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T HA HC
-------
Cafein
THNG 4-2017
Trng THPT Hng Ng 1 - T Ha hc
MC LC
----
A. KIN THC CN NM
ESTE
Th d: (HCOOC6H5) ; (CH3COOC6H4CH3)
2. Danh php:
Tn gc hirocacbon R+ tn gc axit (ui ic i thnh at)
Th d:
CTPT CTCT Tn Gi
C2H4O2 H-COO-CH3 Metyl fomat
C3H6O2 H-COO-C2H5 Etyl fomat
CH3-COO-CH3 Metyl axetat
C3H4O2 H-COO-CH=CH2 Vinyl fomat
H-COO-CH2CH2CH3 Propyl fomat
H-COO-CH(CH3)2 Isopropyl fomat
C4H8O2
CH3-COO-C2H5 Etyl axetat
C2H5-COO-CH3 Metyl propionat
C4H6O2 H-COO-CH=CH-CH3 Propenyl fomat
H-COO-C(CH3)=CH2 Isopropenyl fomat
- Tng qut:
H 2 SO4 l
R-COO-R + H-OH
RCOOH + ROH
to
o
CH3COOCH2-CH3 + NaOH
t
CH3COONa + HO-CH2-CH3
- Tng qut: R-COO-R + NaOH R-COONa + R-OH (P. ch xy ra 1 chiu)
0
t
- Nhn xt: este n chc phn ng vi NaOH theo t l mol 1:2 => este ca phenol:
RCOOC6H4R
Este HCOO-R (etse fomat) , RCOO-CH=CHR c kh nng phn ng trng bc
o
HCOO-R
AgNO3 /NH 3 ,t
(NH4)2CO3 + ROH + 2Ag
o
RCOO-CH=CHR
AgNO3 /NH 3 ,t
RCOONH4 + RCH2COONH4 + 2Ag
o
H-COO-CH=CHR
AgNO3 /NH 3 ,t
(NH4)2CO3 + RCH2COONH4 + 4Ag
3. Phn ng gc hidrocacbon (p cng, trng hp)
CH2=CH-COOCH3 + Br2
CH2Br-CHBr-COOCH3
(lm mt mu da cam ca nc Br2)
0
CH2=C(CH3)-COOCH3
p,xt,t
n CO = n H O
2 2
Bo ton mol O:
2. n Cn H 2 nO2 + 2. n O2 = 2. n CO2 + 1. n H 2O
LIPIT
I. KHI NIM
- Lipit l nhng hp cht hu c c trong t bo sng, khng ho tan trong nc nhng tan
nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c khng cc.
- Cu to: Phn ln lipit l cc este phc tp, bao gm cht bo (triglixerit), sp, steroit v
photpholipit,
II. CHT BO
1. Khi nim
- Cht bo l trieste ca glixerol vi axit bo, gi chung l triglixerit hay l triaxylglixerol.
- Cc axit bo hay gp: Axit bo no Axit bo khng no
C17H35COOH: axit stearic C17H33COOH: axit oleic (1lk C=C)
C15H31COOH: axit panmitic C17H31COOH: axit linoleic (2lk C=C )
* CTCT chung ca cht bo:
R1COO CH2
R2COO CH
R3COO CH2 Hay (RCOO)3C3H5
R1, R2, R3 l gc hirocacbon ca axit bo, c th ging hoc khc nhau.
Th d:
(C17H35COO)3C3H5: tristearin (C17H33COO)3C3H5: triolein
(C17H31COO)3C3H5: trilinolein (C15H31COO)3C3H5: tripanmitin
* ng phn: Cht bo ti a c to bi 2 axit bo khc nhau => c 6 p, trong c 4
ng phn cha ng thi 2 axit bo khc nhau.
2. Tnh cht vt l
- Cc cht bo u khng tan trong nc v nh hn nc
- Nu R1, R2, R3: Ch yu l gc hirocacbon no => cht bo rn. (Vd: tristearin, tripanmitin)
- Nu R1, R2, R3: Ch yu l gc hirocacbon khng no => cht bo lng. (Vd: triolein,
trilinolein)
3. Tnh cht ho hc
a. Phn ng thu phn trong mi trng H+
o
t
(RCOO)3C3H5 + 3H2O 3RCOOH + C3H5(OH)3
+
H
o
t
(C17H35COO)3C3H5 + 3H2O 3C17H35COOH + C3H5(OH)3
+
H
X phng
(C17H35COO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH 3C17H35COONa + C3H5(OH)3
tristearin natri stearat glixerol
* Nhn xt:
Khi thy phn cht bo ta lun thu c glixerol : nglixerol = ncht bo
nNaOH = 3nglixerol
Bo ton khi lng: mx phng = mcht bo + mNaOH - mglixerol
c. Phn ng cng hiro ca cht bo lng (Chuyn cht bo lng thnh cht bo rn)
o
(C17H33COO)3C3H5 + 3H2
Ni,t
(C17H35COO)3C3H5
triolein tristearin
- Du hoc m lu ngy trong khng kh hoc chin li nhiu ln s d i thiu l do ni i
C=C trong gc axit bo khng no tc dng t t vi oxi trong khng kh to thnh andehit c hi
cho sc khe
d. Phn ng t chy cht bo no (k = 3)
3n - 8
CnH2n - 4O6 + O2 nCO2 + (n - 2)H2O
2
Da vo h s PTHH, ta thy:
n CO > n H O v n CO - n H O = 2. n C H
2 2 2 2 n 2 n - 4 O6
Bo ton mol O:
6. n Cn H2 n - 4O6 + 2. n O2 = 2. n CO2 + 1. n H 2O
Cu 14. (B2012) Thy phn este X mch h c cng thc phn t C4H6 O2, sn phm thu
c c kh nng trng bc. S este X tha mn tnh cht trn l
A. 6. B. 4. C. 5. D. 3.
Cu 15. C bao nhiu ng phn l hp cht thm, n chc c cng thc phn t C7H6O2 tc dng
vi dd NaOH?
A. 4. B. 3. C. 1. D. 2.
Cu 16. C bao nhiu ng phn l hp cht thm, n chc c cng thc phn t C8H8O2 tc dng
vi dd NaOH nhng khng tc dng vi kim loi Na?
A. 5. B. 6. C. 4. D. 7.
Cu 17. Hai cht hu c X1 v X2 u c khi lng phn t bng 60 vC. X1 c kh nng
phn ng vi: Na, NaOH, Na2CO3. X2 phn ng vi NaOH (un nng) nhng khng phn ng
Na. Cng thc cu to ca X1, X2 ln lt l:
A. CH3-COOH, CH3-COO-CH3. B. (CH3)2CH-OH, H-COO-CH3.
C. H-COO-CH3, CH3-COOH. D. CH3-COOH, H-COO-CH3.
Cu 18. Thu phn hon ton este X c CTPT C4H8O2 bng dung dch NaOH (va ). Thu c
ancol propylic. Tn gi ca X l
A. etyl fomat. B. isopropyl fomat. C. metyl propionat. D. propyl fomat.
Cu 19. (DHA2013) Cht no sau y khi un nng vi dung dch NaOH thu c sn phm c
anehit?
A. CH3-COO-C(CH3)=CH2. B. CH3-COO-CH=CH-CH3.
C. CH2=CH-COO-CH2-CH3. D. CH3-COO-CH2-CH=CH2.
Cu 20. Cht hu c X khi un nng vi NaOH th thu c ancol etylic v mui natri propionat.
Vy CTPT ca este X l:
A.C2H4O2 B. C3H6O2 C. C4H8O2 D. C5H10O2
Cu 21. Mt este X, trong phn t c s cacbon nhiu hn oxi mt nguyn t. X c phn ng trng
gng vi dd AgNO3 trong NH3. Cng thc cu to ca X l cng thc no?
A. HCOOC2H5 B. CH3COOCH3 C. HCOOC3H7 D. C2H5COOCH3
Cu 22. C bao nhiu ng phn l hp cht thm, n chc c cng thc phn t C8H8O2 tc dng
vi dd NaOH to hai mui?
A. 5. B. 6. C. 4. D. 7.
Cu 23. un nng hn hp gm glixerol, axit axetic, axit fomic, vi xc tc H2SO4 c th thu
c ti a bao nhiu trieste.
A. 3. B. 6. C. 4. D. 2.
Cu 24. Khi nim v cht bo
A. Cht bo l tri este ca glixerol vi axit bo.
B. Cht bo l este ca axit no n chc v ru.
C. Cht bo l este ca glixerol vi ru n chc.
D. Cht bo l este ca ancol etylic vi axit bo.
Cu 25. Trong cc hp cht sau, hp cht no thuc loi cht bo?
cng n thi THPT Quc gia 2017 Trang 11
Trng THPT Hng Ng 1 - T Ha hc
A. (C17H31COO)3C3H5. B. (C16H33COO)3C3H5.
C. (C6H5COO)3C3H5. D. (C2H5COO)3C3H5.
Cu 26. Trong dy cc cht sau, dy no l cng thc ca cht bo lng
A. (C17H33COO)3C3H5; (C15H31COO)3C3H5.
B. (C17H35COO)3C3H5 ; (C15H31COO)3C3H5.
C. (C17H33COO)3C3H5 ; (C15H29COO)3C3H5.
D. (C17H35COO)3C3H5 ; (C15H29COO)3C3H5.
Cu 27. Nhng hp cht trong dy sau thuc loi este:
A. etxng, du nhn bi trn my, du n. B. du lc, du da, du c.
C. du m, hc n, du da. D. m ng vt, du thc vt, mazut.
Cu 28. Cho glixerol (glixerin) phn ng vi hn hp axit bo gm C17H35COOH v
C15H31COOH, s loi trieste c to ra ti a l
A. 6. B. 3. C. 5. D. 4.
Cu 29. Cho glixerol phn ng vi hn hp gm C17H35COOH, C17H33COOH, v C15H31COOH; s
loi cht bo (cha ng thi 3 gc axit bo khc nhau) ti a c th to thnh l:
A.3 B. 6 C.9 D. 12
Cu 30. S trieste khi thy phn u thu c sn phm gm glixerol, axit CH3COOH v
axit C2H5COOH l
A. 2. B. 6. C. 4. D. 9.
Cu 31. (DH12B) S trieste khi thy phn u thu c sn phm gm glixerol, CH3COOH,
HCOOH v C2H5COOH l
A. 2. B. 6. C. 4. D. 3.
Cu 32. Thy phn mt triglixerit X bng dung dch NaOH, thu c hn hp mui gm natri
oleat, natri stearat (c t l mol tng ng l 1 : 2) v glixerol. C bao nhiu triglixerit X tha mn
tnh cht trn?
A. 2. B. 1. C. 3. D. 4.
Cu 33. Triolein khng tc dng vi cht (hoc dung dch) no sau y?
A. H2 (xc tc Ni, un nng). B. Dung dch NaOH (un nng).
C. H2O (xc tc H2SO4 long, un nng). D. Cu(OH)2 ( iu kin thng).
Cu 34. (DH13B) Pht biu no sau y khng ng?
