transposing
European legislation particularly the Strategic Environmental Assessment, the Water
Framework Directive, extension of the Freedom of Information Act and public
involvement as well as the Natura 2000 directive into German law and through
164
further development of national regulations (e.g. through the law for improving
preventive flood protection, extension of regional planning to the EEZ and amendment
of the Offshore Installations Ordinance). Furthermore, programmes pursuing
development goals relevant for ICZM have been designed in cooperation with the
Lnder. They include the national maritime conference, the port concept of the
German seaports and the central command for maritime emergencies. Other important
measures are the national strategies for sustainability and biodiversity, the marine
strategy as well as the trilateral cooperation for protection of the Wadden Sea with the
Netherlands and Denmark.
In recent years, the German Lnder have developed diverse activities in the areas of
regional planning and development as well as the methods of integrated coastal
management. Furthermore, the local authorities have worked up goals and practices of
importance for ICZM through regional cooperation, participation in international
forums and projects as well as activities within the framework of local Agenda 21
projects.

The national strategy urges a number of further adaptations of the legal control
instruments and is aimed at fostering the ICZM process through the establishment of
an ICZM secretariat. ICZM forums are envisaged as a major means of communication
and elaboration of common goals for the development of coastal zones
The Lnder have intensified their efforts to establish ICZM principles on the regional
and local level and developed own ICZM mission statements. On the other hand,
ICZM is seen as an ecological driven approach with strong emphasis on the state-ofthe-environment. The German strategy falls short to address important economic and
social dimensions.
The federal structure of Germany holds the risk that each of the coastal states of
Germany will pursue its own ICZM plan without the essential consultation and
cooperation among each other (e.g. lack of exchange between Baltic and North Sea
regions) In regional planning, the identification of stakeholder and public participation
takes place only to a very limited degree and in a late stage.
7. Lessons learnt
165
There have been two ICZM-Best practice case studies along the German coast: the
Oder Estuary and the Bay of Lbeck. ICZM-Oder estuary is mainly a regional
research project dealing with gaining knowledge rather than putting measures into
practice. ICZM-Bay of Lbeck is more a local practical measure of coastal
protection using an ICZM approach. Both case studies showed the importance of
involving coastal stakeholders. Their support was essential for the acceptance of ICZM
and the success of the projects. The Lbeck case used a sensitivity analysis which
proved to be a practical tool for an innovative participation procedure. The question
how to implement ICZM was anwered differently in both cases. ICZM-Oder estuary
made good experiences with the Regional Agenda. It was a suitable umbrella to reach
political commitment. The activities of the Agenda office led to new working-,
communication-, and information structures within the region. ICZM-Bay of Lbeck
integrated aspects of ICZM into coastal defence measures. On the one hand that led to
a subordination of ICZM aspects in coastal defence measures. On the other hand
funding for these measures was regulated by law and was consequently taken over by
higher administrations.
Germany is an example of how a highly developed country tries to implement ICZM.
Because the overarching ICZM strategy has only recently been adopted (2006), it is
too early to make final conclusions on its effectiveness. What can already be learned
from this case is that even in a country with a lot of legislation and institutions in
place, it is difficult to develop the coast in a sustainable and integrated manner, partly
because of the overlapping and fragmented adminstrative structure. Also the problem
of stakeholder engagement has not yet been solved.
References
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM): From European strategy to practise in
Germany, Gerald Schernewski, Baltic Sea Research Institute Warnemnde,
2002
ICZM: strategies for coastal and marine spatial planning, Research project of the
Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs (BMVBS) and
Federal Office for Building and Spatial Planning (BBR), 2006
The basic contents and messages of the national Integrated Coastal Zone Management
report, Stefan Ltkes, Heike Holzfu, 2007
Coastal management in Germany, special Coastline, EUCC, 2007
Integriertes Kstenzonenmanagement in Deutschland. Nationale Strategie fr ein
integriertes Kstenzonenmanagement. 2006. Kabinettsbeschluss vom
22.03.2006 Bundesministerium fr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit.
Bonn.
166
Trng hp 3. Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ti Suriname

