- QTL mapping of root traits in wheat under different phosphorus levels using. - Identification of useful loci for root morphological and P uptake related traits at seedling stage is important for wheat breeding. - The most stable QTL QRRS.caas-4DS for ratio of root to shoot dry weight (RRS) harbored the stable genetic region with high phenotypic effect, and QTL clusters on 7A might be used for speedy selection of genotypes for P-uptake. - The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. - If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. - Therefore, optimization of root and biomass related attributes such as root length, root width, root tips number, root diameter, root biomass and shoot biomass at seedling stage could provide a promising avenue to explore early variations correlated with high P uptake. - Genetic diversity for root-related traits under different nutrient conditions has been also considered very important for grain yield enhancement [5, 6]. - In wheat, QTLs have been detected for root traits under different P treatments across the 21 chromosomes [9, 10]. - Accurate phenotyping of root traits under normal field conditions is difficult, whereas traditional methods such as soil columns and soil cores are time-consuming and laborious for screening of large populations [13, 14]. - Artificial systems like sand, germin- ation paper and hydroponic based cultures have been used as proxies for characterization of root traits [4, 15].. - Hydroponic culture with digital imaging has given new opportunities to detect number of root traits with differ- ent aspects of root development compared with sand culture and germination paper techniques [11]. - But, there is no report regarding cloning of QTL for P-uptake related root traits or P uptake efficiency yet.. - In this study, we have used hydroponic culture-based image pipeline for root phenotyping and 660 K SNPs array for QTL and joint QTL analysis. - The panel of 198 DH lines from the cross of Yangmai 16/Zhongmai 895 were evaluated for root-related traits in hydroponic culture. - The female parental Yangmai 16 is a spring wheat cultivar with drought resistance attri- butes and cover the largest planting area in the middle and lower Yangtze River Region. - Whereas, levels of KCl in solution were at and 0.10 mmol/L, respectively in the three treatments to maintain a common nutrient concentration across treat- ments [21] (Table 1). - Five root system architecture (RSA) traits, viz. - Root biomass-related traits (BRT), including shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) were measured after oven-drying for 72 h at 70 °C (mg/plant). - Briefly, markers with no polymorphisms be- tween parents, severely distorted segregations, and miss- ing rate greater than 20% were removed in the subsequent linkage analysis. - Locations of QTLs for the root traits were de- tected by inclusive composite interval mapping-additive (ICIM-ADD) by using same software as for the QTL analysis. - The genes located in the physical intervals of RSA and BRT-associated genomic regions were screened based on the annotations in the wheat reference genome (CS RefSeq v1.0. - Except for RD and RRS in the high P treatment, Yangmai 16 had higher RL, RV, RTN, ROSA, SDW, RDW and TDW than Zhongmai 895 (Fig. - The average values of the DH lines for RL, RV, RTN, and RRS were higher than parents in the low P treatment, indicating positive effects for root vigor from both parents (Figs. - QTL for root system architecture traits. - Among them 6 QTL were detected for the zero control, and 7 in the low and 6 in the high P treatments with the phenotypic variances explained of respectively.. - In the low P treatment, three QTL were identified for each of RL and RTN, explaining 20.7 and. - Abbreviations: ZM895, Zhongmai 895. - YM16, Yangmai 16. - RRS, ratio of root to shoot dry weight. - QTL for root biomass-related traits. - Two, 4 and 9 QTL were identified in the zero, low and high P treatments, and explained and 67.6% of the phenotypic variances, respectively. - A stable QTL (QRDW.caas-4BS) was identified under both low and high P conditions, explaining 8.1 to 17.7% of the phenotypic variances for RDW. - A pleiotropic QTL on chromosome 4DS in interval AX AX Mb) detected in the low P treat- ment for RDW co-located with 3 QTL in all three P treatments for RRS explained 7.1 to 20.4% of the pheno- typic variances (Table 3).. - These clusters were identified in the same or close marker intervals (Fig. - Hydroponic-based rapid phenotyping approach was used to measure for BRT and RSA related traits in DH popu- lation. - High heritabilities and significant genetic vari- ances for root system architecture and biomass traits in- dicated that these traits could be used as primary selection criteria for enhancement of P uptake and to identify underlying genetics [12, 17] (Table 2). - The present results corroborated earlier findings for genetic variances of root-related traits under different nutrient treatments . - P deprivation restricts the growth of main roots, while increases the lateral roots elongation with high numbers of root hairs [34]. - This phenomenon leads higher ratio of root to shoot that significantly changes the root architecture for greater nutrient up-take [10].. - This trend was contributed by Zhongmai 895, which also had longer roots, high root tip number and high RRS in the low P treatment. - Abbreviations: C zero control, L low P treatment, H high P treatment, RL root length, RV root volume, RD root diameter, RTN root tip number, ROSA root surface area, SDW shoot dry weight, RDW root dry weight, TDW total dry weight, RRS ratio of root to shoot dry weight. - Some QTL were already reported for root system architecture and root biomass-related traits [12, 38]. - New loci closely linked with AX Mb) on 3AS, AX Mb) on 6DS, AX Mb) on 7AS, AX Mb) on 7AL and AX Mb) on 7BL showed signifi- cant influence for root growth under low P-condition.. - The genetic diversity for root vigor under