A. Cht bo l trieste ca etylen glicol vi cc axit bo.
B. Cc cht bo thng khng tan trong nc v nh hn nc.
C. Triolein c kh nng tham gia phn ng cng hiro khi un nng c xc tc Ni.
D. Cht bo b thy phn khi un nng trong dung dch kim.
Cu 35. (DH11B) Cho dy cc cht: phenyl axetat, anlyl axetat, metyl axetat, etyl fomat,
tripanmitin. S cht trong dy khi thy phn trong dung dch NaOH (d), un nng sinh ra ancol l
A. 3. B. 5. C. 4. D. 2.
Cu 48. Thc hin phn ng este ha mt hn hp gm 0,05 mol CH 3COOH v 0,08 mol CH3OH
(xt H2SO4 c), sau khi phn ng kt thc th thu c m gam este. Tm gi tr m (bit hiu sut ca
phn ng este ha l 60%)
A. 6,336 g B. 3,522 g C. 3,7 g D. 2,22 g
CHNG 2: CACBOHIDRAT
A. KIN THC CN NM
I. KHI NIM PHN LOI
1. Khi nim: l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, thng c CTC l Cn(H2O)m
2. Phn loi: C 3 loi cacbohidrat:
Monosaccarit : glucoz C6H12O6 ; fructoz C6H12O6
isaccarit: saccaroz C12H22O11 ; mantoz C12H22O11
Polisaccarit: tinh bt (C6H10O5)n ; xenluloz (C6H10O5)n (tinh bt v xenluloz khng l ng
phn ca nhau).
II. TNH CHT VT L
- Cc monosaccarit v isaccarit l cht rn, khng mu, d tan trong nc, c v ngt.
- Tinh bt l cht rn v nh hnh, mu trng, khng tan trong nc ngui.
- Xenluloz l cht rn hnh si, mu trng, khng tan trong nc.
III. CU TRC PHN T
- Glucoz dng mch h c 1 chc andehit (-CH=O) v 5 chc ancol (-OH) nn s c TCHH
nh andehit v poliancol. Trong thc t Glucoz tn ti ch yu hai dng mch vng: -glucoz
v -glucoz: -glucoz
glucoz mch h
-glucoz
- Fructoz dng mch h c 1 chc xeton (-CO-) v 5 chc ancol (-OH) nn s c TCHH
nh xeton v poliancol. Trong thc t Fructoz tn ti ch yu hai dng mch vng: -fructoz
v -fructoz. Trong mi trng kim (OH-) fructoz chuyn ho thnh glucoz
OH-
CH2OH[CHOH]3-CO-CH2OH CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO
Fructozo Glucozo
- Saccaroz c cu to t 1 gc -glucoz v 1 gc fructoz lin kt nhau qua nguyn
t oxi. Trong phn t saccaroz khng c nhm andehit (-CH=O), ch c cc nhm chc ancol (-
OH).
- Tinh bt l hn hp ca hai polisaccarit: amiloz v amilopectin. C hai u c to t cc
gc -glucoz.
Amiloz: chim khong 20-30% khi lng. C cu to mch khng phn nhnh c hnh l
xo. Cc mt xch -glucoz lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt -1,4-glicozit.
Amilopectin: chim khong 70-80% khi lng. C cu to mch phn nhnh, cc -
glucoz lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt -1,4-glicozit v -1,4-glicozit.
- Xenluloz l polisaccarit khng phn nhnh, c to t cc mt xch glucoz lin kt
vi nhau bi lin kt -1,4-glicozit.
3) Tnh cht ancol a chc (to phc Cu(OH)2 vi thnh dung dch xanh lam)
2C6H12O6 + Cu(OH)2 (C6H11O6)2Cu + 2H2O
Dd xanh lam
C12H22O11 + Cu(OH)2 (C12H21O6)2Cu + 2H2O
Dd xanh lam
CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + (CH3CO)2O Este cha 5 gc CH3COO
pridin
X, Y, Z ln lt l:
A. Tinh bt, glucoz, etanol. B. Tinh bt, glucoz, cacbon ioxit.
C. Xenluloz, saccaroz, cacbon ioxit. D. Xenluloz, fructoz, cacbon ioxit.
Cu 22. Dy gm cc dung dch u tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 l
A. glucoz, glixerol, ancol etylic. B. glucoz, andehit fomic, natri axetat.
C. glucoz, glixerol, axit axetic. D. glucoz, glixerol, natri axetat.
Cu 23. un nng xenluloz trong dung dch axit v c, thu c sn phm l
A. saccaroz. B. glucoz. C. fructoz. D. mantoz.
Cu 24. Tinh bt, xenluloz, saccaroz, mantoz u c kh nng tham gia phn ng
A. ho tan Cu(OH)2. B. trng ngng. C. trng gng. D. thy phn.
Cu 25. Cho dy cc cht: glucoz, xenluloz, saccaroz, tinh bt, fructoz. S cht trong dy
tham gia phn ng trng gng l
A. 3. B. 4. C. 2. D. 5.
Cu 26. Cho cc dung dch sau: saccaroz, glucoz, anehit axetic, axit fomic, metylfomat,
vinylaxetat, glixerol, ancol etylic, axetilen, fructoz. S lng dung dch c th tham gia phn ng
trng gng l
A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6.
Cu 27. Cho cc chuyn ho sau:
X + H2O Y
0
xt
/t
Y + H2 Ni/ t Sobitol
0
Y E +Z
0
xt
/t
X, Y v Z ln lt l:
A. xenluloz, fructoz v kh cacbonic. B. tinh bt, glucoz v ancol etylic.
C. xenluloz, glucoz v kh cacbon oxit. D. tinh bt, glucoz v kh cacbonic.
Cu 28. Bng di y ghi li hin tng khi lm th nghim vi cc cht sau dng dung dch
nc : X, Y, Z, T v Q
Cht X Y Z T Q
Thuc th
Qu tm khng i khng i khng i khng i khng i
mu mu mu mu mu
Dung dch AgNO3/NH3, un khng c Ag khng c khng c Ag
nh kt ta kt ta kt ta
Cu(OH)2, lc nh Cu(OH)2 dung dch dung dch Cu(OH)2 Cu(OH)2
khng tan xanh lam xanh lam khng tan khng tan
Nc brom kt ta khng c khng c khng c khng c
trng kt ta kt ta kt ta kt ta
Cc cht X, Y, Z, T v Q ln lt l
A. Glixerol, glucoz, etylen glicol, metanol, axetanehit
B. Phenol, glucoz, glixerol, etanol, anehit fomic
C. Anilin, glucoz, glixerol, anehit fomic, metanol
D. Fructoz, glucoz, axetanehit, etanol, anehit fomic
Cu 29. Cho cc pht biu sau v cacbohirat:
(a) Glucoz v saccaroz u l cht rn c v ngt, d tan trong nc.
(b) Tinh bt v xenluloz u l polisaccarit
(c) Trong dung dch, glucoz v saccaroz u ha tan Cu(OH)2, to phc mu xanh lam.
(d) Khi thy phn hon ton hn hp gm tinh bt v saccaroz trong mi trng axit, ch thu
c mt loi monosaccarit duy nht.
(e) Khi un nng glucoz (hoc fructoz) vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thu c Ag.
(g) Glucoz v saccaroz u tc dng vi H2 (xc tc Ni, un nng) to sobitol.
S pht biu ng l:
A. 6 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
Cu 30. Cht tham gia phn ng trng gng l
A. xenluloz. B. tinh bt. C. glucoz. D. saccaroz.
Cu 31. Khi thu phn tinh bt ta thu sn phm cui cng l:
A.mantoz. B. frutoz. C. glucoz. D. saccaroz.
Cu 32. xc nh trong nc tiu ca ngi benh nhn i tho ng ngi ta dng:
A. Axit axetit B. ng (II) hidroxit C. ng oxit D. Natri hidroxit
Cu 33. Cu no ng trong cc cu sau: Tinh bt v xenluloz khc nhau v
H1 H2
A B
C ( H1, H2 l hiu sut phn ng tng giai on)
H1 H 2
+ Lng C thu c thc t: mC = mC(l thuyt). .
100 100
100 100
+ Lng A cn ly ban u: mA (cn ly ban u) = mA (phn ng) . .
H1 H 2
Cu 40. un nng dd cha 14,4 g glucoz vi ddAgNO3/NH3 th khi lng Ag thu c l (bit
hiu sut phn ng l 80%):
A. 21,6g B. 15,55 g C. 17,82 g D. 14,4 g
Cu 41. un nng dd cha m g glucoz vi ddAgNO 3/NH3 th thu c 32,4 g Ag .Gi tr m l
(bit hiu sut ca phn ng l 90%:
A. 10 B. 25 C. 30 D. 40
Cu 42. Thu phn 62,5 gam dung dch Saccaroz 17,1% trong mi trng axit thu c dung dch
X (vi hiu sut thu phn 80%). Cho AgN3/NH3 d vo dung dch X un nh th khi lng Ag
thu c l
A. 7,65 gam B. 13,5 gam C. 16 gam D. 10,8 gam
Cu 43. Thy phn 68,4 gam saccaroz vi hiu sut 60%. Dung dnh sau phn ng chia thnh hai
phn bng nhau. Phn I tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 d thu c x mol Ag. Phn II
lm mt mu va dung dch cha y mol brom. Gi tr ca x, y ln lt l:
A. 0,24; 0,06. B. 0,12; 0,06. C. 0,32; 0,1. D. 0,48; 0,12.
Cu 44. Lng glucoz thu c khi thu phn 1kg khoai cha 20% tinh bt (hiu sut t 81%)
l:
A. 162g B. 180g C. 81g D.90g
Cu 45. Ln men 2kg nho vi hm lng glucoz l 30% th khi lng ancol etylic thu c l:
(Bit hiu sut ln men t 60%)
A.184 gam B.138 gam C.276 gam D.92 gam
Cu 46. Cho m gam glucoz ln men, kh thot ra c dn vo dd nc vi trong d thu c
55,2g kt ta trng. Tnh khi lng glucoz ln men, bit hiu sut ln men l 92%.
A. 54 B. 58 C. 84 D. 46
Cu 47. Cho m g tinh bt ln men sn xut ancol etylic. Ton b CO 2 sinh ra cho vo dung dch
Ca(OH)2 ly d c 750 gam kt ta. Hiu sut mi giai on thy phn v ln men l 80%. Gi
tr ca m l:
A.940 g B.949,2 g C.950,5 g D.1000 g
Cu 48. T 16,20 tn xenluloz ngi ta sn xut c m tn xenluloz trinitrat (bit hiu sut
phn ng tnh theo xenluloz l 90%). Gi tr ca m l
A. 26,73. B. 33,00. C. 25,46. D. 29,70.
Cu 49. T m tn xenluloz ngi ta sn xut c 1,782 tn xenluloz trinitrat (bit hiu sut
phn ng tnh theo xenluloz l 80%). Gi tr ca m l
A. 1,521. B. 1,215. C. 1,125. D. 1,251.
Cu 50. iu ch 53,46 kg xenluloz trinitrat (hiu sut 60%) cn dng t nht V lt axit
nitric 94,5% (D = 1,5 g/ml) phn ng vi xenluloz d. Gi tr ca V l
A. 24. B. 40. C. 36. D. 60.
A. KIN THC CN NM
AMIN
n a min n a min
- Cc dung dch mui amoni ca amin tc dng d dng vi dung dch kim ti to li amin ban
u:
CH3NH3Cl + NaOH CH3NH2 + NaCl + H2O
C6H5NH3Cl + NaOH C6H5NH2 + NaCl + H2O
* So snh lc baz gia cc amin: Nhng nhm y electron, chng hn cc gc ankyl (-
CH3 , - C2H5) s lm cho tnh baz tng ln. Ngc li nhm phenyl (-C6H5 ) c hiu ng ht
electron, s lm tnh baz yu i.
