Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa Wikipedia ting Vit

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cng_ha_Nhn_dn_Trung_Hoa

Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa

Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa (gin th: , phn th: ; bnh m: Zhnghu Rnmn Gnghgu, ; Hn-Vit: Trung Hoa Nhn dn Cng ha quc; t di s vit tt l Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa), c gi tt l Trung Quc (), l mt quc gia khu vc ng . y l nc ng dn nht trn th gii vi hn 1,3 t ngi, phn nhiu thuc sc tc Hn. Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa do ng Cng sn Trung Quc lnh o di ch mt chnh tr mt ng [2]. n v hnh chnh ca Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa gm 22 tnh, nm khu t tr, bn thnh ph trc thuc trung ng (Bc Kinh, Thin Tn, Thng Hi, Trng Khnh) v hai c khu hnh chnh[3] (Hng Kng v Ma Cao). Ngoi ra Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa cng tuyn b i Loan, hin do Trung Hoa Dn Quc kim sot l tnh th 23. Th ca Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa l Bc Kinh. Vi din tch 9.6 triu km, Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa l quc gia ln th ba hoc th t th gii v tng din tch[4] v ln th hai v din tch t.[5]. y l quc gia c a hnh a dng vi vi cao nguyn v sa mc khu vc pha bc gn Mng C v Siberi ca Nga, rng cn nhit i min nam gn Vit Nam, Lo, Myanma. a hnh pha ty g gh vi cc dy ni cao Himalaya v Thin Sn hnh thnh bin gii t nhin vi n v cc quc gia thuc khu vc Trung . Ngc li, pha ng l vng ng bng thp v c 14.500 km chiu di b bin. Cc bin tip gip vi Trung Quc l Bt Hi, Hong Hi, bin Hoa ng v bin ng Nn vn minh Trung Hoa c i - l mt trong nhng nn vn minh lu i nht th gii - pht trin rc r trn lu vc Hong H chy qua ng bng Hoa Bc[6]. Trong hn 4000 nm, h thng chnh tr Trung Quc da trn ch qun ch cha truyn con ni. Triu i u tin l Nh H (khong nm 2000 trc CN) v sau Nh Tn thng nht Trung Quc nm 221 trc CN. Triu i cui cng l Nh Thanh kt thc nm 1911 vi s thnh lp ca Trung Hoa Dn Quc bi Quc Dn ng. Na u ca th k 20 chng kin Trung Quc chm trong cuc ni chin phn chia quc gia theo hai ng phi chnh tr - Quc Dn ng v ng Cng Sn. Cuc chin chm dt nm 1949 sau khi ng Cng Sn dnh chin thng v thnh lp Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa i lc. Chnh quyn Trung Hoa Dn Quc phi rt ra o i Loan vi ch quyn gii hn gm i Loan v vi hn o ngoi khi. Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa lin tc i ch quyn lnh th i vi i Loan (cng vi qun o Bnh H, Kim Mn v qun o M T), hin do chnh quyn Trung Hoa Dn Quc qun l. Thut ng "Trung Quc i lc" hay "Hoa Lc" thng dng ch lnh th di s qun l ca Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa (thng khng tnh hai c khu hnh chnh Hng Kng v Ma Cao). T khi tin hnh i mi kinh t nm 1978, Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa tr thnh nn kinh t pht trin nhanh nht th gii,[7] vi tc pht trin thn k trung bnh 10% trong vng ba thp k lin tip v tr thnh quc gia xut khu ln nht th gii cng nh l quc gia nhp khu ng th hai th gii. Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa l mt cng quc v l nn kinh t ln th hai th gii theo GDP danh ngha (th hai theo PPP) v l thnh vin thng trc ca Hi ng Bo an Lin Hip Quc, cng nh thnh vin ca cc t chc quc t nh WTO, APEC, G-20 v T chc Hp tc Thng Hi. Trung Quc l quc gia c cng nhn c s hu v kh ht nhn v l quc gia c qun i chnh quy ln nht th gii. Trung Quc c nhiu hc gi[8], nh phn tch qun s[9], nh phn tch kinh t[10] nh gi l mt siu cng tim nng.

Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa

(ting Trung) (Ch Hn phn th)

Quc k

Huy hiu

Quc ca Ngha dng qun tin hnh khc ()

0:00 Trnh n

Hnh chnh Chnh ph Cng sn mt ng Tp Cn Bnh Tp Cn Bnh L Khc Cng Trng c Giang

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1 Lch s 2 a l 3 Chnh tr 4 Quan h ngoi giao 5 Qun s 6 Phn chia hnh chnh 6.1 Tnh 6.2 Khu t tr 6.3 Thnh ph trc thuc trung ng 6.4 c khu hnh chnh 6.5 Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa i ch quyn, Trung Hoa Dn Quc qun l 7 Kinh t 8 Con ngi 9 Y t 10 Khoa hc v k thut 10.1 Cc thnh tu thi c i 10.2 Chng trnh khng gian 10.3 Quc phng 11 Vn ha 12 Tn gio 13 X hi 13.1 Mu thun trong tranh chp t ai 14 Du lch 14.1 Khi qut v du lch Trung Quc 14.2 Cc k quan c UNESCO cng nhn 15 Xem thm 16 Ch thch 17 Lin kt ngoi

Tng B th Ch tch nc Th tng Quc V Vin U vin trng UBTV HBNDTQ Ch tch Chnh hip Ngn ng chnh thc Th

Du Chnh Thanh Ting Trung Bc Kinh

3655B, 11623

Thnh ph ln nht

Thng Hi a l

Din tch Din tch nc Mi gi

9.596.960 km 2,8% % UTC+8 Lch s c lp

Ngy 1 thng 10, 1949 Dn s (2012) Mt

Tuyn b 1.343.239.923[1] ngi 139,6 ngi/km (hng 71) Kinh t

Lch s
Sau Th chin th hai, ni chin xy ra gia Chnh ph Trung Hoa Dn Quc Quc dn ng v ng Cng Sn v chm dt vo nm 1949 vi kt qu l Quc Dn ng mt i lc Trung Quc (c o Hi Nam) vo phe Cng sn, ch cn qun l i Loan cng mt s o ngoi khi xa ca Phc Kin. Ngy 1 thng 10 nm 1949, Mao Trch ng tuyn b thnh lp nc Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa theo th ch nh nc cng sn ti i lc.Di thi Mao Trch ng, ch quyn v tnh thng nht ca Trung Quc ln u tin sau hng thp k c bo m, v c s pht trin v mt c s h tng, cng nghip, y t, v gio dc.Tt c iu ny gip nng cao tiu chun dn sinh cho i b phn ngi dn Trung Quc. H cng tin tng rng nhng phong tro nh i nhy vt v Cch mng Vn ha tc ng tch cc n s pht trin ca Trung Quc v lm trong sch nn vn ha. Tuy nhin vo thi k u ng Cng Sn Trung Quc c mt s sai lm nh i nhy vt, Cch mng Vn ha v Trm hoa ua n, gy thit hi nng n cho nn kinh t, ng thi ph hoi nghim trng di sn vn ha Trung Hoa. c bit t khi c phong tro i nhy vt xy ra mt nn i khng khip Trung Quc. i hi i biu Nhn dn ton quc bu Lu Thiu K lm ch tch nc, khi xng ci cch kinh t.

