NG M TING HN HIN I TRUNG QUC I LC

V I LOAN: MT VI IM KHC BIT

Trn Th Kim Loan*

Khoa Ngn ng v Vn ha Trung Quc, Trng i hc Ngoi ng, HQGHN,

Phm Vn ng, Cu Giy, H Ni, Vit Nam
Nhn bi ngy 22 thng 08 nm 2016
Chnh sa ngy 28 thng 12 nm 2016; Chp nhn ng ngy 05 thng 01 nm 2017
Tm tt: Bi vit thng qua phng php thng k t in v ng m hc thc nghim ch ra nhng
im khc bit c th v mt ng m ca ting Hn hin i c s dng Trung Quc i lc v i Loan.
Kt qu cho thy, ng m ting Hn Trung Quc i lc v i Loan tn ti mt s s khc bit r rt c
v thanh mu, vn mu v thanh iu. Nguyn nhn ca s khc bit ny l do ting i Loan b nh hng
ca cc phng ng a phng (ting Khch Gia, ting Mn Nam,), do nh hng ca thi quen, vn
ha, gio dc y v cng l do ting i Loan hin vn bo lu nhiu m c c v.v... Kt qu nghin cu
ca bi vit s gip cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh ting Trung Quc c s hiu bit hn v s khc bit trn
bnh din ng m ca ting ph thng Trung Quc v ting i Loan, khc phc c nhng tr ngi trong
giao tip vi ngi i Loan.

T kha: khc bit, ng m, ting Hn hin i, i Loan, Trung Quc i lc

1. t vn Vit Nam. Theo s liu thng k nm 2015

Ting Hn l mt trong su th ting c ca Cc u t nc ngoi (B K hoch v

Lin hp quc quy nh s dng chnh thc u t), i Loan hin l i tc u t vo

trn th gii. Ting Hn l ngn ng ca dn Vit Nam ln th 4 (s liu thng k ngy
tc Hn, ng thi cng l ngn ng chnh thc 30.12.2015)(1). Thc t cho thy, mt s lng
v thng dng Trung Quc i lc cng nh khng t sinh vin chuyn ngnh ting Trung
cng ng ngi Hoa sinh sng nc ngoi. Quc sau khi ra trng n lm vic ti cc
Tuy u c s dng trong x hi ngi Hoa cng ty i Loan. Tr ngi v mt ngn ng
nhng ting Hn Trung Quc i lc v i khin cc em gp khng t kh khn trong
Loan c s khc nhau nht nh v ng m, cng vic cng nh giao tip hng ngy vi
ng php, t vng v vn t. S khc bit y i tc. Ting i Loan (sau y gi tt l
c th hin r nt nht trn phng din ng quc ng) m ngi i Loan s dng tng
m v ng m chnh l v vt cht bn ngoi, l i xa l vi cc em bi trong trng hc
b ni ca h thng ngn ng. cc em mi ch c lm quen vi ting ph
thng Trung Quc (sau y gi tt l ting ph
Trong giai on hin nay, chnh sch ci
thng). Chnh v vy, tm hiu s khc bit ca
cch v m ca cho php nhiu nh u t
h thng ng m ting Hn c s dng
nc ngoi u t vo Vit nam. Bn cnh cc
i tc u t ln nh Nht Bn, Hn Quc, * T.: 84-985617266, Email: kimloantw@gmail.com
1
S liu thng k ngy 30.12.2015 (http://fia.mpi.gov.
Ma-lay-si-a, i Loan cng l khu vc c vn/tinbai/4220/Tinh-hinh-dau-tu-nuoc-ngoai-12-thang-
quy m u t ln kim ngch u t ln vo nam-2015)
T.T.K. Loan / Tp ch Nghin cu Nc ngoai, Tp 33, S 1 (2017) 50-59 51