Ta c lc baz : NaOH >R-NH-R> RNH2 > NH3 > C6H5NH2 > (C6H5)2NH
(R l nhm y e nh -CH3, -C2H5 ,. )
Th d: NaOH > CH3NHCH3 > CH3NH2 > NH3 > C6H5NH2> C6H5NHC6H5
Hoc: NaOH > C2H5NH2 > CH3NH2 > NH3 > C6H5NH2 > (C6H5)2NH
2. Phn ng th nhn thm ca anilin.
- Nguyn t Br th d dng (d hn so vi benzen) vo v tr ortho, para (tng t nh phenol)
NH2 NH2
Br Br
+ 3Br2 + 3HBr
Br
2, 4, 6 tribromanilin (M=330)
Hay : C6H5NH2 + 3Br2 C6H2Br3NH2 trng + 3HBr
- Tng t phenol:
C6H5OH + 3Br2 C6H2Br3OH trng + 3HBr
3. Phn ng t chy amin no, n chc mch h
1
CnH2n + 3N + (3n + 1,5)/2 O2 nCO2 + (n +1,5) H2O + N2
2
* Nhn xt : T h s PTHH ta d thy:
namin n = nN = 2 n N 2
n H 2O - n CO 2 =1,5namin no n
nO2 = nCO2 + nH2O (Bo ton nguyn t oxi)
AMINO AXIT
m muoi - m AA
Dng tng - gim khi lng, ta tm c mol chc COOH : n-COOH =
22
Th d: H2N-CH2-COOH + NaOH H2N-CH2-COONa
HOOC-C3H5(NH2)-COOH + 2NaOH NaOOC- C3H5(NH2)-COONa
3. Phn ng este ho ca nhm cacboxyl
HClkhi
H2NCH2COOH + C2H5OH
H2NCH2COOC2H5 + H2O
4. Phn ng trng ngng
nNH2 [CH2]5-COOH > (- NH [CH2]5CO -)n + nH2O
T capron (nilon 6)
IV. ng dng: Mt s amino axit c dng ph bin nh mui mononatri ca axit glutamic
(NaOOCCH2-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH) dng lm gia v gi l m chnh hay bt ngt.
PEPTIT
Trong phn t peptit gm cc gc -amino axit lin kt vi nhau theo mt trt t nghim ngt.
Nu thay i trt t s to ra cc ng phn khc nhau.
- Nu phn t peptit cha n gc - amino axit khc nhau th s ng phn peptit l: n!
Th d 1: S tripeptit cha ng thi c Ala, Val v Gly l bao nhiu?
Tr li: 3! = 6 ( n = 3)
Ala-Val-Gly Ala-Gly-Val Gly-Ala-Val
Gly-Val-Ala Val-Gly-Ala Val-Ala-Gly
- S i, tri, tetra, ... n peptit ti a thu c t hn hp cha x aminoaxit khc nhau l: xn
Th d 2: S ipeptit ti a thu c khi un nng hn hp gm: Ala, Val, Gly ?
A. 8 B. 18 C. 4 D. 9
Tr li: 32 = 9 (n = 2, x = 3) (p n D)
Ala-Ala ; Gly-Gly ; Val-Val ; Ala-Gly ; Gly-Ala ; Ala-Val ; Val-Ala ; Gly-Val ; Val-Gly
o
II. TNH CHT VT L: Cc peptit thng th rn, c tnc cao v d tan trong nc.
III. TNH CHT HA HC
a. Phn ng mu biure :
- Dd tripeptit tr ln ho tan Cu(OH)2 to ra dd phc cht c mu tm c trng.
- Protein (lng trng trng) + Cu(OH)2 dd phc mu tm
- Lu : ipeptit ch c mt lin kt peptit nn khng c phn ng ny (Th d: Ala-Gly)
b. Phn ng thy phn:
- Khi un nng dd peptit vi axit hoc kim, peptit b thy phn thnh chui peptit ngn hn v
cui cng l cc - amino axit ring l.
- Khi thy phn peptit (to bi -aminoaxit cha 1 nhm COOH, 1 nhm NH 2) n cng bng
xt H+ ta thu c mui ca -aminoaxit:
o
(-AA)n + (n-1)H2O + nHCl
t
nClH3N-R-COOH
- Khi thy phn peptit (to bi -aminoaxit cha 1 nhm COOH, 1 nhm NH 2) n cng
bng dd NaOH ta thu c mui ca -aminoaxit:
o
(-AA)n + nNaOH
t
nH2N-R-COONa + H2O
* Lu : Khi thu phn peptit bng dd kim sn phm lun to 1 phn t H 2O
=> n H 2O = n peptit
Th d: Khi thu phn khng hon pentapeptit Ala-Gly-Ala-Gly-Glu th c th thu c bao nhiu
ipeptit khc nhau?
A. 2 B. 4 C. 3 D. 5
Tr li:
Khi b thu phn cc lin kt peptit b t 1 cch ngu nhin, c th to cc ipeptit sau:
Ala-Gly ; Gly-Ala ; Gly-Glu => p n C.
c. Phn ng trng ngng to peptit
o
nH2N-R-COOH
xt,t
(-AA)n + (n-1)H2O
D. Natriphenolat (C6H5ONa)
Cu 30. Dy cc cht no sau y u khng lm i mu qu tm:
A. Axit glutamic, valin, alanin
B. Axit glutamic, lysin, glyxin
C. Alanin, lysin, phenyl amin
D. Anilin, glyxin, valin
Cu 31. Glyxin khng tc dng c vi dung dch no sau y?
A. NaHSO4. B. NaHCO3. C. NH3. D. KNO3.
Cu 32. Cht no sau y va tc dng c vi H2NCH2COOH, va tc dng c vi CH3NH2?
A. NaCl. B. HCl. C. CH3OH. D. NaOH.
Cu 33. Cht rn khng mu, d tan trong nc, kt tinh iu kin thng l
A. C6H5NH2. B. C2H5OH. C. H2NCH2COOH. D. CH3NH2.
Cu 34. Cho dy cc cht: C6H5NH2 (anilin), H2NCH2COOH, CH3CH2COOH, CH3CH2CH2NH2,
C6H5OH (phenol). S cht trong dy tc dng c vi dung dch HCl l
A. 4. B. 2. C. 3. D. 5.
Cu 35. Cho dy cc dung dch: axit axetic, phenylamoni clorua, natri axetat, metylamin, glyxin,
phenol (C6H5OH). S dung dch trong dy tc dng c vi dung dch NaOH l
A. 6. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5.
Cu 36. Cp cht no ng thi tc dng c vi dung dch HCl v vi dung dch NaOH?
A. H2NCH2COOH v C6H5NH2. B. CH3COONH4 v C2H5NH2.
C. CH3COONH4 v HCOOH3NCH3. D. CH3CH(NH2)COOH v C6H5OH.
Cu 37. chng minh aminoaxit l hp cht lng tnh ta c th dng phn ng ca cht ny ln
lt vi
A. dung dch KOH v dung dch HCl. B. dung dch NaOH v dung dch NH3.
C. dung dch HCl v dung dch Na2SO4 . D. dung dch KOH v CuO.
Cu 38. phn bit 3 dung dch H2NCH2COOH, CH3COOH v C2H5NH2 ch cn dng mt thuc
th l
A. dung dch NaOH. B. dung dch HCl. C. natri kim loi. D. qu tm.
Cu 39. Cht dng lm gia v thc n gi l m chnh hay bt ngt c cng thc cu to l
A. NaOOCCH2CH2CH(NH2)COONa.B. NaOOCCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH.
C. NaOOCCH2CH(NH2)CH2COOH. D. NaOOCCH2CH(NH2)CH2COONa.
Cu 40. Tri peptit l hp cht
A. m mi phn t c 3 lin kt peptit.
B. c lin kt peptit m phn t c 3 gc amino axit ging nhau.
C. c lin kt peptit m phn t c 3 gc amino axit khc nhau.
D. c 2 lin kt peptit m phn t c 3 gc -amino axit.
Cu 41. C bao nhiu tripeptit m phn t cha 3 gc amino axit khc nhau?
A. 3 cht. B. 5 cht. C. 6 cht. D. 8 cht.
Cu 42. Trong cc cht di y, cht no l ipeptit ?
A. H2N-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-CH2-COOH.
B. H2N-CH2-CO-NH-CH(CH3)-COOH.
cng n thi THPT Quc gia 2017 Trang 32
Trng THPT Hng Ng 1 - T Ha hc
C. H2N-CH2-CO-NH-CH(CH3)-CO-NH-CH2-COOH.
D. H2N-CH(CH3)-CO-NH-CH2-CO-NH-CH(CH3)-COOH
Cu 43. T glyxin (Gly) v alanin (Ala) c th to ra my cht ipeptit ?
A. 1 cht. B. 2 cht. C. 3 cht. D. 4 cht.
Cu 44. S ng phn tripeptit c cha gc ca c glyxin v alanin l
A. 6. B. 3. C. 5. D. 4.
Cu 45. C cc amino axit: glyxin (Gly), alanin (Ala) v valin (Val). C th iu ch c bao
nhiu tripeptit m trong mi phn t tripeptit u cha ng thi c 3 amino axit trn ?
A.4. B. 8. C.6. D. 3.
Cu 46. Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh thy phn cc protein n gin nh cht xc tc thch
hp l
A. -aminoaxit. B. -aminoaxit. C. axit cacboxylic. D. este.
Cu 47. ipeptit Gly-Ala c cng thc cu to ng l:
A. H2N-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-CH2-COOH.
B. H2N-CH2-CO-NH-CH(CH3)-COOH.
C. H2N-CH2-CO-NH-CH(CH3)-CO-NH-CH2-COOH.
D. HOOC-CH2-NH-CO-CH(CH3)-NH2
Cu 48. Mt ipeptit c khi lng mol bng 146. ipeptit l:
A. Ala-Ala B. Gly-Ala C. Gly-Val. D. Gly-Gly.
Cu 49. Thuc th c dng phn bit Gly-Ala-Gly vi Gly-Ala l
A. Cu(OH)2 trong mi trng kim. B. dung dch NaCl.
C. dung dch HCl. D. dung dch NaOH.
Cu 50. X c cng thc H2N-CH2-CONH-CH(CH3)-CONH-CH2-COOH. Tn gi ca X l?
A. Glyxylalanylglyxyl. B. Glyxylalanylglyxin
C. Alanylglyxylglyxin D. Glyxinalaninglyxin
Cu 54. (THPTQG 2015) Amino axit X trong phn t c mt nhm NH2 v mt nhm COOH.
Cho 26,7 gam X phn ng vi lng d dung dch HCl, thu c dung dch cha 37,65 gam mui.
Cng thc ca X l
cng n thi THPT Quc gia 2017 Trang 33
Trng THPT Hng Ng 1 - T Ha hc
A. H2N-[CH2]4-COOH. B. H2N-[CH2]2-COOH.
C. H2N-[CH2]3-COOH. D. H2N-CH2-COOH.
Cu 55. Cho 100 ml dung dch amino axit X nng 0,4M tc dng va vi 80 ml dung dch
NaOH 0,5M, thu c dung dch cha 5 gam mui. Cng thc ca X l
A. H2NC3H6COOH B. H2NC3H5(COOH)2
C. (H2N)2C4H7COOH D. H2NC2H4COOH
Cu 56. un nng 14,6 gam Gly-Ala vi lng d dung dch NaOH. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon
ton, thu c dung dch cha m gam mui. Gi tr m l:
A. 22,6 B. 18,6 C. 20,8 D. 16,8
Cu 57. un nng 8,12 gam Gly-Gly-Ala vi lng d dung dch NaOH. Sau khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton, thu c dung dch cha m gam mui. Gi tr m l:
A. 10,6 B. 12,2 C. 10,8 D. 16,8
CHNG 4: POLIME
A. KIN THC CN NM
I CNG V POLIME
xt, to, p
nCH2 CH CH2 CH n
Cl Cl
vinyl clorua poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC)
b. Phn ng trng ngng: L qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh (monome) thnh phn t
ln(polime) ng thi gii phng nhng phn t khc (Th d: H2O)
- ieu kien cua phan ng trung ngng: phan t monome phai
co t hai nhom chc tr len.
nHOOC-C6H4-COOH + n HO-CH2-CH2-OH
t0
(-CO-C6H4-COO-CH2-CH2-O-)n + 2n H2O
axit terephtalic etylen glicol poli(etylen terephtalat) t lapsan
xt, to, p
nH2N[CH2]5COOH NH[CH2]5CO n + nH2O
VT LIU POLIME
1. Cht do
Cht do: l nhng vt liu polime c tnh do.