GDP (PPP) (2013)

Tng s: 14.9614 t la M (hng 2) Bnh qun u ngi: 10.253 la M (hng 92) Tng s: 9.3253 t la M (hng 2) Bnh qun u ngi: 6.853 la M (hng ??) 0,699 trung bnh (hng 101) Nhn dn t ( CNY )

GDP (danh ngha) (2013)

HDI (2012) n v tin t

a l
Hin nay, Trung Quc c ng bin gii gip 14 quc gia khc chu . pha bc gip Mng C, Nga; pha ty gip Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan; pha nam gip Nepal, Bhutan, Myanma, n , Lo, Vit Nam; pha ng gip Bc Triu Tin v Bin Hoa ng. Hin nay, c th coi rng Trung Quc l nc c ng bin gii tng i di trn th gii. Ngy 12 thng 1 nm 2011, Quc hi Tajikistan b phiu ng trao 1,000 km vung (386,1 dm vung) lnh th cho Trung Quc, chm dt cuc tranh chp ko di nhiu th k gia hai nc.[11] Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa l nc ln th t trn th gii v c rt nhiu dng kh hu v a d khc nhau. pha ng, dc theo b bin Hong Hi v ng Hi l cc bnh nguyn ph sa vi mt dn c rt dy c; dc theo b Bin ng (Trung Quc gi l Nam Hi) c nhiu ni non v min nam c trng bi i v cc dy ni thp. Trong vng trung tm ca pha ng l cc chu th ca hai con sng chnh Hong H v Trng Giang. Nhng con sng ln khc gm c Ty Giang, Lan Thng Giang (M Cng), Brahmaputra v Hc Long Giang.

Thng tin khc Tn min Internet .cn ., .

pha ty phn ln l cc dy ni, ng lu nht l dy Hy M Lp Sn vi nh cao nht ca Trung Hoa cng nh ca th gii l nh Everest, v cc cao nguyn v tr cao m c c tnh kh cn ca sa mc nh Taklamakan v Gobi. Do hn hn ko di v c l k thut canh tc nng nghip ngho nn, cc cn bo ct thng xuyn xy ra vo ma xun Trung Quc. Theo c quan Bo v mi trng Trung Quc, sa mc Gobi ang m rng v tr thnh khi ngun ca nhng cn bo ct nh hng n Trung Quc v cc khu vc khc ng Bc nh i Loan, Triu Tin v Nht. Ct bi t ng bng pha bc Trung Quc cn tm thy B Ty nc M. Vic vt cht thi sinh hot cng nh cht thi cng nghip ba bi vo cc con sng, vic s dng ti nguyn nc khng hiu qu cho ti tiu v tiu dng, vic xy dng nhiu p cha nc, cng nh vn si mn t ai ang tr thnh mi quan ngi trong quan h gia Trung Quc vi cc nc lng ging.

Ting Ph Thng l chun chnh thc v ngn ng ni, ngoi tr Hng Kng v Ma Cao ni ting Qung ng. Ting Hoa cng l ngn ng chnh thc bn cnh ting Anh Hng Kng v ting B o Nha Ma Cao. mt s vng thiu s, ting Hoa mc no y cng l ngn ng chnh thc bn cnh nhiu ngn ng a phng nh ting Duy Ng Nh, Mng C, v Ty Tng. Ch tnh Trung Quc lc a, khng tnh Hng Kng, Ma Cao, v i Loan.

Chnh tr

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Theo thut ng k thut ca khoa hc chnh tr, Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa c nhiu ngi coi l mt nh nc cng sn trong gn nh sut th k th 20, th nhng nhiu nh khoa hc chnh tr li khng coi n gin nh vy. Mi c gng lt t mt cch n gin bn cht ca cu trc chnh tr ca Trung Quc u khng t c kt qu. Ch ny c nhiu cch miu t vi tnh cht nh c ti, cng sn, hay x hi, hay thm ch bng kt hp ca cc tnh cht trn. Cn mt s ngi cng sn thin t th gi n l t bn nh nc. Chnh ph Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa do ng Cng sn Trung Quc lnh o. Trong khi c mt vi xu hng cho t do chnh tr, ch cc cuc bu c c tin hnh cp lng x v cc c quan lp php i khi cn quyt on v ng vn gi kim sot trong vic ch nh cc cc chc v trong chnh quyn. Trong khi , nh nc dng cc phng php c quyn ng x vi cc thch thc i vi s thng tr ca n, ng thi, li tm cch hn ch nhng bt ng (chnh kin) bng cch nng cao nn kinh t, cho php ngi dn biu l nhng bt bnh, v c cc i i khoan dung vi nhng ngi biu th s bt ng, nu nh h c chnh quyn tin l khng c cc t chc ng sau. Cc phng tin truyn thng dn d ch ng tng cng vic cng khai ha cc vn x hi, t nn tham nhng, v s thiu hiu qu ca chnh quyn cp di. ng cng khng thnh cng lm trong vic kim sot thng tin, v trong nhiu trng hp phi thay i chnh sch cho ph hp vi nhng phn ng ca qun chng. Mc d s chng i c t chc khng c dung tha, cc cuc biu tnh lin quan n cc vn cp a phng din ra ngy cng ph bin v c chp nhn. Hin cha c thng tin r rng v mc ng h ca dn chng i vi ng Cng sn Trung Quc, v cha c tuyn c quc gia ng ngha, cng nh cc i thoi ring t, cc tin n thng th hin nhng quan im mu thun. Nhiu ngi hi lng v vai tr ca chnh quyn trong vic gi n nh x hi to tin cho tng trng kinh t lin tc. Nhng lo ngi chnh tr ti Trung Quc hin bao gm khong cch giu v ngho ngy cng ln, v ngy cng nhiu bt ng i vi s lan trn ca tham nhng trong gii lnh o v cn b cc cp. Ti Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa hin cn c mt s ng phi khc, mc d chng thng c coi nh gn vi hoc nh mt b phn trong ng Cng sn Trung Quc. ng Cng sn Trung Quc phi hp vi cc ng ny thng qua mt hi ngh hip thng c bit, gi l Hi ngh Hip thng Chnh tr Nhn dn Trung Quc do ng Cng sn Trung Quc lnh o. Mc d vy, hiu qu cc ng phi ny trong chnh quyn cn rt yu. Vi vai tr c vn khng c quyn lc, Hi ngh Hip thng Chnh tr ging nh mt con mt bn ngoi, mc d c cc vin chc ca hi ng ny hu ht l nm trong cc b ngnh ca chnh quyn.
a l Trung Quc

Quan h ngoi giao

Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa c quan h ngoi giao vi hu ht cc nc trn th gii, v yu cu cng nhn i Loan l mt phn khng th tch khi ca Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa cng nh khng c quan h chnh thc vi Trung Hoa Dn Quc l iu kin tin quyt thit lp quan h ngoi giao vi Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa. Chnh quyn Trung Quc cng cc lc phn i cc chuyn cng du nc ngoi ca nhng lnh o chnh tr i Loan nh L ng Huy v Trn Thy Bin, cng nh t-lai Lt-ma th 14.
Lng ma trung bnh hng nm ti Trung Quc

T 1971, trong giai on chun b cho Chuyn thm Trung Hoa ca Richard Nixon nm 1972, pha M ng h Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa thay th Trung Hoa Dn Quc trong vai tr i din duy nht ca nc "Trung Quc" ti Lin Hip Quc v tr thnh mt trong nm thnh vin ca Hi ng Bo an Lin Hip Quc. (Xem Trung Hoa v Lin Hip Quc). c mt thi gian Trung Quc c quan h thn thin vi Phong tro khng lin kt, v hin ti ch v tr quan st vin. Phn ln cc chnh sch ngoi giao ca Trung Quc hin nay da trn khi nim S tri dy ha bnh ca Trung Quc. Quan h Hoa-M gp tr ngi nhiu ln trong mt vi thp nin. Sau chin thng ca phe Cng sn trn ton b Hoa lc nm 1949, nc Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa mi c thnh lp khng my thn thin vi M. Mao Trch ng trong thng 6/1946 ra lnh thc hin chin dch bi M. Lc lng ca Mao sch nhiu ngi M Trung Quc. Mt nh ngoi giao M b cnh st ca Mao Thng Hi nh p. Tng lnh s M Thm Dng cng b qun thc trong mt nm lin v thng 10/1950 khi qun cng sn Trung Quc can thip vo Chin tranh Triu Tin, chng li cc lc lng ca Lin Hp Quc do M lnh o khi lc lng ny ang c gng y lui cuc xm lng min Nam ca qun Bc Triu Tin do Kim Nht Thnh ch huy th Quan h Ngoi giao gia 2 nc chm dt. Nm 1972, quan h ny mi c khi phc sau Chuyn thm Trung Hoa ca Richard Nixon