i Loan v Trung Quc l iu ht sc cn pht m ting ph thng v quc ng vn tn

thit v cp bch, c tc dng h tr ln cho ti mt s im khc bit, c th nh sau:
vic dy hc ting Hn cho sinh vin chuyn
2.1. S khc bit thng qua phn tch file m
ngnh ting Trung Quc ti cc trng i hc
thanh
trong giai on hin nay.
(1) S khc bit v h thng thanh mu
2. Ni dung nghin cu
Nhm thanh mu zh/ch/sh v z/c/s
Bi vit kt hp phng php thng k
V thanh mu, s khc nhau c bn gia
t in v phn tch file m thanh ging c
ting ph thng v quc ng l trong quc ng
ca ngi i Loan v ngi Trung Quc i
hai nhm m zh, ch, sh v z, c, s
lc, tm ra nhng nt khc nhau trn phng c xu hng nhp li, khng phn bit c.
din ng m gia ting ph thng v quc Phn ln ngi i Loan pht m zh, ch,
ng. Trong , ng liu chnh c ly t sh thnh z, c, s trong giao tip hng
gio trnh i Loan ngy nay(2) (trang 1 n ngy. C th nhn thy, trong quc ng, nhm
trang 105) v cun T in ting Hn hin m u li sau zh, ch, sh ang dn dn
i thng dng ti hai b eo bin(3). T in mt i. V d:
ting Hn hin i thng dng ti hai b eo [1]zo1ng
bin l cun t in u tin c bin son ca2ngsi4
v lit k mt cch c h thng nht s khc (Bi 1 trang 3, gio
bit gia ting ph thng v quc ng. Cun trnh i Loan ngy nay )
t in ny c 45.000 t, bao gm c cm t
[2]
v thnh ng. Trong c 42.700 t thng
ze4nsu4nzese1n
dng c i Loan v Trung Quc, c 1.300
si4ze4ng
t ting ph thng thng dng v c khong
(Bi 1 trang 3, gio trnh i Loan
1.000 t quc ng thng dng. ng liu
ngy nay)
gio trnh i Loan ngy nay, chng ti mi 2
pht thanh vin ca i Loan v Trung Quc [3]so3usi4se4
c phn t mi v bi kha ca 5 bi u si4
tin, sau dng phn mm Praat(4) phn so4usi4(Bi 1 trang
tch nhng file m thanh . 3, gio trnh i Loan ngy nay)

Xt v mt l thuyt trn bnh din m iu ng ch y l phn ln thanh

h, ting ph thng v quc ng khng c s mu zh, ch, sh u pht m thnh z, s,
khc bit. iu c ngha, s lng thanh c, c th nh sau:
mu, vn mu, thanh iu, cao ca thanh Bng 1. Pht m nhm thanh mu zh/sh/
iu v.v v c bn u ging nhau. Nhng sh v z/c/s
kt qu phn tch m thanh thc t cho thy, Ch Ting ph Quc Ch Ting ph Quc
Hn thng ng Hn thng ng
2
2004 za3oche2n za3oce2n sui2zhe sui2ze
3
2003 qi2zho1ng qi2zo1ng ka1izha1ng ka1iza1ng
zhua1nxi1n zua1nxi1n zha2 za2
4
http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/ yi3sha4ng yi3sa4ng che2ngwe2i ce2ngwe2i
52 Tp ch Nghin cu Nc ngoai, Tp 33, S 1 (2017) 50-59

Ch Ting ph Quc Ch Ting ph Quc lnh th i Loan rt phong ph. Ngoi quc
Hn thng ng Hn thng ng ng l ngn ng thng dng nht ra, ting
bu4 cha2ng bu4 ca2ng shu2xi1 su2xi1
da4 shu4 da4 su4 fa1ngshi4 fa1ngsi4
Khch Gia v ting Mn Nam cng c s
zo3ng shi4 zo3ng si4 chu1njua3n chu1njua3n dng kh ph bin. Nhng phng ng c
qiu2cha3ng qiu2ca3ng zhu1jia3o zu1jia3o
nh hng ngc li i vi quc ng, v d
yo2uyo3ng yo2uyo3ng cha3o ca3o
chi2 ci2 mi3fe3n mi3fe3n nh s nhm ln gia f v h, n v l
gua4ng
ye4shi4
gua4ng
ye4si4
cho4u
do4ufu
co4u
do4ufu3
khng phn bit c, r i khi b pht m
ce2ngshi4 ce2ngsi4 chua2nto3ng cua2nto3ng thnh l, v.v... C th nh n pht m thnh

ge4zho3ng ge4zo3ng yua3nji4n yua3nji4n l (le2ngliu2lo2ng v.v...);
shui3guo3 sui3guo3 chi2mi2ng ci2mi2ng
l pht m thnh n (nia3ng

sho4u so4u
da4ochu4 da4ocu4 ne3ng v.v...); r pht m thnh l (le2n
hua1nyi2ng hua1nyi2ng ke3jia4n ke3jia4n

