Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC K THUT CNG

G NGH TP. HCM KHOA : MI TRNG & CNG NGH SINH HC B MN : MI TRNG NHIM V N ( Mn hc: Qun l cht thi rn ) H v tn sinh vin: Nhm 9 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. T Quang Cng Lm Vn Phc Nguyn Minh Qun Phan nh Tn Nguyn Minh Long

1 .Tn n: Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 2 .Nhim v ( yu cu n dung v s liu ban u ): - Thu thp nhng s liu sn c v h thng qun l cht hi rn th ti Qun 2: dn s,tc pht sinh cht thi rn , ngun pht sinh cht thi rn , hin trng thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn , cng ngh x l cht thi rn. - Tnh ton tc pht sinh dn s cht thi rn ca qun n nm 2035 - Tnh tn s xe thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn theo phng n qun l v phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun - e xut cng ngh thch hp x l, ti ch v chn lp hp v sinh cho qun

3 .Yu cu bo co thuyt minh: A4

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 - Thuyt minh trnh by nhng c im c bn v t nhin( v tr, a cht, thy vn, tnh hnh dn s v c cu cc ngnh ngh ca qun) - c im v thnh phn cht thi rn ca qun: khi lng ( da trn tnh ton tc pht sinh dn s v pht sinh cht thi rn n nm 2035), thnh phn, tnh cht ca cht thi rn. - e xut phng n qun l cht thi rn cho qun: h thng thu gom, trung chuyn, vn chuyn, trm trung chuyn, x l ( t, compost, biogas), ti ch, bi chn lp. - Tnh ton c th cc cng trnh thu gom trung chuyn, vn chuyn - Tnh ton kinh t cho h thng 4. S bn v yu cu: 2 bn v kh A3 - Bn v mt bng ca qun - Bn v s vch tuyn thu gom cht thi rn (c h thng im hn thu gom v vn chuyn) 5 . Ngy giao n: 30/09/2011 6 . Ngy hon thnh nhim v: 18/11/2011 7 . H tn ngi hng dn: Th.s .V Hi Yn

Phn mt
LI M U

MC LC

1.1 t vn 1.2 Mc ch nghin cu ca ti 1.3 Ni dung nghin cu 1.4 Phng php nghin cu 1.41. Phng php lun 1.42. Phng php c th 1.5 Phm vi gii hn ca ti 1.6 ngha khoa hc v thc tin CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V CHT THI RN TH V CC VN LIN QUAN I. KHI NM C BN V CHT THI RN 1. nh ngha 2. Ngun gc to thnh cht thi rn th

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035

3. Phn loi cht thi rn th 4. Thnh phn cht thi rn th II. TNH CHT CA CHT THI RN 1. Tnh cht vt l, ha hc , sinh hc ca cht thi rn a. Tnh cht vt l b. Tnh cht ha hc c. Tnh cht sinh hc III. TC PHT SINH CA CHT THI RN 1. Cc phng php xc nh khi lng cht thi rn a. o th tch v khi lng b. Phng php m ti c. Phng php cn bng vt cht IV. NHIM MI TRNG DO CHT THI RN 1. 2. 3. 4. Anh hng ti mi trng t Anh hng n mi trng nc Anh hng ti mi trng khng kh Anh hng ti sc khe con ngi v cnh quan th

V. CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI RN 1. Phng php n nh cht thi rn 2. x l cht thi bng phng php sinh hc 3. x l cht thi bng phng php t 4. Phng php chn lp 5. Cng ngh x l nhit phn rc ti CHNG II: GII THIU V H THNG QUN L CHT THI RN TI TP. HCM I. HIN TRNG CHT THI RN TI TP. HCM 1. Khi lng cht thi rn 2. Ngun pht sinh ra cht thi rn 3. Thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot tai TP.HCM

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035

KHI QUT HN TRNG TH GOM V VN CHUY CTR SINH HOT TAI TP.HCM 1. Tng quan v h thng thu gom v vn chuyn CTR sinh hot 2. Thu gom s cp 3. Thu gom th cp III. HIN TRNG THU GOM, VN CHUYN IV. NH GI H THNG QUN L , THU GOM V VN CHUYN CHT THI RN SINH HOT TAI TP.HCM 1. Cng tc qun l 2. H thng thu gom vn chuyn 3. Tnh hnh phn loi rc 4. Ti ch 5. X l rc CHNG III: TNG QUAN V QUN 2 II. I. II. III. V TR A L KH HU , THI TIT HIN TRNG THU GOM RC 1. Lng thu gom rc 2. Quy trnh thu gom 3. Phng tin thu gom

PHN HAI: TNH TON THIT K I. II. CC THNG S TNH TON TNH TON

PHN BA: XUT CC GII PHP QUN L CHT THI RN SINH HOT TI QUN 2 1. Mc tiu n nm 2035 2. xut bin php qun l 3
^

TX _______ A A _ ____ ____ 1_ ___ 7 1/ i /I _ 1_ ^

. xut cng ngh x l, ti ch PHN BN: TNH TON CHI PH U T

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035

Hnh nh thu gom v ti ch rc thi

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035

LI M U
1.1. t vn
- Trong nhng nm gn y, tc th ha v cng nghip ha trn phm vi c nc ang gia tng mnh m v s tip tc duy tr trong nhiu nm tip theo, lm cho nhu cu khai thc v tiu dng ti nguyn thin nhin ca con ngi cng khng ngng tng ln, lm ny sinh hang lot cc vn mi trng, chng ta s phi i mt vi nhiu thch thc t kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn. - Cho n nay thc ca con ngi v mi trng vn cn hn ch. Hu nh tt c cc loi cht thi u trc tip vo mi trng m khng qua cng on x l no. nhim lng nc thi thng ra sng, h khong 510.000m3/ngy, cht thi rn khong 6.500 - 7000 tn/ngy.. cng vi vic s dng ha cht bo v thc vt qu nhiu, phn khc do s khai thc ti nguyn, thin nhin, khong sn ngy cng cn kt ca con ngi... nn v ang lm cho mi trng b nhim mt cch nng n. S nhim mi trng , ang v s nh hng nghim trng n con ngi v h sinh thi nh s tan bng hai cc ca tri t, gia tng kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh, s nng ln ca tri t, bo, l lt... V vy vic bo v mi trng ang l vn cp bch khng cn l vn ring ca mt khu vc, mt quc gia no m l vn chung ca ton th gii. - Trong ngun nhim ang nh hng rt ln n mi trng sng hin nay l cht thi rn sinh hot. Hu nh ton b lng rc sinh hot ca ngi dn c thu v BCL. Tuy nhin phn t dnh cho vic chn lp thnh ph khng cn nhiu cho nn vic rc vo bi chn lp nh hin nay l khng hp l, v lng rc thc phm chim t l rt cao so vi cc loi cht tia rn khc. y chnh l nguyn nhn gp phn vo vic tng chi ph x l cht thi rn ( xy dng bi chn lp hp v sinh, trm x l nc r r,..), trong khi thnh phn ny cng chnh l ngun nguyn liu di do cho cc nh my sn xut phn compost. Ngoi ra, cn c cc thnh phn c kh nng ti ch nh: giy, nilon,... nu c phn loi v ti ch, khng nhng gip gim chi ph qun l cht thi rn, m cn gip tit kim nhiu ti nguyn, v gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng. Do vic tn ti nhng yu dim trn l l do ti c thc hin nhm gii quyt cc Yn bo v CTRSH hin nay ca qun 2 ni ring Tp. HCM ni chung.
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035

1.2. Mc ch nghin cu ca ti
- Trn c s kho st thu thp s liu, kt hp vi ti liu san c trong nhng nghin cu gn y Qun 2 Tp. HCM, n tp trung gii quyt nhng vn sau: - iu tra kho st v hin trng ngun rc v hin trng qun l CTR tn a bn, tm ra gii php QLCTR gp phn nng cao hiu qu trong cng tc qun l v gim thiu nhim do thu gom v vn chuyn CTR cha hp l. - D bo ti lng CTRSH ti Qun 2 Tp. HCM trong giai on 2009 2035. - a ra cc gii php qun l nghin cu la chn phng n ti u cho h thng thu gom, vn chuyn v x l CTRSH.

1.3. Ni dung nghin cu

- e thc hin c mc ch trn, cn phi trin khai cc ni dung sau: - Thu thp cc s liu iu tra, kho st thc t trn a bn qun t nh gi v la chn bin php qun l CTRSH cho qun t 2009 - 2035. - nh gi hin trng v d bo ti lng CTRSH ti qun giai on t 2009 - 2035. Trn c s la chn phng n, cng ngh ph hp cho vic qun l CTRSH nhm bo v mi trng, bo v sc khe cho cng ng dn c. - Xy dng c s khoa hc phc v cho cng tc quy hoch qun l CTRSH nhm gp phn hn ch nhim mi trng, tit kim nguyn nhin liu v phng trnh s c nhim.

1.4. Phng php nghin cu

1.4.1. Phng php lun - Da vo hin trng din bin mi trng, cc d liu mi trng c s phi c nghin cu, thu thp chnh xc, khch quan. T , nh gi phng n thc hin cn thit, nhm thc hin cng tc qun l MT t hiu qu. - Vi s gia tng dn s, tc th ha, tng trng kinh t din ra mnh m, l tin cho ngun pht sinh CTRSH ngy cng gia tng c v mt khi lng v a dng v thnh phn. Trong khi h thng qun l CTR cng nh x l cha ph hp gy nhim nghim trng n mi trng v cuc sng ca con ngi. V vy vic kha st v xut bin php cng nh la chn cng ngh x l CTRSH mt cch ph hp cho tng lai l mt vn cp bch trong khong thi gian
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 ny. 1.4.2. Phng php c th Phng php thu thp d liu Do gii hn v thi gian v tm hiu mt phn ni dung ca n c bng cch thu thp s liu v ti liu trong ti liu nghin cu trong v ngoi nc c lin quan n nghin cu v cc kt qu phn tch t cc mu rc ca Q.2, cc cng thc v cc m hnh da trn cc ti liu c cng b rng ri. Phng php tnh ton d bo dn s Phng php d bo dn s c s dng trong lun vn d bo dn s v tc pht sinh cht thi rn ca Q.2 t nm 2009 n nm 2035 thng qua phng php Euler ci tin trn c s s liu dn s nm 2009 v tc gia tng dn s trong tng lai l (k ). Phng php tnh ton khi lng rc.

1.5. Phm v v gii hn ca ti

Phm v nghin cu : ti tp trung nghin cu cc vn lien quan n qu trnh thu gom v vn chuyn CTR SH ca qun 2 i tng nghin cu chnh ca n l CTRSH ca cc h dn pht sinh ra Qun 2 Tp.HCM t 2009 - 2035. Qu trnh thc hin da trn c s tm hiu, nghin cu, tng hp lm r cc vn cn quan tm Thi gian thc hin ti Ngy giao ti:

30/09/2011 Ngy np ti: 02/12/2011

1. 6 . ngha khoa hc v thc tin

ngha khoa hc: ti cung cp mt s c s khoa hc phc v cho cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn CTRSH cho thnh ph ni chung v Qun 2 ni ring trong giai on 2009 - 2035
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 ngha thc trr. ti a ra gii php nhm : - Thu gom hiu qu , trit lng cht thi rn pht sinh hng ngy , ng thi phn loi CTR ti ngun - Nng cao hiu qu qun l CTRSH ti a phng , gp phn ci thin mi trng v sc khe cng ng . - Gp phn to nn cng n vic lm , ngun thu nhp cho ngi dn lao ng ti a bn Qun 2.

Phn mt

Chng I: TNG QUAN V CHT THI RN

I. nh ngha cht thi rn:
Theo quan nim chung cht thi rn l ton b cc loi vt cht c con ngi loi b trong cc hot ng kinh t - x hi ca mnh (bao gm cc hot ng sn xut, cc hot ng sng v duy tr s tn ti ca cng ng). Trong quan trng nht l cc loi cht thi sinh ra t cc hot ng sn xut v hot ng sng.