Mao Trch ng tuyn b thnh lp nc Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa nm 1949 ti Qung trng Thin An Mn

Thng 5 nm 1999, mt my bay tng hnh B-2 th ba tri bom loi 900 kg, c v tinh nhn to hng dn, vo ngay i s qun ca Trung Quc Belgrade trong thi gian chin tranh Kosovo, lm cht ba nhn vin. Hoa K nhn mnh rng l mt nhm ln khng ch , cho rng ti liu dng trong vic la chn ta nh lm mc tiu tn cng da trn bn qu c c in ra bi C quan nh v Bn Quc gia (tn mi ca n l C quan Tnh bo a d Quc gia. H nhn lm to nh ny l mt c quan qun s ca chnh quyn Nam T. Mc d M gi i din ngoi giao c bit ti Trung Quc gii thch s nhm ln, nhng chnh quyn Trung Quc vn cho l hnh ng c ch . Thng 4 nm 2001, mt my bay nhn dng tn hiu EP-3E Aries II ca M hot ng tnh bo gn o Hi Nam ng vi mt chic my bay chin u ca Trung Quc ang theo di n. Chic phn lc Trung Quc b hng nt v vin phi cng b cht. Cn chic my bay ca M b h hi buc phi p khn cp xung o Hi Nam, ti , 24 thnh vin phi hnh on M b bt gi 12 ngy v cc thit b d thm b tch thu. Bo co Cox nm 1999 tit l rng cc b mt v ht nhn ca M b Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa hot ng gin ip nh cp trong nhiu thp nin.
Giang Trch Dn v Bill Clinton Sau nhiu thp nin ci cch, vic gii quyt cc tranh chp lnh th ca Trung Quc c nhiu thay i. T ch trng dng v lc hoc hm da dng v lc gii quyt vn nh a qun kim sot mt phn v ton b qun o Hong Sa thp k 50 v 70, chim ng mt phn qun o Trng Sa t thp k 80, e da thng nht i Loan bng mi bin php nu i Loan tuyn b c lp, a tu ngm vo lnh hi Nht Bn, ra nhiu tuyn b v ch quyn cc o v vng bin tranh chp vi Nht Bn, n phng khai thc ti nguyn vng bin chng ln, t ch b nhiu ngi cho l nhn t gy bt n eo bin i Loan, bin Hoa ng v bin Nam Trung Hoa, Trung Quc thay i ch trng gii quyt bt ng thng qua m phn v thng lng, cng gt qua bt ng ch quyn hp tc kho st v khai thc ti nguyn bin, cng nh cc hot ng ngoi giao thin ch vi n v Pakistan. Trung Quc hin nay t r quyt tm v "s tri dy trong ha bnh ca Trung Quc".

Ngoi vn i Loan, Trung Quc c nhng tranh chp khc v lnh th nh: Aksai Chin, do Trung Quc kim sot, nhng n tuyn b l c ch quyn ti . Qun o Hong Sa, Trung Quc chim gi mt phn t thp nin 60 v ton b vo nm 1974 bng v lc, nhng Vit Nam v Trung Hoa Dn Quc tuyn b l c ch quyn. Qun o Trng Sa, tranh chp gia Vit Nam, Trung Quc v mt s nc trong vng ng Nam . Qun o Senkaku hay qun o iu Ng, do Nht Bn kim sot, nhng Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Ho v THDQ u tuyn b ch quyn. Arunachal Pradesh hay Nam Ty Tng, do n kim sot, nhng Trung Quc tuyn b l c ch quyn. Bi cn Scarborough hay bi ngm Hong Nham, hin do Trung Quc kim sot, nhng Philippines tuyn b l c ch quyn do nm trong phm vi 200 hi l c quyn kinh t.[12]

Qun s
Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa duy tr mt lc lng qun i ln nht th gii, tuy nhin theo nhiu chuyn gia, s lng khng phi l c s nh gi sc mnh ca mt qun i. Qun gii phng Nhn dn Trung Quc bao gm lc qun, khng qun v hi qun. Ngn sch quc phng ca Trung Quc nm 2005 theo nh cng b chnh thc l 30 t la M, cha k chi tiu cho vic mua v kh t nc ngoi, ngn sch cho cc nghin cu trong qun s, cng nh chi ph cho cc lc lng bn qun s (V Cnh). Nghin cu (http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG260/index.html) gn y nht ca RAND c tnh tng chi ph cho qun s ca Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa l gp khong 1,4 n 1,7 ln con s chnh thc. Nh vy theo c lng ny th ngn sch ca Trung Quc chi tiu cho qun s vo khong 56 t la M, ng th ba trn th gii ch sau M (khong 400 t la) v Nga. Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa, mc d s hu v kh ht nhn v h thng y, c trong cng nh ngoi Trung Quc nh gi l kh nng qun s hn ch trong trng hp c xung t bn ngoi bin gii, v thng khng c coi l siu cng quc t thc s m ch l cng quc tng i trong khu vc. Nguyn nhn l v hi qun v khng qun thiu cc trang b v v kh quy m, hin i. Tuy nhin, gn y Trung Quc c chic tu sn bay u tin - Liu Ninh. Trung Quc cng ng mi nhiu tu ngm ht nhn, mua mt s tu ngm diesel - in hin i lp Kilo ca Nga. Trung Quc cng mua mt s my bay tim kch a nng hin i Sukhoi Su-30 ca Nga v ang t nghin cu ch to tim kch th h 5 Tim 20. Qun i Trung Quc tng cng v trang cho cc lc lng ca mnh trong trng hp c ng vi M ti i Loan. Chng kin hiu qu ca khng qun M ti Iraq nn qun i Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa tch cc hin i ha lc lng khng qun ca mnh. Khng qun c sm cc tn la t i khng cc k hin i S-300, c coi l thit b ngn chn my bay hin i nht th gii hin nay. Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa cng nhanh chng ci tin v nng cp cc lc lng qun s bng cch nng cao cc nng lc in t v nhm mc tiu ca chng. Tuy nhin hnh nh quc t ca Qun Gii phng Nhn dn Trung Quc b nh hng trong s kin Thin An Mn vo thng 6 nm 1989.

Phn chia hnh chnh

Ton Trung Quc c tt c 34 n v hnh chnh. Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa kim sot hn 22 tnh (); chnh quyn Trung Quc xem i Loan nh l tnh th 23 ca h. (Xem Tnh trng chnh tr ca i Loan). Cng vi cc tnh ny Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa cng qun l 5 khu t tr () tp trung cc sc dn thiu s, 4 thnh ph trc thuc trung ng () l nhng thnh ph ln nht ca Trung Quc v hai c khu hnh chnh (Ma Cao v Hng Kng) (KHC) (). Ton b 22 tnh, 5 khu t tr v 4 thnh ph ln nht thng c gi chung nh i lc Trung Quc, thut ng ny thng khng tnh Hng Kng, Ma Cao v i Loan. Sau y l danh sch cc n v hnh chnh do Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa qun l:

Tnh

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Tnh An Huy Cam Tc Ct Lm Giang Ty Trit Giang

Tn ting Trung () () () () ()

Tnh Giang T H Bc

Tn ting Trung () ()

Tnh Hc Long Giang H Bc H Nam Liu Ninh

Tn ting Trung () () () ()

Tnh

Tn ting Trung

Tnh Sn Ty Thanh Hi Thim Ty

Tn ting Trung () () ()

Phc Kin () Qung ng ()

H Nam () Hi Nam () Vn Nam ()

Qu Chu () Sn ng ()

T Xuyn ()

Khu t tr
Ninh H (), khu t tr dn tc Hi Ninh H () Ni Mng C (), khu t tr Ni Mng C () Qung Ty (), khu t tr dn tc Choang Qung Ty () Tn Cng (), khu t tr dn tc Duy Ng Nh Tn Cng () Ty Tng (), khu t tr Ty Tng ()

Cc n v hnh chnh cp tnh ca Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa

Thnh ph trc thuc trung ng

Bc Kinh () Thin Tn () Thng Hi () Trng Khnh ()

Mt gc th Bc Kinh.

c khu hnh chnh

Hng Kng tc Hng Cng () Ma Cao tc o Mn ()

Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa i ch quyn, Trung Hoa Dn Quc qun l

i Loan () (tranh chp)

Kinh t
Ton cnh thnh ph Thng Hi.