le4nshi2 v.v...). V d:
sha1ngpi3n sa1ngpi3n
zhe4ya4ng ze4ya4ng
sha1ngdia4n sa1ngdia4n
[4] ma1ma, wo3 fe2i
she2nme se2nme she1nye4 se1nye4
he2shi4 he2si4 shi2jia1n si2jia1n la2i le.
sha4on53 sa4on53 ya3ncha4ng ya3nca4ng
chi1fa4n ci1fa4n zhi1da4o zi1da4o [5] Ji1ntia1n tia1nqi4
fe3n le4.
(2000) (iu Yn Bn) cng
tng tin hnh iu tra s khc bit gia ting [6] Le4 de2 bu4 de2 lia3o.
ph thng v quc ng. ng quan st thy [7] ta1 ji1ntia1n
mt im th v: Trong mt s trng hp ke3le2ng bu4 la2i.
trang trng, nhm m u li sau (zh, ch,
(2) S khc bit v h thng vn mu
sh) v nhm m u li trc (z, c, s) b
ln ln. m u li sau pht thnh m u Vn un li er c xu hng bin mt
li trc, m u li trc pht thnh m Vn un li er c xu hng bin
u li sau, v d c lc c l si4, c mt l hin tng thng gp trong quc ng.
lc c l shi4, c lc c thnh si4 Theo kt qu nghin cu ca mt s hc gi,
, c lc li c thnh shi4. ng cng nhn ngoi tr mt s t c vn un li thng
mnh, ngi i Loan trong trng hp giao gp nh , ra, hin ti
tip thng ngy u ni thng li, ch trong i Loan khng ai c thi quen s dng vn
trng hp trang trng mi c pht thnh m un li. Qua phn tch file m thanh 5 bi
u li sau. Tuy nhin, trong nghin cu ny, u tin ca gio trnh i Loan ngy nay,
chng ti mi ch quan st c hin tng chng ti nhn thy vn un li er khng
nhm m u li sau (zh, ch, sh) c h xut hin mt ln no trong vn bn.
pht thnh nhm m u li trc (z, c,
s), cha quan st thy hin tng ngc li. i vi nhng t c hai cch ni nh
v , v , v
Nhm thanh mu r/f/h/n/l , ngi i Loan thng la chn s
Cng ging nh nhm m zh, ch dng ch khng dng
v sh, thanh mu r dn chuyn thnh nh ngi Trung Quc
m u li trc. Ngn ng s dng trn i lc.
T.T.K. Loan / Tp ch Nghin cu Nc ngoai, Tp 33, S 1 (2017) 50-59 53

Sau y l mt s t m trong ting ph c iu tra, c 5 em khng th phn bit

thng thng mang vn un li cn quc c n v ng, tt c u pht m ing
ng khng c. thnh in, 10 em c th phn bit c
Bng 2. Hin tng m un li trong ting nhng thng xuyn pht m sai. i vi
ph thng v quc ng n v ng, trng hp thng gp nht l
Quc ng
Ting ph Quc ng Ting ph pht m ng thnh n. Trong s 20 em sinh
thng thng
vin i hc c iu tra th 5 em cho rng

n v ng hon ton ging nhau, 3 em cho
rng gn ging nhau, 1 em cho rng nghe th

thy khc nhau nhng khi pht m th khng
phn bit c. Ngi i Loan thng pht

m ng thnh n trong m eng. V d:
C mt s t c to thnh bi vn mu le3n; se1n; zhe4n; che2n
er nh , , ngi i Loan v.v
thng ni thnh e2 (). iu ny dn n
Kt qu nghin cu ca (2000)
mt hin tng l e2 v e2r pht m ging
(iu Yn Bn) cng ph hp vi kt qu
nhau, hay ni mt cch khc ngi i Loan
thng k file m thanh trong ti: Mt s m
khng phn bit c e2r v e2. V d:
tit m cui ng chuyn thnh n, v d:
[8] wo3 yo3u lia3ng
ge e2zi [12] se1n
[9] zhe4 shi4 wo3 ze4ntrang 3,
n53e2 gio trnh i Loan ngy nay
V c bn, khi m un li t to thnh mt [13]
m tit th ngi i Loan thng ni thnh
se1nse1n
e hoc mt m gn ging vi e (bao gm
trang 85, gio trnh i Loan ngy nay
c nhng t nh
). Gii m i, u v 5 (3) S khc bit v h thng thanh iu