Vt liu compozit: l nhng vt liu hn hp gm t nht hai thnh phn phn tn vo nhau m
khng tan vo nhau.
Mt s loi polime dng lm cht do nh:
Tn polime P/ng iu ch t monome
Polietilen - PE xt, to, p
nCH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 n
etilen polietilen(PE)
Poli(vinylclorua) - xt, to, p
nCH2 CH CH2 CH n
PVC
Cl Cl
vinyl clorua poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC)
Polipropilen - PP
Poli(metyl
metacrylat)
( Thy tinh hu c)
2. T
a. Khi nim: l nhng vt liu polime hnh si di v mnh vi bn nht nh
b.Phn loi: gm 2 loi chnh
T ha hc
T thin nhin
T tng hp T bn tng hp (nhn to)
bng, len, t tm Nilon-6; nilon-6,6; t lapsan... t visco, t xenluloz axetat
Mt s loi t thng gp :
Tn gi PTHH iu ch t monome
xt, to, p
nH2N[CH2]5COOH NH[CH2]5CO n + nH2O
Nilon 6
(axit 6-aminohexanoic)
(T capron)
CH2 CH2 CH2 xt, to, p
n C=O NH[CH2]5CO n
CH2 CH2 NH
lactam
xt, to, p
nH2N[CH2]6COOH HN[CH2]6CO n + nH2O
Nilon 7
(T enang) Axit -aminoetanoic Nilon 7
(axit 7-aminoheptanoic)
Nilon 6,6
xt, to, p
nNH2[CH2]6NH2 + nHOOC[CH2]4COOH NH[CH2]6NHCO[CH2]4CO n + 2nH2O
Poli acrilonitrin
(T nitron
hay T olon)
3. Cao su:
a. Khi nim: Cao su l loi vt liu polime c tnh n hi
b. Hai loi cao su:
- Cao su thin nhin: t m cao su
xt, to, p CH2 C CH CH2 n
nCH2 C CH CH2
CH3 CH3
2-metylbuta-1,3-dien (isopren) poliisopren (cao su isopren)
- Cao su tng hp
Tn gi PTHH iu ch t monome
Cao su
buna nCH2=CH-CH=CH2
Na, t
0
( CH 2 CH = CH CH 2 )n
buta-1,3-ien (butaien) polibutaien (cao su buna)
Cao su nCH2 CH CH CH2 + nCH
o
CH2 t , p, xt CH2 CH CH CH2 CH CH2 n
buna-S C6H5 C 6 H5
Cao su o
nCH2 CH CH CH2 + nCH CH2 t , p, xt CH2 CH CH CH2 CH CH2
buna-N n
CN CN
* T nilon-6,6 , nilon-7 v nilon - 6: c lin kt amit nn b phn hu trong mi trng axit hoc
kim, nhit .
* T lapsan: c chc este nn b thy phn trong mi trng axit hoc kim, hoc b phn hy bi
nhit
Cu 11. Cho cc loi t: bng, t capron, t xenluloz axetat, t tm, t nitron, t visco, nilon-6,6.
S t tng hp l
A. 3 B. 4 C. 2 D. 5
Cu 12. Polime no sau y l polime thin nhin?
A. cao su buna B. cao su isopren C. amiloz D. nilon-6,6
Cu 13. T gm 2 loi l
A. t ha hc v t tng hp. B. t thin nhin v t nhn to.
C. t ha hc v t thin nhin. D. t tng hp v t nhn to.
Cu 14. Cho cc polime: amiloz (1); cao su isopren (2); xenluloz axetat (3); thy tinh hu c (4);
t tm (5); rezit (6 ). s lng polime thin nhin, tng hp, nhn to (bn tng hp) ln lt l
A. 2; 3; 1. B. 1; 2; 3. C. 2; 2; 2. D.2;l;3.
Cu 15. Cho cc polime: PE (1); amilopectin (2); amilozo (3); cao su lu ha (4); thy tinh hu c
(5); glicogen (6 ); PVC (7). s lng polime c mch phn nhnh l
A. 3 B. 4 C. 2 D. 1
Cu 16. Polime no sau y c tng hp bng phn ng trng ngng ?
A. poliacrilonitrin B. poli(metyl metacrylat)
C. polistiren D. poli(etylen - terephtalat)
Cu 17. Lm th no phn bit c cc dng lm bng da tht v bng da nhn to
(PVC)?
A. t da tht khng cho mi kht, t da nhn to cho mi kht.
B. t da tht cho mi kht v da nhn to khng cho mi kht,
C. t da tht khng chy, da nhn to hy.
D. t da tht chy, da nhn to khng chy.
Cu 18. Polime c cng thc [(-CO-(CH2)4-CO-NH-(CH2)6-NH-]n thuc loi no?
A. Cht do B. T nilon C. Keo dn D. Cao su
Cu 19. T enng l sn phn c iu ch t monome no y?
A. Axit aminoenantoic C. Hexametylendiamin
C. Caprolactam D. Vinylclorua
Cu 20. T no sau y khng thuc loi t poliamit?
A. T enng C. T axetat
C. T capron D. T nilon 6,6
Cu 21. Cho cc t sau: t xenluloz axetat, t capron, t nitron, t visco, t nilon-6 ,6 . C bao nhiu
t thuc loi t poliamit ?
A. 2 B. 1 C.4 D.3
Cu 22. Dy gm nhng polime no sau y u c dng lm cht do ?
A. Poli(vinyl axetat), polietilen, poliacrilonitrin, poli(phenol-fomandehit).
B. poli(phenol-fomandehit), poli(vinyl axetat), poli(vinyl clorua), polietilen.
C. Poli(vinyl axetat), poli(vinyl clorua), poliacrilonitrin, polibutaien.
D. Poli(metyl metacrylat), polietilen, poli(etylen-terephtalat), tinh bt.
Cu 23. T nilon-6,6 c tng hp t phn ng
ln lt l
A. CH3CH2OH v CH3CHO. B. CH3CH2OH v CH2=CH2.
C. CH2CH2OH v CH3-CH=CH-CH3. D. CH3CH2OH v CH2=CH-CH=CH2.
Cu 40. Polime c cu trc mng khng gian (mng li) l
A. PE. B. amilopectin. C. PVC. D. nha
bakelit.
C. BI TP TON (VN DNG)
Cu 41. Phn t khi trung bnh ca PVC l 750000. H s polime ho ca PVC l
A. 12.000 B. 15.000 C. 24.000 D. 25.000
Cu 42. Phn t khi trung bnh ca polietilen l 420000. H s polime ho ca PE l
A. 12.000 B. 13.000 C. 15.000 D. 17.000
Cu 43. Mt on mch PVC c khong 1000 mt xch. Hy xc nh khi lng
ca on mch .
A. 62500 vC B. 625000 vC C. 125000 vC D.
250000vC.
Cu 44. Khi lng ca mt on mch t nilon-6,6 l 27346 vC v ca mt on mch t capron
l 17176 vC. S lng mt xch trong on mch nilon-6,6 v capron nu trn ln lt l
A. 113 v 152. B. 121 v 114. C. 121 v 152. D. 113 v 114.
Cu 45. hn t khi trung bnh ca cao su thin nhin v thy tinh hu c plexiglat l 36720 v
47300 (vC). S mt xch trung bnh trong cng thc phn t ca mi loi polime trn l
A. 540 v 550 B. 540 v 473 C. 680 v 473 D. 680 v 550
- Xeton : - CO- + H2
CH3-CO-CH3 CH3-CHOH-CH3
Ni,t 0
C H linh ng: C kh
- Chc -OH (ancol, phenol) K, Na 2R-OH + 2Na 2R-ONa + H2 thot khi
- Chc -COOH 2RCOOH + 2Na 2RCOONa + H2 dung dch
- Phenol C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O
- Chc -COOH
(axit cacboxylic; R-COOH + KOH RCOOK + H2O
aminoaxit) Dung dch
kim RCOOR + NaOH to
- Este RCOONa + ROH
NaOH;
CH3NH3Cl
+ NaOH CH3NH2 + NaCl +
- Mui ca amoni KOH
H2O
RCO-NHR + NaOH R-COONa + NH2
- Peptit
R
cng n thi THPT Quc gia 2017 Trang 43
Trng THPT Hng Ng 1 - T Ha hc
C12H22O11 + H2O
+ o phn
xt H ,t
2C6H12O6
- isaccarit, polisacarit + o
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O
xt H ,t
n C6H12O6
HC CH
AgNO3 /NH3
Ag - C C - Ag
- Ank-1-in
CH C-CH2OH
AgNO3 /NH3
vng
Hoc c CC u mch
CAgCCH2OH
AgNO /NH
Dung dch R-CH=O 3
to
3
R-COONH4 + 2Ag
- Chc andehit -CHO AgNO3 / AgNO3 /NH 3 ,t o
RCOO-CH=CHR 2Ag
NH3 P trng
HCOO-R
AgNO3 / NH 3
to
2Ag bc (trng
- Este fomat, mui fomat gng)
HCOONH4
AgNO3 /NH 3
to
2Ag
o
- Gluco, Fructo, Manto C6H12O6
AgNO3 /NH 3 ,t
2Ag
- C 2 chc - OH lin k 2C2H4(OH)2
Cu(OH )2
[C2H4(OH)O]2Cu
(Poliancol, Gluco, Fructo,
Dd phc xanh lam
Sacca, Manto) Cu(OH)2
- T Tripeptit tr ln P to phc
nhit To phc cht mu tm (P mu biur)
(C t 2 lk peptit) thng cht
- Chc -COOH
2R-COOH + Cu(OH)2 (RCOO)2Cu +
(axit cacboxylic,
2H2O
aminoaxit)
Cu(OH)2 -CHO -COONa+Cu2O
Cu(OH ) /NaOH
2
to
- Chc andehit -CHO gch
un nng +2H2O
- Chc -COOH Mui
-COOH + HCO 3- -COO- + CO2 + H2O
2-
(axit cacboxylic, CO ;3
2-COOH + CO32- 2-COO- + CO2 + H2O
aminoaxit) HCO -
3
xt, to, p
nCH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 n
- C lin kt pi, mch h Trng hp
etilen polietilen(PE)
To polime
- Trong phn t c 2 nhm Trng
chc tr ln ngng
A. KIN THC CN NM
I. V TR CA KIM LOI TRONG HTTH. CU TO CA KIM LOI
1. V tr ca kim loi:
- Nhm IA (tr H); nhm IIA; nhm IIIA (tr B) , nhm B v h Lantan v Actini.
2. Cu to ca kim loi:
- Cu to nguyn t:
+ Hu ht cc nguyn t kim loi c t electron lp ngoi cng (1,2 hoc 3).
+ Trong cng chu k, nguyn t ca nguyn t kim loi c bn knh nguyn t ln hn v
in tch ht nhn nh hn so vi nguyn t ca nguyn t phi kim.
- Cu to tinh th:
+ Mng tinh th lc phng. V d: Be, Mg, Zn,
+ Mng tinh th lp phng tm din. V d: Cu, Ag, Al,
+ Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi ( km c kht nht). V d: Li, Na, K,
3. Lin kt kim loi: L lin kt c hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion dng kim loi
v cc electron t do.
II. TNH CHT CA KIM LOI. DY IN HO CA KIM LOI .
1. TNH CHT VT L CHUNG:
iu kin thng cc kim loi trng thi rn (tr Hg,) c tnh do, dn in, dn nhit v c
nh kim. Nguyn nhn tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi gy nn bi s c mt ca cc e t do
trong mng tinh th kim loi .