Tnh n nm 2012, Trung Quc l nn kinh t ln th hai th gii v GDP danh ngha. Theo Qu Tin t Quc t (IMF), tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) ca Trung Quc nm 2011 t 7.298 nghn t la M, GDP bnh qun u ngi t 5.417 la M, bng khong 1/9 GDP bnh qun u ngi ca M (48.328 USD) v cao gp 4 ln GDP bnh qun u ngi ca Vit Nam (1.374 USD). Nu tnh theo sc mua tng ng, GDP ca Trung Quc t 11.299 nghn t la M, GDP u ngi tng ng l 8.382 la M. ng Cng sn Trung Quc gi nn kinh t ca Trung Quc l kinh t th trng x hi ch ngha mang mu sc Trung Quc (). Bt u t cui nm 1978 cc nh lnh o Trung Quc tin hnh ci t nn kinh t t m hnh kinh t k hoch ha tp trung kiu X vit sang nn kinh t hng th trng hn nhng vn trong khun kh kim sot ca ng. Theo mc tiu ny, chnh quyn chuyn sang c ch khon trong nng nghip thay cho hnh thc hp tc x, tng quyn hnh i vi cn b a phng v lnh o cc nh my trong cng nghip, cho php hot ng i vi mt lot cc doanh nghip c nh trong cc ngnh dch v v sn xut nh, v m ca nn kinh t cho ngoi thng v u t nc ngoi. Cc chnh sch kim sot gi c cng c ni lng. Kt qu l nn kinh t Hoa Lc chuyn t mt nn kinh t mnh lnh sang hnh thc kinh t hn hp, dung ha c khuynh hng t sn ln v sn.

Chnh ph khng cn nhn mnh n s cng bng m ch trng vic tng thu nhp cng nh sc tiu th c nhn ng thi p dng nhng h thng qun l mi tng nng sut. Chnh ph cng tp trung vo ngoi thng nh mt ng c chnh cho tng trng kinh t, theo 5 c khu kinh t (KKT) c thnh lp vi lut l u t c ni lng thu ht vn nc ngoi. Kt qu l t nm 1978, nn kinh t ca Trung Quc tng trng gn 100 ln[13] v l nn kinh t tng trng nhanh nht th gii.[14] Theo IMF, tc trng GDP bnh qun hng nm ca Trung Quc t 2001 n 2010 l 10,5% v nn kinh t Trung Quc c d bo s tip tc tng trng con s n tng 9,5% t 2011 n 2015. T nm 2007 n 2011, tc tng trng ca Trung Quc ngang bng tc tng trng ca tt c cc quc gia trong nhm G7 gp li.[15]

Nhng ta nh chc tri Thng Hi, biu tng ca thn k kinh t Trung Quc

Trung Quc l quc gia c lng khch du lch quc t ng th ba trn th gii, 55,7 triu du khch quc t ti thm nc ny trong nm 2010.[16] y cng l quc gia c tc tng trng du lch ni a cao chng mt, ch ring trong thng 10/2012 c 740 triu ngi Trung Quc i du lch trong nc.[17] Trung Quc l thnh vin ca T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO) v l cng quc thng mi ng th hai th gii sau M, tng gi tr thng mi quc t t 3,64 nghn t la M nm 2011.[18] D tr ngoi hi t 2,85 nghn t vo cui nm 2010, tng 18,7% so vi nm trc , bin Trung Quc tr thnh nc c lng d tr ngoi hi ln nht th gii.[19][20] Trung Quc nm gi 1,16 nghn t la tri phiu chnh ph M[21] v tr thnh ch n ln nht ca Hoa K.[22][23] Trung Quc l nc nhn c lng vn u t trc tip nc ngoi (FDI) ln th ba trn th gii, quc gia ny thu ht 115 t la M ch ring trong nm 2011, tng 9% so vi nm 2010.[24][25] S vn FDI ca Trung Quc u t ra nc ngoi cng ngy cng gia tng, tng s vn FDI ra nc ngoi nm 2010 l 68 t la M.[26] Thnh cng ca Trung Quc t c l nh s pht trin vt bc ca lnh vc sn xut. S pht trin ca kinh t Trung Quc l nh s kt hp ca nhiu yu t nh gi lao ng r, c s h tng tt, nng sut lao ng cao, kh nng qun l kinh t tt, chnh sch kinh t u i v thun li, v mt ng ni t c h thp so vi gi tr thc nhm tng sc cnh tranh ca hng ha Trung Quc trn th trng xut khu. Vic nh gi thp ng tin gip Trung Quc c c thng d thng mi k lc 262,7 t la M nm 2007[27] v y cng l vn gy tranh ci gia Trung Quc v cc i tc thng mi ln l M, EU v Nht Bn.[28] Mc d nh nc vn nm gi cc ngnh cng nghip ch cht (nh nng lng v cng nghip nng), nhng cc doanh nghip t nhn pht trin vi tc chng mt, nm 2005, khi doanh nghip t nhn ng gp 33%[29] n 70%[30] GDP quc gia, trong khi OECD d on con s ny l 50%[31]. Th trng Chng khon Thng Hi c s lng IPO t mc k lc v Ch s Tng hp Thng Hi tng gp i k t nm 2005. Gi tr vn ha th trng ca SSE t 3 nghn t la M nm 2007, tr thnh th trng chng khon ln th nm trn th gii. Trung Quc xp th 29 v Ch s Cnh tranh Ton cu[32] nhng ch ng th 135 v Ch s T do Kinh t.[33] Nm 2011, 61 cng ty Trung Quc lt vo danh sch 500 cng ty ln nht th gii Fortune Global 500.[34] Nu tnh theo doanh thu, ba trong s mi cng ty c gi tr ln nht th gii l ca Trung Quc, bao gm tp on Trung Quc Thch Ha (Sinopec), Trung Quc Thch Du (CNOOC), Quc gia in Cng (State Grid).[34] Tng lp trung lu ca Trung Quc (nhng ngi c thu nhp t mc 17.000 USD tr ln) t trn 100 triu ngi vo nm 2011,[35] trong khi nhng ngi siu giu vi ti sn khong 1,5 triu USD c t 825.000 ngi.[36] Theo bo co ca Hurun, s t ph ca Trung Quc tng gp i t 130 ngi nm 2009 ln 271 ngi nm 2010, gip Trung Quc tr thnh nc c s t ph ln th hai trn th gii.[37] Th trng bn l ca Trung Quc c gi tr 1.302 nghn t la M nm 2007 v tng trng hng nm mc 16,8%.[38] Trung Quc hin cng l th trng tiu th hng xa x ln th hai trn th gii ch sau Nht Bn, chim 27,5% th phn ton cu.[39] Nn kinh t ca Trung Quc tiu tn rt nhiu in nng v vic tiu th in nng quc gia ny cng cha t hiu qu v mt tit kim, sn xut cng nghip Trung Quc s dng in nng nhiu hn cc nc trong OECD t 20% n 100%.[40] Trung Quc tr thnh nc tiu th in ln nht th gii vo nm 2010,[41] nhng 70% nhu cu in nng vn ph thuc vo than.[42] Cng vi chnh sch lng lo v mi trng, iu ny dn n nhim nghim trng nc v bu khng kh, khin 20 trong tng s 30 thnh ph nhim nht th gii l ca Trung Quc.[40] Chnh ph cam kt s dng nhiu hn nng lng ti to. Vo nm 2010, Trung Quc tr thnh nh cung cp in gi ln nht th gii, vi tng sn lng in gi c lp t l 41,8 GW.[43] Trung Quc t lu c coi l ch hng gi khng l nht ton cu khi theo mt thng k, gn 90% s hng gi, hng nhi trn th gii c ngun gc t y. Nh ti Qung Chu, Trung Quc, ni c mnh danh l Thin ng ca hng fake, nhng nhn hng thi trang t bnh dn ti cao cp c nhi li, by bn cng khai vi gi r nu bn mua l v gi rt r nu bn mua s. Thm ch ng ngc nhin hn, nhiu xng sn xut hng nhi ti Trung Quc cn c tuyt chiu lm gi sn phm ch da trn hnh nh ca hng ha trn cc tp ch thi trang hoc qua mng internet[44]. Mt vn na m Trung Quc phi gii quyt l chnh lch pht trin gia khu vc ven bin giu c vi khu vc pha ty cn tng i ngho. gii bi ton bt n nh ny, chnh ph Trung Quc ra cc sng kin chin lc Pht trin min ty Trung Quc (2000), sng kin Hi sinh min ng bc Trung Quc (2003), v chnh sch S vn ln ca min trung Trung Quc (2004), tt c u nhm n vic gip khu vc bn trong Trung Quc theo kp.