II. Ngun gc pht sinh cht thi rn th

- T cc khu dn c: Pht sinh t cc h gia nh thnh phn ny gm (Thc phm, giy, carton, plastic, g, thy tinh, cc kim loi khc...ngoi ra cn c mt s cht thi c hi nh sn, du, nht...) - Rc ng ph: Lng rc ny pht sinh t hot ng v sinh h ph, khu vui chi gii tr v lm p cnh quan. Lng rc ny ch yu do ngi i ng v cc h dn sng hai bn ng x thi. Thnh phn ca chng c th gm cc loi nh: cnh cy, l cy, giy vn, bao nilon, xc ng vt cht. - T cc trung tm thng mi: Pht sinh t cc hot ng bun bn t cc ch, ca hng bch ha, nh hng, khch sn, siu th, vn phng...Cc loi cht thi pht sinh t cc khu thng mi bao gm giy, carton, nha, thc phm, thy tinh... - T cc cng s, trng hc, cng trnh cng cng: Lng rc ny cng c thnh phn ging nh thnh phn rc t cc trung tm thng mi nhng chim s lng t hn. - T cc hot ng xy dng th: Lng rc ny ch yu l x bn t cc cng trnh xy dng v lm ng giao thng. Bao gm cc loi cht thi
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 nh g, thp, b tng, gch, ngi, thch cao. - Rc bnh vin: Bao gm rc sinh hot v rc y t pht sinh t cc hot ng khm, cha bnh trong cc bnh vin, cc trm y tem cc c s t nhn... Rc y t c thnh phn phc tp bao gm cc loi bnh phm, kim tim, chai l cha thuc, cc l thuc qu hn s dng c kh nng ly nhim v nguy c truyn bnh rt cao nn cn c phn loi v thu gom hp l. - T cc hot ng cng nghip: Lng rc ny c pht sinh t cc hot ng sn xut ca cc x nghip, nh my sn xut cng nghip nh cc nh my sn xut vt liu xy dng, hng dt may, nh my ha cht, nh my lc du, nh my ch bin thc phm. Thnh phn ca chng cha thnh phn c hi rt ln. 1. Phn loi cht thi rn th Cht thi rn th c phn loi nh sau: a. Cht thi sinh hot Cht thi rn sinh hot l nhng cht thi rn c thi ra do qu trnh sinh hot hng ngy ca con ngi ti nh , chung c, c quan, trng hc, cc c s sn xut, h kinh doanh, khu thng mi v nhng ni cng cng khc. Cht thi rn sinh hot khng bao gm nhng cht thi nguy hi, bn cn, cht thi y t, cht thi rn xy dng v nhng cht thi t cc hot ng nng nghip. b. Cht thi rn cng nghip Cht thi rn cng nghip l loi cht thi b loi b khi qu trnh sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip. Lng cht thi ny cha phi l phn loi b cui cng ca vng i sn phm m n c th s dng lm u vo cho mt s nghnh cng nghip khc. c. Cht thi xy dng Cht thi xy dng gm cc ph thi nh t , gch ngi, b tng, ct, si.. .do cc hot ng xy dng hay p ph cc cng trnh xy dng, cht thi xy dng gm: d. Cht thi nng nghip Cht thi nng nghip l nhng cht thi ra t cc hot ng sn xut nng nghip nh trng trt, thu hoch cc loi cy trng, cc sn phm thi ra t ch bin sa, l git m.
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 2. Thnh phn cht thi rn th. Bng lThnh phn cht thi rn th theo ngun pht sinh Ngun pht sinh % Trng lng Dao ng Trung bnh Dn c & khu thng mi 60-70 62,0 3-12 5,0 Cht thi c bit (du m, bnh in) Cht thi nguy hi C quan, cng s Cng trnh xy dng ng ph Khu vc cng cng Thy sn Bn t nh my
0 , 1 - 1,0 3-5 8-20 2-5 2-5 1,5-3 3-8

0,1 3,4 14 3,8 3,0 0,7 6 100

(Ngun: George Tchobnagous, eta, Megraw - hll Inc, 1993) Bng 2: S thay i thnh phn cht rn sinh hot theo ma Cht thi Thc phm Giy Nha do Cht hu c khc Cht thi vn Thy tinh Kim loi Cht tr v cht thi khc Tng
1

% Khi lng Ma ma Ma kh 11,1 13,5 45,2 40,6 9,1 8,2 4,0 4,6 18,7 3,5 4,1 4,3
100
1 1

% Thay i Gim Tng 21,0 11,5 9,9 15,3 15,3 28,6 24,4 4,7

4,0 2,5 3,1 4,1

100

\ ---------- ---------------------- --------------------- ---

(Ngun: George Tchobanaglous v cng s)

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 Bng 3: Thnh phn ca rc thi th theo tnh cht vt l STT Thnh Phn T L (%) Khong dao ng Trung bnh Cht hu c 1 Thc phm tha 68,2 - 90 79,1 2 Giy 1,0-19,7 5,18 3 Giy carton 0-4,6 0,18 4 Nha 0-10,8 2,05 5 Nilon 0-36,6 6,84 6 Vi vn 0-14,2 0,98 7 Cao su mm 0-0 0 8 Cao su cng 0-2,8 0,13 9 G 0-7,2 0,66 Cht v c 1 Thy tinh 0-25,0 1,94 2 Lon hp 0-10,2 1,05 3 St 0-0 0 4 Kim loi mu 0-3,3 0,36 5 Snh s 0-10,5 0,74 6 Bng bng 0 0 7 X bn 0-9,3 0,67 8 Xp 0-1,3 0,12 100 (Ngun: Trung tm Centema, 200 2) ca cht thi rn cc xe p rc dao ng t 200- 500kg/m3. Khi lng ring ca cht thi rn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic la chn thit b thu gom v phng php x l. m.: m cht thi rn l t s gia lng nc c trong mt lng cht thi v khi lng cht thi . V d m ca thc phm tha: 70%, Giy: 60%, G: 20%, Nha: 2%. Kch thc v s phn b: Kch thc v s phn b cc thnh phn c trong CTR ng vai tr quan trng i vi qu trnh thu gom phliu, nht l khi sdng phng php c hc nh sn quay v cc thit b phn loi t tnh. Kh nng gi nc thc t: Kh nng gi nc thc t ca CTR l ton b khi lng nc c th gi li trong mu cht thi di tc dng ca trng lc.
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 Khnng gi nc ca CTR l mt ch tiu quan trng trong vic tnh ton, xc nh lng nc r r trong cc bi rc. Kh nng gi nc thc t thay i ph thuc vo lc nn vtrng thi phn huca CTR (khng nn) t cc khu dn c v thng mi dao ng trong khong 50- 60%. b. Tnh cht ho hc ca cht thi rn

Cc thng tin v thnh phn ho hc ca vt cht cu to nn CTR ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic nh gi, la chn phng php x l v ti sinh cht thi. Nu CTR lm nhin liu cho qu trnh t th 4 tiu ch phn tch ho hc quan trng nht l: Phn tch gn ng s b: Phn tch gn ng s b i vi cc thnh phn c th chy c trong CTR bao gm cc th nghim sau: - m hay thnh phn nc mt i khi em sy kh 105c trong mt gi. - Cht d bay hi (theo khi lng bmt i khiem mu CTR sy 105c trong mt gi nung nhit 905c trong l kn). - Carbon cnh l lng cacbon cn li sau khi loi cc cht Y c khc khng phi l cacbon trong tro khi nung 950c, hm lng ny thng chim khong 5 -12 % (trung bnh l 7%) . Cc cht Y c khc trong tro gm thu tinh, kim loi...i vi cc cht thi th, cc cht Y c chim khong 15 30%. - Tro l thnh phn cn li sau khi t trong l nung h. - Phn bay hi l phn cht hu c trong CTR. Thng thng, cht hu c dao ng trong khong 40 - 60 %. - im nng chy ca tro.im nng chy ca tro c nh ngha l nhit m tro to thnh t qu trnh cht thi b t chy kt dnh to thnh dng x. - Nhit do nng chy c trng i vi x t qu trnh t CTR th thng dao ng trong khong 1100 - 1200c. - Phn tch thnh phn nguyn t to thnh cht thi rn: Phn tch thnh phn nguyn t to thnh cht thi rn ch yu xc nh phn trm (%) ca cc nguyn t c, H, o, N, s v tro. Trong sut qu trnh t CTR s sinh ra cc hp cht Clor ho nn phn tch cui cng cn quan tm ti xc nh cc halogen.Kt qu phn tch cui cng c s dng m t cc thnh phn ho hc ca cht hu c trong CTR. - Kt qu phn tch cn ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic xc nh t s C/N
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 nhm nh gi cht thi rn c thch hp cho qu trnh chuyn ho sinh hc hay khng. Nhit tr ca cht thi rn: Nhit tr l gi tr nhit c to thnh khi t CTR c thc xc nh bng mt trong cc phng php nh: - S dng ni hi hay l chng ct quy m ln. - S dng bnh o nhit tr (bm nhit lng) trong phng th nghim. Tnh ton theo thnh phn cc nguyn t ho hc. c. Tnh cht snh hoc ca cht thi rn S hnh thnh mi. Mi hi c th pht sinh khi CTR c lu tr trong khong mt thi gian di v tr thu gom, trm trung chuyn, bi chn lp, nhng vng kh hu nng m th tc pht sinh mi thng cao hn. S hnh thnh mi hi l kt qu phn hu ym kh cc thnh phn hu c c trong rc th. S pht trin ca rui: Vo ma h nhng vng c kh hu nng m th s sinh trng v pht trin ca rui l vn quan trng cn c quan tm ti ni lu tr CTR. S pht trin t trng thnh mi khong 9 -11 ngy tnh t ngy trng, i sng ca mi nhng t khi cn trong trng cho n khi trng thnh c m t nh sau: - Trng pht trin - Giai on u ca u trng - Giai on hai ca u trng - Giai on th 3 ca u trng 8 - 12h 20h 24h 3 ngy

- Giai on thnh nhng 4 -5 ngy Giai on pht trin ca u trng trong cc thng cha rc ng vai tr rt quan trng v chim khong 5 ngy trong i sng ca rui. Vy nn thu go m CTR trong thi gian ny cc thng lu tr rng nhm hn ch s di chuyn ca cc loi u trng. 4. S bin i tnh cht l hc, ho hc v sinh hc ca cht thi rn

Cc tnh cht ca CTR c thc bin i bng cc phng php , ho, sinh hc.Khi thc hin qu trnh bin i th mc ch quan trng nht mang li hiu qu bi v s bin i cc c tnh ca CTR c nh hng rt ln n k
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 hoch pht trin v qun CTR. a. Bin i vt

Phn loi CTR: Qa trnh ny nhm tch ring thnh phn cht thi rn nhm chuyn cht thi t dng hn hp thnh dng tng i ng nht thu hi cc thnh phn c th ti sinh, ti ch. Ngoi ra c th tch nhng thnh phn cht thi nguy hi v nhng thnh phn c kh nng ti thu hi nng lng. Gim th tch bng c hc: Phng php nn, p thng c s dng gim th tch cht thi, thng s dng nhng xe thu gom c lp ghp b phn p nhm lm tng khi lng rc thu gom trong mt chuyn. Nhng loi nh giy, carton, nha, lon nhm, lon thic khi thu gom thng c ng kin gim th tch cha, chi ph xl v vn chuyn, ng thi phng php ny cn lm tng thi hn ca cc bi chn lp cht thi. Gim kch thc bng c hc nhm lm gim cht thi c kch thc ng nht v nh hn kch thc ban u. b. Bin i ho hoc Bin i ho hc nhm lm thay i thnh phn cc pha (v d t rn sang lng, hoc rn sang kh). Mc ch l lm gim th tch v thu hi cc sn phm bin i bao gm cc phng php sau: t:t l phn ng ha hc gia oxy v cc thnh phn hu c trong cht thi sinh ra cc hp cht thi b oxy ho cng vi s pht sng v to nhit. Lng khng kh cp dm bo qu trnh t xy ra hon ton, sn phm cui ca qu trnh t chy bao gm khng kh nng cha co 2 , H 2 o, khng kh d v phn khng chy cn li. Trong thc t ngoi nhng thnh phn ny cn c mt lng nh cc kh NH 3 , so 2 , NO X , v cc kh vi lng tu thuc vo bn cht ca cht thi. Nhit phtt:u ht cc cht hu c u khng bn vi qu trnh nung nng, chng c th b phn hu qua cc phn ng bi nhit v ngng t trong iu kin khng c oxy to thnh nhng sn phm dng rn, lng, kh. Kh ho: Qu trnh ny bao gm qu trnh t chy mt phn nhin liu Cacbon thu nguyn liu chy v kh co, H2 v mt s nguyn t hydrocacbon trong CH4. c. Chuyn ho sinh hc Bin i sinh hc cc thnh phn hu c trong cht thi vi mc ch l lm gim th tch v trng lng ca cht thi, sn xut phn compost, cc cht mn lm
GVHD: Th.s. V Hi Yn Nhm 9 Trang 15

Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 cho n nh t, kh mtan. Cc loi vi khun, nm, men ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic bin i cc cht hu c. Qu trnh bin i ny xy ra trong iu kin ym kh v hiu kh tu thuc vo s hin din ca oxy tn ti hai phng php l phn hu hiu kh v phn hu k kh. Qa trnh phn hu k kh: L qu trnh chuyn ho cc cht hu c trong cht thi rn th trong iu kin k kh xy ra theo 3 bc: - Qu trnh phn hu cc hp cht c phn t lng ln thnh nhng hp cht thch hp l ngun nng lng. - Qu trnh chuyn ho cc hp cht sinh ra t bc 1 thnh cc hp cht c nng lng thp hn. - Chuyn i cc hp cht trung gian thnh cc sn phm ring l, ch yu l CH4 v C02. u im: - Chi ph u t. - Thu hi c kh phc v cho sn xut. - Trong qu trnh s tn ti mt s loi vi sinh, vi khun gy bnh v nhit thp. Khi cht thi vi khi lng 1000 tn/ ngy mi c hiu qu v kinh t. Nhc im - Thi gian phn hy xy ra kh lu t 4 - 12 thng. - Kh sinh ra c mi hi v kh chu gy nh hng ti sc kho cng ng. - Qu trnh phn hu hiu kh: Qu trnh ny da vo s hot ng ca vi khun hiu kh khi c mt ca oxy, khong hai ngy nhit tng vo khong 45 oc sau 6-7 ngy nhit t t 70 - 75% y l nhit thch hp cho vi sinh vt phn hucht hu c. u im - Chi ph u t thp, sn phm phn hu thp. - Cht thi phn hu nhanh sau 2- 4 tun. - Vi sinh vt gy bnh b cht nhanh do nhit tng. Nhc im
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 - Chi ph x l cao. - K thut phc tp. - Trong qu trnh vn hnh cn duy tr mt sc trng trong qu trnh . 5. Tc pht sinh cht thi rn

. Cc phng php dng xc nh khi lng cht thi rn Xc nh khi lng cht thi rn pht sinh v c thu gom l mt trong nhng im quan trng ca vic qun l CTR. Cc s liu nh gi thu thp v tng khi lng cht thi pht sinh cng nh khi lng CTR c s dng nhm: - Hoch nh v nh gi kt qu ca qu trnh thu hi, ti sinh ti ch - Thit k cc phng tin vn chuyn, thit b vn chuyn, x l cht thi rn. a. o th tch v khi lng: Trong phng php ny c khi lng hoc thtch ca CTR u c dng o c lng cht thi rn. Tuy nhin phng php o th tch thng c sai s cao trnh nhm ln lng CTR nn c biu din di dng khi lng, khi lng l thng s biu din chnh xc nht lng CTR v c th cn trc tip m khng cn kn mc nn p. Biu din bng khi lng cng cn thit trong tnh ton vn chuyn v lng cht thi c php chuyn ch n ng thng quy nh bi gii hn khi lng hn l th tch. b. Phng php m ti: Phng php ny da vo xe thu gom, c im v tnh cht ca ngun cht thi tng ng (loi cht thi, th tch c lng) c ghi nhn trong mt thi gian di. Khi lng cht thi pht sinh trong thi gian kho st (gi l khi lng n v) sc tnh ton bng cch s dng cc s liu thu thp c ti khu vc nghin cu trn v cc s liu bit. c. Phng php cn bng vt cht:y l phng php cho kt qu chnh xc nht, thc hin cho cc ngun pht sinh ring l nh cc h gia nh, khu thng mi, cc khu cng nghip. Phng php ny s cho nhng d liu ng tin cy cho chng trnh qun l CTR. Cc yu t nh hng ti tc pht sinh cht thi rn 1. nh hng ca vic gim thiu v ti sinh cht thi ti ngun. - C th ni vic gim cht thi ti ngun l phng php hiu qu nht nhm lm gim s lng CTR, gim chi ph phn loi v cc tc ng bt li do chng
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 gy ra i vi mi trng. Gim thiu cht thi ti ngun pht sinh c th thc hin qua cc bc nh thit k, sn xut v ng gi sn phm sao cho lng cht thi ra chim mt lng nh nht, thtch vt liu s dng t nht v thi gian s dng ca sn phm di nht. - Vic gim cht thi c th xy ra mi ni nh cc h gia nh, cc khu thng mi, cc khu cng nghip thng qua khuynh hng tm kim v mua nhng sn phm hu dng v vic c th ti s dng sn phm . Nhng trn thc t hin nay th gim thiu cht thi ti ngun cha c thc hin mt cch nghim ngt v ng b nn khng c tnh c nh hng ca

GVHD: Th.s. V Hi Yn Nhm 9

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 cng tc gim cht thi ti ngun ti vic pht sinh cht thi. Tuy nhin n tr thnh yu t quan trng cn c nh nc v ngi dn quan tm gim lng cht thi trong tng lai.i vi cc h gia nh nn thc hin vic ti sinh cht thi ca khu dn c hot ng ny nh hng ln ti lng cht thi thu gom c th tip tc em x l hoc thi b. 2. nh hng ca lut php. Yu t quan trng nht nh hng ti s pht sinh khi lng CTR l s ban hnh cc lut l, quy nh lin quan ti vic s dng cc vt liu v b ph thi..v d nhquy nh cc loi vt liu lm thng cha v bao b, quy nh v vic s dng ti vi, tigiy thay cho ti nilon.. .chnh cc quy nh ny khuyn khch vic mua bn v s dng li cc loi chai, l cha. 3. thc ngi dn Khi lng CTR pht sinh s gim ng k nu ngi dn bng lng v sn sng thay i mun c nhn, tp qun v cch sng ca h duy tr, bo v ti nguyn thin nhin ng thi gim gnh nng v kinh t, iu ny c ngha quan trng trong cng tc qun l CTR. Chng trnh gio dc thng xuyn l c s dn n s thay i thi ca cng chng. 4. S thay i theo ma - y mun ni ti ma l tt v ma ging sinh, y l ma m nhu cu tiu dng ca con ngi gia tng ko theo lng rc thi ra mi trng cng tng theo. Ngoi ra lng rc thi sinh hot cn ph thuc vo thi tit nh ma h cc nc n i CTR thc phm cha nhiu rau v tri cy.

III. nhim mi trng do cht thi rn

1. nh hng ti mi trng t.

- Rc khi c vi sinh vt phn hu trong mi trng hiu kh hay k kh n s gy ra hng lot cc sn phm trung gian v kt qu l to ra cc sn phm C02 VCH4, v mt lng rc nh c th gy tc ng tt cho mi trng nhng khi vt qu kh nng lm sch ca mi trng th s gy nhim v thoi ho mi trng t. - Ngoi ra i vi mt s loi rc khng c kh nng phn hu nh nha, cao su, ti ni lon tr ln rt ph bin mi ni, mi ch. y chnh l th phm ca mi trng v cu to ca cht nilon l nha PE, pp c thi gian phn hu t hn
GVHD: Th.s. V Hi Yn Nhm 9 Trang 19

Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 10 nm n cnghn nm. Khi ln vo trong t n cn tr qu trnh sinh trng ca cy c dn ti xi mn t.Ti nilon lm tc cc ng dn nc thi, gy ngp lt cho th.Nu chng ta khng c gii php thch hp s gy thoi ho ngun nc ngm v gim ph nhiu ca t.
2.

nh hng ca cht thi rn cho mi trng nc.

- Hin nay do vic qun l mi trng khng cht ch dn ti tnh trng vt rc ba bi xung cc knh rch, lng rc ny chim ch yu l thnh phn hu c nn s phn hu xy ra rt nhanh v tan trong nc gy ra tnh trng nhim ngun nc nh gy ra mi hi thi v chuyn mu nc. - Ngoi ra hin tng rc trn ng ph khngc thu gom, gp tri ma rc stheo nc ma chy xung cc knh rch gy ra tc nghn cc ng ng v nhim nc. cc bi chn lp rc nu khng qu l cht ch s gy ra tnh trng nc rc chy ra t sau ngm xung gy nhim tng nc ngm. st rt v cc bnh ngoi da khc. Ti cc bi rc l thin gy ra tinh trng nhim mi trng xung quanh gy nh hng rt ln ti sc khe con ngi.

CC BIN PHP QUN L V x L CHT THI RN TH Vic qun l cht thi rn gm nhiu khu lin quan n nhau t ngun pht sinh ti ni thi b cui cng v vy cn c s qun l ng b t khu thu gom vn chuyn ti chn lp. Mt h thng qun l tt s c cc yu t tc ng nh : Trang thit b, kthut, c cu t chc, nng lc cn b, kinh nghim qun l, lut php. 1. Gii php v mt chnh sch a. Cng c php l S dng cc vn bn php qun mi trng nh sau: -Lut bo v mi trng c Quc hi thng qua ngy 27/12/1993 v c chtch nc cng b vo ngy 10-01-1994 theo nghnh 175/CP v hng dn thi hnh lut bo v mi trng c chnh ph ban hnh ngy 18-10-1994. - Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam theo quyt nh s 229/QD/TC - LD - CL ca BTrng B Khoa Hc Cng Ngh v Mi Trng. Nghnh s 26/CP ca Th tng chnh ph quy nh x pht hnh chnh v bo v mi trng v thng t s 3/TT-KCM ca b khoa hc cng ngh v mi
GVHD: Th.s. V Hi Yn Nhm 9 Trang 20

Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 trng hng dn thi hnh nghnh s 26/CP. Cc vn bn di lut v cc quy nh php lut khc: - Thng t s 1448 - MTG ca b khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng hng dn tchc, quyn hn v phm vi hot ng ca thanh tra v bo v mi trng. - Thng t s 276 - TTMTG hng dn v vic kim tra vic kim sot nhim i vi cc c s sn xut kinh doanh sau khi quyt nh ph chun bo co vnh gi tc ng mi trng. -Thng t s 81 - TT/MTG v th tc cp, gia hn, thu hi giy chng nhn t tiu chun mi trng cho cc doanh nghip v cc c s sn xut.

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 Mt s vn bn khc c lin quan ti qun l cht thi rn th: - Gim st qun l cht ch hn cc hot ng ca t ly rc dn lp, x l nghim nhng trng hp vi phm. - Xy dng hon chnh hn na chng trnh gio dc mi trng thcy ngi dn tham gia. - Xy dng thm nh v sinh cng cng v thng rc cng cng nhng cn c hbthng qun l v duy tu tt. b. Cng c kinh t

Nhm khuyn khch bo v mi trng, s c k hoch h tr vn vi li xut u i cho cc doanh nghip u t trang thit b nhm gim thiu cht thi v p dng sn xut sch hn. c. Cng c hnh chnh - Lp qu mi trng nhm gim thiu cc vn ri ro v mi trng. - T chc cc hot ng gio dc truyn thng. - T chc cc lp o to hun luyn v mi trng cho cc on th, c nhn, cc t chc chuyn nghnh v cho cng ng. 2.Cc bin php khc -Xy dng ng b cc vn bn quy nh, m bo nng cao hiu lc ca Lut Bo v mi trng. -T chc o c thng xuyn, phn tch cht thi rn theo t l trng lng cc thnh phn c bn gip cho cc cp qun l c c s ra nhng bin php ti u qun l cht thi mt cch hiu qu. - Hun luyn o to cn b phc v cng tc qun l cht thi rn. - T chc cc hot ng nhm tuyn truyn gio dc cho ngi dn v mi trng. - Trao i vi cc chuyn gia hc tp kinh nghim, kin thc v tip thu cng ngh tin tin trn th gii. CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI RN Hin c rt nhiu phng php x l cht thi rn trong c 5 phng php x l chnh:

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 1. Phng php n nh CTR bng cng ngh Hydromex - y l mt cng nghmi ln u tin c p dng ti Hoa K (2/1996), cng ngh ny nhm x l rc thi th k c rc c hi thnh cc sn phm phc v xy dng, lm vt liu... - Bn cht ca cng ngh l nghin nh rc sau polyme hov s dng p lc ln nn, p, nh hnh cc sn phm. Rc sau khi c thu gom (rc hn hp, k c rc cng knh) chuyn v nh my, rc thi khng cn phn loi c a vo ct, nghin nh sau chuyn ti thit b trn bng ti. Cht thi lng c pha trn trong bn phn ng, cc cht phn ng trung ho v khc xy ra trong bn. Sau cht thi lng tbn phn ng c bm vo cc thit b trn; cht thi kt dnh vi nhau sau khi thnh phn polyme c cho thm vo. Sn phm dng bt t chuyn ti nh my p khun v cho ra sn phm mi, cng ngh ny an ton v mt mi trng v khng c hi. u im Cng nghn gin, chi ph khng ln X l c c cht thi rn v lng Rc sau khi x l bn thnh phm

Tng cng kh nng ti ch, tn dng li cht thi, tit kim din tch t lm bi chn lp. 2. X l cht thi bng phng php sinh hc Phng php sinh hc vi s tham gia ca cc vi sinh vt, x l bng phng php ny thc cht l mt cng ngh khp kn. Rc sinh hot sau khi thu gom sc bng ti phn loi. Rc hu c c tch ring sau c nghin nh ri em . Trong khong 1 0 - 1 2 ngy s din ra qu trnh ln men sinh hc k kh v hiu kh. Qu trnh phn hu sinh hc s sinh ra cc loi kh sinh hc trong c kh metan. nhng quy trnh lu nm kh metan c th ln ti 60 -65%. Cn ti qu trnh ln men hiu kh rc hu c sc chuyn ha thnh phn vi sinh. Kt qu cho thy khi tin hnh x l rc ti mt s nh my H Ni v Thnh ph H Ch Minh cho thy mi tn rc thi hu c sau khi x l s thu c khong 300 kg phn v vi sinh v 5m3 kh sinh hc. Nhng sn phm ny sc thu hi v s dng trong sn xut. C th ni x l bng cng ngh sinh hc em li hiu qu kinh t ht sc thuyt phc n c rt nhiu u im vt i nh: Tuy so vn u t ban u cao
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 hn t 2 - 3 ln bi chn lp nhng tnh tng th lng thi gian s dng th r hn cc bi chn lp rt nhiu. Nh my ch cn 20% din tch bi chn lp nn tit kim c 80% t ai. Sn xut c lng phn bn v lng nhit ng k phc v i sng Qua phn tch thnh phn rc thi sinh hot cho thy thnh phn rc hu c ca thnh ph chng ta chim khong 55 - 60% l t l rt cao v thch hp vi phng php ny. Theo cc nh chuyn mn th tim nng rc ch bin phn vi sinh v kh sinh hc ca chng ta l rt ln. Vi tc dn s tng nhanh nh hin nay th d kin nm 2020 lng rc m thnh ph thi ra l 1.952.354 tn/nm. Lng rc ny s cho khong 3.619.600 m3 kh sinh hc m mi m3 kh s cho khong 1.27kWh in v 5.600kcal nhit tr.