1. Background
The Government of Suriname (GOS) is determined to maintain and improve the
environmental and ecological integrity of Surinames coastal zone. Over the past two
decades, the GOS has undertaken a number of studies of its coastal zone. The GOS has
also entered into a number of international agreements regarding the conservation and
sustainable use of its coastal zone resources. These and other actions have resulted in
the GOS designating about 75% of its coastal zone as either nature reserves or multiuse management areas (MUMAs) that are targeted for sustainable use. The other part,
ca. 25% of the coastal zone, remains unplanned and unregulated and areas located
adjacent to urban centers are under severe threat of environmental degradation and
unsustainable development. These areas have been issued to third parties. The coastal
zone of Paramaribo and Wanica is of particular concern given recent trends towards
urban expansion in that area and plans to design and construct a ring dike and
associated road and drainage systems.
In 2009 an ICZM Plan was drafted with financial support of the Inter American
Development Bank. Also a Public Awareness Plan and Institutional Implementation
Plan was drafted. Together these plans form a firm basis for the further development
of the ICZM process.
Management of the coastal zone
rests within a number of
government ministries. The
Ministry of Planning and
Development Cooperation has
responsibility for overall national
development planning, the
Ministry of Physical Planning,
Land and Forest management has
responsibility for spatial
planning, land allocation, nature
conservation, management of
protected areas and wildlife
management, the Ministry of
Agriculture has responsibilities
for fisheries and agricultural
activities, the Ministry of Natural
Resources has responsibilities for
exploration and exploitation of
167
Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ti Suriname
minerals, the Ministry of Regional Development that deals with the Districts
Commissionaires, the focal points at district level and the Ministry of Public Works
has the responsibilities for construction of public infrastructure. Overall responsibility
for environmental management in Suriname lies with NIMOS, the countrys
environmental management agency, and the Ministry of Labor, Technology and
Environment. This wide diffusion and overlapping of authority and responsibility for
various aspects of the coastal zone and environmental Management, combined with a
severe shortage of financial and human resources by all agencies concerned, hampers
overall effective management.
The legislative regime for coastal zone management in Suriname consists mainly of
fragmented pieces of legislation regulating the use various natural resources. Most of
the laws are outdated and are inadequate to bring integrated coastal zone management
into effect.

