- Quantitative real-time PCR results displayed that Ibbgal genes had the distinct expression patterns across different tissues and varieties. - Enzymes in the first class prefer pectic β-(1 → 4)-galactan as the substrate, and enzymes in the other prefer the β-(1 → 3) and (1 → 6)-galactan backbones of arabinogalactan pro- teins [7, 8]. - A typical bgal protein contains the GH35 conserved site in the N-terminal region [9]. - The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. - If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. - Full list of author information is available at the end of the article. - Plant bgal genes are widely involved in the modifica- tion of the architecture of cell walls and intercellular at- tachments [14, 15]. - In the present study, we firstly identified 17 bgal genes (Ibbgal) in sweetpotato, and then investigated their phylogeny, motif compositions and predicted cis- elements using various bioinformatics tools. - In addition, the expression patterns of these 17 Ibbgal genes in dif- ferent tissues of two cultivars were investigated under three exogenous hormones, two abiotic and one biotic stress conditions. - Identification and characterization of Ibbgal genes in sweetpotato. - A total of 17 Ibbgal genes were isolated from sweetpo- tato after local BLAST using the conserved bgal domain.. - The deduced amino acid sequences of the Ibbgal pro- teins were used to predict their protein lengths, signal. - Only one Ibbgal, Ibbgal7, was found to be located in the extracellular. - Conserved motifs and phylogenetic analysis of the Ibbgal proteins. - Among these groups, groups A and D were the largest groups with four Ibbgal genes in each. - Groups B and E had three Ibbgal genes. - Cis-element prediction of Ibbgal genes. - To understand the potential transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of the Ibbgal genes, the cis-elements of each Ibbgal promoter sequences were predicted and ana- lyzed (Table 2). - Expression profiles of Ibbgal genes in tissues and different root development stages. - Jishu29 had no significant difference in the roots.. - Similarly, the expression of Ibbgal11 had the opposite pattern in the storage and fibrous roots between cv.. - two Ibbgal genes (Ibbgal14 and Ibbgal15) were not detected in root development. - Expression profiles of Ibbgal genes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. - Besides their functions in plant growth and develop- ment, Ibbgal genes may also be involved in response to biotic and abiotic stressses. - Under salt stress, all Ibbgal genes were up-regulated in these two cultivars (Fig. - Some genes had the highest ex- pression levels at 12 h in the leaves, whereas other Ibbgal genes in roots were expressed at a high level at 6 h and 48 h after salt stress. - In addition, Ibbgal2, Ibbgal4, Ibb- gal5 and Ibbgal13 in the leaves were up-regulated re- markably by at least 10-fold induction after salt stress.. - These results indicated that Ibbgal genes were involved in salt stress response in sweetpotato. - 4), all Ibbgal genes were up-regulated in the leaves and roots of cv. - Jishu29, while Ibbgal3, Ibbgal6, Ibbgal10, and Ibbgal17 were down-regulated in the leaves of Jishu25, Ibbgal1, Ibbgal3 and Ibbgal16 expres- sion were also reduced in the root of Jishu25. - the up-regulated genes, the expression of Ibbgal2, Ibbgal4, Ibbgal8, Ibbgal9 and Ibbgal13 reached the peak at 12 h after stress, and Ibbgal4 was the most up-regulated gene with at least 81-fold induction in the two cultivars leaves, suggesting that Ibbgals in the different cultivars responded to drought treatment differently. - After the pathogen infection, Ibbgal genes had different expression patterns in the leaves and roots of these two cultivars (Fig. - It is worth noting that Ibbgal15 expression in the leaves and roots of cv. - Collectively, these results implied that Ibbgal genes in the different cultivars might have dif- ferent functions under abiotic and biotic stresses.. - Expression profiles of Ibbgal genes in response to various hormone treatments. - To survey the role of Ibbgal genes in plant hormone re- sponse, the expression patterns of Ibbgals were analyzed under three different hormone treatments. - After the uni- conazole treatment, the expressions of eight Ibbgal genes (including Ibbgal3, Ibbgal6, Ibbgal9–12, Ibbgal16 and Ibbgal17) were induced to the varying degrees in the leaves and roots of these two cultivars (Fig. - Jishu29 after the uniconazole treatment, indicating that the same bgal genes of sweetpotato could respond to uniconazole treatment differently in the different genotypes. - 1 Phylogenetic relationship of Ibbgal proteins and motifs distribution of Ibbgal genes. - Motif distribution in Ibbgal genes. - For the ABA treatment, most Ibbgal transcripts