3. X l rc thi bng phng php t t rc l giai on x l cui cng c p dng cho mt s loi cht thi nht nh khng th x l bng cc bin php khc, y l qu trnh x dng nhit chuyn i cht thi t dng rn sang dng kh, lng v tro... ng thi gii phng nng lng di dng nhit. Hay ni cch khc t rc l giai on oxy ho nhit cao vi s c mt ca oxy trong khng kh trong c rc c hi c chuyn ho thnh kh v cht thi rn khng chy. Cc cht kh c lm sch hoc khng c lm sch thot ra ngoi khng kh, cht thi rn cn li th c chn lp. u im - X l trit cc cht c hi ca cht thi th. - Thu hi nng lng nhit tn dng v mc ch quan trng. - Hiu qu x l cao i loi cht thi hu c cha vi trng ly nhim nh cht thi y t cng nh cht thi nguy hi khc. Nhc im - Vn u t ban u cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc phng php x l khc v vic thit k l t phc tp i hi nng lc k thut cao. - i vi cc cht thi c hm lng m cao, hay cc thnh phn khng chy cao th vic t rc khng thun li. 4. Phng php chn lp
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 Chn lp l phng php c in nht, kinh t nht v c th chp nhn c v mt mi trng. Ngay c khi p dng cc bin php gim thiu lng cht thi, ti sinh, ti s dng v c k thut chuyn ho cht thi, vic thi b phn cht thi cn li ra bi chn lp vn l mt khu trong chin lc qun l tng hp CTR. u im - Ph hp vi vng c din tch t rng. - X l c tt c cc loi CTR k c CTR m ccphng php khc khng th x l trit hoc khng x l c. - Sau khi ng ca BCL c th s dng vi mc ch khc nhau nh: bi xe, sn chi, cng vin. - Vn u t ban u, chi ph hot ng BCL thp hn so vi cc phng php khc. - Thu hi nng lng t kh gas. Nhc im - Tn rt nhiu din tch t, nht l nhng ni ti nguyn t cn khan him. - Kh khn trong vic kim sot lng kh thi v nc ri rc. - C nguy c gy ra s c chy n, gy nguy him do s pht sinh kh CH4, H2S. - Cng tc quan trc cht lng mi trng vn phi tin hnh sau khi ng ca.

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 - So vi phng php chn lp v phng php t, phng php nhit phn vi nhit thp t ra c nhiu u im hn nh: cho ra sn phm chnh l than tng hp c hm lng lu hunh thp c th dng lm nhin liu cho nh my nhit in, quy trnh x l n gin, v x l trong nhit thp (khong 50C) nn trnh c cc nguy cphn ng sn sinh ra cht c hi v hiu qu x l cao.

CHNG II: GII THIU H THNG QUN L CHT THI RN TI TP.H CH MINH
I. Hin trng cht thi rn TPHCM
1.Khi lng cht thi rn: - Thnh ph h ch minh ni mnh danh l hn ngc vin ng , l Pari ca chu . - Ni c mt nn kinh t pht trin nhanh chng v tt c mi mt, xong xong vi s pht trin mnh m th khi lng cht thi rn c thi ra ngy cng nhiu. Theo s liu ca s Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng TP.HCM mi ngy Thnh ph thi ra mi ngy khong 6.000 - 6.500 tn, trong rc thi sinh hot l 4.936 tn, rc xy dng l 1.069 tn v rc y t l 5,5 tn v rc cng nghip 1.000 tn ngy trong c khong 20% rc c tnh cht c hi. Trong khi vic thu gom rc ca Thnh ph cht c khong 5.000 - 5.300 tn/ngy, lng rc c th ti ch v ti sinh c ch khong 700 - 900 tn/ngy. - Lng rc trong Thnh ph hng ngy c gii quyt nh lc lng qut dn vsinh gm 7.350 ngi trong c 2.950 ngi thuc lc lng t nhn. Rc t cc khu phc chuyn ti 380 im hn ly rc trn a bn Thnh ph bng xe y tay, cc xe c gii n ly rc v chuyn v trm trung chuyn ri mi n khu x l rc. vn 'au u nht ca cc nh qun l l lm th no c ch x l rc hp v sinh m khng nh hng n khu vc dn cang sinh sng. 2.Ngun pht sinh ra cht thi rn T cc khu dn c T cc trung tm thng mi T cc cng s, trng hc, cng trnh cng cng T cc dich v th, sn bay

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 T cc hot ng cng nghip T cc bnh vin T cc hot ng xy dng th T cc trm x l nc thi Hin nay cht thi sinh hot v x bn c vn chuyn v bi rc Phc Hip - C Chi. Rc thi y t c phn loi ti ngun thu gom v vn chuyn v thu gom theo quy trnh ring nhm m bo an ton cho mi trng v cho sc khe cng ng. Sau c em i t ti nh my x l rc thi y t Bnh Hng Ho qun Bnh Tn.

II.Khi qut hin trng thu gom v vn chuyn CTR sinh hot
1. Tng quan v h thng thu gom v vn chuyn CTR sinh hot Lc lng thu gom v vn chuyn bao gm cc i vn chuyn ca Cng Ty Mi Trng Th TP.HCM (CITENCO), cc cng ty x nghip cng trnh th c a 22 qun huyn, hp tc x vn ti cng nng v h thng thu gom rc dn lp. K thut thu gom vn chuyn rc sinh hot ti TP.HCM c 3 hnh thc: Hnh thc 1: Hng ngy cht thi sinh hot thu gom bng xe y tay v tp chung ti cc im hn. Sau cht thi t xey tay s c bc d vo xe p rc loi nh t 2 - 4 tn v chuyn n trm trung chuyn. Ti trm trung chuyn, xe ti ln hn nhn CTR t xe p nh v vn chuyn ti bi chn lp. Hnh thc 2: CTR c thu gom bng xe y tay v tp chung ti cc im hn, sau CTR t xe y tay s c bc d ln xe p ln v tr trc tip ti bi chn lp. Hnh thc 3: - CTR cha sn trong cc thng rc 240L v 660L nm dc trn cc tuyn ng hay cc ngun pht sinh rc ln nh: ch, khu thng mi, vn phng c quan c bc d bng cc loi xe p loi nh t 2 - 4 tn v chuyn n trm trung chuyn. Ti trm trung chuyn xe ti ln tip tc tip nhn cht thi t xe ti nh v vn chuyn ti bi chn lp. Trong hnh thc ny nu CTR t cc thng cha c bc d bng xe p ln n s c vn chuyn thng ti bi chn lp.
GVHD: Th.s. V Hi Yn Nhm 9 Trang 27

Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 a. Thu gom s cp - Hot ng thu gom s cp bao gm thu gom CTR pht sinh t h dn c, cc trung tm thng mi, c quan, ch v ng ph. Thu gom cht thi rn t cc h dn c: - Cht thi t h dn c c thu gom bi s gip ca cc h dn l ngi dn t CTR vo phng tin thu gom hoc CTR trc nh v cng nhn thu gom s vo cc phng tin thu gom. Phng tin thu gom sau khi y rc s c ch n cc b cha CTR, cc trm trung chuyn hoc cc im hn v ch xe p rc ti d ti. Phng tin thu gom hin nay ch yu l xe y tay, gn y l cc xe ba gc ci tin c trang b cc thng cha 660L, ngoi ra cn c cc loi xe ba gc p, xe ba gc my c k hoc cc xe lam ch khch, cc xe lam cng c dng ch CTR ca cc cquan x nghip. Thu gom cht thi rn t ch, c s thng mi, sn xut Hin nay CTR sinh hot t cc c quan, trng hc, x nghip, cc chc cc xe y tay thu gom (kt hp vi thu gom rc t cc h dn) v tp chung ti cc im hn. iu ny cng lm cho s lng cc im hn cng tng ln v thi gian thu gom mt chuyn cng di hn. V vy loi cht thi ny cn c trang b cc thng cha thch hp v thu gom bng cc xe p a ti trm trung chuyn hay chuyn trc tip ti bi chn lp. Thu gom cht thi rn ng ph Hin nay CTR ng ph c thc hin di hnh thc: Cng nhn chu trch nhim thu gom c trang b chi, dng c ht rc, xe y tay qut v thu gom trn cc tuyn ng ph, lng. Khi xe y tay y ti s c a ti cc b rc, trm trung chuyn, hay ti cc im hn xe p ti ly ti. Ngi cng nhn c th tip tc cng vic ca minh ni khc hoc ngng lm vic khi hon thnh nhim v. Thi gian gn y trn cc ng ph c b tr cc thng 240L dc hai bn l ng ci tin vic thu gom nhanh gn hn v ng b vi cc xe vn chuyn trong vic giao cht thi rn v m bo m quan th. Tuy nhin cc thng cha ny b tr cha ng u v i khi khng hp l. b. Thu gom th cp Thu gom th cp l hnh thc tip theo ca thu gom s cp. CTR sau khi c thu
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 gom s cp s c chuyn ti cc im hn cc b rc c cc xe ti c ti trng ln hn thu gom vn chuyn ti m trung chuyn hay tr trc tip ti BCL.Nu CTR tvic thu gom s cp c chuyn n trm trung chuyn th s vn chuyn trc tip ti BCL. Thu gom th cp trn a bn thnh phc thc hin di hnh thc sau. Ti cc im hn Hin trn a bn thnh ph c khong n 380 im hn ly rc cc im hn ny c xc nh theo tho thun ca Cng ty qun huyn vi Cng ty Mi Trng Th. Cc im hn ny c b tr trn cc bi t trng hoc ngay bn l ca ng ph. Vic xp v d ti ti cc im hn ny thng gy cn tr giao thng do khi lng CTR ln nn thng ko di thi gian giao rc. Ti cc b rc Hin cc b rc thng c t ti cc khu t trng nn khng trc tip gy cn tr giao thng. Hiu qu trung chuyn t cc xe y tay nn xe p v xe vn chuyn ph thuc vo loi xe s dng. Mt s xe c trang b cc b phn c gii nng cc xe y tay vo trc tip vo thng cha ca xe c gii. Mt s b cha rc ngi thu gom CTR trc tip xung t kp thi i chuyn khc v CTR c xe xc ln xe ti v ch n bi chn lp. Tuy nhin s dng b rc l mt cng ngh lc hu khi vic chuyn CTR c thc hin bng xe xc v xe ti ben. s lng cc b cha rc t 30 nay dn dn c gii to v thay th bng cc im hn ly ti.