2. TNH CHT VT L RING:
Kim loi khc nhau c khi lng ring, nhit nng chy v tnh cng khc nhau.
V D: - Kim loi c khi lng ring ln nht l: Os
- Kim loi c khi lng ring nh nht l: Li
- Kim loi c nhit nng chy cao nht l: W
- Kim loi c nhit nng chy thp nht l: Hg
- Kim loi c tnh cng ln nht l: Cr
- Kim loi c tnh cng nh nht l: Cs
3. TNH CHT HO HC:
Tnh cht ho hc chung ca kim loi l tnh kh: M Mn+ + ne
- Tc dng vi phi kim:
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 ; 3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4 ;
0 0
t t
Fe + S FeS; Hg + S HgS ;
0
t
- Tc dng vi nc:
Ch c cc kim loi nhm IAv IIA, tr Be, Mg) kh H 2O nhit thng, cc kim loi cn
li kh c H2O nhit cao hoc khng kh c.
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
Kim loi l cht kh (b oxi ha). Nc l cht oxi ha (b kh)
- Tc dng vi dung dch mui:
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
Fe cht kh (b oxi ha), Cu2+ cht oxh (b kh)
Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Fe2+ Hg Ag Pt Au
Tnh oxi ha ca ion kim loi tng, tnh kh ca kim loi gim
- So snh tnh cht cp oxi ha kh
So snh tnh cht gia cc cp oxi ha kh: Ag+ /Ag v Cu2+/Cu, Zn2+/Zn, nhn thy:
Tnh oxh cc ion: Ag+> Cu2+> Zn2+
Tnh kh: Zn > Cu > Ag
- ngha dy in ha: Cho php d on chiu phn ng gia 2 cp oxh kh theo qui tc
cht oxh mnh + cht kh mnh cht oxh yu + cht kh yu .
Zn2+ Cu2+
Zn Cu Zn + Cu2+ Zn2++ Cu
Hg22+ Ag+
Hg Ag Hg + 2Ag+ Hg2++ 2Ag
IV . HP KIM:
- KHI NIM: Hp kim l vt liu gm mt kim loi c bn v mt s kim loi hoc phi kim
khc.
VD: Thp, gang, inox, hp kim uyra, . ..
- TNH CHT: Hp kim c nhiu tnh cht ha hc tng t tnh cht ca cc n cht tham
gia to thnh hp kim, nhng tnh cht vt l v tnh cht c hc ca hp kim li khc nhiu tnh
cht cc n cht.
V. S N MN KIM LOI
1. S n mn kim loi
- Khi nim chung: n mn kim loi l s ph hy kim loi hay hp kim do tc dng ca cc
cht trong mi trng.
- Bn cht ca s n mn kim loi l s oxi ha kim loi thnh ion kim loi:
M Mn+ +ne
2. Phn loi:
n mn ha hc v n mn in ha.
a. n mn ha hc:
Phng php ny dng iu ch cc kim loi c hot ng trung bnh (sau Al)
b. Phng php thy luyn:
Dng kim loi t do c tnh kh mnh hn kh ion kim loi trong dung dch mui.
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
Phng php ny dng iu ch cc kim loi hot ng yu (sau H)
c. Phng php in phn:
* in phn hp cht nng chy: Dng dng in kh ion kim loi trong hp cht nng chy
(oxit, hidroxit, mui halogen)
dpnc
2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2
cng n thi THPT Quc gia 2017 Trang 47
Trng THPT Hng Ng 1 - T Ha hc
4NaOH
dpnc
4Na + O2 + 2H2O
Phng php ny dng iu ch kim loi c hot ng mnh (t u n Al)
* in phn dung dch: Dng dng in kh ion trong dung dch mui.
CuCl2
dpdd
Cu + Cl2
CuSO4 + H2O dpdd
Cu + 1/2O2+ H2SO4
Phng php ny dng iu ch cc kim loi trung bnh, yu (sau Al).
* Tnh lng cht thu c cc in cc:
m = A.I.t/(n.F)
m: Khi lng cht thot ra in cc (gam)
A: Khi lng mol ca cht
n: S electron trao i.
t: Thi gian in phn (giy, s)
I: Cng dng in (ampe, A)
F: S Faraday (F = 96500).
Cu 55. Ho tan hon ton 3,9 gam kali vo 36,2 gam nc thu c dung dch c nng
A. 15,47%. B. 13,97%. C. 14,0% D. 4,04%.
Cu 56. Ha tan hon ton 3,22 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Mg v Zn bng mt dch H2SO4 long,
thu c 1,344 lt hiro ( ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,52. B. 10,27. C. 8,98. D. 7,25.
Cu 57. Cho 3,68 gam hn hp gm Al v Zn tc dng vi mt lng va dung dch H 2SO4
10%, thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Khi lng dung dch thu c sau phn ng l
A.101,68 gam. B. 88,20 gam. C. 101,48 gam. D. 97,80 gam.
Cu 58. Ha tan hon ton 2,81g hn hp gm Fe2O3, MgO, ZnO trong 50 ml dung dch H2SO4 1M
long va . Sau phn ng thu c hn hp mui khan l
A. 3,81g B. 6,81g C. 5,81g D. 4,8g
Cu 59. Nung nng 16,8 gam hn hp gm Al, Cu, Fe, Zn vi mt lng d kh O 2, n khi cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 23,2 gam cht rn X. Th tch dung dch HCl 2M va
phn ng vi cht rn X l
A.400 ml. B. 200 ml. C. 800 ml. D. 600 ml.
Cu 60. Cho 4,5 gam hn hp X gm Na, Ca v Mg phn ng ht vi O 2 d thu c 6,9 gam hn
hp Y gm 3 oxit. Cho Y phn ng va vi V lt dung dch HCl 1M. Gi tr ca V l
A.0,60. B.0,12. C.0,15. D.0,30.
Cu 61. Ho tan hon ton m gam Cu trong dung dch HNO3 thu c 1,12 lt hn hp kh NO v
NO2 (ktc) c t khi hi i vi H2 l 16,6. Gi tr ca m l
A. 8,32. B. 3,90. C. 4,16. D. 6,40.
Cu 62. Ho tan hon ton 3 gam hp kim Cu Ag trong dung dch HNO 3 c, ngi ta thu c
1,568 lit kh mu nu duy nht (ktc). Thnh phn % khi lng ca Cu v Ag ln lt l:
A. 63; 37. B. 36; 64. C. 64; 36. D. 40; 60.
Cu 63. Ho tan 19,2 gam Cu trong axit H2SO4 c, nng th th tch kh SO2 (ktc) thu c l:
Cu 68. Cho hn hp ( dng bt ) gm 5,6 gam Fe v 4,8 gam Mg vo 680ml dung dch AgNO 3
1M. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton c rn kim loi Y. Thnh phn mol mi cht trong Y l:
A. Ag ( 0,6) B. Ag ( 0,4), Fe ( 0,1)
C. Ag ( 0,68) D. Ag ( 0,6), Fe ( 0,02)
Cu 69. Cho 2,24 gam bt st vo 200 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm AgNO 3 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2
0,5M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X v m gam cht rn Y. Gi tr
ca m l
A. 2,80. B. 4,08. C. 2,16. D. 0,64.
Cu 70. Cho mt hn hp gm 0,56 gam Fe v 0,64 gam Cu vo 100ml dung dch AgNO 3 0,45M.
Khi kt thc phn ng thu c dung dch X . Nng mol/lt ca dung dch Fe(NO3)2 trong X l:
A. 0,04 B. 0,05. C. 0,055. D. 0,045.
Cu 71. Cho 0,1 mol Fe vo dung dch cha 0,28 mol AgNO 3. Sau khi phn ng hon ton thu
c dung dch M c thnh phn mol:
A. Fe3+ ( 0,28/3) B. Fe2+ (0,1), Ag+ (0,08)
C. Fe2+ (0,1), Fe3+ (0,08) D. Fe2+ (0,02), Fe3+ (0,08)
Cu 72. Ha tan 5,6 gam bt kim loi Fe vo 400 ml dung dch AgNO 3 1M. Sau khi phn ng hon
ton thy c m gam cht rn khng tan. Gi tr m l
A. 32,4g B. 43,2g C. 39,9g D. 21,6g
Cu 73. Cho m gam Mg vo dung dch cha 0,12 mol FeCl3. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu
c 3,36 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,16. B. 5,04. C. 4,32. D. 2,88.
Cu 74. Cho 19,3 gam hn hp bt Zn v Cu c t l mol tng ng l 1 : 2 vo dung dch cha 0,2
mol Fe2(SO4)3. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c m gam kim loi. Gi tr ca m l
A. 6,40 B. 16,53 C. 12,00 D. 12,80
Cu 1. Kh hon ton a gam FexOy bng kh CO nhit cao thu c 6,72 gam st v 7,04 gam
kh CO2. Cng thc ha hc ca FexOy l:
A. FeO B. Fe2O3 C. Fe3O4 D. Khng tm c
Cu 2. em 8 gam mt oxit kim kh hon ton bng kh CO thu c 3,36 lt CO 2 ktc. Lng
kim loi sinh ra cho vo dung dch HCl ( d) thy thot ra 2,24 lt H2 ktc. Cng thc oxit l
A. FeO B. Fe3O4 C. Fe2O3 D. ZnO
Cu 3. in phn 100ml dd CuSO4 0,1 M cho n khi catot bt u xut hin bt kh th ngng
in phn. Xem th tch dung dch thay i khng ng k, pH ca dung dch sau in phn l
A. 1 B. 2 C. 1,3 D. 0,7
Cu 4. Tin hnh in phn 150ml dung dch CuSO4 1M vi hai in cc tr, sau mt thi gian,
khi ngng in phn thy khi lng dd gim 8 gam. S mol CuSO4 cn d sau phn ng l :
A. 0,05mol B. 0,1 mol C. 0,09 mol D. 0,07 mol
Cu 5. in phn dd CuSO4 vi 2 in cc tr vi I= 9,65 A. Khi c hai in cc u c 1,12 lt kh
thot ra(ktc) th ngng in phn. Thi gian in phn l:
A. 500s B. 1000s C. 2000s D. 2500s
A. KIN THC CN NM
KIM LOI KIM
a. Nguyn tc: kh ion kim loi kim thnh nguyn t kim loi : R+ + 1e R
b. Phng php: in phn nng chy mui halogen hoc hidroxit ca chng.
2RCl pnc
2R + Cl2
4ROH pnc
4R + 2H2O + O2
Th d: iu ch Na bng cch in phn nng chy NaCl v NaOH
2NaCl pnc
2Na + Cl2
4NaOH pnc
4Na + 2H2O + O2
V. ng dng
- Kali v natri c dng lm cht trao i nhit trong l phn ng ht nhn.
- Xesi dng lm t bo quang in.
I. V TR CU HNH ELECTRON
- Thuc nhm IIA, gm c: 4Be, 12Mg, 20Ca, 38Sr, 56Ba, 88Ra . u c 2e lp ngoi cng
- Cu hnh electron: Be (Z=4) 1s22s2 hay [He]2s2
Mg (Z=12) 1s22s22p63s2 hay [Ne]3s2
Ca (Z= 20) 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 hay [Ar]4s2
II. TNH CHT VT L
- C nhit nng chy, nhit si, tnh cng cao hn kim loi kim nhng vn tng i
thp.
- Mng tinh th: Be, Mg : mng lc phng Ba: mng lp phng tm khi.
