- Extensive structural variation in the. - To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.. - The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.. - Genome-wide studies of the BBI gene family have been performed in rice [25], common bean [46] and other an- giosperms [38]. - Bowman-Birk inhibitor genes are unevenly distributed in the common wheat genome. - The identification of BBIs in the T.. - An HMMscan analysis of the corresponding full-length pro- teins (TraesCS1D02G265900, TraesCS1D02G265800 and TraesCS1B02G276900) revealed that they did not contain a BBI domain, indicating these genes do not encode func- tional BBI proteins (Additional file 2, Table S3).. - Overall, 21 BBI genes (36.8% of the total) formed seven complete triads (1:1:1 for A:B:D genome), close to the 35.8% for all wheat genes in the genome [55]. - BBI genes underwent extensive tandem duplications in the Triticeae. - To gauge the approximate timing of the BBI gene family expansion in wheat, we identified BBI proteins from common wheat’s ancestors. - Orthologs of the BBI genes on T. - 2 Distribution of 57 BBI in the T. - Table 1 Homoeologous group identification and categorization of the BBI gene family in wheat. - 3 Comparison of the wheat BBI gene family with other monocots. - 4 Comparison of the BBI gene family in different wheat germplasm. - a The number of BBI genes in the genomes of different wheat species.. - Strikingly, none of the five analyzed cultivars shared an identical complement of BBI genes.. - Wheat BBI genes on homoeologous group 3. - 6 Alignment of the conserved Cys-rich domains of common wheat BBI proteins. - et al. - A summary of the different types of wheat BBI proteins in common wheat is shown in Fig. - We next used public RNA-seq datasets to characterize transcript levels of the 57 BBI genes in common wheat [56]. - 7 Summary of the proposed structural composition of the BBI gene family in common wheat. - Protein sequences were obtained from the reference as- semblies of Hordeum vulgare (IBSC_v2, 236,301 protein sequences), Brachypodium distachyon (v pro- tein sequences), Aegilops tauschii (Aet_v protein sequences) [77], and Triticum urartu (ASM34745v1, 33,483 protein sequences) [78] from Ensembl Plants (https://plants.ensembl.org/info/data/ftp/. - rice.plantbiology.msu.edu) and converted to IRGSP-1.0 gene IDs and Zea mays proteins (Zea_mays.B73_Ref- Gen_v4, 131,585 protein sequences) were downloaded from MaizeGDB (https://www.maizegdb.org). - WEWseq v2 proteins (205,916 sequences) were down- loaded from https://search.datacite.org/works/10.5447/. - Gene structure analysis of the functional domains and motifs. - org/10.1186/s . - List of BBI genes in T. - search.datacite.org/works/10.5447/ipk/2019/0.. - The six putative BBI protein sequences described in Additional File 2, Table S3 were downloaded from UniProt (https://www.uniprot.org. - 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