III. Hin trng thu gom - vn chuyn CTR

Trn c s 3 quy trnh cng ngh thu gom vn chuyn CTR sinh hot hin gm: - Thu gom t v tr cha rc (im hn, thng rc ng ph, x nghip, cng ty...) v trm trung chuyn; - Vn chuyn t trm trung chuyn n BCL; - Thu gom v vn chuyn thng t v tr cha rc n bi x l. Hin c 11 tuyn vn chuyn chnh ang c thc hin: - Tuyn thu gom t im hn v trm trung chuyn bng cc loi xe p nh loi 2 tn, c ly trung bnh 10,98 km/lt. - Tuyn thu gom t im hn v trm trung chuyn bng xe p nh loi 4 tn, c ly trung bnh 13,57.
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 - Tuyn thu gom t c quan, x nghip v trm trung chuyn bng xe p nh loi 2 tn, c ly trung bnh 36,33 km/lt. - Tuyn thu gom CTR t cc thng cha cng cng v trm trung chuyn bng xe p loi nh 1,5 tn, c ly trung bnh 14,69 km/lt. - Tuyn thu gom CTR t cc thng cha cng cng v trm trung chuyn bng xep loi nh 2 tn, c ly trung bnh 17,12 km/lt. - Tuyn thu gom CTR t ch, c quan v trm trung chuyn bng xe cung, c ly bnh qun 24,8 km/lt. - Tuyn thu gom CTR t im hn v trm trung chuyn bng xe p ln loi 7 tn, c ly trung bnh 12,99 km/lt. - Tuyn thu gom CTR t im hn v trm trung chuyn bng xe ben loi 7 tn, cly trung bnh 19,08 km/lt. - Tuyn vn chuyn CTR t cc im hn thng ti bi x l bng xe p ln, c ly trung bnh 25,87 km/lt. -Tuyn vn chuyn CTR sinh hot bnh vin trc tip ti bi x l bng xe p loi 7 tn, c ly trung bnh 26,81 km/lt.

IV. nh gi h thng qun l thu gom v vn chuyn CTR

1. Cng tc qun l

Nhn chung h thng qun l cht thi ca thnh ph H ch minh t c rt nhiu thnh qung k, tuy nhin cn mt s nhc im cn c khc phc: - S phn cng trch nhim cha r rng, cha c mt s thng nht ring cho tng loi cht thi khc nhau - C ch qun l cn mang nng tnh bao cp mc d nc ta c chnh sch x hi ho. - Cha to dng mt th trng thng nht v trao i v ti ch CTR ni chung v CTR cng nghip ni ring, ch c 700 - 900 tn/ngy cht thi rn c ti ch chim 12,6%. 2. H thng thu gom, vn chuyn

- Hin nay vic thu gom cht thi ch yu s dng lao ng th cng v thc hin qut dn ch yu vo ban m m ngi dn sinh hot ban ngy. Hn na s tham gia ca cng ng cn rt hn ch, cha khuyn khch ngi dn tham gia
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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 vo hot ng bo v mi trng dn n tnh trng mt v sinh chung trn a bn thnh ph. - Phn ln cht thi cng nghip v cht thi sinh hot c thi b ln ln v c a ti bi chn lp. Hn na hin nay ch cn duy nht bi rc Phc Hip - C Chi l ni chn lp, n ang phi lm vic vt qu cng xut thit k v ang gy nh hng nghim trng ti cuc sng ngi dn quanh . - Cha c s u t tio ng lu di Yi cc thit b thu gom, vn chuyn, phn loi, xy dng bi chn lp ng quy cch v cng ngh x l cht thi. - Xe th s h khng kn o, khng an ton v sinh, cc xe thu gom cha c chun ho v thiu cc phng tin c gii, s phi hp cc xe y tay v xe c gii cha cht ch dn ti cc im hn trn ng ph b n tc thnh nhng hng di gy nh hng ti m quan ng ph. - Cc xe sau khi ch rc khng ra sch s dn ti mi kh chu iu ny c ngi dn phn nh rt nhiu m cha khc phc c. Ngoi ra mt s

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 xey tay c che chn tm b, mt s cn ci ni din tch tng khi lng thu gom. Khi thu gom t h gia nh ch yu c ct bao nilng, sau khi ly rc cng nhn thng m ra lm ri vi v gy mi rt kh chu cho ngi dn v nh hng ti m quan thnh ph. - Hin nay cc thit b dng trong vic chuyn ch CTR khng ng b v lc hu, khng c bo dng v sa cha ng cch. Hin nay s lng xe p cn rt thiu v khng ng b vi vic thu gom ban u. Trn thc t hin nay mi ngy ch c 80%tng s xe hot ng s cn li hoc h hng t xut hoc ang trong k hoch bo dng v sa cha, khng c sn xe d phng p ng nhu cu thu gom, vn chuyn CTR trong gi cao im v khi thc hin bo dng nh k. 3. Tnh hnh phn loi rc Phn loi rc ti ngun l mt t qu quen thuc i Yi ngi dn cc nc pht trin nhng cn qu m hi vi Thnh ph nhn nhp nht Vit Nam. Hin nay trn a bn thnh ph mi ch thc hin th im phn loi rc ti ngun c mt s qun nh 1, 4, 5,6,10. Hin tng phn loi rc mi c th im mt s qun cha c ph bin rng ri khin cho kh khn trong cng tc thu gom rc, hot ng thu hi a sc thc hin bi nhng ngi lao ng ngho sng bng ngh bi rc vic ny cng lm hot ng thu hi kh khn ngoi ra n cn gy mi kh chu khi v ly nan mt s bnh truyn nhim nh hng ti sc kho con ngi. 4. Ti ch Theo s liu c tnh ca S Ti nguyn v Mi trng TP.HCM, mi ngy TP ra khong 6.000 - 6.500 tn cht thi rn. Trong khi vic thu gom chi khong 5.000 - 5.300 tn/ngy. Lng rc ti ch ti sinh c 700 - 900 tn/ngy. Hin TP cha c th trng thng nht v trao i ti ch ch c mt phn nh cht thi rn cng nghip c thu hi v ti ch. 5. X l rc Hin nay phng php x l cht thi rn sinh hot trn a bn qun ch yu vn l chn lp. Theo k hoch ca Thnh ph l phn u t nay ti nm 2010 s gim khi lng chn lp rc di 20% bng vic cho xy thm nhiu nh my x l rc thi, tng cng cng ngh x l v ti ch cht thi. Tuy nhin iu l chuyn ca 5,10 nm ti cn trc mt l vic Thnh phang thiu bi chn lp rc. Lng rc thi hin ang dn v Phc Hip C Chi khin ni ny qu ti

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 dn ti hin tng st, ln din ra nghim trng.

Chng III: TNG QUAN V QUN 2

I. V tr.
Qun 2 l mt trong nm qun mi thnh lp ca thnh ph H Ch Minh t nm 1997, nm pha ng Bc thnh ph, thnh lp trn c s tch t 5 x ca huyn Th c trc y. Pha Bc gip qun Th c. Pha Nam gip sng Si Gn, ngn cch vi qun 7; sng Nh B, ngn cch vi huyn Nhn Trch, tnh ng Nai. Pha Ty theo th t t Bc xung Nam ln lt ngn cch vi qun Bnh Thnh, qun 1 v qun 4 bi sng Si Gn. Pha ng gip qun 9. a. Kh hu: Thnh ph H Ch Mnh c nhit cao iu ong nm v hai ma ma - kh r rt. Ma ma nc bt nu t thng 5 ti thng 11, cn ma kh t thng 12 ti thng 4 nm sau. Trung bnh, Thnh ph H Ch Minh c 160 ti 270 gi nng mt thng, nhit n trung bnh 27 c, cao nht ln ti 40 c, thp nht xung 13,8 c. b. a hnh, h thng knh rch: v a hnh tng ibng phng, knh rch chn cht thun li cho giao thng ng b v ng thy.

II.

c im x hi

- T sau khi thnh lp, qun ch trng u t pht trin h tng c s. Cc tuyn ng xa l H Ni, Trn No, Nguyn Th nh, Nguyn Duy Trinh, cu Ging ng T, ng lin phng Bnh Trng ng - Bnh Trng Ty - Ct Li... c nng cp m rng, xy dng mi. H thng c s vt cht k thut ca y t, gio dc, vn ha, th dc th thao c ch trng u t. - Qun cng quan tm pht trin s nghip gio dc o to.Ngay t u qun tp trung nng cp, sa cha trng lp, xy dng nhng ngi trng mi khang trang t tiu chun quc gia, ang b cc thit b mi hin i cho vic dy v hc. Nm 2000 xa tnh trng hc ca 3, hon thnh cng tc xa m ch, nm 2002 hon thnh ph cp gio dc bc Trung hc s s, hc sinh tt nghip cc cp hc, hc sinh gii ngy cng nhiu. i ng gio vin c chun ha ngy cng cao.

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 - Phong tro Th dc Th thao cng kh pht trin, c nhiu i chuyn mang v cho qun nhiu huy chng khi tham gia thi u cc qun, ton quc. c bit, nm 2005 c 2 vn ng vin c tuyn vo i tuyn quc gia tham d Sea Games. - H thng cc cng trnh phc li x hi hin nay trn a bn qun bao gm: Trung tm dy ngh, Trung tm Th dc Th thao, Trung tm vn ho, Bnh vin qun 2.

III. c im kinh t
-Theo thng tin t website qun, trong 3 thng u nm 2008, doanh thu ngnh Thng mi - Dch v thc hin 2.647,9 t ng, t 20,65% k hoch nm, tng 39,96% so vi cng k nm ngoi. Cc ngnh c s pht trin cao nh: kinh doanh vng bc, cm , vt liu xy dng, trang tr ni tht, xng du, dch v vn ti nh. -Gi tr sn xut CN-TTCN thc hin 1.430,9 t ng, t 24,02% k hoch nm, tng 17,39% so vi cng k. Tng thu ngn sch c thc hin 159,52 t ng, t 63% k hoch nm, tng 382% so vi cng k.

IV. Quy hoch pht trin

Cng vi s pht trin ca vng kinh t trng im pha Nam v thnh ph H Ch Minh, qun 2 c v tr quan trng, s l trung tm mi ca thnh ph sau ny, i din khu Trung tm c qua sng Si Gn, l u mi giao thng v ng b, ng xe la, ng thu ni lin thnh ph H Ch Minh vi cc tnh: ng Nai, Bnh Dng, B Ra-Vng Tu. Qun 2 c tim nng v qu t xy dng, mt dn s cn tha tht, c bao quanh bi cc sng rch ln, mi trng cn hoang s nn nhn ln li th v v tr kinh t ca mnh.Khu th mi Th Thim, trung tm ti chnh, thng mi, dch v mi ca thnh ph s mc ln y trong thi gian khng xa na.

Phn hai Tnh ton thit k

Din tch 48.74km2 Dn s 2009: 145981 ngi Mt dn s : 2934 ngi/km2 Tc gia tng

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 dn s: 2.1%/nm Dn s 2035 : p2035 = P2009 * (1+ r) = 145981* (1+0.021)26 = 250519 ngi Tc pht sinh rc : 0.8-1.2 kg/ngi.ngy , chn 0.8 kg/ngi.ngy Dng thng 6601 thu gom rc Thi gian dung 3 nm Thi gian lm vic 8h/ngy. Thi gian ngh ngi 8 X 0.15 = 1.2h/ngy S ngi/h = 5 ngi. Khi lng rc pht sinh trong 1 ngy ca qun 2 nm 2009 M = 145981 * 0.8 = 116784.8 kg S d m 14598i s h dn ca qun 2: n= 5 5 =29196 Bng 1: phn loi rc thi qun 2 loi rc % khi KLR(kg/m3) lng(kg) m(%) 290 thc phm 79.17 92458.53 70 6049.453 5.18 giy 6 89 0.18 210.2126 50 carton 5 8.89 2 65 nilon, nha 10382.17 vi 0.98 1144.491 10 65 g 0.66 770.7797 20 237 cao su 0.13 151.8202 2 130 thy tinh 1.94 2265.625 2 196 lon hp 1.05 1226.24 3 89 3 320 kimloimu 0.36 420.4253 1.46 1705.058 8 Tphn khc 130 tng cng 100 116784.8 2. Khi lng ring rc huyn qun 2:

h th tch(m3) 318.8225
67.97138

KL kh(kg) 27737.559 5686.4858 199.70197

10174.527 1030.0419

4.204252 159.7257 17.60755 3.252235 1.167848 11.55931 13.77798

1.313829

616.62376 148.7838
2220.3125

13.11583 612.5184

1189.4528 407.81254 1568.6534 50979.954

m
D=V m rc:

116784.3 61 2. 1 f4 = 190.66 (kg/m3)

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035

m-mi 116784.8-50979.954 A = m116784.8

100% Trong : A : m ca rc thi % M : khi lng ban u ca rc thi (kg) hnh thc thu gom l phn loi rc ti ngun v phng n thu gom bng h thng Container c nh nn: Thnh phn rc hu c l thc phm Thnh phn rc v c l giy , nilon,vi ,kim loi... Khi lng rc v c:
mvc = m - mtp = 1167S4.0 - 92458.53 = 24326.27 (kg)

=56.35%

Th tch rc v c: Vvc = V-Vtp = r'1 2.r1 a* - 318.8225 = 293.6959 m3 Khi lng ring ca rc v c:
dvc = mvc / Vvc = 24326.27 /293.6959 = 82.83 kg/m3 Khi lng kh rc

