Comparative transcriptome analysis of the newly discovered insect vector of the pine wood nematode in China, revealing putative genes related to host plant adaptation

- putative genes related to host plant adaptation.
- However, the genetic basis of adaptation of the larvae of M..
- Results: In this study, the free amino and fatty acid composition and content of the host plants of M.
- saltuarius relating to host plant adaptation.
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- Zucc, a tree spe- cies of economic importance [13], was found to be a nat- ural host for the PWN in the Republic of Korea in 2006, and M.
- In addition, Han et al.
- Similarly, Pan et al.
- In addition, host volatiles also play an important role in the mating location of longhorned beetles [21].
- Therefore, the distribution pattern in the adults of M.
- In addition, Scully et al.
- Wei [30] examined the transcriptional changes of the ci- cada Subpsaltria yangi, on a varied diet of different host plants.
- In the present study, the free amino and fatty acid composition and content of the two host plants of M..
- saltuarius relating to host plant adaptation based on diet.
- saltuarius when feeding on different hosts may pro- vide significant enlightenment for the arrangement of host resistance in the control of PWN transmission..
- Host plant free amino and fatty acid composition and content.
- The main free amino acids in the two host plants were Glu and Asp.
- The predom- inant fatty acids present in the two host plants were linoleic (C18:2n6c), oleic (C18:1n9c), and palmitic acids.
- To obtain a comprehensive functional annotation of the full-length transcriptome of M.
- This means that the base call accuracy (i.e., the probability of a correct base call) is 99.9%.
- The average length of the lncRNA transcripts was 2863 bp..
- Among them, 1398 SSRs were present in the compound formation (Additional file 8:.
- It resulted in 2166 DEGs identified in the larvae of M.
- saltuarius feeding on P.
- In this study, transcriptional changes related to host plant adaptation in M.
- We identified 21 DEGs associated with digestion in the comparative set ‘Pt vs Pk’, encoding three carbohydrases and 18 proteases.
- 2 Venn diagram of the number of lncRNAs predicted using coding-non-coding index (CNCI), coding potential calculator (CPC), coding potential assessment tool (CPAT) and protein family (Pfam) database.
- We identified 27 DEGs encod- ing solute carriers in the comparative set ‘Pt vs Pk’.
- 3b), which may mediate the influx or efflux of sub- stance and involve in the osmoregulation in the host adaptation of M.
- In the present study, we identified 25 DEGs encoding STKs and seven DEGs encoding serine/threonine phosphatases (STPs) (Fig.
- One gene encoding AMPK was found up- regulated in the comparative set ‘Pt vs Pk’ (Fig.
- Four DEGs encoding fatty acid synthase (FAS) were identified in the comparative set ‘Pt vs Pk’ (Fig.
- addition, six genes encoding elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein (ELOVL) were differentially expressed in the population feeding on P.
- Ten DEGs encoding FARs were identified in the comparative set ‘Pt vs Pk’, including eight upregulated in the population feeding on P.
- In the present study, detoxification-related DEGs were identified, including 11 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), three UDP- glycosyltransferases (UGTs), seven carboxylesterases (CEs), and 14 ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters (Fig.
- Among which, ten P450s, two UGTs, six CEs, and eight ABC transporters were upregulated in the population feeding on P.
- We identified three aldehyde dehy- drogenases (ALDHs), four aldose reductases, two sene- cionine N-oxygenases (SNOs), and two glucose dehydrogenases, most of which were upregulated in the population feeding on P.
- We also found that DEGs encoding peroxidase, i.e., five catalases (CAT), one glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like, and one peroxiredoxin (Prx)-6-like, were mainly upregulated in the population feeding on P.
- These genes might involve in defense response against oxidative stress, e.g., reactive oxygen species (ROS) intake in the feeding behavior.
- In addition, we found that one peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSRA) gene was upregulated in the popula- tion feeding on P.
- In the present study, ten genes encoding heat shock pro- teins (Hsp), including seven Hsp70 and three Hsp68, were upregulated in the population feeding on P.
- Addition- ally, other DEGs involved in the stress response were also identified, including 11 genes encoding E3 ubiquitin ligase, one gene encoding ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2G1, and one gene encoding ubiquitin conjugation fac- tor E4B (Fig.
- In the present study, three genes en- coding chitinase, and one gene encoding cuticular.
- protein were differentially expressed in the population feeding on P.
- GOBP) were differentially expressed in the comparative set ‘Pt vs Pk’ (Fig.
- In the present study, we found two genes encoding antimicrobial peptide 1- like isoform X1, one gene encoding defensin-1-like, three genes encoding glycine-rich proteins, three genes encoding proline-rich proteins, and two genes encoding gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT), were differentially expressed in the comparative set ‘Pt vs Pk’ (Fig.
- Additionally, we identified 11 DEGs encoding LRR containing proteins in the popula- tion feeding on P.
- To analyze functions of the DEGs, all were mapped to terms in the KEGG database.
- This suggests that the “glycine, serine and threonine me- tabolism” pathway may play a key role in the host plant adaptation of M.