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Trung Quc l quc gia a dn tc vi 56 dn tc c chnh thc cng nhn. Trung Quc l nc c dn s ln nht th gii khong 1,3 t ngi. Dn tc ch yu l ngi Hn chim ti 93% s dn c nc v l dn tc chnh trn mt na din tch Trung Quc. Ngay ngi Hn cng l mt dn tc tng i khng ng nht v mt chng tc, c th coi nh l s kt hp gia nhiu nhm dn tc khc nhau cng chia s nhng c im vn ha v ngn ng chung. Ngi Kinh (ngi Vit) to thnh mt nhm nh tp trung vng ven bin Qung Ty. L mt nc ng dn, chnh ph c chnh sch hn ch pht trin dn s, chnh sch ny yu cu cc gia nh cc vng th (ngoi tr cc dn tc "thiu s" nh Ty Tng) ch nn c mt con cn cc h gia nh cc vng nng thn c th c hai con nu con u l gi. Do cc vng nng thn, ngi con trai c coi c li v mt kinh t hn cng vi yu t vn ha, tm l truyn thng ca ngi Trung Quc l chung con trai hn, do vy c v nh t l ph thai chn gii tnh v vt b tr s sinh kh cao nhng vng nng thn. c bit chnh sch ny ch p dng i vi ngi Hn. V ngy cng c nhiu vin c nhi nui tr em b b ri, v khong 98% nhng tr em ny khng c ai nhn lm con nui m sng hn trong cc vin ny cho n lc trng thnh. Trc tnh hnh , Trung Quc m mt chng trnh nhn con nui quc t nhng hin cng ch p ng c mt t l nh nhng tr em ny. Kt qu l nm 2000 t l gii tnh ca tr s sinh ti Trung Quc l 177 b trai so vi 100 b gi, cao hn rt nhiu so vi t l t nhin (106 trn 100). Mc d c th gii thch bng nhng nguyn nhn cp trn, c mt nguyn nhn na cng phi k ra l do t l mc bnh vim gan cao ngi Trung Quc (xem phn ni v sc khe cng ng di y). Do vy chnh ph Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa c gng x l vn ny bng cch cao hn vai tr ca ngi ph n v ln n nhng trung tm y t v bc s no cho cha m ca a tr sp sinh bit trc gii tnh ca n. S bt cn i trong t l gii tnh khin cho khong 30-40 triu n ng Trung Quc khng th ly v Trung Quc c. Ngoi vic di c gia tng (hoc c th khin tnh trng a phu tr nn ph bin), tnh hnh ny cng c th lm gia tng s lng mi dm, hoc thm ch c nhng trng hp bt cc, mua bn ph n t nc ngoi hay t cc vng qu ho lnh. Cc vng c mt dn c ng nht l: ng bng Hong H, Trng Giang, Chu Giang v vng ng bc. Vng min ni pha ty gm Ty Tng, Tn Cng... dn c tha tht.

Y t
Mt s vn v sc kho cng ng ti Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa ang tr nn trm trng: cc vn v sc kho do nhim khng kh v nc tiu dng, s lan trn ca dch bnh AIDS cng vi hng trm triu ngi ht thuc l. Bnh dch HIV, ngoi nhng ng ly nhim thng thng, trm trng hn do vic tip nhn v truyn mu khng hp v sinh trong thi gian trc y, ch yu ti cc vng nng thn. Vn thuc l kh phc tp do chnh ph c quyn v ph thuc vo ngun thu trong ngnh kinh doanh ny nn dng nh lng l khi x l vn thuc l so vi cc vn sc khe cng ng khc. Vim gan B l mt bnh dch i lc Trung Quc, vi t l dn chng nhim bnh nghim trng vo khong 10%. Do bnh h gan hay ung th gan l mt nguyn nhn t vong ph bin Trung Quc. Bnh vim gan cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ca vic mt cn i gii tnh ti Trung Quc (S tr s sinh n t hn. Xem bi vit bng ting Anh Hepatitus B and the Case of the Missing Women (http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~eoster/hepb.pdf)). Mt chng trnh khi ng nm 2002 phn u trong vng 5 nm s chng nga cho ton b s tr s sinh ti Trung Quc. Vo thng 11 nm 2002, bnh vim phi khng in hnh SARS xut hin tnh Qung ng. Tuy nhin, vo nhng giai on u ca dch bnh, Trung Quc giu nhm c trong ln ngoi nc tin tc v bng n dch nn dch bnh lan trn ti cc khu vc v cc nc xung quanh nh Hng Kng, Vit Nam v cc nc khc qua bc chn ca khch du lch. Ch tnh trong Trung Quc c 5327 ca nhim v 348 trng hp t vong c thng bo chnh thc, khin Trung Quc tr thnh nc nhim SARS nhiu nht tnh n thi im hin nay. Ngy 19 thng 5 nm 2004, T chc Y t Th gii cng nhn Trung Quc khng cn trng hp no nhim dch bnh ny. Mt vn na m Trung Quc phi i mt l cc dch bnh cm gia cm bng n trong nhng nm gn y cho cc loi gia cm v chim chc, cng vi mt s ngi nhim. Loi virus ny ch yu ly t gia cm sang ngi, tuy vy mi lo ngi hin nay theo cc chuyn gia l d bo loi virus gy ra dch bnh ton cu ny c kh nng bin th sang hnh thc ly nhim t ngi sang ngi. Mt vn na Trung Quc cng gp phi l vic truyn vi khun Streptococcus t ln sang ngi trong thi gian gn y dn n s t vong cao bt thng ti tnh T Xuyn v cc vng xung quanh.