Ca, Sr : mng lp phng tm din
III. TNH CHT HO HC
C tnh kh mnh (nhng yu hn kim loi kim): R R2+ + 2e
1. Tc dng vi phi kim:
o
Ca + Cl2
t
CaCl2
o
2Mg + O2
t
2MgO
2. Tc dng vi axit:
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2
I. NH NGHA
Nc c cha nhiu ion Ca2+, Mg2+ gi l nc cng (nc khng cha hoc cha t Ca2+, Mg2+
gi l nc mm)
II. PHN LOI
-Nc cng tm thi l nc - Nc cng vnh cu l nc - Nc cng ton phn l
cng cha ion Ca2+, Mg2+, cng cha ion Ca2+, Mg2+ , Cl- nc cng cha ng thi ion
HCO3- hoc SO42- Ca2+, Mg2+ , HCO3-, Cl- hoc
2-
Th d: Ca(HCO3)2 , Th d: CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4, SO4 (bao gm nc cng tm
Mg(HCO3)2 MgSO4 thi v nc cng vnh cu)
Th d: CaCl2, Mg(HCO3)2
III. LM MM NC CNG
1. Nguyn tc: Gim nng cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ trong nc cng, bng cch chuyn
nhng ion t do ny vo hp cht khng tan hoc thay th chng bng nhng cation khc
2. Phng php lm mm nc cng
- Lm mm tnh cng tm thi:
t0
+ un si: Ca(HCO3)2
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
t0
Mg(HCO3)2
MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O
+ Dng Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3 hoc Na3PO4
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
- Lm mm tnh cng vnh cu v ton phn: dng Na2CO3 hoc Na3PO4
Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaHCO3
3MgCl2 + 2Na3PO4 Mg3(PO4)2 + 6NaCl
Phng trnh ion:
M2+ + CO32- MCO3
M2+ + PO43- M3(PO4)2
NHM
I. V TR V CU TO
- Nhm c s hiu nguyn t 13, thuc chu k 3, nhm IIIA, chu k 3 BTH
- Cu hnh e 13 Al : 1s22s22p63s23p1 hay [Ne]3s23p1 .
Al3+ : 1s22s22p6
13
Sn phm Al(OH)3 sinh ra dng keo s bao bc ly l nhm, lm nhm khng tip xc vi
nc nn phn ng trn lp tc ngng li. Mt khc nhng vt bng nhm c ph mng Al 2O3 rt
mng, mn, bn nn khng cho nc v kh thm qua. Nn xem nh Al khng phn ng vi nc
5. Tc dng vi dung dch kim.
Nhm tan trong dung dch kim :
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 (dd) + 3H2 (2Al + OH- + H2O AlO2- + 3H2 )
Hin tng trn c gii thch nh sau:
- Ban u mng bo v Al2O3 bao ph bn ngoi l nhm b ph hy trong dung dch kim:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2+ 2H2O (1)
- Sau nhm tc dng vi nc:
2Al + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 +3H2 (2)
- Al(OH)3 bao ph bn ngoi l nhm b tan khi khi tc dng vi NaOH:
Al(OH)3 + NaOH 2NaAlO2 (dd) + 3H2 (3)
- Phn ng (2), (3) c lp li cho n khi nhm tan ht.
* Nhn xt: Khi Al tc dng dd NaOH
Bo ton mol electron:
3.nAl = 2. n H 2
Da vo h s trn phng trnh ho hc:
nAl = n OH -
Al tuy c phn ng vi c axit v baz nhng Al khng phi l cht lng tnh.
IV. NG DNG V SN XUT.
1. ng dng: Ch to my bay, t, tn la, tu v tr, trang tr ni tht, bt nhm trn bt
st( tecmit) dng hn ng ray.
2. Sn xut:
+ Nguyn liu: dng qung boxit Al2O3.2H2O
+ Phng php: in phn Al2O3 nng chy ( hn hp Al2O3 vi criolit Na3AlF6):
2Al2O3 pnc
4Al + 3O2
Hin tng: xut hin kt ta keo trng. Kt ta khng tan khi CO2 d.
- Khi cho t t HCl n d vo dung dch NaAlO2 :
Ban u, thy xut hin kt ta keo trng:
NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl
Sau , nu HCl cn d. HCl d s ho tan dn kt ta:
Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
Cu 21. Kim loi khng b ha tan trong dung dch axit HNO 3 c, ngui nhng tan c trong
dung dch NaOH l
A. Fe B. Al C. Pb D. Mg
Cu 5. Cho phn ng: aAl + bHNO3 cAl(NO )
3 3 + dN 2 + eH2O.
Cu 9. Cho m gam hn hp X gm Na, K v Ba phn ng ht vi dung dch cha 0,1 mol FeCl 2 v
0,15 mol CuCl2. Kt thc cc phn ng thu c kt ta Z, dung dch Y v 0,3 mol H2. C cn ton
b dung dch Y thu c 40,15 gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 26,1. B. 36,9 C. 20,7 D. 30,9.
Cu 10. Cho hn hp X gm 2 kim loi kim tan ht trong 200ml dung dch cha BaCl2 0,3M v
Ba(HCO3)2 0,8M thu c 2,8 lt H2 ( dktc) v m gam kt ta. Tnh m?
A. 43,34 B. 49,25 C. 31,52 D. 39,4
Cu 22. Ho tan hon ton 12,42 gam Al bng dung dch HNO3 long (d), thu c dung dch X v 1,344 lt
( ktc) hn hp kh Y gm hai kh l N 2O v N2. T khi ca hn hp kh Y so vi kh H 2 l 18. C cn dung
dch X, thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
*Dng 6: Mui cacbonat (HCO3-, CO32-) tc dng vi dung dch axit v ngc li
Cu 34. Thm t t tng git dung dch cha 0,08 mol HCl vo dung dch cha 0,06 mol Na 2CO3.
Th tch kh CO2 (ktc) thu c bng:
A. 0,336 lt B. 0,896 lt C. 0,448 lt D. 1,344 lt
Cu 35. Thm t t tng git dung dch cha 0,06 mol Na 2CO3 vo dung dch cha 0,08 mol HCl
Th tch kh CO2 (ktc) thu c bng:
A. 0,336 lt B. 0,896 lt C. 0,448 lt D. 1,344 lt
Cu 36. Dung dch X cha hn hp gm Na 2CO3 1,5M v KHCO3 1M. Nh t t 200 ml dung dch
HCl 1M vo 100 ml dung dch X, sinh ra V lt kh ( ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 4,48 B. 1,12 C. 2,24 D. 3,36
Cu 37. Cho rt t t tng git cho n ht 200ml dung dch HCl 1M vo bnh cha 100ml dung
dch hn hp gm Na2CO3 1,5M v KHCO31M. Hp th ton b lng kh CO2 sinh ra vo dung
dch Ca(OH)2 d thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A: 10,0 B: 12,5 C: 5,0 D: 15,0
Cu 38. Nh t t tng git n ht 30 ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100 ml dung dch cha Na 2CO3
0,2M v NaHCO3 0,2M, sau phn ng thu c s mol CO2 l
A.0,020. B. 0,030. C. 0,015. D. 0,010.
Cu 39. Nh t t tng git n ht 100 ml dung dch cha Na 2CO3 0,2M v NaHCO3 0,2M vo 30
ml dung dch HCl 1M, sau phn ng thu c s mol CO2 l
A.0,020. B. 0,030. C. 0,015. D. 0,010.
*Dng 9: Mui nhm (Al3+) tc dng vi dung dch kim NaOH, Ca(OH)2
Cu 52. Th tch dung dch NaOH 0,25M cn cho vo 15 ml dung dch Al 2(SO4)3 0,5M thu c
lng kt ta ln nht l
A. 210 ml B. 90 ml C. 180 ml D. 60 ml
Cu 53. Cho 100 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo 300 ml dung dch Al 2(SO4)3 0,1M. Sau khi phn ng
xong thu c kt ta c khi lng l
A. 5,20 gam. B. 3,12 gam. C. 1,56 gam. D. 0,78 gam.
Cu 54. Cho 300 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M phn ng vi 100ml dung dch Al 2(SO4)3 0,1M. Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c a gam kt ta. Gi tr ca a l
A. 1,17. B. 2,34. C. 1,56. D. 0,78.
Cu 55. Cho 200 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M vo 125 ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,1M. Sau khi cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng kt ta thu c gn nht vi gi tr:
A. 9,32 gam B. 10,88 gam C. 14 gam D. 10,30 gam
Cu 56. Cho 200 ml dung dch KOH 0,9M; Ba(OH)2 0,2M vo 100 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,3M v
Al2(SO4)3 0,3M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng kt ta thu c l:
A. 9,32 gam B. 10,88 gam C. 14 gam D. 12,44 gam
Cu 57. Cho 300 ml dung dch gm Ba(OH) 2 0,4M v KOH 0,25 mol/lt vo 50 ml dung dch
Al2(SO4)3 1M. Sau khi kt thc cc phn ng thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 32,8. B. 27,96. C. 34,59. D. 6,63.
Cu 58. (Trch THPTQG 2016) Ha tan ht 0,54 gam Al trong 70 ml dung dch HCl 1M, thu
c dung dch X. Cho 75 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo X, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton,
thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 1,56. B. 0,39. C. 0,78. D. 1,17.
Cu 59. Ha tan ht 2,7 gam Al trong 400 ml dung dch HCl 1M, thu c dung dch X. Cho 250ml
dung dch NaOH 1M vo X, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr
ca m l
A. 15,6. B. 3,9. C. 7,8. D. 11,7.
CHNG 7: ST - CRM - NG
A. KIN THC CN NM
ST
I. V TR CU HNH ELECTRON:
St th 26, nhm VIIIB, chu k 4
Cu hnh electron: Fe (Z=26): 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 hay [Ar]3d64s2
Fe2+: 1s22s22p63s23p63d6 hay [Ar]3d6
Fe3+: 1s22s22p63s23p63d5 hay [Ar]3d5
II. TNH CHT VT L TRNG THI T NHIN
- St l kim loi mu trng hi xm, do, d rn. St c tnh dn in, dn nhit tt, c bit c
tnh nhim t.
- St chim khong 5% khi lng v Tri t, ng hng th hai trong cc kim loi (sau
nhm). Trong t nhin, st tn ti ch yu dng hp cht trong cc loi qung.
Qung st quan trng l :
Qung hematit (Fe2O3 khan), Qung hematit nu (Fe2O3.nH2o),
Qung manhetit (Fe3O4, giu st nht), Qung xierit (FeCO3),
Qung pirit st (FeS2).
III. TNH CHT HA HC:
St l kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh. Khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha yu Fe b oxi ha thnh
Fe , vi cht oxi ha mnh Fe b oxi ha thnh Fe3+.
2+
Fe Fe2+ + 2e
Fe Fe3+ + 3e
1. Tc dng vi phi kim:
Fe + S FeS
o
t
(Khi tc dng oxi thng thng to nhiu oxit st: FeO, Fe3O4 , Fe2O3)
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3
o
t
2. Tc dng vi axit:
Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
Fe + 4 HNO3 (long) Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
2Fe + 6H2SO4 (c) Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
o
t
Fe(OH)2 + H2SO4 (l) FeSO4 + 2H2O (Fe(OH)2 (r) + 2H+ Fe2+ + 2H2O )
3Fe(OH)2 + 10HNO3 (long) 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 8H2O
o
t
iu ch: 2Fe(OH)3 to
Fe2O3 + 3H2O
2. St (III) hidroxit: Fe(OH)3
- L kt ta mu nu , khng tan trong nc, c tnh baz.
Fe(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O
- iu ch: FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl ( Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3 )
3. Mui st (III):
- Mui st (III) c oxi ha, d b kh thnh mui st (II).
Fe + 2FeCl3 3FeCl2 ( Fe + 2Fe3+ 3Fe2+ )
Cu + 2FeCl3 CuCl2 + 2FeCl2 ( Cu + 2Fe3+ Cu2+ + 2Fe2+ )
2FeCl3 + 2HI 2FeCl2 + I2 + 2HCl
2FeCl3 + H2S 2FeCl2 + 2HCl + S
2FeS + S + 6NaCl
2FeCl3 + 3Na2S
- Mt s mui Fe(III) b thu phn khi tip xc vi H2O nh: Fe2(CO3)3, (CH3COO)3Fe
2FeCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6NaCl
VI. Oxit st t (Fe3O4)
- Ngoi FeO, Fe2O3 , trong t nhin ta cn dng oxit st l oxit st t (Fe3O4, Fe: +8/3).