Y c : mi vc= mk- mktp = 50979.954 - 27737.559 = 23242.395 (kg) m ca rc Y c: Avc = mvc - mlvc =24326.27 - 23242.395/24326.27 * 100% = 4.455% Tng khi lng rc cha c trong mt thng 660L: Sc cha ca thng (m3/chuyn) * khi lng ring ca rc(kg/m3) = 0.66 * 190.67 = 125.8356(kg/chuyn). Khi lng rc pht sinh ca mi h: = 0.8 * 5 = 4 (kg/h.ngy) => S h thu gom ca 1 chuyn: Tng m rc cha c trong thng 660L / m rc pht sinh ca mi h =

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 125.8356/4= 31 (h/chuyn, ngy) Thi gian ca mt chuyn thu gom: T = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn+ thi gian ch ni Thi gian ly rc: Ly y xe: 0.75 pht /h Di chuyn: 45 s gia 2 h

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035
Pscs= [ (31 X 0.75) + (31- 1) X 0.75] = 45.75 pht/chuyn = 0.7625 h/chuyn

on ng t im hn n h cui cng xe ly y rc l ~ 1.5 km Xe y n im hn vi vn tc lc i l 5 km/h im hn n tuyn vi vn tc lc v l 4 km/h Thi gian vn chuyn:

hscs = S/Vi +

s/vv = 1.5/5 +1.5/4 = 0.675 (h/chuyn)

Thi gian ti ni rc:

Sscs 6 pht = 0.1 (h/chuyn)
=

Vy: Tscs = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn + thi gian ni = Pscs + hscs + Sscs = 0.7625 + 0.675 + 0.1 = 1.5375 (h/chuyn) S chuyn thu gom ca mi thng 6601 trong 1 ngy (chuyn/ ngy) N = thi gian thU gom _ thigian smviC - thi gian ngng i thi g ian 1 Chuyn thi g ian 1 Chuyn
8 1.2
-

= 1.53 7s = 4.42( chuyn/ting.ngy) = 4 (chuyn/thng.ngy)

Tng S chuyn cn thu gom : tng ng

rc

^ 116784.8 chuy&n = 12 5.8 3 5 6 =928 rac (chuyn/ngy)

ng y

lng N=

rac

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 chuyn s z < ngy tlUTig =
50 , y nqy
4

chuyn V

Tng thng 6601 cn:X = 232thng

S thng thu gom rc thi cn u t qua cc nm nm Kg /ngy Thng cn 2009 116784.8 232 2010 119237.6 237 2011 121741.6 242 2012 124297.6 247 2013 126908.0 252 2014 129572.8 257 2015 132294.4 263 2016 135072.0 268 2017 137908.8 274 2018 140804.8 280 2019 143761.6 286 2020 146780.8 292 2021 149863.2 298 2022 153010.4 304 2023 156224.0 310 2024 159504.0 317 2025 162853.6 323 2026 166273.6 330 2027 169765.6 337 2028 173330.4 344 2029 176970.4 351

u t 232 5 5 237 10 10 243 15 6 269 11 12 275 17 18 282 23 25 289 30 32

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 2030 180687.2 359 297 2031 184481.6 366 37 2032 188355.2 374 30 2033 192311.2 382 315 2034 196349.6 390 45 2035 200472.8 232 232

2. Tnh h thng thu gom i vi rc hu c(thc phm) Khi lng ca rc thc phm : mtp= 92458.53 kg Khi lng ring ca rc thc phm: dtp = 290 kg/m3 m ca rc thc phm : 70% Tng khi lng rc cha c trong 1 thng 660L: = 0.66 X 290 = 191.4( kg/thng) Khi lng rc pht sinh ca mi h: Tc pht sinh rc (kg/ngi .ngy) X s ngi /h - 0.8 X 0.7917 X 5 3.1668(kg/h.ngy) => S h thu gom c ca 1 chuyn:

khU li nc Cha trong thiig 660L _ Tc pht sinh rc

61 (h/chuyn.ngy) Thi gian ca mt chuyn thu gom:

T = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn+ thi gian ch ni Thi gian ly rc: Ly y xe: 0.75 pht /h Di chuyn: 45 s gia 2 h

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035
pscs = (61 X 0.75) + [(61- 1) X 0.75] = 90.75 pht/chuyn = 1.5125

h/chuyn on ng t im hn n h cui cng xe ly y rc l ~ 2.5 km Xe y n im hn vi vn tc lc i l ~ 5 km/h im hn n tuyn vi vn tc lc v l ~ 4 km/h

Thi gian vn chuyn:

hscs = s/vi + S/Vv = 2.5/5 +2.5/4 = 1.125 (h/chuyn)

Thi gian ti ni rc:

Sscs = 6 pht = 0.1 (h/chuyn)

Vy: Tscs = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn + thi gian ni = pscs + hscs + Sscs = 1.5125 + 1.125 + 0.1 = 2.7 (h/chuyn) S chuyn thu gom ca mi thng 6601 trong 1 ngy (chuyn/ ngy) N = thi gian thUgom thi gian LmvC -thi gian nghingi thi g ian 1 Chuyn thi Q ian 1 Chuyn 8 1.2
-

2.23 75

= 3 ( chuyn/thng.ngy)

Tng s chuyn cn thu gom :

92458.5
N= Tng thng 6601 cn: chuyn s 0 > 50 , _ . thng
GVHD: Th.s. V Hi Yn Nhm 9
*

chuy&l

191.4

=483 (chuyn/ngy)

nqy

403 = ^1T = 161 thng

Trang 41

Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 S thng cn u t qua cc nm ca rc hu c Nm S thng cn S thng u t Lng rc (kg/ngy) 2009 92458.52616 161 161 2010 94400.40792 164 3 2011 96382.82472 168 4 2012 98406.40992 171 164 2013 100473.0636 175 7 2014 102582.7858 179 8 2015 104737.4765 182 167 2016 106936.5024 186 11 2017 109182.397 190 12 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 111475.1602 113816.0587 116206.3594 118646.6954 121138.3337 123682.5408 126279.3168 128931.1951 131638.8091 134403.4255 137225.6777 140107.4657 143050.0562 146054.0827 149120.8118 152252.777 155449.9783 158714.3158 194 198 202 207 211 215 220 225 229 234 239 244 249 254 260 265 271 276 171 15 16 176 19 20 181 24 24 186 29 29 191 34 35 196 40 40

3. Tnh h thng thu gom i vi rc v c Khi lng rc v c:

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 mvc = m-mtp= 116784.8 - 92458.53 = 24326.27 (kg) Khi lng ring ca rc v c: dvc = Vpc = 24326.27 / 293.6959 = 82.83 kg/m3 m ca rc Y c: 771P C m L vc Avc= rc 100% = 24326.27 23242.39s 24326.2/ 100%

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035
= 4.455%

Tng khi lng rc cha c trong mt thng 660L: Sc cha ca thng (m3/chuyn) * khi lng ring ca rc(kg/m3) = 0.66 * 82.83 = 54.67(kg/chuyn). Khi lng rc pht sinh ca mi h:
=0.8 X (1- 0.7917) X 5 X 7/2 = 2.9162 (kg/h.1/2 tun)

=> S h thu gom c ca 1 chuyn: khi lng TC Ch>a trong tirig 66L _
67

= 19

Tc pht sinh rc
(h/chuyn.ngy) Thi gian ca mt chuyn thu gom:

Tscs = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn+ thi gian ch ni Thi gian ly rc: Ly y xe: 0.75 pht /h Di chuyn: 45s gia 2 h
pscs = (19 X 0.75) + [(19 - 1) X 0.75] = 27.75 ( pht/chuyn)

= 0.46 (h/chuyn) on ng t im hn n h cui cng xe ly y rc l ~ 1.2 km Xe y n im hn vi vn tc lc i l ~ 5 km/h im hn n tuyn vi vn tc lc v l ~ 4 km/h Thi gian vn chuyn:

s s,

1
Trang 44

1.2 1.2

hscs = Vd + * = s 1 4- = 0.54 (h/chuyn)

Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 Thi gian ti ni rc: Sscs = 6 pht = 0.1 (h/chuyn)
GVHD: Th.s. V Hi Yn Nhm 9

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Trang 45

Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 Vy: Tscs = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn + thi gian ni = Pscs + hscs + Sscs = 1.6375 + 0.54 + 0.1 = 2.2775 (h/chuyn) S chuyn thu gom ca mi thng 6601 trong 1 ngy (chuyn/ ngy) N tLig ian thugom thigian hm iC - th i gian nghi ng i

thi g ian 1 Cfiuy'm thi Q lan 1 Chuyn

g - 1.2 = 2.412 5

~ 3

(chuyn/thng.ngy)

Tng s chuyn cn thu gom : tnq a irtq ' V ngy N=

n_z^

, .

rc

24326.2,

chuyen

5 4. 6 7

4 45

(chuyn/ngy)

Tng thng 6601 cn: chuyn ngay

~ --------

s X = thung

X CTltyQl

.nqy =

44s = 148 thng 660L

s thng cn u t thu gom rc v c qua cc nm Nm Kg/ngy Thng cn 2009 24326.27 148 2010 24837.19 151

u t 148 3

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Trang 46

Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 25358.78 25891.19 26434.94 26990.01 27556.92 28135.5 28726.4 29329.64 29945.54 30574.44 31216.5 31872.07 32541.46 33224.68 33922.4 34634.79 35362.17 36104.72 36862.93 37637.14 38427.52 39234.39 40058.42 40899.62 41758.48 155 158 161 165 168 172 175 179 183 186 190 194 198 203 207 211 216 220 225 229 234 239 244 249 255 4 151 6 8 154 10 11 158 14 14 162 18 18 167 22 22 172 26 27 176 31 32 181 36 38

S xe cn u t: stt Tn phng x

Dn s (nghn)

S h

Lng rc pht sinh (kg)

S thng 6601

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 An Li ng An Khnh An Ph Bnh An Bnh Khnh Bnh Trng ng Bnh Trng Ty Ct Li Tho in Th Thim Thnh M Li 9.002 23.239 10.794 14.362 10.429 12.385 17.104 10.826 12.234 14.732 11.933 1800 4648 2159 2872 2086 2477 3421 2165 2447 2946 2387 7201.6 18591.2 8635.2 11489.6 8343.2 9908 13683.2 8660.8 9787.2 11785.6 9546.4 57 147 68 91 66 78 108 68 77 93 75

Chn loi xe thu gom rc ca qun l : thng y tay 660L , xe 7 tn , xe 12 tn. Loi xe y tay ca qun l thng 660L, tng s thng 660L l 310 thng. Tng cc im hn l 62 , vi mi im hn cha c khong 5 thng. on ng t cc im thu gom n TTC v bi chn lp ca cc loi xe l : Xe p rc 7 tn l: 20 km Xe p rc 12 tn l: 33 km i vi xe 7 tn Thi gian ca mt chuyn xe vn chuyn: Tscs = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn + thi gian ni Thi gian ly rc: 20 pht /chuyn = 0.33 ( h/chuyn) Khong cch gia cc im hn = 1,5km Vn tc vn chuyn : 30 km/h Thi t0 = gian di chuyn gia cc im hn 1.5 3 D = 0.05 h = 3 pht Thi gian di chuyn c on ng t = 20/ 30 + 20/ 30 = 1.33 h/chuyn Thi gian ni rc: 20 pht = 0.33 h Vy : thi gian

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 vn chuyn ca 1 xe l: T = 0.05 + 1.33 + 0.33 = 1.71 h/chuyn S chuyn xe vn chuyn cn:
tng kh i lng nc V i Chuyn khi i ncCh

N =Chltyl

38928.3 = 7Q0 = 5.61 chuyn/ngy. Vy s xe cn u t l: 6 xe.

i vi xe 12 tn Thi gian ca mt chuyn xe vn chuyn: Tscs = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn + thi gian ni Thi gian ly rc: 20 pht /chuyn = 0.33 ( h/chuyn) Vn tc vn chuyn : 30 km/h t = 33 /30 + 33/ 30 = 2.2 h/chuyn Thi gian ni rc: 20 pht = 0.33 h Vy : thi gian vn chuyn ca 1 xe l: T = 0.33 + 2.2 + 0.33 = 2.86 h/chuyn

S chuyn xe vn chuyn cn:

Ung hoi ig rCVi Chuyh _

khi ng rC Ch cL: 14 Chuyn

116784.8 = 12 0 0

=9.73 chuyn /ngy. Chn 10 chuyn /ngy.

Vy s xe cn u t l: 5 xe, mi xe chy hai chuyn mi ngy. Vy : tng cc loi xe thu gom rc cn u t cho Qun 2 l 12 xe loi.