- The strongest changes in the top 20 GO cat- egories are shown in Additional file 12: Figure S8, including “oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016491)” of mo- lecular function, and “alpha-amino acid metabolic process (GO:1901605)” of biological process..
- For instance, Chikate et al.
- [42] revealed diet- specific protease expression patterns in the cotton boll- worm Helicoverpa armigera responding to nutritionally distinct host plants.
- Scully et al.
- In particular, the glycine and threonine content in the host plant P.
- In the present study, the genes encod- ing AMPK, STKs, and STPs, may be relevant to host adaptation of M.
- In insects, fatty alcohols can act as precursors in the production of pheromones and cuticular hydrocar- bons [57, 58].
- For instance, Li et al.
- [59] reported that FARs are requisite for cuticle shedding, and are involved in cuticular hydrocarbon production in the destructive rice pest Nilaparvata lugens.
- In the present study, a sub- stantially higher content of most fatty acids was found in the host plant P.
- Xu et al.
- In the present study, we found that 11 P450, seven CE, and three UGT, and most of them were upregulated in the larvae feeding on P.
- In addition, senecionine N-oxygenase, a flavin- dependent monooxygenase, may help insects cope with pyr- rolizidine alkaloids, as observed in the larvae of the European cinnabar moth Tyria jacobaeae [66].
- Previously, AKRs have been hypothesized to play an important role in the deg- radation of woody tissue [28].
- GPx-like, and one Prx6-like gene, were upregulated in the larvae feeding on P.
- kor- aiensis, suggesting that they may involve in the defense against ROS intake during feeding..
- In the insect Manduca sexta, a sol- uble, extracellular leucine-rich repeat protein (leureptin) could bind to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in- volve in hemocyte responses to bacterial infection [74]..
- GILT is involved in the bacterial immune response in various organisms [75].
- In the present study, genes encoding antimicrobial peptide 1-like iso- form X1, defensin-1-like, glycine-rich proteins, proline- rich proteins, LRR domain containing protein, and GILT, were differentially expressed by M.
- Gene expression patterns identified in this study, might not just be altered by differential host plant diets, but also genetic variations in the sample populations [78], and local environments (i.e., temperature) [79].
- In the present study, the two sample sites were approxi- mately 40 km apart.
- Therefore, the different gene expression patterns detected in the present study may be mainly caused by host plant diet.
- In this study, firstly, we investigated the free amino and fatty acid composition and content of the host plants of.
- Host plant amino and fatty acid composition and content analysis.
- hydrochloric acid (0.005 mol/L) for ultrasonic extraction for 35 min at 40 °C using ultrasonic cleaner.
- Total RNA was extracted with TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies, USA) according to the manufacturer’s in- structions.
- Functional annotation of non-redundant transcripts was determined by searching in the public databases using BLASTX (v2.2.26) (cutoff E-value ≤1e-5) [93], in- cluding Nr, Nt (NCBI nucleotide sequences), KOG (euKaryotic Ortholog Groups), KEGG, Pfam, Swiss-Prot, and eggNOG (Non-supervised Orthologous Groups)..
- Annotation of the 32,304 non-redundant transcripts..
- Number of transcript factors identified in the present study..
- Summary of SSRs identified in the transcriptome of Monochamus saltuarius..
- Annotation of the 2166 differentially expressed genes..
- The funders had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript..
- Raw PacBio SMRT sequences and Illumina RNA-Seq data for this study have been deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (SRA) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra) (BioProject:.
- No specific permits were required for insect collection in the selected locations.
- The study species is not included in the “ List of Protected Animals in China.
- A link between host plant adaptation and pesticide resistance in the polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae.
- Feeding and oviposition preference of the Sakhalin pine sawyer Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera:.
- Feeding preference of the Monochamus saltuarius Gebler (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae ) for Pinus koraiensis, P.
- Contrasting diets reveal metabolic plasticity in the tree-killing beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Cerambycidae:.
- A single-molecule long-read survey of the human transcriptome.
- Host plant-specific remodeling of midgut physiology in the generalist insect herbivore Trichoplusia ni.
- BgFas1: a fatty acid synthase gene required for both hydrocarbon and cuticular fatty acid biosynthesis in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.
- Jinggangmycin increases fecundity of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) via fatty acid synthase gene expression.
- Characterization and functional assay of a fatty acyl-CoA reductase gene in the scale insect, Ericerus pela Chavannes (Hemiptera: Coccoidae).
- Volatile profiles of three tree species in the northeastern China and associated effects on Sirex noctilio activity.
- Multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters are involved in insecticide resistance in the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus.
- Evolutionary recruitment of a flavin- dependent monooxygenase for the detoxification of host plant-acquired pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the alkaloid-defended arctiid moth Tyria jacobaeae..
- Diverse cellular and organismal functions of the lysosomal thiol reductase GILT.
- An association between differential expression and genetic divergence in the Patagonian olive mouse (Abrothrix olivacea).
- Comparative sialotranscriptome analysis of the rare Chinese cicada Subpsaltria yangi, with identification of candidate genes related to host-plant adaptation

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