were induced in the leaves of these two cultivars (Fig. - In the roots, most Ibbgal transcripts were up-regulated under the stress, except for Ibbgal1 and Ibbgal15. - In addition, most Ibbgals were predicted to have signal pep- tides in the N-terminus, which might be involved in cell wall-related biological processes [29]. - This result implied that the bgals in the same branch might have similar and distinct functions, and bgal diversification might occur in the early stage of plant evolu- tion. - Most Ibbgal genes were expressed in all tissues, whereas Ibbgal14, Ibbgal15 and Ibbgal16 had low ex- pression levels in five tissues. - Table 2 The putative cis-elements in the promoters of 17 Ibbgal genes Gene Plant hormone response elements Stress response. - Superscript numbers represent the repeats (2 or more than 2) of each cis-element in the Ibbgal promoter, while the others only contain one copy of corresponding cis-element. - ABRE and ACGT cis-acting elements involved in the abscisic acid responsiveness, AuxRE cis-acting regulatory element involved in auxin responsiveness, AAGAA- motif cis-element involved in secondary xylem development, Box A cis-acting elements of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, Box II part of a light responsive element, Box-W fungal elicitor responsive element, Box 4 part of a conserved DNA module involved in light responsiveness. - DRE, cis-acting element involved in drought response, EEs part of evening and circadian response, ERE ethylene-responsive element, GARE gibberellin-responsive element, GATA-motif part of a light responsive element, Gbox cis-acting regulatory element involved in light responsiveness, GATAbox part of a light responsive element, GAG-motif part of a light responsive element, GCCCORE, cis-acting element involved in jasmonate responsiveness, GCN4-motif cis-regulatory element involved in endosperm, GT1-motif light responsive element, GT-1 cis-acting element involved in the salt stress, INR part of a light responsive element, IBOX part of a light responsive element, LTR cis-acting element involved in low-temperature responsiveness, MBS MYB binding site involved in drought-inducibility, MYC-like, cis-acting elements of drought-responsive, PYRIMIDINEBOXHVEPB1 cis- and trans-acting elements involved in gibberellins and abscisic acid responsiveness, RY-. - A number of cis-elements related to development, such as GCN4_motif, TATA box and RY-element, were found in the promoter of Ibbgal genes [31, 32], suggesting that these genes might be related to the development of sweetpotato. - Ibbgal2–4, Ibbgal6, Ibb- gal10, Ibbgal12 and Ibbgal17 were highly expressed in the early stage of root development. - Further study is needed to investigate the function of Ibbgal genes dur- ing root development in sweetpotato.. - In this study, the expression of eight Ibbgal genes was significantly up-regulated by the uniconazole treatment. - Meanwhile, the majority of the Ibbgal genes were regulated by the GA 3 treatment in leaves and stems of these two cultivars. - We found that most Ibbgal genes were induced under ABA treatment. - These results revealed that Ibbgal genes mignt play important roles in phytohormone re- sponses. - In addition, the cis-elements re- lated to stress responses, such as MYC-like, LRT, W- BOX, MBS and ACGT-motif, have been found in the promoter region of Ibbgal genes, which might regulate gene expression during biotic and abiotic stresses [42, 43]. - For example, the expression of all Ibbgal4 was greatly up-regulated by salt and ABA treatments in the leaves of sweetpotato.. - Taken together, these Ibbgal genes play essential func- tions in response to biotic and abiotic stresses and their related signal transduction pathways.. - In particular, Ibbgals exhibited different stress and hor- mone response patterns between leaves and roots, and have distinct expression profiles in the two cultivars.. - β-galactosidase functions in the degradation of galactan side chains of pectin leading to cell wall loos- ening and softening [44, 45], suggesting that β- galactosidase may be involved in the regulation of the pec- tin content, and different bgal-mediated pathways might be activated in the storage root development. - Therefore, Ibbgal genes were mainly up-regulated expressed under abiotic and biotic stresses. - We characterized 17 Ibbgal genes and then analyzed their motif compositions and N-glycosylation site. - The diversification of the bgal genes provides a solid foundation for further elaborating the bgal-mediated stress-response system in sweetpotato.. - Identification and isolation of Ibbgal genes in sweetpotato. - element cis-acting regulatory element involved in seedspecific regulation, TATA-box core promoter element around −30 of transcription start, TATC-box cis-acting