Khoa hc v k thut
Cc thnh tu thi c i
Trung Quc c i t c rt nhiu thnh tu trong nghin cu khoa hc v k thut. Trong s nhng thnh tu v khoa hc ca Trung Quc c i phi k n la bn, thuc sng, k thut lm giy v k thut in n, c coi l t i pht minh. Ngoi ra cng cn nhiu pht minh trn nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. Chng trnh khng gian ca Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa ngy nay l thnh tu ng k, s dng v phi hp nhiu tin b khoa hc v k thut tin tin.

Chng trnh khng gian

Sau khi Trung Quc v Lin X ct t quan h ngoi giao, Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa tin hnh pht trin ring h thng nh chn c s dng v kh ht nhn (c sc tn ph ln) v h thng y i km. T Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa tr thnh mt trong nm nc s hu v kh ht nhn; nhng cho ti nay Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa l nc duy nht khng k vo cng c khng nh n ht nhn ph u i vi cc nc khng c v kh ht nhn nhm rn e Trung Hoa Dn Quc. Chng trnh phng v tinh nhn to l mt trong nhng thnh qu ca k hoch ny. Nm 1970, Trung Quc phng v tinh nhn to u tin ca mnh l ng Phng Hng I vo khng gian. Thnh tu ny a Trung Quc tr thnh quc gia th nm t phng c v tinh nhn to. Nc ny cng c cc k hoch xy dng chng trnh tu khng gian c ngi li cng vo khong nm 1970, vi d n 714 v tu khng gian c ngi li Th Quang. D n ny sau b hy b v mt lot nhng trc trc chnh tr v kinh t. Nm 1992, chng trnh tu khng gian c ngi li theo d n 992 c trin khai. Vo ngy 19 thng 11 nm 1999, tu khng gian khng ngi li Thn Chu 1 c phng ln khng gian coi nh chuyn bay th nghim u tin ca chng trnh. Sau ba ln th nghim na, phi thuyn Thn Chu 5 c tn la Trng Chinh 2F phng ln vo ngy 15 thng 10 nm 2003, mang theo nh du hnh v tr Dng Li V, a Trung Quc thnh nc th ba trn th gii a c ngi vo khng gian bng kh nng ca ring mnh. Ln phng th hai tu c ngi li Thn Chu 6 vo ngy 12 thng 10 nm 2005 vi 2 nh du hnh v tr Ph Tun Long v Nhip Hi Thng cng thnh cng. Nhiu chuyn gia cho rng tu khng gian Thn Chu c pht trin t thit k ca tu khng gian Soyuz ca Lin X, tuy nhin nhiu ngi Trung Quc phn i iu ny. Mt tun sau khi phng tu Thn Chu 5, mt bi x lun (http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?msid=229586) ca Thi bo n ni l Trung Quc ch th hin kt qu ca mt cng ngh c 40 nm. Tuy vy, thnh qu ny ca Trung Quc c th dy ln mt cuc chy ua vo khng gian mi.

Quc phng
Khoa hc v k thut trong Cng nghip quc phng ca Cng ha nhn dn Trung Hoa hu ht c c nn mng khi Lin X u t mnh m vo Trung Quc vo nhng nm 1950. V phn ln cc v kh quan trng ca Lin X c cp giy php sn xut ti Trung Quc. Cng nh Lin X gip pht trin cng ngh ht nhn v v kh nguyn t ti Trung Quc[45]. CHND Trung Hoa cng c c mt s cng ngh ca Hoa K khi mi quan h gia hai nc tr nn nng m vo nhng nm 1970. Cng nh Trung Quc bt u sao chp nhng v kh m mnh mua c t phng Ty nhng khng nhiu do cc nc phng Ty thn trng hn trong vie54c mua bn v kh vi Trung Quc cng nh b cm vn v kh vo nm 1989[46]. n nhng nm 1990 th Trung Quc bt u sao chp qui m ln cc v kh hin i mua c t Nga. Cn khi Nga t chi bn cc loi v kh ca mnh th Trung Quc chuyn sang mua ca Ukraina vn cng s hu nhiu loi v kh hin i t thi Lin X[47]. Hin ti th Trung Quc ang tch cc sao chp cc loi v kh ca phng Ty mua c t Israel[48]. tng c thi, Nga ho phng vi Trung Quc n mc cung cp min ph mt lng ln v kh v cng ngh qun s gip cho ngnh cng nghip quc phng nc ny c c mt nn tng cc k quan trng. Gii phn tch qun s quc t khng nh, Trung Quc thu c nhng kt qu "kh tin" nh s tr gip ca Nga. Cc nh phn tch cho rng, Bc Kinh tin tng l bng cch vi phm bn quyn sn phm h s tng bc ngng nhp khu v kh ca Nga v tin ti tr thnh mt nh xut khu ln, sc cnh tranh vi cc cng quc khc. K t , Nga rt hn ch bn thit b qun s cho Trung Quc mc d vn tip tc cung cp ng c my bay. Thm vo , mi li ngh s dng cc nghin cu cng ngh cao t pha Trung Quc u b Nga t chi thng thng nhng Nga li sn lng bn cho cc i th ca Trung Quc trong khu vc.[49].

Vn ha
Cc gi tr truyn thng ca Trung Quc a phn bt ngun t cc t tng chnh thng ca Nho gio/ch ngha bo th, nhng t tng ny tng l ni dung ging dy chnh trong trng hc v c a vo mt phn trong cc k thi tuyn quan chc cho ch phong kin. Tuy nhin, thut ng Nho gio hi c vn ch h t tng tng t n nh cao vo thi Trung Quc phong kin nh Thanh, thc ra l kt qu ca nhiu khuynh hng t tng khc nhau, trong c Php gia, m di nhiu kha cnh bt ngun t t tng chnh thng ban u ca Nho gia; thc t l khi ch phong kin Trung Quc t ti nh cao th nhng vn nh thc quyn li c nhn, gp vi chnh quyn, v i hi nhng thay i cho cuc sng cng b nhng trit gia "chnh thng" tm cch ngn cn, cho rng Nho gio l ng ngha vi s quy phc v n nh chnh tr. Hin nay, c nhng nh Nho ng i li phn i kiu din gii v cho rng nhng l tng dn ch v quyn con ngi hon ton ph hp vi nhng "gi tr chu " Nho gio c truyn. Nhng nh lnh o c gng thay i x hi Trung Hoa sau khi Cng ha nhn dn Trung Hoa c thnh lp vo nm 1949 u l nhng ngi c o to di x hi c cng vi nhng du n gi tr ca n. Mc d u l nhng ngi c thc cch mng, h khng c nh bin i hon ton nn vn ha Trung Hoa. L nhng nh qun l thc dng, lnh o ca Trung Quc tm cch thay i mt s kha cnh truyn thng nh vn s hu t canh tc v vn gio dc, tuy vy vn gi nhng gi tr c nh c cu gia nh. Thc ra, nhiu ngi cho rng thi k cng sn sau nm 1949 thc ra ch l s ni tip lch s Trung Quc truyn thng, ch khng phi l nhng g thc s cch mngqun chng vn chp nhn quan im phc tng giai cp lnh o nh xa m khng h phn i. Chnh quyn mi c coi nh nm gi Thin mnh, ginh quyn t ch c v thit lp triu i mi. Cng ging nh thi phong kin, ngi cai tr (Mao Trch ng) c tn sng v coi nh khng bao gi mc li. Do vy, thay i trong x hi Trung Quc khng phi l ton din v nht qun theo nh pht ngn chnh thc. Trong thi k Cch mng vn ha do Hng v binh tin hnh, nhiu kha cnh ca vn ha truyn thng Trung Quc nh ngh thut, vn hc, ngn ng, b ch coi l "tn d ca ch phong kin", l c hi v i li so vi thi i nn b xa b kh nhiu. Trung Quc ci cch nhiu loi hnh ngh thut, theo kiu nh "bin i" Kinh kch ph hp vi cc khu hiu tuyn truyn hin thc x hi ch ngha. Theo thi gian, phn ln vn ha truyn thng Trung Quc c ngi dn v ch chp nhn l mt phn ca ca x hi Trung Quc; thc t l chnh sch quc gia ca Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa thng tn dng y l nhng thnh tu quan trng ca nn vn minh Trung Quc, v nhn mnh chng l nhng yu t quan trng trong vic hnh thnh mt bn sc quc gia Trung Quc. Trong nhng nm gn y, Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa cng thng xuyn cng c tinh thn quc gia m nhiu ngi cho l chin thut duy tr s lnh o hp php ca h.