The boundaries of the ICZM area for Suriname have been determined on a
combination of administrative and physical features. For the seaward part, the 12
miles zone has been chosen, i.e. the territorial waters of the nation within which
legislation and regulation can be enforced. On land the ICZM area comprises the
Young Coastal Plain and most of the Old Coastal Plain, mainly consisting of clay with
some sand and shell ridges. It includes the Old Ridges (Lelydorp landscape) and the
Old Seaclay Flats (Para landscape). The latter are indicated in light yellow on the soil
map. Locally small portions of the Zanderij or Dek landscape are included within the
ICZM area (white).
4. Main problems
Almost all economic activities and the majority of the population live in the coastal
zone of Suriname. This makes the development and implementation of an all
168
encompassing integrated coastal zone management policy not an easy task. There is a
multitude of diverse problems that ask for a solution.
Constraints in economic development and use of natural resources
The coastal zone of Suriname is endowed with many natural resources, such as fertile
soils, fresh water, fish and shrimp stocks, forests, oil and mineral resources. At present
some of these resources are underutilized and/or used in a very inefficient way,
whereas others tend to get overexploited. These problems hamper a sustainable and
balanced economic growth in the rural districts and a subsequent migration to
Paramaribo.
Coastal erosion
Large parts of the Suriname coastline are dominated by muddy soils with mangrove
forest. The erosion and accretion dynamics of the coastline is dominated by a system
of large mud banks and interbank areas that migrate east-west along the coast. Where
mudbanks occur the coast is accreting, in interbank areas the coast suffers erosion. On
a very long term (thousands of years) the entire coast shows accretion.
Local removal of the protective mangrove belt along the coast and lower river courses
has aggravated the natural erosion process. Construction of sea dikes solved the acute
erosion problem, but maintenance of the dikes will be required. Conversion of
mangrove forest into agricultural land resulted in severe coastal erosion and a
significant loss of land. Urban expansion north of Paramaribo is threatening the
mangrove area and could lead to significant problems with regard to increased coastal
erosion, flooding and drainage stagnation.
Management flaws in nature conservation
Suriname is one of the few countries of which much of the coastline is still covered
with pristine mangrove forest. Many of the important nature values along the coast fall
within one of the MUMAs (Multiple-Use Management Areas). Unfortunately, the
institutional framework for the management of these areas is weak, due to a range of
factors including understaffing, lack of funds, insufficient environmental legislation
and enforcement and inadequate inter-ministerial coordination. Furthermore, a large
number of threats have been identified, including deforestation, burning of vegetation,
hunting and poaching, illegal land occupation and extraction of irrigation water from
freshwater swamps. This is partly due to the weak managerial institutions.
Inadequate spatial planning and infrastructure
With the greatest and still growing concentration of the national population within its
borders, Paramaribo faces serious challenges with regard to public utilities, road
infrastructure and housing development. Unfortunately the legal and regulatory
framework for spatial planning and infrastructure development is inadequate to cope
with these demands. Understaffing and underperformance of public agencies add to
169
the problems, which lead to traffic jams, environmental quality degradation and
inefficient use of space. Although less intense, some of these problems also emerge in
other urban as well as rural areas along the coast.
Problems in water management and environment
Because of the geomorphology of the coastal plain, surface and groundwater
hydrology is complex and poses several problems for development. The most
important issues are: periodic flooding due to heavy rainfall and spring tides, salinity
intrusion (through rivers and groundwater), obstruction of natural water flow and
water quality problems. Riverbank erosion and navigational demands for shipping
require river engineering measures and dredging on several of the rivers. In addition to
these problems, the assimilative capacity of the soil and air compartments are locally
overstretched, leading to a deterioration of the environmental quality.
Stakeholder consultations, workshops and on-the-job training
More than 80 meetings with different stakeholders and actors have been held in the
period February-June 2009. Much of the information collected in this way was used in
the analysis phase. The outcome of the analysis phase was discussed with the invited
actors, stakeholders and other people with interest in the ICZM issues through
workshops held in August 2009. Results of the workshops (priorities and suggestions)
have been included in the ICZM plan. Feedback to the consulted stakeholders and
workshop participants was given at a special session with a presentation of the
findings. Through a public advertisement in the newspapers all people interested in the
progress of the ICCZM plan were invited.
Members of the Working Group were invited to accompany field trips and inspections
in the framework of training on the job. This included land surveys, a coastal inspection
by boat trip and an aerial trip over parts of the coast.
Multi Criteria Analysis
A multi-criteria analysis (MCA) was executed for the prioritization of problems in the
coastal zone. An MCA is an evaluation method to make a rational choice between
discrete alternatives, in this case problems. The MCA was intended to distinguish for
each district which problems are of major importance. This was done by determining
the relative importance of the problems, using evaluation criteria and weighing factors
(impact scale 0 to 5). According to the contemporary definition of sustainable
development three main criteria were applied: Economic prosperity, Social well-being
and Ecological integrity. For each of these main criteria various sub-criteria were
formulated.
170
The MCA showed that there were four most urgent problems at the coast:
- Coastal erosion & protection
- Destruction of mangrove
- Unplanned/inappropriate spatial development
- Inadequate drainage of residential areas
A comparison of this priority listing from the MCA with the outcome of the
workshops showed a similar tendency, especially for the most urgent problems. The
four most urgent problems received high scores during the workshops. Differences
between the workshop outcomes held in Nickerie and Paramaribo reflect the
differences in urgency between the districts.
Analysis of coastal behaviour
The Suriname coast is an example of a typical mangrove mud coast. The coastline is
highly dynamic, with a major time scale of a cycle of erosion and accretion of a few
decades (30 50 years) imposed by migration of large mudbanks along the coast. The
mudbanks protect the coast locally from severe wave attack, and provide fine
sediments for coastal accretion. Therefore, behind mudbanks, accretion may occur,
whereas in between the mudbanks, the hydrodynamic conditions are more erosive.
Erosion and accretion areas are large; over longer time scales (i.e. decades) progress
and retreat may amount to many hundreds of meters up to a few km. Any hard, or
semi-hard structures in the mangrove forest close to the waterline hamper the infill of
sediment from the sea (tidal filling) and result in a net erosion.
Accelerated sea level rise is not expected to induce large problems for healthy
mangrove-mud coasts. This has happened before and the coastal system contains
abundant sediments for a continuous infill of the coast. However, engineering
constructions parallel to the coast that inhibit tidal filling would seriously inhibit this
growing with the sea level.
Measures and recommendations
One of the main bottlenecks for a successful integrated management of the coast is the
institutional environment, which includes both the governmental departments and
agencies as well as the legislative framework. For many policy domains modern laws
have been drafted (e.g. an environmental law), but are mostly not yet enacted.
Fragmentation within the government and a general shortage of highly qualified staff
furthermore makes a concerted effort to tackle the coastal problems very difficult.
An ICZM Law has been proposed in order to ensure maximum coordination and
integration in management of the coast. As the proposed ICZM Law will be introduced
into the existing legal system, in which several existing laws contain provisions related
to the coastal zone, it may become necessary to make consequential amendments to
these existing laws in order to harmonise them with the ICZM Law.
171
Generic actions and specific measures have been identified for solving the coastal zone
problems. Generic actions should be taken on a national level and mainly deal with
institutional adaptations such as legislation, awareness raising, database development
and institutional reform. Specific measures are targeted on a specific problem and are
often localized (i.e. pertaining to a specific district or local area).
A modest amount of budget is required for studies, research projects, training,
consultancies and plan development, for the next 5 years. In addition, the
implementation of maintenance of river banks, upgrade of water supply network and
the finalization of an irrigation project would require a significant investment each.
It must be stressed that for a large number of measures no additional budget is needed.
Rather, these measures require activities from government organizations which can be
financed through their annual budgets, although this could necessitate a certain
reallocation. Many generic measures, such as the adoption and enforcement of laws
require an active involvement of ministries and the cabinet.
Awareness Plan
The purpose of the ICZM Awareness Plan is to help create an enabling environment to
inform policy-makers and other key stakeholders of the issues and benefits of
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), and help promote changes in the
behaviour of policy-makers, key stakeholders and wider civil society. The aim is to
achieve long-lasting effects on behaviour and attitude.