GVHD: Th.s. V Hi Yn Nhm 9

Trang 49

Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 Xe p rc 7 tn . Xe p rc 12 tn . Cng ngh x l ti ch Trc khi thu gom th rc c ngi dn phn ra lm hai loi nn trong qu trnh thu gom th c xe thu gom rc hu c v Y c ring . v th ta d dng la chn cng ngh ti ch cho tng loi rc thi ring bit. i vi rc hu c Da vo iu kin nh a hnh , dn c ,din tch .. .ca huyn m phng php x l rc hu c l chn lp . M hnh bi chn lp c la chn l chn lp theo h kt hp chm - ni cht thi c xung cc h rnh c o sn v dung my san i, m nn cht thi. Sauk hi lp ht sau ca h cht thi c tip tc v chn lp to thnh g rc cao khong 5m . Phng php chn lp c la chn l pp chn rnh trn c s: Khi lng rc a n mi ngy khng qu 330 tn/ngy Tn dng a hnh c sn ca khu vc Bin php vn hnh chn lp cht thi n gin , d kim sot To ra s n nh vng cht ca bi Tn dng c ngun t t h ln Trong qu trnh chn lp s c mt lng kh thot ra ng k v nc r ri c nng nhim cao . v vy , ta phi xy dng cng ngh x l nc ri rc trc khi thi ra mi trng cng nh h thng thu kh.

Cng ngh x l nc r rc Nc thi t bi chn lp c nng nhim cao, ngoi cht hu c ra cn cha nhiu thnh phn nhim khc ... Phng php sinh hc c la chn x l nc t bi rc . Cng ngh x l c la chn trn c s: Lu lng nc r ri.

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 Thnh phn , tnh cht nc r ri. iu kin kinh t k thut.
I* S dy chuyn ciig ngh:

Thuyt minh cng ngh : Nc r rc sau khi c thu gom bng h thng ng dn c tp trung ti h thu gom ri qua song chn rc loi b cn v tp cht. y nc c a v b tip nhn bng pp t chy , sau c bm ln b iu

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 ha c sc kh vi thi gian lu nht nh cc cht hu c phn hy cng nh n nh v lu lng v cht lng. Tip theo nc thi c a vo b trn nhanh c kh, ti y ha cht cho qu trnh keo t c chm vo cng vi NaOH nhm a PH ca nc thi mc ti u cho qu trnh keo t. T b trn nc thi t chy qua b phn ng c kh c 3 ngn v khuy trn bng gung quay vi vn tc nh hn vn tc quay ca b trn nhm to iu kin tt nht cho qu trnh to bng , cht ph tr polime c cho vo nhm tng kh nng to bng . sau keo t nc c a qua b lng lm gim hm lng cn va ss . e tng hiu qu ca cc qu trnh x l sinh hc bc 2 , nc thi sau keo t c pha long bng nc sau x l bc 2 tun hon tr li b trung gian. Nc thi tip tc c a qua b ASB tip tc phn hy caclchatl hu c v chuyn ha cc chat kh phn hy phc tp thnh cht d phn hy sinh hc . Sau UASB nc thi c a qua b trung gian to iu kin cho vsv hiu kh thch nghi b AEROTANK cc cht hu c tip tc phn hy nh vsv hiu kh c s tham gia ca h thng sc kh, nc thi tip tc i qua b lngll lng bn , lng bn hot tnh d s c bm ra ngoi x l. Hm lng DO trong b AEROTANK c m bo > 2mg/l nh vo h thng cp kh. Mc d h thng sinh hc hot ng rt tt (BOD sau x l cn rt thp <10mg/l) nhng COD cn li kh cao v vn cn cc cht khng phn hy sinh hc . Vi vy nc thi c tip tc x l bng pp Oxy ha Yi phn ng Fenton ( H202 xc tc l Fe, polime ) b Oxy ha , b ny dng Oxy ha kh cc thnh phn c c tnh trong nc r rc nh phenol, cc cht bo v thc vt, benzene , ..hay sulfit, amoniac , xyanua v kim loi nng .Phn ng xy ra mnh lit trong khong 1 gi, sau trung ha n PH trung tnh v kt ta phn Fe d . Cui cng nc thi c a qua b kh trng tiu dit cc vsv cn li. Phn bn d s c tch nc bng pp nn trng lc , sau c n my p bn . Nc sau tch s c dn ngc v b iu ha x l li. Bun qua p thnh bnh s c em i chn lp. H thng thu gom v x l kh chn lp Cc sn phm kh ch yu c to thnh bi chn lp l methane ,

GVHD: Th.s. V Hi Yn Nhm 9

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 ammoniac, sunfiia, hidro, cacbondioxicLKh sinh hc l sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c trong bi chn lp . Thnh phn ca kh gas trong giai on u ch yu l CO2 v mt s kh nh N2 v O2 . S c mt ca CO2 trong bi chn lp to iu kin cho vsv k kh pht trin bt u giai on hnh thnh kh CH4 . Nh vy , kh gas c hai thnh phn ch yu l CH4 v C02 chim khong 40 - 50% . C cu cc thnh phn kh ny ph thuc vo hnh thc bi chn lp l k kh hay hiu kh .Mc d H2S l kh c ivi con ngi song t khi n tch t bi chn lp vi nng c th nh hng ti con ngi, tuy nhin vn cn ch l cc bi chn lp k kh c cha nhiu cht hu c vy methane c th hnh thnh ti mt nng cao c th gy ra tnh trng chy n , nhim mi trng bi chn lp v cc khu vc xung quanh . Mi nguy him ny thm ch cn ko di c sau khi bi hon tt bi chn lp . V vy bi chn lp hp v sinh nht thit phi c h thng thu gom v x l kh thi. C ch hnh thnh cc kh trong bi chn lp Cc cht hu c trong bi chn lp to ra rt nhiu loi kh, ph thuc vo qu trnh phn hy v n nh do cc vsv. Qu trnh phn hy thay i ph thuc vo cc vsv lien quan . Thng thng chng c chia thnh hai dng : phn hy hiu kh v k kh. Qu trnh phn hy c th hin bng cng thc Phn hy hiu kh CxHyOzNt + 1/4(4+ X - 2y - 3z)02 - C0 2 + l (x 3z)H20 + zNH3 Phn hy k kh

CxHyOzNt + 1 /4 (4 + X - 2y - 3z)02 C02 + 1/8(4 -X - 2y + 3z)CO + zNH3 + 1/8(4 + X -2y -3z)CH4 Trong thc t khng th gi ton b bi rc trong diu kin k kh, ng thi cng khng trnh c vic chng tn ti trong iu kin k kh. Trong phn hy cc cht kh nhu methane , dioxicacbon, ammoniac , c gii phng ra cng vi lng nh sulfiia hydro, sunfua methyl, methyl mecaptan.. H thng thu kh Khi mt cht thi rn c y th gas cng bt u pht sinh v vy h thng thu gom v x l kh cng phi c xy dng cng lc vi cc cng vic u ca bi chn lp. C hai loi h thng thot kh c bn l h thng thot kh b ng (i

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 vi bi chn lp nh v va ) hoc h thong thu gom kh ch ng (i vi bi chn lp loi ln , nhiu ph thi), h thng thu kh l cc ging khoan qua lp rc thi phn b iu trn ton din tch h chn lp . Cc ging s c ni vo ng gas chnh ,ng gas chnh ny s dn n h thng x l. Xung quanh l khoan thu hi kh gas phi c nn k bng st do v xi mng. Chiu cao ng thot kh phi cao hn nh lp t ti thiu l 0.2m kh thot thng ngay trn bi chn lp. Tnh ton din tch cc h chn lp Da vo d bo mc gia tng khi lng rc ca qun 2 t 2009 - 2035 ta c th tnh c tng khi lng rc thu gom v em i chn lp ca qun 2 l 1527750 tn. Tnh ton din tch t cn thit chn lp Gi thuyt tnh ton: Bi chn lp c xy dng kt hp chm - ni Trc khi chn lp c x l s b, nhm gim th tch rc c p ti t trng 0.8m3/tn; Chiu cao tng th ca b rc sao khi ng ca l 10m, Yi su chm di t l 5m v cao ni l 5m; Cc lp rc dy ti a l 60cm, sau khi c m nn k; Cc lp t ph xen k tng lp rc c dy 20cm; Tng din tch cc lp t ph chim 28% th tch h chn; Hiu sut s dng t ti bi chn lp l 75%, cn li l 25% din tch t phc v cho giao thng, b bao, cng trnh x l nc thi v chmiu hnh, t trng cy xanh; Hiu sut thu gom t 70% nm 2030. Cn c vo cc gi thit ny ta c th tnh ton c din tch cn thit chn lp rc nh sau: Khi lng rc thu gom c l: Mtg = M *

GVHD: Th.s. V Hi Yn Nhm 9

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 Trong : Mtg: Lng rc thu gom c M : Lng rc thi ra : H s thu gom, ly = 0,7 >Mtg= 1527750 *0,7 = 1069425(tn) Th tch CTR cn chim ch l: Wtc = Mtg/b Trong : wtc : Th tich cn thit cha CTR bi rc b: T trng CTR, chnb = 0.8 1C69425 ->wte= 0,B 1336781.25 m Vi cao tng th ca bi rc l (D = 10m), cc lp rc dy (dr = 60cm) v lp ph xen k (dd = 20cm) S lp rc chn lp (L) cn cho mt bi rc c tnh: L D/ dr + dd = 1000/(60 + 20) = 12,5 (lp), chn 12 (lp) cao hu dng cha rc: di = dr * L = 0,6 * 12 = 7,2(m) Chiu cao ca cc lp t ph l: d2 = d d * L = 0,2 * 12 = 2,4(m) Din tch hu dng cn thit chn lp ht lng rc tnh ton l:

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035

Stc-Wtc/d!

= 1336781.25/ 7.2 = 185664.0625(m2) = 18.6 (ha) Nu chn din tch t s dng cho cc cng trnh ph tr l 25% th tng din tch bi chn lp s l 23.25 ha. Tnh ton din tch cc h chn lp Tng lng CTR a vo bi chn lp t nm 2009 - 2030 l tn 1069425 tn v thi gian s dng cho bi chn lp l 26 nm. Din tch s dng chn lp l 23.25 ha, s xy dng c 12 h chn vi din tch bng nhau. Cc h chn s c lun phin s dng tiep th t t 1 n 12, h ny y s lp li v s dng h tip theo. Khi lng CTR cho 1 h chn (n nguyn) l:

-b Jb* - 4ac

X = -----------------2 a Vy: Chiu di mt h l: 210 Chiu rng mt h: 70m Chiu di y h: 120m Chiu rng y h: 60m Chiu cao h; 10m

i vi rc v c: Rc v c gm rt nhiu loi nh giy, carton, nilon v nha, vi, g, cao su, thy tinh, hp...

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 Kh a v nh my phn loi ra, i vi nilon v nha th ti ch lm bao cha phn bn, phi nha tn ct pha... (ging nh my nam thnh ninh thun), cn cc lai khc th t.

PHN BA: XUT CC GII PHP QUN L CHT THI RN SINH HOT TI QUN 2
1. Muc tiu n nm 2035
- Ngn chn ngay tnh trng x rc ba bi v ci thin mt bc c bn tnh trng nhim mi trng thnh ph. To s chuyn bin tch cc lm ng lc pht trin cho giai on v sau ong cng tc bo m v sinh mi trng v m quan th. - Thc hin xong vic lp quy hoch qun l v x l rc th: ng ca cc bi rc khng hp v sinh, hnh thnh cc khu x l rc cc hng ca thnh ph, lien h vi cc a phng xung quanh cng hp tc gii quyt rc thi, ty iu kin c th la chn cng ngh x l rc thch hp hoc chn lp hp v sinh hoc ch bin thnh phn bn hoc x l thnh nng lng hoc kt hp cc cng ngh (ng dng cng ngh x l rc mi). - Trang b y thit b, phng tin, bo h lao ng y cho ngnh v sinh. - i mi m hnh t chc hot ng ca ngnh v sinh, thc hin tng bc vic x hi ha cng tc u t v dch v trong lnh vc thu gom, vn chuyn, tn tr v x l rc thi. - Nng cao nhn thc cng ng v nng lc qun l, iu hnh ca i ng chuyn gia trong lnh vc qun l rc thi, thc hin np sng vn minh th. - m bo chng trnh phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun c thc hin mt cch nghim chnh, tin hnh ti s dng, ti ch ph liu thu hi t rc, gim thiu lng rc ti a a n cc khu x l rc. - Thu gom, vn chuyn v x l c 100% tng lng rc thi sinh hot - Thu gom x l trit rc y t bng cng ngh t tin tin, x l cht thi nguy hi bng cng ngh tin tin thch hp. - Hon thin h thng qun l cht thi rn th bo m ng b v lut php, v u t pht trin, v t chc b my iu hnh, v chnh sch to ngun ti chnh. - Tp trung u t mt s thit b v ci tin qui trnh k thut thu gom rc

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 khc phc hin trng nhim cc b nh hin nay. Thc hin cng tc tuyn truyn gio dc v ph bin cc vn bn php lut v v sinh mi trng, vn ng nhn dn xy dng np sng vn minh, khng vt rc ra ng ph, ni cng cng. Th im chng trnh phn loi rc ti ngun nhm tn dng v ti ch ph liu ng thi gip gim chi ph thu gom, vn chuyn v gim nhim mi trng. Thng xuyn c k hoch theo di, o to, tp hun i ng cn b khoa hc k thut nng cao trnh , thc, trch nhim thc hin vic gim st v x l cng nh gio dc hng dn v mi trng cho nhn dn. Phi hp hi ha gia cc c quan chc nng vi nhau vic qun l cht rn sinh hot ti qun t hiu qu.