element involved in gibberellin-responsiveness, TBOX part of a light responsive element, TCT-motif part of a light responsive element, TGACG-motif cis-acting regulatory element involved in the MeJA-responsiveness. - pfam.xfam.org) to examine the presence of the bgal con- served domains. - The bgal domain was confirmed by analyzing transcripts deduced proteins screened in the NCBI BLAST. - If two or more transcripts had the identity of amino acids equal to or higher than 97%, only one of these transcripts was kept in the final list of the genes. - Protein properties, N-glycosylation site and subcellular location of the Ibbgal proteins. - The molecular weights (MW) and isoelectric points (pI) of Ibbgal genes were analyzed using the ExPasy server. - 3 Expression profiles of Ibbgal genes in tissues and storage root development of two sweetpotato varieties. - Expression profiles in the tissues. - Expression profiles in the storage root development. - 4 Expression analysis of Ibbgal genes under salt, drought stress and balck spot pathogen infection in the leaves and roots of the two cultivars. - N-glycosylation site analysis of Ibbgal genes was conducted using the NetNGlyc 1.0 server (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/. - wolfpsort.hgc.jp/)were used to predict the subcellular lo- cation of the Ibbgal proteins [50].. - Conserved motifs, phylogenetic analysis and promoter region prediction of the Ibbgal proteins. - The bgal protein se- quences from different species, including Arabidopsis [29], were obtained based on the description in the literature or downloaded from the Plantgdb database (http://www.. - The promoter sequences (1.5 kb) of Ibbgal genes was obtained from sweetpotato genomic DNA (https://ipomoea-genome.org. - The primer sequences of the examined genes. - 5 Expression profiles of Ibbgal genes after uniconazole, GA 3 and ABA treatment in the leaves and roots of two cultivars. - The uniform seedlings of the two cultivars were grown in the Hoagland solution at 26 °C under a photo- period of 16 h light/8 h dark. - To study the expression patterns under these stresses, the adventitious roots of seedlings were sub- merged in the solution containing 150 mM NaCl, 20%. - fimbriata conidia was col- lected after growing in potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28 °C for 7 days, then were diluted to 1 × 10 4 spores/mL with sterile water, and then the roots of sweetpotato seed- lings were cultivated in the 1 × 10 4 spores/mL conidia sus- pension. - To investigate the Ibbgals tran- script levels in different tissues, the fifth expanded leaves, lips, stems, fibrous roots and storage roots of the two cul- tivars were sampled at 125 days after transplanting, and the storage roots were sampled at and 150 days after transplanting in the sweetpotato field.. - Additional file 1: Table S1 The gene-specific primers of Ibbgal genes.. - Additional file 2: Table S2 The primer sequences of 17 Ibbgal genes for qRT-PCR analysis. - The datasets analyzed during the current study are available in the GenBank and TAIR repository, the accession numbers of 17 Ibbgal genes are MW566714- MW566730, and the bgal protein sequences of Arabidopsis were downloaded from the TAIR database (http://www.arabidopsis.org/).. - Structure, evolution, and expression of the β - galactosidase gene family in Brassica campestris ssp chinensis. - Cell wall pectic (1-4)-b-D- galactan marks the acceleration of cell elongation in the Arabidopsis seedling root meristem. - The location of the chickpea cell wall bV-galactosidase suggests involvement in the transition between cell proliferation and cell elongation. - Nuclear-DNA content and ploidy levels in the genus ipomoea. - Comparative characterization of the Arabidopsis subfamily a1 β - galactosidases. - Tissue-specific and temporal regulation of a beta- conglycinin gene: roles of the RY repeat and other cis-acting elements.. - Hormonal regulation of a cysteine proteinase gene, EPB-1, in barley aleurone layers: cis- and trans-acting elements involved in the co-ordinated gene expression regulated by gibberellins and abscisic acid. - Survival of the flexible: hormonal growth control and adaptation in plant development. - Loss in photosynthesis during senescence is accompanied by an increase in the activity of β -galactosidase in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana: modulation of the enzyme activity by water stress.. - Genome-wide identification, structural and gene expression analysis of the bZIP transcription factor family in sweet potato wild relative Ipomoea trifida. - High-throughput deep sequencing reveals the important role that microRNAs play in the salt response in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L
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