Xu hng gii m i, u cng bin Thanh nh c xu hng bin mt

mt trong khu ng ca ngi i Loan, 5 Thanh nh l nt c bit ca ting Hn.
c xu hng khng trn mi. V d:
Trong mt s trng hp, thanh 1, thanh 2,
[10] (m thanh 3 v thanh 4 s c c thp, nh v
bia3n" khng cn gii m i) ngn. Tuy nhin, trong giao tip thng ngy
[ 11 ] y a 2 n ( m ca ngi i Loan, thanh nh ch xut hin
yua2n" khng cn gii m 5) mt s tr t v lng t . Vn vi ng
liu l 5 bi kha trong gio trnh i Loan
Khng phn bit c m cui n v
ngy nay, c nhng t pht thanh vin ngi
ng
Trung Quc c thanh nh nhng pht thanh
(2000) (iu Yn Bn) ch r: vin ngi i Loan khng c thanh nh, c
Trong s 17 em hc sinh tiu hc i Loan th nh sau:
54 Tp ch Nghin cu Nc ngoai, Tp 33, S 1 (2017) 50-59

Bng 3. Hin tng s dng thanh nh trong v d:

ting ph thng v quc ng . Nhng trong quc ng, tr
Ch Ting ph Quc ng Ch Ting ph Quc nhng trng hp c mt thanh 3 hoc cn
Hn thng Hn thng ng
go1ngfu go1ngfu1 ka4nkan ka4nka4n
nhn mnh m tit ny l thanh 3 th mi c
a1njing a1nji4ng do1ngxi do1ngxi1 cao 2-1-4. Cn trong giao tip thng
yi3shang yi3sha4ng

bu4 za4ihu bu4 za4ihu1
ngy th ch pht m phn ging xung (2-1)
xi4ngqu xi4ngqu4 le4qu le4qu4 (, 1984) (Ngy T Minh). iu c
ko1ngqi ko1ngqi4 cho4u
do4ufu
cho4u
do4ufu3
ngha l thanh 3 trong quc ng c xu hng

re2nmen re2nme2n fa1ngbian fa1ngbia4n pht m thnh 2-1 ch khng ging nh trong
xi1nxian xi1nxia1n shu2xi shu2xi1 ting ph thng c hn ch v quy nh cht
wa3nshang wa3nsha4ng ka4njian ka4njia4n
re4nao re4na4o pe2ngyou pe2ngyo3u
ch nh vy.
di4fang di4fa1ng ho2ngniang ho2ngnia2ng
2.2. S khc bit thng qua phn tch kt qu
yi1fu yi1fu2 qi1nqi qi1nqi4
gua1nxi gua1nxi4 dui4xiang dui4xia4ng thng k t in
yi4jian yi4jia4n
Kt qu thng k cun T in ting Hn
Trong khu ng, c bit mt s t hin i thng dng ti hai b eo bin(5) cho thy:
xng h, khi ngi Trung Quc i lc gi
Thanh mu: phn ch m, khng c
nguyn thanh m tit th nht v pht m
s gp li ca zh, ch, sh v z, c,s.
thnh thanh nh m tit th hai th ngi
Trong t in, m zh, ch, sh v z, c,
i Loan li pht thnh thanh 3 m tit th
s c ch m r rng v ring bit, v d:
nht, m tit th hai pht m thnh thanh 2,
zho1 n gshi4 chi1
v d: zo1ngsi1ci2 v.v.. Nhm
Bng 4. Pht m t xng h ting ph m n, l, r, f v h trong t in
thng v quc ng cng c ch m r rng, khng c s nhm
Ch Hn Ting Quc ng ln hay nhp lm mt.
ph
thng Vn mu: m un li er c xu
ma1ma ma3ma2 hng t hn so vi ting ph thng. Tuy
ba4ba ba3ba2 )
nhin nhm m cui n v ng khng c
di4di di3di2
me4imei me3ime2i
s nhm ln.
shu1shu shu3shu2 Thanh iu: Kt qu thng k t in
qi2qi qi3qi2
cho thy, thanh nh trong ch m quc ng
Thanh 3 c thnh na thanh 3 cng t gp hn so vi ting ph thng. Tuy
nhin, thanh 3 trong ch m t in th khng
Ng m ting ph thng cng nh quc
nhn thy s chuyn ha t ton thanh 3 sang
ng u quy nh cao ca thanh 3 l 2-1-4.
na thanh ba.
Na thanh 3 y l ch phn ging xung
(2-1). Trong kt cu song m tit ca ting Chng ti thng k trong t in tng
ph thng, nhng m tit mang thanh 3 nu cng c 996 t c pht m khc nhau, trong
ng trc m tit mang thanh 1, 2, 4 hoc Thng k t in c s h tr ca sinh vin Nguyn
5

thanh nh th ch c phn ging xung (2-1), Hng Qu (051C1)