low P condi- tions could potentially improve P acquisition efficiency and described some QTL for BRT under low P conditions [11]. - QTL on 2DL and 6BL for RTN, RL and SDW under low P condition were likely to be those which were dem- onstrated for root related traits under P sufficiency in pot trials [37] and hydroponic culture [4]. - Therefore, identifi- cation of those QTL influencing root traits for high nutri- ent uptake under varied conditions could be important for genotypic selection. - Closely linked QTL QRL.caas-7BL and QRTN.caas-7BL near AX Mb) could also be important for early vigor under P deficient condi- tions, whereas their strong relationship with kernel num- ber per spike was earlier demonstrated by Zhang et al.. - Based on putative analysis, flanking sequence of SNP linked with Table 3 QTLs for root system architecture and root biomass-related traits identified under three P treatments. - RL C QRL.caas-1BL AX AX . - QRL.caas-7AS.1 AX AX QRL.caas-6AL AX AX QRL.caas-7AL AX AX . - L QRL.caas-6BL AX AX . - QRL.caas-7BL AX AX QRL.caas-7AL AX AX H QRL.caas-7AS.2 AX AX . - RV C QRV.caas-6DS AX AX . - QRV.caas-4BS AX AX . - H QRV.caas-7AS AX AX . - RTN L QRTN.caas-6BL AX AX . - QRTN.caas-2BL AX AX QRTN.caas-7BL AX AX QRTN.caas-7AL AX AX . - H QRTN.caas-2DL AX AX . - QRTN.caas-7AS AX AX QRTN.caas-3DL AX AX ROSA H QROSA.caas-7AS AX AX . - SDW H QSDW.caas-6BL AX AX . - QSDW.caas-6DS AX AX QSDW.caas-3AS AX AX QSDW.caas-3DL AX AX . - RDW L QRDW.caas-4BS AX AX . - QRDW.caas-4DS AX AX . - H QRDW.caas-3AS AX AX . - QRDW.caas-4BS AX AX . - TDW H QTDW.caas-3AS AX AX . - RRS C QRRS.caas-4BS.1 AX AX QRRS.caas-4DS AX AX L QRRS.caas-4BS.1 AX AX . - QRRS.caas-4DS AX AX . - H QRRS.caas-4BS.2 AX AX . - These QTL could play an important role for high uptake of P through alteration in root traits under varied P conditions.. - In the present study, seven clusters were identified in three dif- ferent P treatments (Fig. - Clusters C3, C4, C5 and C7 had pleiotropic QTLs for root system architecture and biomass-related traits under different P treatments, whereas QTLs in other clusters contained closely linked. - Cluster C5 on chromosome 7AS (AX AX af- fecting RL, RTN and ROSA was identified for the first time in the present study and SNP linked with this clus- ter can be used for future wheat improvement. - These results also indicated that QTL identified at seedling stage could be reliable for the selection of yield-related traits measured at maturity [12]. - The SNPs tightly linked to QTLs or QTL clusters identified in the present study can be converted to KASP assays and effectively used for MAS to improve nutrient-use efficiency in wheat breeding.. - Thirty-four QTL with significant phenotypic varia- tions for root system architecture and biomass- related traits were identified using high-density genetic map constructed from 660 k SNP array and cost-effective hydroponic-based phenotyping pipe- line. - A stable QTL QRRS.caas-4DS Mb) was also detected across the three P levels, accounted for 8.4 to 20.4% of the phenotypic vari- ances, which could be used for speedy selection of genotypes for P-uptake. - Abbreviations: C control, L low P treatment, H high P treatment, RL root length, RV root volume, RD root diameter, RTN root tip number, ROSA root surface area, SDW shoot dry weight, RDW root dry weight, TDW total dry weight, RRS ratio of root to shoot dry weight. - Abbreviations: C control, L low P treatment, H high P treatment, RL Root length, RV Root volume, RD Root diameter, RTN root tip number, ROSA root surface area, SDW shoot dry weight, RDW root dry weight, TDW total dry weight, RRS ratio of root to shoot dry weight. - RSA: Root system architecture. - BRT: Biomass-related traits. - RRS: Ratio of root to shoot dry weight. - The founding played an important role in the data collecting, analyzing and manuscript writing.. - The datasets are available in the “ Dataset Yang et al. - QTL mapping for seedling traits in wheat grown under varying concentrations of N, P and K nutrients. - Comparative analysis of root traits and the associated QTL for maize seedlings grown in paper roll, hydroponics and vermiculite culture system.. - Plant genotype differences in the uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements required for plant growth. - Screening wheat (Triticum spp.) genotypes for root length under contrasting water regimes: potential sources of variability for drought resistance breeding. - QTL mapping for phosphorus efficiency and morphological traits at seedling and maturity stages in wheat. - QTL mapping of root traits in phosphorus-deficient soils reveals important genomic regions for improving NDVI and grain yield in barley. - Mapping QTL associated with root traits using two different populations in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. - Characterization of QTL for root traits of wheat grown under different nitrogen and phosphorus supply levels. - Genetic variability for root morpho- architecture traits and root growth dynamics as related to phosphorus efficiency in soybean. - Genotypic variances for root traits of maize (Zea mays L.) from the Purhepecha plateau under contrasting phosphorus availability.. - Enhancing phosphorus uptake efficiency through QTL- based selection for root system architecture in maize. - QTL mapping of seedling biomass and root traits under different nitrogen conditions in bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. - QTL mapping for seedling traits under different nitrogen forms in wheat.. - Identification of QTL associated with seedling root traits and their correlation with plant height in wheat. - Characterization of a spring wheat association mapping panel for root traits. - Potassium (K) effects and QTL mapping for K efficiency traits at seedling and adult stages in wheat. - Mapping QTL for potassium-deficiency tolerance at the seedling stage in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L
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