The Draft ICZM Plan, the Draft Awareness Plan and the Draft ICZM Law have been
submitted to the Government of Suriname. Together they form important steps
towards a sustainable development of the coast. It is up to the government to take these
elements forward and start implementing them. Meanwhile, the University in
Paramaribo is continuing its important research on water management and coastal
processes. Non-gouvernmental organisations such as WWF-Guyanas continue to work
together with fishing communities to make fishing techniques more sustainable and to
support local awareness. Surinames coast is still abound with rich ecosystems and it is
not too late to preserve them. ICZM is still in the slow off-take phase and it is to be
hoped that it will soon accelerate and become well-established.
7. Learning points
We can draw some important lessons from this case study. First of all we have seen
that implementing ICZM measures is not really a matter of money. It does not need
large investments. Rather it requires the good will of decision makers to improve the
enabling institutional environment, together with modern legislation and regulations. It
172
thus shows that ICZM is a process in arriving at good governance. Much can be won if
existing initiatives are worked out and implemented.
We also saw that sea level rise does not need to be a problem, as long as the natural
mangrove coast is maintained. Although the coast of Suriname is very flat and low
lying, it does not need to get inundated provided that the mangrove coast is able to
continue with its work done without costs: entraining the fine sediments and
consolidating them so that the coast grows with the rising sea.
It also becomes evident from this case study that ICZM is not only about safeguarding
ecological values. Instead, it deals with problems that directly affect the well-being of
humans living in the coast. Reducing fish catches, regular flooding of the city and
mercury contamination, to mention but a few problems, affect people directly in their
health and income position. A wise use of existing ecosystems, promoted by the
implementation of multiple-use management areas (MUMAs), is a concept that would
favour both human prosperity and ecological diversity. Although their working is still
to be improved, the installation of these MUMAs back in the 90s showed that
Suriname has already long ago recognised their importance.
173
TI LIU THAM KHO

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http://pemsea.org
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175
Kha hc qua mng tham kho

CoastLearn (EUCC)
IKZM Lerner (Germany/Poland)
OceanTeacher (IOC Unesco)
176

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QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN

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Nguyn Trng Lng:

Nhm chuyn gia t vn:

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