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Bi 1: HA I CNG
A. CU TO NGUYN T
I. Thnh phn nguyn t:
-Nguyn t l ht trung ha v in c cu to 2 phn:
+ Nhn nguyn t: proton (P) mang in dng , notron (N) khng mang in
+ V nguyn t: cc electron (e) mang in m.
- Khi lng nguyn t chnh l khi lng ht nhn (khi lng cc ht proton v notron)
Cu to nguyn t
V nguyn t
Ht nhn
Electron
Proton
Notron
in tch
1-
1+
Khng mang in
Khi lng
9,1.10-31 (kg)
1,6727.10-27(kg)
1,6748.10-27(kg)
1
khi lng Cacbon
12
1u 1,6605.1027 kg
A=p+n=Z+N
III.Nguyn t ha hc:
- Nguyn t ha hc l tp hp nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn nn c tnh cht ha hc
ging nhau
- K hiu nguyn t
1
A
Z
Z: s hiu nguyn t
A: s khi
X: k hiu tn nguyn t
IV.ng v:
- Cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t cng s proton, khc nhau
s notron, do khc nhau s khi A
- Cc ng v c electron bng nhau nn tnh cht ha hc ging nhau.
- Cc ng v c notron khc nn khi lng khc nn tnh cht vt l khc.
A1
z
X ( a%) v
A2
z
X (b%)..
a. A1 b. A2 ....
a b .....
1
iu kin t l ca N : Z l:
m
n
hh
hh
N
1,5
Z
V.V nguyn t
1. Obitan nguyn t:
a. nh ngha: Obitan nguyn t: l khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m kh
nng c mt electron l ln nht (khu vc c mt m my electron ln nht).
b. S v dng obitan: ph thuc c im mi phn lp electron.
Phn lp s c 1 obitan dng hnh cu.
Phn lp p c 3 obitan dng hnh s 8 ni.
Phn lp d c 5 obitan, phn lp f c 7 obitan. Obitan d v f c dng phc tp hn.
Mi obitan ch cha ti a 2 electron c spin(chiu) ngc nhau. Mi obitan c k hiu bng
1 vung
c thn, nu 2 electron
ta gi l electron
obitan trng.
K (n=1)
L (n=2)
M (n=3)
s,p
s, p, d
N (n=4) O (n=5)
P (n=6)
Q (n=7)
Mc nng
lng
Phn lp
s, p, d , f
S obitan
Lp
Phn lp
s,p
s, p, d
s, p, d , f
S obitan
16
- S obitan trong mt lp l n2
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
4d
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d
4f
Cu hnh e theo mc s phn b lp l:
5s
5p
5d
5f
6s
6p
6d
6f
7s
7p
7d
7f
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s
H qu:
Phn lp
S e ti a
10
14
K hiu
s2
p6
d10
f14
Lp
S e ti a
18
32
S e ti a trong 1 lp l 2n2 (n l s lp e)
c.Quy tc Hund:
-Trong cng 1 phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s electron c thn l
ti a
-S phn b e vo cc obitan:
*35Br
-Cu hnh e theo mc nng lng:
c 1, 2, 3e lp ngoi cng
l kim loi
Nguyn t
c 5, 6, 7e lp ngoi cng
l phi kim
Nguyn t
c 4e lp ngoi cng
Nguyn t
c 8e lp ngoi cng
l kh him
Cc cng thc lm bi tp :
Dng 1 : Ton v kch thc ,bn knh ,th tch nguyn t
Phng php :
p dng cng thc V
4 3
r
3
27
1u 1,6605.10 kg
0
10
8
1 A 10 m 10 cm
1nm 109 m 107 cm
1
khi lng Cacbon
12
2) i lc vi electron (E)
i lc vi electron l nng lng gii phng khi kt hp 1e vo nguyn t, bin nguyn t thnh
ion m. Nguyn t c kh nng thu e cng mnh (tnh phi kim cng mnh) th E c tr s cng
ln.