T.T.K. Loan / Tp ch Nghin cu Nc ngoai, Tp 33, S 1 (2017) 50-59 55

c 526 t khc nhau v thanh iu, 28 t khc ya2i. Sau y l mt s m tit c thanh
nhau v thanh mu, 50 t khc nhau v vn mu khc nhau hoc hai thnh phn khc nhau
mu, 47 t c hai thnh phn khc nhau tr tr ln (thanh mu v thanh iu):
ln v 345 t khc nhau mt s cch dng
Bng 7. m tit c hai thnh phn khc
c th. Nh vy, s khc nhau v pht m gia
nhau tr nn
ting ph thng v quc ng ch yu th hin Ch Ting ph Quc Ch Ting Quc
trn phng din thanh iu v mt s cch Hn thng ng Hn ph ng
thng
dng c th. la1ji1
le4se4 lu2n
li2n
(1) Cch c ton b m tit khc nhau ya2 ya2i ni2ng ne4ng
he2 ha4n she4 shi2
Vi cng mt ch Hn, ngha ging
na4 nuo2 () qi1 qu1
nhau hon ton hoc mt phn nhng cch
lua4n la4n
c hon ton khc nhau. V d:
(4) Thanh iu khc nhau
Bng 5. m tit pht m khc nhau
Ch Hn Ting ph thng Quc ng Bn cnh s khc nhau v thanh mu,

vn mu, ting ph thng v quc ng cn tn
zhe4n cho2u
ti rt nhiu m tit ch khc nhau v thanh
ji1 se4
iu. V d:
chen cha1ng
Bng 8. m tit c thanh iu khc nhau
wu3 huo
Ch Ting ph Quc Ch Ting ph Quc
qia4o ke2 Hn thng ng Hn thng ng
qi1 qi2 we1i we2i
(2) Thanh mu khc nhau qu1 qu2 tia1o tia2o
Cng c nhng m tit, ch Hn ging qi3 qi4 ju1n ju4n
shu1 shu2 xue1 xue4
nhau, ngha ging nhau hoc tng t nhng
shu1 shu2 die1 die2
thanh mu li khc nhau. V d:
we1i we2i fa4 fa3
Bng 6. Thanh mu pht m khc nhau
Ch Ting ph Quc Ch Ting ph Quc Trong 526 m tit c thanh iu khc
Hn thng ng Hn thng ng
nhau, thanh 1 chim phn ln trong ting ph
x5e4 n5e4 ci4 si4
thng (300 t), tip theo n thanh 4 (86 t),
jia4o xia4o cha1 ca1
thanh 3 (78 t), thanh 2 (40 t) v thanh nh
zho4u zo4u za4n zha4n
(22 t). Trong quc ng, thanh 2 chim a s
pa2n ma2n xia2o ya2o
vi 291 t, tip n l thanh 4 (149 t), thanh
(3) Vn mu khc nhau 1, thanh 3 v thanh nh.

S lng vn mu trong ting ph thng Bng 9. Kt qu khc nhau v s lng

v quc ng khc nhau khng nhiu, chnh thanh iu
Thanh iu Ting ph thng Quc ng
v vy chng ta kh pht hin thy s khc S lng S lng
nhau c h thng. Mt im ng ch l Thanh 1 300 45
trong quc ng cn bo lu mt s m c nh Thanh 2 40 291
56 Tp ch Nghin cu Nc ngoai, Tp 33, S 1 (2017) 50-59