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T do tn gio c bo m bi hin php ca Trung Quc, mc d cc t chc tn gio khng chnh thc c th b n p bi nh nc.[50] Mt c tnh chnh xc v s lng tn tn gio l kh khn c c v thiu d liu chnh thc, nhng c mt s ng thun chung rng nim tin tn gio c hi sinh ti Trung Quc t cui nhng nm 1980 sau thi k cch mng vn ha.[51] Mt cuc kho st nm 1998, c bo co bi trang web Adherents.com ni rng 59% (trn 700 triu) dn s l khng tn gio.[52] Mt cuc kho st sau , tin hnh nm 2007, cho thy c 300 triu tn cc tn gio Trung Quc, chim 23% dn s, khc bit so vi con s chnh thc l 100 triu.[51] Trong lch s, nn vn minh Trung Quc b nh hng bi cc tn gio khc nhau, bao gm c tn gio a phng Trung Quc, o gio, Pht gio, Thin Cha gio, Saman gio, Hi gio, Ha gio v nhiu tn gio mi. Trong s ny, o gio v Pht gio c nh hng ln nht trong vic hnh thnh vn ha Trung Quc. o gio l tn gio bn a Trung Quc ng ch nht, n bao gm c tn ngng dn gian a phng, trong khi Pht gio truyn b n Trung Quc t n trong th k th 1 v tr nn c nh hng rng ri trong ngi dn sut mt thi gian di ca lch s Trung Quc. Hin nay, theo s kho st khc nhau, o gio l tn gio ln nht vi hn 30% dn s Trung Quc tin theo. Pht gio chim 10,85%[53] v 18% dn s ca Trung Quc theo cc tn gio khc.[54] Trong , Kit gio chim 3,2% dn s, trong khi o Hi chim 2% dn s.[55] Pht gio i tha l h phi Pht gio ng tn nht Trung Quc. Pht gio Nguyn thy tn ti ch yu trong cng ng ngi dn tc thiu s dc theo ra pha Nam ca Trung Quc i lc.[56]

Nh th Saint Sophia Cp Nh Tn, pha ng bc Trung Quc. Nm 1921, Cp Nh Tn c mt cng ng ngi Nga khong 100.000 ngi, n nui dng s pht trin ca Kit gio trong thnh ph.

Kit gio ln u tin c truyn b n Trung Quc trong triu i nh ng vo nm 635. Thng k chnh thc ca chnh ph a ra con s ca cc Kit hu mc 25 triu ngi, trong c 10 triu ngi Cng gio Rma, cn li l Chnh Thng gio Nga v Tin Lnh.[57] Hi gio xut hin Trung Quc trong nm 651. Qua nhiu th k sau, cc thng nhn Hi gio v cc hc gi pht trin Hi gio tr thnh tn gio ni bt trong x hi Trung Quc. Cc Qun l Nh nc v tn gio ca Trung Quc cho bit c hn 21 triu ngi Hi gio trong c nc (1,5% n 2% tng dn s), vi c tnh khng chnh thc khc nhau khc l 50 triu.[58]

X hi
Mu thun trong tranh chp t ai
K t khi bi b thu nng nghip nm 2006, lnh o cc a phng ngy cng giu thng qua vic bn t (hay bn quyn s dng t) m theo lut, t ai thuc quyn "s hu ton dn" v do nh nc qun l[59][60]. Mu thun gia nng dn v cc quan chc a phng tng khp Trung Quc, bi v cc v thu hi quyn s dng t (hoc "cng ch t ai") [59]. T nm 1990 n nay, hn 43% nng dn Trung Quc tng b chnh quyn trng thu t ai [61] v c tnh 60% n 70% thu nhp ca chnh quyn a phng n t bn t ca nng dn, quan chc a phng v cc nhm li ch tr cho nng dn mt s tin ti thiu v sau c tr bi nh u c a c gp 50 ln, tr thnh ngi hng li chnh[60] Khong chng hn 90.000 ri lon dn s Trung Quc mi nm,[62] v c tnh 180.000 cuc biu tnh hng lot xy ra trong nc trong nm 2010,[63] phn ng v co buc cc v tham nhng ca cc nhm li ch hoc thu hi t bt hp php, nh ti Khm, Qung ng nm 2011. Qu Jamestown (Jamestown Foundation) cung cp mt li gii thch v m cho s gia tng cc cuc xung t: cc quan chc a phng, b kt gia s thiu ht doanh thu ca chnh quyn a phng do cc bin php ca chnh quyn trung ng lm ngui th trng bt ng sn qu nng v s nh gi thnh tch c nhn ca h da trn ng gp ca a phng vo tng trng GDP, phi dng bin php bn rt bi thng cng t cng tt (ti thiu) cho nng dn [64].

Du lch
Khi qut v du lch Trung Quc
L mt t nc rng ln v vi b dy lch s trn 5.000 nm, Trung Quc ngy nay l mt ni hp dn du lch vo loi bc nht trn th gii theo phong cch vn ha Phng ng. Nm 2000, Trung Quc n 84 triu du khch nc ngoi (K c Hongkong v Macao). Vi 32 a danh c UNESCO cng nhn l di sn th gii n nm 2003, Trung Quc tr thnh quc gia xp th 3 trn th gii v s hu s lng di sn th gii (Di sn vt th). Vi a hnh a dng v vi lch s phong kin tp quyn hng ngn nm, ngnh du lch Trung Quc vn ang trong qu trnh tm kim v khai qut kho c nhng a danh thin nhin v lch s s lm sng st thm hng triu du khch v chc chn rng con s m UNESCO cng nhn Trung Quc khng dng li con s 32. C th ni, nhng di tch, nhng cng trnh kin trc, nhng hin vt lin quan, thm ch l nhng giai thoi lch s ca ngi Trung Quc... cch y hng my trm nm thm ch hng ngn nm nhng cc chnh quyn Trung Quc trc nay phn ln u gn gi nguyn vn. y l mt th mnh quan trng nht ca ngnh du lch v loi hnh vn ha - lch s. Hin ti du lch Trung Quc rt a dng v loi hnh l nhm mc ch pht trin a dng v ngun khch. V d nh mun tm hiu t nc Trung Quc trong 10 nm qua th nn n thnh ph Thm Quyn; Trong 100 nm th n Thng Hi; Trong 1.000 nm th n Bc Kinh... Nhng hu ht khi ni n du lch Trung Quc th ngi ta ngh ngay n cc cnh quan thin nhin huyn b v cc lng tm, n i, thnh lu rt c knh v s ca ngi Trung Quc xa. V cng l l do UNESCO cng nhn, xp hng v bo tn cc a danh du lch chnh ca Trung Quc hin nay. Sau y l danh sch cc a danh du lch ni ting ca Trung Quc c UNESCO cng nhn n nm 2003.