- n gin ho, ta c th xem Fe3O4 l hn hp FeO.Fe2O3. Nh vy, oxit st t l mt oxit
baz, va c tnh kh, va c tnh oxi ho.
cng n thi THPT Quc gia 2017 Trang 78
Trng THPT Hng Ng 1 - T Ha hc
Fe3O4 + 8HCl FeCl2 + 2FeCl3 + 4H2O (Fe3O4 + 8H+ Fe2+ + 2Fe3+ + 4H2O)
3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3 9Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 14H2O
VII. HP KIM CA ST
1. Gang
- Gang l hp kim st cacbon (Cacbon t 2 5%) v mt s nguyn t khc: Si, Mn, P, S.
C hai loi: gang trng (cha t cacbon v silic) v gang xm (cha nhiu cacbon v silic)
- Sn xut gang:
Nguyn liu: qung st, than cc, cht chy CaCO3
Cc phn ng ho hc xy ra trong qu trnh luyn gang:
+ To cht kh CO: C + O2 CO
o
t
o
+ Phn ng kh oxit st: 3Fe2O3 + CO
400 C
2Fe3O4 + CO2
o
500- 600 C
Fe3O4 + CO 3FeO + CO2
o
700-800 C
FeO + CO Fe + CO2
CaO + CO2
o
+ Phn ng to x: CaCO3
1000 C
o
CaO + SiO2
1000 C
CaSiO3 (x silicat)
2. Thp
Thp l hp kim st cacbon (hm lng C t 0,01 2%) v mt lng rt t cc nguyn t Si,
Mn,...
Sn xut thp:
Nguyn liu: gang trng hoc gang xm, cht chy CaO, kh oxi
Cc phn ng xy trong qu trnh luyn thp. Dng kh O 2 loi b cc tp cht phi
kim.
Phn ng to x
CROM
I. V TR CU HNH ELECTRON:
th 24, thuc nhm VIB, chu k 4
Cu hnh electron: Cr (Z=24): 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1 hay [Ar]3d54s1
II. TNH CHT VT L
Crom c mu trng nh bc, rt cng (cng nht trong s cc kim loi), kh nng chy
(18900C). Crom l kim loi nng, c khi lng ring 7,2 g/cm3.
III. TNH CHT HO HC
- Crom c tnh kh mnh hn st, cc s oxi ha thng gp ca crom l: +2 , +3 , +6
1. Tc dng vi phi kim: to hp cht crom (III)
4Cr + 3O2 2Cr2O3
o
t
2. Tc dng vi nc:
Crom (Cr) khng tc dng vi nc bt k nhit no
3. Tc dng vi axit:HCl v H2SO4 to mui Cr+2
Cr + 2HCl CrCl2 + H2
Cr + H2SO4 CrSO4 + H2
Ch : Cr khng tc dng vi HNO3 c ngui v H2SO4 c ngui.
IV. HP CHT CA CROM
1. Hp cht crom (II)
a. Crom (II) oxit
- CrO l oxit baz, c tnh kh mnh. Trong khng kh CrO b oxi ho bi O2:
CrO + HCl CrCl2 + H2O
CrO + O2 Cr2O3
b. Crom (II) hidroxit
- Cr(OH)2 l cht rn mu vng, khng tan trong nc. Cr(OH)2 l mt baz, c tnh kh:
Cr(OH)2 + HCl CrCl2 + H2O
- Trong khng kh Cr(OH)2 b oxi ho bi O2 to Cr(OH)3
4Cr(OH)2 (r) + O2 + 2H2O 4Cr(OH)3
Mu vng lc xm
- iu ch: cho mui Cr (II) tc dng vi dung dch baz trong mi trng khng c khng kh
CrCl2 + 2NaOH Cr(OH)2 + 2NaCl (Cr2+ + 2OH- Cr(OH)2 )
c. Mui Cr (II)
- Mui Cr2+ c tnh kh mnh.
2CrCl2 + Cl2 2CrCl3
4CrCl2 + O2 + 4HCl 4CrCl3 + 2H2O
- iu ch: Cho mui Cr3+ tc dng vi Zn trong mi trng axit ( khng cho oxi tip xc Cr2+)
2CrCl3 + Zn 2CrCl2 + ZnCl2 ( 2Cr3+ + Zn 2Cr2+ + Zn2+ )
2. Hp cht crom (III):
a. Crom (III) oxit:
- Cr2O3 l cht bt mu lc thm, khng tan trong nc v l mt oxit lng tnh tan trong dd
axit v dd kim c
o
Cr2O3 + 2NaOH()
t
2NaCrO2 + H2O
Cr2O3 + 6HCl 2CrCl3 + 3H2O
- Cr2O3 c dng to mu lc cho s, thy tinh.
b. Crom (III) hidroxit :
- Cr(OH)3 l hiroxit lng tnh, kt ta nhy, mu lc xm, tan c trong dung dch axit v
dung dch kim.
Cr(OH)3 + NaOH NaCrO2 + 2H2O
Cr(OH)3 + 3HCl CrCl3 + 3H2O
cng n thi THPT Quc gia 2017 Trang 80
Trng THPT Hng Ng 1 - T Ha hc
- C tnh kh:
2Cr(OH)3 + 3Br2 + 10NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 6NaBr + 8H2O
- B phn hu bi nhit to oxit tng ng :
2Cr(OH)3 Cr2O3 + 3H2O
- Cr(OH)3 to phc c vi NH3 (tng t Cu(OH)2 )
Cr(OH)3 (rn) + 6NH3 (lng) [Cr(NH3)6](OH)3 (dd)
c. Mui crom (III)
- Mui crom (III) c tnh kh v tnh oxi ha.
- Trong mi trng axit, mui crom (III) c tnh oxi ha b Zn kh thnh mui crom (II)
2CrCl3 + Zn
2CrCl 2 + ZnCl 2 ( 2Cr3+ + Zn 2Cr2+ + Zn2+ )
Cr2 (SO 4 )3 + Zn
2CrSO 4 + ZnSO 4
- Trong mi trng kim, mui crom (III) c tnh kh v b cht oxi ha mnh oxi ha thnh
mui crom (VI).
2CrCl3 + 3Br2 + 16KOH 2K 2CrO4 + 6KBr + 6KCl + 8H 2O
NG
I. V TR CU HNH ELECTRON:
th 29, thuc nhm IB, chu k 4.
Cu hnh electron: Cu (Z=29) 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1 hay [Ar]3d104s1
Cu2+ : 1s22s22p63s23p63d9 hay [Ar]3d9
II. TNH CHT HA HC:
L kim loi km hot ng, c tnh kh yu.
1. Tc dng vi phi kim:
2Cu + O2 2CuO
o
t
Cu + Cl2 CuCl2
o
t
2. Tc dng vi axit:
- Cu khng phn ng vi dd HCl, H2SO4(l) nhng khi sc kh oxi th c phn ng xy ra:
2Cu + 4HCl + O2 2CuCl2 + 2H2O
o
t
Cu 15. Cho vo ng nghim mt vi tinh th K 2Cr2O7 , sau thm tip khong 1ml nc v lc
u K2Cr2O7 tan ht, thu c dung dch X. Thm vi git dung dch KOH vo dung dch X, thu
c dung dch Y. Mu sc ca dung dch X v Y ln lt l :
A. mu da cam v mu vng chanh B. mu vng chanh v mu da cam
C. mu nu v mu vng chanh D. mu vng chanh v mu nu
Cu 16. Al v Cr ging nhau im:
A. cng tc dng vi HCl to ra mui c mc oxi ha l +3
B. cng tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d to ra cht Na[M(OH)4]
C. cng tc dng vi kh clo to ra mui c dng MCl3
D. cng b th ng trong dung dch nc cng toan
Cu 17. Cho dy cc cht: Cr(OH)3, Al2(SO4)3, Mg(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, Cr(OH)2 , MgO, Al2O3, CrO3.
S cht trong dy c tnh cht lng tnh l
A. 5. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.
Cu 18. Dung dch FeSO4 lm mt mu dung dch no sau y?
A. Dung dch KMnO4 trong mi trng H2SO4 B. Dd K2Cr2O7 trong mi trng
H2SO4
C. Dung dch Br2. D. C A, B, C.
Cu 19. Sc kh Cl2 vo dung dch CrCl3 trong mi trng NaOH. Sn phm thu c l
A. NaCrO2, NaCl, H2O B. Na2CrO4, NaClO, H2O
C. Na[Cr(OH)4], NaCl, NaClO, H2O D. Na2CrO4, NaCl, H2O
Cu 20. Cho phn ng K2Cr2O7 + HCl KCl + CrCl3 + Cl2 + H2O . S phn t HCl b oxi ha l
A. 3 B. 6 C. 8 D. 14
Cu 21. Cho phn ng : NaCrO2 + Br2 + NaOH Na2CrO4 + NaBr + H2O
Khi cn bng phn ng trn, h s ca NaCrO2 l
A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.
Cu 22. C bao nhiu phn ng ha hc xy ra khi cho CrO, Cr 2O3, Cr(OH)3 tc dng vi dung
dch HCl nng, dung dch NaOH nng:
A. 5 B. 6 C. 4 D. 3
Cu 23. Cht no sau y khng lng tnh?
A. Cr(OH)2 B. Cr2O3 C. Cr(OH)3 D. Al2O3
Cu 24. Cho dy bin i sau
+ HCl + Cl + NaOHdu Br 2 / NaOH T
Cr X 2
Y Z
X, Y, Z, T l
A. CrCl2, CrCl3, NaCrO2, Na2CrO7. B. CrCl2, CrCl3, Cr(OH)3, Na2CrO4.
C. CrCl2, CrCl3, NaCrO2, Na2CrO4. D. CrCl2, CrCl3, Cr(OH)3, Na2CrO7.
Cu 25. Cho s chuyn ho gia cc hp cht ca crom:
+(Cl +KOH) + H SO +(FeSO +H SO )
Cr(OH)3 +KOH
X
2
Y 2
Z
4 4 2 4
T
Cc cht X, Y, Z, T theo th t l:
A. K2CrO4; KCrO2; K2Cr2O7; Cr2(SO4)3. B. KCrO2; K2Cr2O7; K2CrO4; Cr2(SO4)3.
C. KCrO2; K2Cr2O7; K2CrO4; CrSO4. D. KCrO2; K2CrO4; K2Cr2O7; Cr2(SO4)3.
Cu 26. Cho phn ng: NaCrO2+ Br2 + NaOH Na2CrO4 + NaBr + H2O. H s cn bng ca
NaCrO2 l
A. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Cu 27. Cho hn hp Fe, Cu phn ng vi dung dch HNO 3 long. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, thu
c dung dch ch cha mt cht tan v kim loi d. Cht tan l
A. HNO3. B. Fe(NO3)2. C. Cu(NO3)2. D.
Fe(NO3)3.
Cu 28. Cho hn hp X gm Mg v Fe vo dung dch axit H 2SO4 c, nng n khi cc phn ng
xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch Y v mt phn Fe khng tan. Cht tan c trong dung dch Y l
A. MgSO4 v FeSO4. B. MgSO4.
C. MgSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3. D. MgSO4, Fe2(SO4)3 v FeSO4.
Cu 29. Hn hp rn X gm Al, Fe 2O3 v Cu c s mol bng nhau. Hn hp X tan hon ton trong
dung dch
A. NaOH (d). B. HCl (d). C. AgNO3 (d). D.
NH3(d).