Thanh 3 78 31 th d dng nhn thy: (1) Ch m trong t

Thanh 4 86 149 in v trong s dng thc t, quc ng c s
Thanh nh 22 10 khc bit nht nh; (2) Trong qu trnh giao
C mt s m tit thanh iu c bn tip hng ngy, ngi i Loan c xu hng
ging nhau, nhng khi xut hin trong mt s pht m un li thnh m thng li (zh,
trng hp c bit th thanh iu khc nhau, ch, sh chuyn thnh z, c, s, r
v d: thng li, er pht m ging e v.v...);
(3) Thanh nh trong quc ng t xut hin hn
: Nu l ng t th ting ph thng
so vi ting ph thng; (4) Thng k t in
v quc ng u c l fa1, nhng khi xut
cho thy, quc ng c nhiu d m, mt t c
hin trong t th ting ph thng c
nhiu cch c khc nhau.
thnh fa, quc ng c thnh fa3.
2.3. Nguyn nhn ca s khc bit
: Pht m l fa3 trong nhng t
nh , nhng khi xut hin trong Ng m ting ph thng t nm 1949
t th ting ph thng c thanh 3 n nay tri qua ba ln chnh sa chnh
fa3guo2, quc ng c thanh 4 fa4guo2. (nm 1957-1962, nm 1963 v nm 1982).
n nm 1985 cng b bn ng m chun,
: Khi xut hin trong t
trong phn ln d m t dng c lc
th ting ph thng c thanh 3
di3, quc ng c thanh 2 di2. b, gim bt hin tng a m trong ting
Hn. Ng m quc ng vn dng h thng
(5) m tit c hai thnh phn khc nhau ng m t trc nm 1949. Mc d cc nh
tr ln nghin cu ngn ng, cc nh nghin cu
Mt s m tit c hai thnh phn khc gio dc cng tin hnh nghin cu, iu
nhau tr ln, trong s xy ra mt s trng chnh, lc b mt s m t dng, nhng ch
hp nh sau: Th nht, thanh mu v thanh quy m rt nh. iu ny cng tng thm s
iu khc nhau, vn mu ging nhau; Th hai, khc bit v mt pht m gia ting ph thng
thanh mu v vn mu khc nhau, thanh iu v quc ng.
ging nhau; Th ba, thanh iu v vn mu
Ngy nay, khi quan h kinh t, thng
khc nhau, thanh mu ging nhau.
mi gia i Loan v Trung Quc i lc
Bng 10. m tit c hai thnh phn khc ngy cng c ci thin th s khc bit
nhau tr ln gia ting ph thng v quc ng cng bt
Ch Ting ph Quc Ch Hn Ting ph Quc u c ch n v phn no c cc nh
Hn thng ng thng ng
nghin cu, cc nh ngn ng hc coi trng.
di1 ti2 wo1 gua1
zha2 za1 mo2 ma1 Rt nhiu hc gi i su vo nghin cu,
po1 bo2 ( za2o zuo4 th tm nguyn nhn l gii cho s khc bit
ba4o pu4 ny. (2000) ( Hin c) phn tch
) nguyn nhn s khc bit di hai gc :
ba4o pu4 xie2 xi1 gc chnh tr v vn ha. ng nhn nh,
Thng qua tin hnh phn tch file m nhn t chnh tr c tc ng n mi th,
thanh thc t v thng k t in, chng ta c l cn nguyn dn n s khc bit ny (s
T.T.K. Loan / Tp ch Nghin cu Nc ngoai, Tp 33, S 1 (2017) 50-59 57