Cc k quan c UNESCO cng nhn

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Tn a danh Vn l Trng thnh C Cung Hang Mc Cao Lng m Tn Thy Hong v cc tng binh m Di ch ngi vn Bc Kinh Ni Thi Sn Khu danh thng Hong Sn Khu danh thng V Lng Nguyn Khu danh thng Cu Tri Cu Khu danh thng Tha c Khng Miu, Khng Ph, Khng Lm Ni V ang Cung in Potala Khu danh thng L Sn Nga Mi Sn - Lc Sn i Pht Di Ha Vin Thin n Lng tm hong gia Minh-Thanh Thnh c Bnh Dao T Chu Vin Lm Thnh c L Giang Thn c Ty - Honh thn V Di Sn iu khc i Tc Ni Thanh Thnh - Cng trnh thy li Giang Yn Hang nhn to Long Mn Hang Vn Cng Khu lch s Ma Cao Vng Tam Giang n Kh Khu danh thng Hong Long Khu bo tn Gu Trc Ln ti T Xuyn

Nm xy dng

Tnh/TP

Nm UNESCO cng nhn 12/1987 12/1987 12/1987 12/1987 12/1987 12/1987 12/1990 12/1992 12/1992 12/1994 12/1994 12/1994 12/1994 12/1996 12/1996 12/1998 12/1998 10/2000 12/1997 12/1997 12/1997 12/2000 12/1999 12/1999 12/2000 12/2000 2001 2005 12/2003 2006 1992 2006

Th loi Vn ha Vn ha Vn ha Vn ha Kho c hc T. nhin - V. ha T. nhin - V. ha Thin nhin Thin nhin Vn ha Vn ha Vn ha Vn ha Vn ha T. nhin - V. ha Vn ha Vn ha Vn ha Vn ha Vn ha Vn ha Vn ha Vn ha Vn ha T. nhin - V. ha Vn ha Vn ha Vn ha Thin nhin Vn ha Thin nhin Thin nhin

TK XII - IV TrCN. Nhiu tnh thnh 1406 - 1420 Bc Kinh Cam Tc 246-208 TCN Thim Ty Bc Kinh Sn ng An Huy H Nam T Xuyn 1703 478 TCN H Bc Sn ng H Bc TK VII Ty Tng Giang Ty T Xuyn Bc Kinh Bc Kinh Bc Kinh Sn Ty Giang T Vn Nam An Huy Phc Kin Trng Khnh T Xuyn H Nam Sn Ty Ma Cao Vn Nam khong th k 2 TCN H Nam T Xuyn T Xuyn

Xem thm
Ngh thut Trung Quc m thc Trung Quc Ting Trung Quc Ch Trung Quc Danh sch cc nhn vt Trung Quc in nh Trung Quc m nhc Trung Quc Tn gio ti Trung Quc L hi ca Cng ha nhn dn Trung Hoa i Pht thanh Quc t Trung Quc Lut php Trung Quc Gio dc Trung Quc Lin lc vin thng Trung Quc Mi trng Trung Quc Nhn quyn ti Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa Khoa hc v cng ngh Trung Quc Cnh st Trung Quc Giao thng vn ti Trung Quc ng st Trung Quc Cc dn tc Trung Quc

Ch thch
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/236754.datviet 46. ^ http://quocphong.baodatviet.vn/Home/QPCN/Cac-ba-do-cua-CNQP-Trung-Quoc-ky-2/201210 /237135.datviet 47. ^ http://quocphong.baodatviet.vn/Home/QPCN/Ukraine-o-at-ban-cong-nghe-quan-su-cho-Trung-Quoc/20116 /149981.datviet 48. ^ http://quocphong.baodatviet.vn/Home/QPCN/Cac-ba-do-cua-CNQP-Trung-Quoc-ky-4/201210 /238364.datviet 49. ^ http://infonet.vn/The-gioi/Binh-luan/Cong-nghiep-quoc-phong-Trung-Quoc-Khuon-mat-ke-boi-bac /120687.info 50. ^ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/602b650e-dc69-11e1-a304-00144feab49a,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http %3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F602b650e-dc69-11e1-a304-00144feab49a.html& _i_referer=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChina#axzz24qLQjsqF 51. ^ a b BBC News. 7 February 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2009. 52. ^ http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_473.html 53. ^ http://www.euecran.eu /pdf/ECRAN%20Analysing%20the%20Recent%20Development%20of%20Religious%20Communities%20in%20Contempora 54. ^ http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctenglish/se/txt/2009-06/19/content_203310.htm 55. ^ http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Christian/ChristianityAppendixC.pdf 56. ^ ^ Macintosh, R. Scott. China's prosperity inspires rising spirituality (9 March 2006). Retrieved 15 April 2006. 57. ^ ^ "Christians in China: Is the country in spiritual crisis?" BBC. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2012. 58. ^ http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper 59. ^ a b Pomfret, James (29 September 2011). "Velvet glove trumps iron fist in south China land riot" (http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/09/29/idINIndia-59609720110929). Reuters. Retrieved 13 October 2011 60. ^ a b Michael Young (17 thng 1 nm 2012). People of Wukan Challenge China Model (http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/opinion/people-of-wukan-challenge-china-model-177702.html). The Epoch Times. Truy cp 20 Februar 2012., Bn dch ting Vit (http://tintuchangngay.info/2012/01/19/dano-kh%E1%BA%A3m-wukan-thach-th%E1%BB%A9c-mo-hinh-trung-qu%E1%BB%91c/) 61. ^ Trung Quc cao M hnh Khm (http://toquoc.vn/Sites/vi-vn/details/7/ho-so-quoc-te/101729 /trung-quoc-de-cao-mo-hinh-o-kham.aspx). T quc, 12/02/2012. 62. ^ Chinese villagers riot over govt land seizure (http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics /printArticle.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=460030&version=1&template_id=45&parent_id=25). Gulf Times. AFP. 24 thng 9 nm 2011. 63. ^ Demick, Barbara (10 October 2011) "Protests in China over local grievances surge, and get a hearing" (http://www.sacbee.com/2011/10/10/3973035/protests-in-china-over-local-grievances.html#ixzz1adzrB3nj). Los Angeles Times / Sacramento Bee 64. ^ Mattis, Peter (20 December 2011). "Wukan Uprising Highlights Dilemmas of Preserving Stability (http://www.webcitation.org/64ScVr64W). China Brief Volume 11, Issue 23. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original (http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1& tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=38809&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=517) on 5 January 2012

Lin kt ngoi
Trang wed con ngi Trung Quc (http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/index.html) ting Trung: {{{1}}} Trang web ca Ban Ting Vit Nam i Pht thanh Quc t Trung Quc (http://vietnamese.cri.cn/index.htm) (ting Vit) China.org.cn Wedsite chnh quyn Trung Quc (http://www.china.org.cn/english/index.htm) (ting Anh) Tin tc Trung Quc (http://www.HavenWorks.com/world/china) Chinese politics (http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/12/international/asia/12CHIN.html?tntemail1): New York Times (cn ng k) China in red (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/red/) PBS: Frontline Khm ph Trung Quc (http://www.asinah.net/china/vietnamese.html) Go Taikonauts! (http://web.archive.org/20000816071719/www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1921/) Trang Web ca mt ngi dn Trung Quc v chng trnh v tr Trung Quc Bi c v chng trnh v tr ca Trung Quc (http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/shenzhou_china_archive.html) Chinese Threat to American Leadership in Space (http://taiwansecurity.org/IS/2004/IS-Garibaldi-0704.htm)

Khu vc a l

Ly t http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cng_ha_Nhn_dn_Trung_Hoa&oldid=15322105 Th loi: Hon ton khng c ngun tham kho Bn ci v TTL Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa Quc gia cng sn Trung Quc Trang ny c sa i ln cui lc 08:51, ngy 20 thng 1 nm 2014. Vn bn c pht hnh theo Giy php Creative Commons Ghi cng/Chia s tng t; c th p dng iu khon b sung. Xem iu khon S dng bit thm chi tit. Wikipedia l thng hiu ng k ca Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., mt t chc phi li nhun.

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