Cu 30. Cho s chuyn ho (mi mi tn l mt phng trnh phn ng):
+ dd X + dd Y + dd Z
NaOH Fe(OH)2 Fe2(SO4)3 BaSO4.
A. FeCl3, H2SO4 (c, nng), Ba(NO3)2. B. FeCl3, H2SO4 (c, nng), BaCl2.
C. FeCl2, H2SO4 (c, nng), BaCl2. D. FeCl2, H2SO4 (long), Ba(NO3)2.
Cu 31. Ha tan hon ton Fe3O4 trong dung dch H2SO4 long (d) c dung dch X1. Cho lng
d bt Fe vo dung dch X1 (trong iu kin khng c khng kh) n khi phn ng xy ra hon
ton, thu c dung dch X2 cha cht tan l
A. Fe2(SO4)3 v H2SO4. B. FeSO4. C. Fe2(SO4)3. D. FeSO 4 v
H2SO4.
Cu 32. Tch Ag ra khi hn hp Fe, Cu, Ag th dng dung dch no sau y?
A. HCl B. HNO3 m c C. Fe(NO3)3 D. NH3
Cu 33. Tn ca cc qung cha FeCO3 , Fe2O3 , Fe3O4 , FeS2 ln lt l g ?
A. Hemantit, pirit, manhetit, xierit B. Xierit, hemantit, manhetit, pirit
C. Xierit, manhetit, pirit, hemantit D. Pirit, hemantit, manhetit, xierit
Cu 34. Cho dy cc cht: Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3. S cht trong dy khi tc dng vi
dung dch HNO3 long sinh ra sn phm kh (cha nit) l:
A. 5 B. 2 C. 4 D. 3
Cu 35. Dy gm cc cht ch c tnh oxi ha l
A. Fe2O3, Fe2(SO4)3 B. FeO, Fe2O3 C. Fe(OH)2, FeO D. Fe(NO3)2, FeCl3
Cu 36. Cho tng cht Fe, FeO, Fe(OH) 2, Fe(OH)3, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, Fe(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, FeSO4,
Fe2(SO4)3, FeCO3 ln lt phn ng vi HNO3 c nng. S phn ng thuc loi oxi ho- kh l
A. 5. B. 8. C. 6. D. 7.
Cu 37. Cho hn hp gm Fe v Zn vo dung dch AgNO 3 n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton,
thu c dung dch X gm hai mui v cht rn Y gm hai kim loi. Hai mui trong X l
A. AgNO3 v Zn(NO3)2. B. Fe(NO3)3 v Zn(NO3)2.
C. Fe(NO3)2 v AgNO3. D. Zn(NO3)2 v Fe(NO3)2.
Cu 38. Cho hn hp bt Al, Fe vo dung dch cha Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3. Sau khi cc phn ng
xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp rn gm ba kim loi l
A. Fe, Cu, Ag. B. Al, Cu, Ag. C. Al, Fe, Cu. D. Al, Fe, Ag.
Cu 39. Cho hn hp bt Mg v Zn vo dung dch cha Cu(NO 3)2 v AgNO3. Sau phn ng thu
c 2 kim loi, dung dch gm 3 mui l
cng n thi THPT Quc gia 2017 Trang 85
Trng THPT Hng Ng 1 - T Ha hc
Cu 51. Cho Fe tan ht trong dung dch HNO3 long, c dung dch X. Bit dung dch X c th
ho tan Cu, v khi tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 c kt ta xut hin. Dung dch X cha
A. Fe(NO3)2, HNO3 B. Fe(NO3)3, HNO3
C. Fe(NO3)2 v Fe(NO3)3 D. Fe(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, HNO3
Cu 52. Cho m gam Fe vo V ml dung dch hn hp H2SO4 long v HNO3 n phn ng hon ton
thu c dung dch A, cht rn B v hn hp kh C gm NO v H 2. Mui st c mt trong dung
dch A l:
A. Fe(NO3)3 v FeSO4. B. Fe(NO3)3. C. FeSO4. D. Fe(NO3)2 v FeSO4.
2+
Cu 53. Cu hnh electron ca ion Cu l
A. [Ar]3d7. B. [Ar]3d8. C. [Ar]3d9. D. [Ar]3d10.
Cu 27. Cho Cu tc dng vi dung dch hn hp gm NaNO3 v H2SO4 long s gii phng kh no
sau y ?
A. NO2. B. NO. C. N2O. D. NH3.
Cu 28. Xem phn ng: aCu + bNO3 + cH
- +
dCu + eNO + fH2O
2+
Cu 49. em ho tan 5,6g Fe trong dung dich HNO 3 long sau khi phn ng kt thc, thy cn li
0,56g cht rn khng tan v V lt NO (kc). Tnh V
A. 1,344 B. 1,12 C. 4,48 D. 2,016
Cu 50. Cho 20 gam st vo dung dch HNO 3 long ch thu c sn phm kh duy nht l NO.
Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, cn d 3,2 gam st. Th tch NO thot ra iu kin tiu chun
l:
A. 2,24 lt B. 4,48 lt C. 6,75 lt D. 11,2 lt.
Cu 51. Cho 8,4 gam Fe vo dung dch HNO 3 long. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c
2,688 lt NO (kc) v dung dch A. Khi lng Fe(NO3)3 trong dung dch A l
A. 36,3 gam B. 30,72 gam C. 14,52 gam D. 16,2 gam
Cu 52. Cho 8,4 gam Fe tc dng vi dung dch cha 0,4 mol H 2SO4 c, nng (gi thit SO2 l sn
phm kh duy nht). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton c cn dung dch c m gam mui khan.
Gi tr ca m l
A. 22,8. B. 27,6. C. 35,2. D. 30.
Cu 53. Cho 19,2g Cu vo 1 lt dung dch gm H 2SO4 0,5M v KNO3 0,2M thy gii phng kh
NO. Tnh th tch kh NO ktC.
A. 1,12 lt. B. 2,24 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 3,36 lt.
Cu 54. Cho 1,92 gam Cu tc dng vi 100ml dung dch hn hp HNO 3 0,4M v H2SO4 0,2M, sn
phm kh duy nht l kh NO. S gam mui khan thu c l
A. 5,64 B. 5,08 C. 10,08 D. 8,84
Cu 55. Dung dch A cha 0,02 mol Fe(NO3)3 v 0,3 mol HCl c kh nng ho tan c Cu vi
khi lng ti a l:
A. 6,4g. B. 0,576g. C. 5,76g. D. 0,64g.
DNG 3 NHIT LUYN, NHIT NHM TM CNG THC OXIT ST
Cu 56. Kh hon ton 17,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 cn 2,24 lt CO ( ktc). Khi
lng st thu c l
A. 5,6 gam. B. 6,72 gam. C. 16,0 gam. D. 8,0 gam.
Cu 57. Kh hon ton 5,64 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe 3O4, Fe2O3 bng kh CO. Kh i ra sau
phn ng c dn vo dung dch Ca(OH)2d thy to ra 8 gam kt ta. Khi lng Fe thu c l
A. 4,63 gam B. 4,36gam C. 4,46 gam D. 4,64 gam
Cu 58. Thi rt chm 2,24 lt (ktc) mt hn hp kh gm CO v H 2 qua mt ng s ng hn hp
Al2O3, CuO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 c khi lng l 24 gam ang c un nng. Sau khi kt thc phn ng
khi lng cht rn cn li trong ng s l
A. 22,4 gam. B. 11,2 gam. C. 20,8 gam. D. 16,8 gam.
Cu 59. Cho kh CO nng qua ng s ng m gam Fe2O3 mt thi gian thu c 6,72 gam hn hp
X. Ha tan X vo dung dch HNO 3 d thy to thnh 0,448 lt kh NO (ktc) kh NO duy nht. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 5,56. B. 6,64. C. 7,20. D. 8,80.
Cu 60. Kh hon ton mt oxit st nhit cao cn va V lt kh CO (ktc), sau phn ng thu
c 0,84g Fe v 0,02 mol kh CO2. Cng thc ca X v gi tr ca V ln lt l?
A. FeO v 0,224 B. Fe2O3 v 0,448
C. Fe3O4 v 0,448 D. Fe3O4 v 0,224
A. KIN THC CN NM
NHN BIT CC ION V C
B. BI TP VN DNG
Cu 1. Ch dng dung dch KOH phn bit c cc cht ring bit trong nhm no sau y?
A. Zn, Al2O3, Al. B. Mg, K, Na. C. Mg, Al2O3, Al. D. Fe, Al2O3, Mg.
Cu 2: phn bit CO2 v SO2 ch cn dng thuc th l
A. dung dch Ba(OH)2. B. CaO. C. dung dch NaOH. D. nc brom.
Cu 3: C 5 dung dch ring r, mi dung dch cha mt cation sau y: NH 4+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Al3+ (nng khong 0,1M). Dng dung dch NaOH cho ln lt vo tng dung dch trn, c th
nhn bit ti a c my dung dch?
A. 2 dung dch. B. 3 dung dch. C. 1 dung dch. D. 5 dung dch.
Cu 4: C 5 l cha ho cht mt nhn, mi l ng mt trong cc dung dch cha cation sau
(nng mi dung dch khong 0,01M): Fe 2+, Cu2+, Ag+, Al3+, Fe3+. Ch dng mt dung dch thuc
th KOH c th nhn bit c ti a my dung dch?
A. 2 dung dch. B. 3 dung dch. C. 1 dung dch. D. 5 dung dch.
Cu 5: C cc l dung dch ho cht khng nhn, mi l ng dung dch khng mu ca cc mui
sau: Na2SO4, Na3PO4, Na2CO3, Na2S, Na2SO3. Ch dng thuc th l dung dch H2SO4 long nh
trc tip vo mi dung dch th c th c cc dung dch
A. Na2CO3, Na2S, Na2SO3. B. Na2CO3, Na2S.
C. Na3PO4, Na2CO3, Na2S. D. Na2SO4, Na3PO4, Na2CO3, Na2S, Na2SO3.
Cu 6: C 4 ng nghim khng nhn, mi ng ng mt trong cc dung dch khng mu sau(nng
khong 0,01M): NaCl, Na2CO3, KHSO4 v CH3NH2. Ch dng giy qu tm ln lt nhng vo
tng dung dch, quan st s i mu ca n c th nhn bit c dy cc dung dch no?
A. Hai dung dch NaCl v KHSO4. B. Hai dung dch CH3NH2 v KHSO4.
C. Dung dch NaCl. D. Ba dung dch NaCl, Na2CO3 v KHSO4.
Cu 7: phn bit dung dch Cr2(SO4)3 v dung dch FeCl2 ngi ta dng lng d dung dch
A. K2SO4. B. KNO3. C. NaNO3. D. NaOH.
Cu 8: C 4 mu kim loi l Na, Ca, Al, Fe. Ch dng thm nc lm thuc th c th nhn bit
c ti a
A. 2 cht. B. 3 cht. C. 1 cht. D. 4 cht.
Cu 9: nhn bit ion NO3- ngi ta thng dng Cu v dung dch H 2SO4 long v un nng,
bi v:
A. to ra kh c mu nu. B. to ra dung dch c mu vng.
C. to ra kt ta c mu vng. D. to ra kh khng mu ha nu trong khng kh.
Cu 10: C 4 dung dch l: NaOH, H2SO4, HCl, Na2CO3. Ch dng thm mt ha cht nhn
bit th dng cht no trong s cc cht cho di y?
A. Dung dch HNO3 B. Dung dch KOH. C. Dung dch BaCl2 D. Dung dch NaCl.
Cu 11: Sc mt kh vo nc brom, thy nc brom b nht mu. Kh l
A. CO2. B. CO. C. HCl. D. SO2.
Cu 12: Kh no sau c trong khng kh lm cho cc dng bng bc lu ngy b xm en?
A. CO2. B. O2. C. H2S. D. SO2.