khc bit v pht m ca ting ph thng v ph thng c l fe4i, quc ng c l

quc ng). (2006) (Tng Hu Kinh) bi4, hoc (),
phn tch mt s nguyn nhn dn n s khc ting ph thng c l le4, quc ng li c
bit gia ting ph thng v quc ng, c l la4o.
bit l s khc bit trn phng din t vng
Quc ng c nhiu d m. D m y
nh sau: (1) Ch chnh tr khc nhau s dn
c hiu l cng mt ch Hn, ngha ging
n chnh sch ngn ng khc nhau; (2) S
nhau nhng c nhiu cch c khc nhau.
khc nhau v i sng x hi c th; (3) nh
Nu mt ch Hn vi mi cch c khc nhau
hng ca vn ha vng min; (4) nh hng
mang ngha khc nhau th khng c coi
ca t ngoi lai. Trong , ng cng c bit
l hin tng d m. Nh pha trn trnh
nhn mnh n nhn t nh hng chnh,
by, ting ph thng tri qua ba ln chnh
l nhn t chnh tr. (2000) (iu Yn
sa v mt ng m nn lc b nhiu
Bn) cng nu mt s nguyn nhn sau: (1)
cch c (m) khng cn thit hoc t dng.
S khc bit v ch x hi; (2) S khc
Nm 1987, chnh ph Trung Quc bt u
bit v mc giao lu v ha nhp vi nc
tin hnh lc b bt nhng m khng cn
ngoi. ng cng nhn nh, nguyn nhn trc
s dng hoc khng cn thit. Hin tng d
tip v c ngha quyt nh chnh l nhn t
m trong ting ph thng c gim i rt
chnh tr. Trong bi vit ny, chng ti nhn
nhiu. Trong khi , quc ng c 4247 ch
thy nguyn nhn ca s khc bit gia ng
Hn c t 2 cch pht m cho n 8 cch pht
m ting ph thng v ng m quc ng c
m, sau khi lc bt th cn 976 ch Hn c
biu hin mt s im sau: (1) Do quc ng
t 2 cch pht m n 6 cch pht m (
b nh hng ca cc vng phng ng khc
:1998) (L Khi Hoa). iu cho thy,
nh ting Khch gia, ting Mn Nam v.v;
hin tng mt ch nhiu m hin vn cn tn
(2) Quc ng cn lu gi nhiu m c; (3)
ti rt nhiu trong quc ng.
Quc ng c nhiu d m (); (4) Mt s
yu t khc Ngoi ra, nh hng ca vn ha, phong
cch sng cng to ra s khc bit v ng
Nh chng ta bit, quc ng c s
m. Nh trong phn thanh iu chng ti
dng trong vng phng ng ting Mn Nam,
cp, mt s m tit trng lp hoc danh
ting Khch Gia, ting dn tc bn x, trong
t ring trong quc ng th m tit th nht
chu nh hng nhiu ca ting Mn Nam
thng c thanh 3 v m tit th 2 c thnh
v dn s tc Mn Nam ng nht trn o
thanh 2. Vic chuyn i thanh iu cng nh
i Loan. V d, ting Mn Nam khng c
s dng nhiu uyn ng, tr t gip ng kh
nhm m u li sau, khng c gii m 5
tr nn hi ha v nh nhng hn, bi ngi
v u, h thng thay th bng m u li
i Loan thch s dng khu kh nh nhng,
trc hoc gii m i.
uyn chuyn v tng i khch kh (,
Quc ng vn cn rt nhiu t v m 2003) (Tng Tm Di).
c dng trc kia Trung Quc i lc,
2.4. Mt s kin ngh trong ging dy
v d: v.v.
Ngoi ra tn a danh trong quc ng cng Kubler (1979) gn 30 nm trc tng
vn c gi nguyn m c, v d: , ting nu mt vn : Ting Hn trong sch gio
58 Tp ch Nghin cu Nc ngoai, Tp 33, S 1 (2017) 50-59