2. xut bin php qun l:

2.1 Cc bin php hon thin vic qun l rc ti qun 2 2.1.1 Bin php hon thin cng tc thu gom - Cn phi tng cng, u t thm phng tin, trang thit b . . . phc v tt cho cng tc thu gom nhm p ng v vic gia tng dn s t nay n nm 2035. - Cn ci tin phng tin thu gom theo hng c gii ha, s dng ng b thng 660L thu gom rc k c cng nhn v sinh ca cng ty hay v sinh dn lp. - Ngy nay nhiu tuyn ng c m ra nn vi s lng cng nhn hin nay l khng cn phi tng cng s lng cng nhn nhm m bo cho vic thu gom rc dc thu gom tt. - Vic thu gom rc l mt cng vic nng v c hi cn phi m bo y trang thit b bo h lao ng cho cng nhn v c mt chnh sch hp l cho cng nhn trong vic bo v sc khe trong lao ng. 2.1.2 Bin php hon thin cng tc vn chuyn - Phi thng xuyn thay bo tr v thay i cng ngh vn chuyn cho ph hp vi xu th pht trin ca t nc nhm gim bt cc cng on khng cn thit. - i vn chuyn cn ti nhng dim hn thu gom rc ng gi nhm m bo cho cng tc vn chuyn ng gi trnh tnh trng thng thu gom rc 660L ng i trn ng gy ch tc giao thng v lm mt m quan th.

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 - i vi cc tuyn ng di (>5 km) th tp trung t 3 im hn tr ln thu gom, i vi tuyn ng ngn (<5 km) th ch cn 2 im hn thu gom. i vi trm trung chuyn: + B tr cc tuyn ng rng hn trnh gy n tc giao thong. + Qui hoch xy dng trm trung chuyn mi cch xa khu dn c. + Xy dng trm phi ng b. 2.1.3 Bin php hon thin cng tc trung chuyn - Phun xt thng xuyn v c phng php gim st vic phun xt cc ch phm kh mi v dit cn trng. - iu chnh li thng gian vn chuyn rc t trm trung chuyn i bi chn lp trnh kt xe ngay ca trm trung chuyn.
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. xut cng ngh x l, ti ch

3.1Ti ch nha - Vi kh nng thay th cc sn phm t giy v kim loi cao cc sn phm nh ngy nay c s dng rt nhiu trong cuc sng. Sn phm nha a dng v hnh dng, nh d vn chuyn c th cha ng nhiu dng vt cht. Ngoi ra, thnh phn nilon cng chim t l ln trong thnh phn cht thi rn. Nh vy, thu hi v ti ch nha, nilon s gim ng k th tch ca chn lp cht thi rn. - Sn phm sau ti ch l cc bao ti nilon cung cp cho nh my lm phn compost cha sn phm cung cp ra th trng, ngoi ra cn to ra cc sn phm khc nh bao b nilon, tm tri bng nha, thng, thau, r, hp, - Sau khi phn loi, ph liu c em ra hay git li ty theo nhim bn ca nguyn liu. Nc c dng l nc ging, nc sau khi s dng thi b vo ng nc sinh hot khng tun hon ti sinh li. Sau , em phi kh v xay bng my nghin. Sau khi xay c em sy kh trnh hin tng cn nc cn tr qu trnh kt dnh trong qu trnh nu si sau cng. - Si nha to ra t cng on 1 c ct nh bng my nghin Yi kch thc bng ht lu. Sau , ht nha c em pha ha cht. Qu trnh pha ha cht nh sau: 1 thng ht khi ht nha c sy kh n nhit khong 60 - 70c th c em vo mng cha ca thit b to ng. Di

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 sc nng v tc quay v p ca my th ht nha c nu chy ra dng st. Sau c y ra ngoi qua mt ng c thi kh gi l ng thi to ng. Ty theo yu cu sn xut ca khch hng m ngi qun l s iu chnh li ming ng thi kh, nh th c th to ra c nhiu sn phm khc nhau t cng mt my. - e gim nhit v nh hnh sn phm ngi ta cho sn phm mi to ra qua mt mng cha nc lnh. Ngun nc c ly t nc ging v mng c ng tun hon nc xung hm cha nc di sn nh. Sn phm c chy qua my tnh to ch, to hoa vn cho sn phm hay my keo dn nhn hiu sn phm. 3.2 Ti ch thy tinh - i vi thy tinh dng chai sau khi cn nhp kho c em ra s i vi nhng chai rt d bn. Nhng chai d t khng cn ra v nhit cao nhng cht ny s b t chy thnh khi nn khng gy nh hng. Sau , chai thy tinh c cng nhn p nh vi kch thc khong 5 cm2 hay thp hn bng mt ng st nh. Thy tinh c b vo l nu bng mng xc v nu chy bng du DO dng phun sng (lng du dng trn 2000 1/ngy) bi mt bc du vi nhit l ln ti 1200c. Thy tinh sau khi nng chy c cha ti bng l. Ti y, thy tinh t cht lng, sch s lng xung di cn nhng thanh phn d hay thy tinh km cht lng s ni ln b mt dng bt hay x thy tinh. Vi nhit cao v c t nng lin tc nn thnh phn bt v x pha trn theo thi gian s chuyn thnh kh bay hi hoc s c ly ra vo thi gian bo tr my mc nh xng. - Thy tinh nng chy c vt ra t ming ni nh vo cy nick c u cu lm bng t. Khi tch ca qu cu lm tng ng vi khi tch ca sn phm to thnh. Sau , c ngi th nh khi lng dng ko ct theo mt vch mc nh sn trong khun v bm hi phm c chuyn qua cng on to hnh. Ti y ngi cng nhn tip tc bm kh t trn xung vi mt p lc cao to rng trong lng sn phm. - L hp dng nhit sinh ra t qu trnh t DO dng phun sng, nhit u vo ca l l 800c. Ty theo mt hng sn xut ln hay nh m thi gian lm y mt khay trong l hp nhit l nhanh hay chm. Trung bnh thi gian lu trong l hp nhit l 30 pht, sau sn phm c ko ra khi l bng rng rc cui l hp lc ny nhit sn phm cn 50 - 60c. Sau khi ra khi l hp, sn phm c chuyn sang gi cn x bng st h nhit t nhin, sau c vn chuyn qua lu kho.

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 3.3 Sn xut phn compost - Sn xut compost l phng php ti sinh cht thi thc phm c ng dng rng ri trn khp th gii. Bn cht ca qu trnh sn xut phn compost chnh l s khong ha v phn hy sinh hc cc thnh phn thc phm c trong cht thi thnh dng humus bn vng trong iu kin thch hp qu trnh lm compost s c p dng cho loi rc thc phm c phn loi ti ngun (t rc thc phm pht sinh t cc h gia nh, t ch, v c rc ng ph - sau khi c phn loi tch thnh phn rc thc phm v phn cn li ra t trm phn loi tp trung). Nh my sn xut phn compost s c xy dng trong Khu Lin Hp X L Cht Thi Rn. - Cng ngh hiu kh ( lm phn compost)da vo s hot ng ca cc vi khun hiu kh trong iu kin c cung cp y oxy. Cc vi sinh vt tham gia vo qu trnh ny thng c sn trong thnh phn rc th, chng thc hin qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c trong rc thnh C2, nc, nhit v compost, sn phm cui cng c th s dng lm phn bn cho nng nghip v ci to t, sch i vi mi trng. - L phng php truyn thng n gin nht. Phng php ny chi ph thp v c p dng ph bin cc nc ang pht trin. Vic chon lp c thc hin bng cch dng xe chuyn dng ch rc ti cc bi xy dng trc. Sau khi rc c xung, xe i san bng, m nn trn b mt v ln mt lp t. Hng ngy, phun thuc dit mi v rc vi bt ... Theo thi gian, s phn hy vi sinh vt lm cho rc tr nn ti xp v th tch ca bi rc s c gim xung. - Vic rc li c tip tc cho n khi bi y th chuyn sang bi mi. Hin nay, vic chon lp rc thi sinh hot v rc thi hu c vn c s dng cc nc ang pht trin nhng phi tun th cc qui nh v bo v mi trng mt cch nghim ngt. Vic chn lp cht thi c xu hng gim dn, tin ti chm dt cc nc ang pht trin. Cc bi chn lp rc phi cch xa khu dn c, khng gn ngun nc mt v nc ngm. y ca bi rc nm trn tng t st hoc c ph cc lp chng thm bng mng a cht. Vic thu kh gas bin i thnh nng lng l mt trong nhng kh nng thu hi li mt phn Yn u t cho bi chon lp. u im: - Cng ngh n gin, r v ph hp nhiu loi rc thi - Chi ph cho bi chon lp thp Nhc im:

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 Chim din tch t tng i ln Khng c s ng tnh ca khu dn c xung quanh Tm kim xy dng bi mi l vic lm rt kh khn Nguy c dn n nhim mi trng nc, kh, chy n Cc hng mc cng trnh ca nh my lm phn compost Khu tip nhn rc Phn loi bng chuyn bng tay Khu vc lu tr vt liu phi trn Khu vc phi trn vt liu Ht thng hm Khu vc chnh v n nh mn compost H thng tch kim loi Ton b h thng sn xut compost chia m 4 giai on: Giai on chun b nguyn liu Giai on ln men cht thi rn hu c Giai on chin v n nh mn compost Giai on tinh ch v ng bao thnh phm phn compost

PHN IV: TNH TON CHI PH U T

Lc lng thu gom cht thi rn sinh hot ti TP HCM. Hin nay trn a bn TP ang tn ti song song 2 h thng t chc thu gom rc sinh h o t : h thng thu gom cng lp v h thng thu gom dn lp. H thng cng lp thu gom rc sinh hot cho khong 30% s h dn trn a bn, cn khong 70% l do h thng dn lp thu gom. Qun 2 : S lao ng thu gom th cng vi mc lng khong 1.8 triu ng/ thng Cng lp l 30 ngi v dn lp l 50 ngi, (nm 2006). Tng tin lng nhn cng l : 80 X 1.8 = 144 triu ng/ngi, thng Phng tin thu gom: Xe ch p rc 7 tn ~ 650 triu/ xe * 6 = 3.9 t ng Xe ch p rc 12 tn ~ 900 triu /xe * 5 = 4.5 t ng Xe y tay, thng 660 L ~ 560 OOO/xe * 310 ~ 174 triu ng.

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 Nhin liu cho vic trung chuyn v vn chuyn -30 triu/ thng. => Tng chi ph u t ban u: N = 144 tr+ 174 tr + 30 tr + 3.9 t + 4.5 t = 8.748 (t ng/thng u ) (Tm t by trm bn mi tm triu vn) Trong : Xe y 660L s dng 3 nm th phi thay th ci mi. Xe ch p rc ty loi c th s dng ong thi gian khc nhau. 3. Tnh cht ca cht thi rn Tnh cht vt l, ho hc, sinh hc ca cht thi rn a. Tnh cht vt l Khi lng ring:Khi lng ring ca cht thi rn c nh ngha l khi lng cht thi rn trn mt n v th tch (kg/m3 ). Khi lng ring ca cht thi rn rt khc nhau n tu thuc vo phng php lu tr, v tr a l, cc thi im trong nm, cc qu trnh m nn. Thng thng khi lng ring 3. nh hng n mi trng khng kh - Nc ta lng rc sinh hot chim thnh phn ch yu l rc hu c, hp cht hu c khi bay hi s gy mi rt kh chu hi thi nh hng rt ln ti mi trng xung quanh. Nhng cht c kh nng thng hoa, pht tn trong khng kh l ngun gy nhim trc tip, rc c thnh phn phn hu cao nh thnh phn hu c nhit thch hp (35c v m 70 - 80%) vi sinh vt phn hu to ra mi hi thi v sinh ra nhiu loi cht kh c tc ng xu ti sc kho con ngi v mi trng th. 4. nh hng ti sc khe con ngi v cnh quan th. - Hin tng rc vt ba bi s l ni rt l tng cho vi khun, vi sinh vt v cc loi cn trng pht trin, mi mui l ni lan truyn cc bnh dch. Mt s vi khun

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Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 2035 v siu vi khun gy cc loi bnh cho con ngi nh st xut huyt 5. Cng ngh x l nhit phn rc th.

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