3) m in ():
m in l i lng c trng cho kh nng ht cp electron lin kt ca mt nguyn t
trong phn t.
m in c tnh t I v E theo cng thc:
Nguyn t c cng ln th nguyn t ca n c kh nng ht cp e lin kt cng mnh.
m in thng dng tin on mc phn cc ca lin kt v xt cc hiu ng dch
chuyn electron trong phn t.
Nu hai nguyn t c bng nhau s to thnh lin kt cng ho tr thun tu.
. Nu m in khc nhau nhiu (> 1,7) s to thnh lin kt ion.
. Nu m in khc nhau khng nhiu (0 << 1,7) s to thnh lin kt cng ho tr c cc.
III. Chu k
Chu k gm nhng nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron.
Mi chu k u m u bng kim loi kim, kt thc bng kh him.
Trong mt chu k, i t tri sang phi theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn.
- S electron lp ngoi cng tng dn.
- Lc ht gia ht nhn v electron ho tr lp ngoi cng tng dn, lm bn knh nguyn t
gim dn. Do :
+ m in ca cc nguyn t tng dn.
+ Tnh kim loi gim dn, tnh phi kim tng dn.
+ Tnh baz ca cc oxit, hiroxit gim dn, tnh axit ca chng tng dn.
- Ho tr cao nht i vi oxi tng t I n VII. Ho tr i vi hiro gim t IV (nhm IV) n I
(nhm VII).
7
IA
IIA
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
R2O
RO
R2O3
RO2
R2O5
RO3
R2O7
RH4
RH3
RH2
RH
Hp cht vi hidro
VIIA
C. LIN KT HA HC
I. Lin kt ion:
1.nh ngha: c hnh thnh bi lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du
2. c im: thng to bi kl in hnh v phi kim in hnh ( > 1,7 ) : NaCl, KF
3. Hp cht ion:
-Cht rn, dng tinh th, nhit nng chy cao
-a s tan trong nc, kh tan trong dung mi hu c t phn cc
-Dn in trng thi nng chy v dung dch
2. Phn loi:
a. Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc: cp e dng chung khng b ht lch v pha nguyn t no
(0 << 0,4) : H2; Cl2, CO2
b. Lin kt cng ha tr c cc: cp e dng chung b ht lch v pha nguyn t c m in
ln hn (0,4<< 1,7): HCl, H2O, SO2, NH3
8
V. Lin kt hidro:
1. nh ngha:
Lin kt hiro l mt loi lin kt ha hc yu, c thc hin gia hiro linh ng [H linh
ng l H c mang mt phn in tch dng, H ny c lin kt cng ha tr phn cc (c
A <
H.... B
Trong :
A < H: lin kt cng ha tr phn cc gia H vi nguyn t c m in ln A
H.... B: (B l O, N, F): i in t gp chung b ko v pha A c m in ln hn so vi H.
lin kt hiro gia H vi ngun giu in t B (B cng thng l cc nguyn t
c m in ln gm O, N, F hay ngun in , nhn thm)
(H c m in 2,20. Cn O c m in 3,44 ; N c m in 3,04 ; F c m in
3,98)
2. Kt qu:
-Lm nhit si ca cht cao bt thng
-Lm tng kh nng ha tan vi dung mi
- Gii thch tnh tan v nhit si ca cc hp cht c lin kt hidro
3. c im:
Bn cht ca lin kt hiro l do lc ht tnh in gia H linh ng c mang mt phn in tch
dng vi ngun giu in t B c mang mt phn in tch m. Do yu t no lm cho H
cng linh ng, tc H cng mang nhiu in tch dng, v ngun giu in t B cng giu in
t, tc B cng mang nhiu in tch m, th lin kt hiro gia H v B cng mnh.
Ch nhng phn t no cha H linh ng, tc c cha nhm OH, NH, FH, mi to c
lin kt hiro gia cc phn t ca chng vi nhau.