khoa c s dng ti cc trng hc M nhng trn thc t hc sinh vn phi thng

c th i din cho ting Hn ca bao nhiu xuyn tip xc vi nhng i tng n t i
ngi Hoa hin ang s dng? Liu ngi Loan, Hng Kng, Ma Cao, v..v... Gip ngi
Trung Quc khp ni trn th gii c u hc c th t tin hn trong giao tip, trong qu
ang s dng ting ph thng? Liu hc sinh trnh ging dy, gio vin cn phi ch :
hc ting ph thng th c nghe hiu c Th nht, cn xy dng quan nim hc
ngn ng m ngi Trung Quc i Loan, tp ng n. Khng nn c quan nim ting
Hng Kng hay Singapor hin ang s dng? ph thng chun, quc ng khng chun bi
Trong qu trnh ging dy, chng ti rt nhiu ngi Trung Quc sinh sng trn lnh
nhn thy, rt nhiu hc sinh c quan nim th Trung Quc cng ang s dng ting ph
hc ting Hn th nht nh phi hc ting Bc thng c mang m phng ng. Vn then
cht l hc lm vic, c th giao tip tt
Kinh. Cc em cho rng, ting Hn c s
vi ngi Hoa sinh sng cc ni trn th gii.
dng i Loan, Hng Kng v.v.. u khng
chun. Trn thc t, dng khi nim chun Th hai, gio vin ting Hn phi b
hay khng chun miu t ting ph thng sung tri thc v h thng ng m quc ng
hay quc ng u cha tht chnh xc. v hiu c s khc bit v mt ng m gia
ting ph thng v quc ng.
Trn thc t, ngn ng l sn phm ca
x hi, ngn ng c sinh ra trong mt x Th ba, phn chia giai on ging dy
hi c th v c mc nh cng nh c s c th, v d i vi hc sinh giai on s cp
chng ta nn ch trng gii thiu cho cc em
dng bi x hi . Ngi i Loan s dng
ng m ting ph thng. Cn i vi hc sinh
quc ng. Ngi Trung Quc i lc s dng
trung, cao cp, chng ta ch ng cho cc em
ting ph thng. S cch bit v thi gian v
tip xc vi ng m quc ng gip cc em
khng gian to nn s khc bit ny.
dn dn hiu c s khc bit gia hai h
Chng ta u bit, s khc bit v ngn thng ng m ny.
ng l tr ngi ln cho vic truyn b vn ha,
Th t, tng c hi tip xc vi quc ng
giao tip v giao lu. Mc d i Loan hin cho hc sinh, v d nh: s dng nhiu hn
ti ang l mt trong nhng vng lnh th c gio trnh, bng a do i Loan pht hnh,
t l kim ngch u t ln nht vo Vit Nam. nghe pht thanh, xem thi s, giao tip trc
Nhng t trc n nay, trong ging dy chng tip vi ngi i Loan v.v...
ta cha ch trng vo vic gii thiu cho sinh
3. Kt lun
vin s khc bit gia ting ph thng v quc
ng. Ngi hc khng tm thy trong sch gio Thng qua phng php thng k t in
khoa hay sch hng dn nhng hin tng v phn tch file m thanh, chng ti nu ra
pht m, ng php hoc t ng m ngi i mt s im khc bit gia h thng ng m
Loan s dng. N ch c th hin qua giao ting ph thng v quc ng. S khc bit ny
tip vi ngi i Loan bn a. Nghe hiu c th hin trn bnh din thanh mu, vn
giao tip c vi ngi bn a chnh l mc mu, thanh iu v trong ton b m tit.
ch m c ngi hc v ngi dy phi hng C rt nhiu kin l gii nguyn nhn
ti. Mc d sch gio khoa, ti liu s dng s khc bit ca h thng ng m ting ph
hin hnh u ly ting ph thng lm chun thng v quc ng. Trong , nguyn nhn
T.T.K. Loan / Tp ch Nghin cu Nc ngoai, Tp 33, S 1 (2017) 50-59 59

dn n s khc bit v mt ng m l (1) &2000.

do nh hng ca cc vng phng ng khc

nhau, (2) do quc ng cn bo lu nhiu m 2007.
c, (3) do quc ng c nhiu d m v (4) do
nh hng ca vn ha x hi i Loan. Chnh
v th, trong qu trnh ging dy cho sinh vin 1984.

chuyn ngnh ting Trung Quc, gio vin cn 2006.
gii thiu s khc bit v ng m ting ph
thng v quc ng cho hc sinh, s dng nhiu 2004.
sch, gio trnh, ti liu do i Loan bin son
2000.
cng nh gip hc sinh c thm nhiu c hi
tip xc vi ngi i Loan, tng thm hiu 2003.
bit v vn ha, ngn ng hai b eo bin.

Ti liu tham kho
Ting Anh
Ting Trung Kubler, Cornelius C, (1979). Some differences
between Taiwan Mandarin and Textbook
2000. Mandarin, Journal of the Chinese Language
Teachers Association, 1979, 14.3:27-39.
2004.
Ngun ng liu

2004.
2006.


2003.

1998.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHONETIC FEATURES OF THE

MODERN CHINESE SPOKEN IN MAINLAND CHINA AND TAIWAN
Tran Thi Kim Loan

Faculty of Chinese Language and Culture, VNU University and Languages and
International Studies, Pham Van Dong, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract: Through the use of the method of dictionary statistics and experimental phonetics, the
research aims to investigate the specific differences between the phonetic and phonological features of
the modern Chinese used in mainland China and Taiwan. The results show that, there exist fundamental
differences in terms of initial (consonants), rhyme (spell) and tone. The cause of these differences is that
the Guoyu (Taiwanese) is affected by the local dialects (Hakka, Holo ...), and is reserved with more ancient
sounds under the influence of habits, culture and education here. The research results are expected to help
students majoring in the Chinese language have more understanding of the national language and overcome
obstacles in communication with the Taiwanese.

Keywords: difference, phonetics, modern Chinese, Taiwan, mainland China