VD: Nc (H-OH), Ru n chc (R-OH), Ru a chc (R(OH)n), Phenol (Ar-OH),
Axit hu c (R-COOH ), Amoniac (NH3), Amin bc 1 (R-NH2), Amin bc 2 (R-NH-R),
Amino axit (H2N-R-COOH)... to c lin kt H gia cc phn t vi nhau.
- Hai hp cht cng ha tr c khi lng phn t xp x nhau, hp cht no to c lin kt
hiro gia cc phn t vi nhau th s c nhit nng chy, nhit si cao hn (do phi cn
10
Th d:
11
D. TC PHN NG CN BNG HA HC
I.Tc phn ng
-Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc sn phm
trong mt n v thi gian.
-Biu thc vn tc phn ng: vn tc phn ng t l thun vi tch s nng ca cc cht tham
gia phn ng, vi s m l h s hp thc cc cht tng ng trong phng trnh phn ng ha
hc.
Vi phn ng: mA + nB
pC + qD
Th d:
Br2 + HCOOH
2HBr + CO2
II.Cn bng ha hc
1. Phn ng thun nghch: L phn ng xy ra theo 2 chiu ngc nhau trong cng iu kin,
v d: H2 + I2
2HI
pC + qD
kt.[A]m.[B]n = kn.[C]p.[D]q
-Hng s cn bng:
E. IN LY
I. S in ly:
L qu trnh phn ly cc cht trong nc hoc nng chy ton ion ( ion dng ,ion m)
S in ly c biu din bng phng trnh in ly.
II.PHN LOI CC CHT IN LY
1.nh ngha
in li anpha ca mt cht in ly l t s ca s phn t phn li ra ion (n) v tng s phn t
ha tan (no)
n
no
2. Phn loi:
a. Cht in li mnh : l cht khi tan trong nc ,cc phn t u phn li ra ion.
b. Cht in li yu : l cht khi tan trong nc, ch c mt phn s phn t ha tan phn li ra
ion, phn cn li vn tn ti di dng phn t trong dung dch.
13
HA
H A
H A
Ka
HA
Ka l hng s phn li axit: ph thuc vo nhit , bn cht axit. Ka cng nh th lc axit
cng yu.
14
R OH
R OH
Kb
ROH
tch s ion ca nc
pH + pOH = 14
pH = -lg [H+]
pOH = -log[OH-]
AXIT
TRUNG TNH
KIM
QU TM
TM
XANH
PHENOLPHTALEIN
KHNG MU
KHNG MU
HNG
Trong pt ion rt gn: loi b nhng ion khng tham gia phn ng, cn nhng cht kt
15
2NaCl + BaSO4
H2O + CO2
Lu :
Tnh tan ca mt s mui:
+ Tt c cc mui nitrat (NO3-) u tan: v d NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2.
+ Hu ht cc mui clorua(Cl-) u tan tr AgCl, PbCl2
+ Hu ht cc mui sunfat(SO42-) u tan tr BaSO4, CaSO4,PbSO4
+ Hu ht cc mui sunfua(S2-) u khng tan tr cc mui sunfua ca kim loi Kim: Na2S,
K2S, Li2S v( NH4)2S
+ Hu ht cc mui cacbonat (CO32-) u khng tan tr cc mui cacbonat ca kim loi Kim:
Na2CO3, Li2CO3, K2CO3 v (NH4)2CO3.
+ Hu ht cc mui Photphat (PO43-)v hidrophotphat(HPO42-) u khng tan tr mui Photphat
v hidrophotphat ca kim loi Kim (Na, K) v NH4+ . Li3PO4 khng tan.
Tnh tan ca cc Baz:
Bazo tan gm: LiOH. NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2 Ca(OH)2
Bazo khng tan gm : Fe(OH)3 mu nu , Cu(OH)2 mu xanh lam, Fe(OH)2 c mu trng
xanh
16
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