- Factors affecting the rapid changes of protein under short-term heat stress. - Furthermore, the usage of codon AAG may be closely related to the rapid alteration of proteins under heat stress. - Conclusion: In this study, we analyzed the factors affecting the changes in protein expression in the early stage of heat stress and evaluated their influence.. - To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.. - The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.. - In this study, transcriptomic and prote- omic analyses were performed on wheat grains under two types of short-term heat stress. - This study suggests that wheat grains have various response measures for different levels of heat stress. - Quantification of the wheat grain transcriptome and proteome under short-term heat stress. - In addition to 150 proteins and 1418 transcripts expressed under the two thermal treatments, wheat grains expressed specific genes and proteins in response to a certain degree of heat stress (Fig. - These results revealed that grains have corresponding measures in response to various levels of heat stress.. - Transcription and protein levels in response to heat stress To further study the function of transcripts and proteins that respond to heat stress in a short time, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis was performed on differen- tially expressed transcripts and proteins under the two types of thermal environments.. - More substances were enriched under severe heat stress than under mild stress at both the transcriptional and protein levels, not only increasing the number but also broadening the capability (Fig. - 2), transcrip- tion and proteins play regulatory roles in different fields during short-term heat stress. - That is to say, ribosome expression under short-term heat stress is free from transcriptional regulation or mRNA returns to undis- turbed levels rapidly after translation.. - Pattern of ribosomes in response to short-term heat stress To clarify the expression patterns of ribosomal proteins under short-term heat stress, 141 ribosomal proteins identified via proteomics under two heat stresses were. - 2 Enrichment analysis of DETs and DEPs under two types of heat stress. - Factors affecting the rapid alteration of proteins under short-term heat stress. - To investigate the factors affecting the variation in DEP expression under two types of short-term heat condi- tions, 107 factors and protein changes under two kinds of heat stress were used for regression analysis respect- ively. - 0.01), the correlation was stronger under severe heat stress. - These results suggested that transcription provided greater support for altering pro- tein expression under severe heat stress.. - Sequences con- taining more factors which positively associated with protein expression and less negatively associated factors are more likely to respond to short-term heat stress.. - Contribution of factors to protein expression under heat stress. - 25% at 40 °C), whether under mild or severe heat stress, indicating that codon prefer- ence strongly supports the rapid variation in proteins under heat stress. - In line with the correlation results (Table 1), the codon AAG may play an important role in the rapid alteration of proteins under heat stress. - The relationship between protein expression and the AAG occurrence frequency under short-term heat stress To verify whether the up-regulated proteins under short-term heat stress are rich in AAG codon, two previ- ously published proteomic datasets of yeast subjected to heat stress were analyzed [40, 41]. - The AAG codon oc- currence frequencies were calculated for the transcripts corresponding to the whole-genome proteins (all the proteins annotated in yeast genome), the proteins identi- fied by proteome analysis and the differentially expressed proteins under heat stress (Fig. - Fur- thermore, the transcripts encoding up-regulated proteins under short-term heat stress have significantly higher AAG frequency than that of the proteins identified in the proteome analysis, which indicated that codon AAG might play an important role in the rapid expression of proteins responsive to heat stress (Fig. - Here, we performed transcriptome and proteome se- quencing of filling grains subjected to different degrees of heat stress (30 °C, 40 °C) for 1 h. - Transcription and el- ements related to protein expression were investigated for rapid protein variation under two types of short-term heat stress.. - Factors affecting protein expression. - We evaluated the contribution of transcript abundance changes to protein expression under various degrees of heat stress. - Ribosomal protein in response to heat stress. - 4 Contributions of various factors to protein expression under two types heat stress. - Codon-based regulation of protein expression. - All codons en- coding lysine are replaced with AAA or AAG, and the protein expression before and after replacement is ob- served and compared under heat stress. - It can be used to test whether AAG can be quickly translated under heat stress. - 5 Frequency of AAG codon in different groups of proteins under short-term heat stress. - a Distribution of AAG codon occurrence frequency for different groups of genes in yeast strain BY4742 subjected to short-term heat stress. - Heat stress treatment was applied by transferring yeast to 37 °C for 1 h.. - b Distribution of AAG codon occurrence frequency for different groups of genes in yeast strain BY4741 subjected to short-term heat stress. - modification is involved in participating in determining which codon translates fastest under heat stress.. - This explains the mystery that has been unresolved for a long time how heat shock proteins quickly respond to heat stress.. - In conclusion, through a systematic analysis of the fac- tors of changes in protein expression under heat stress, the related factors of protein expression and their influ- ence have been described under short-term heat stress.. - High expression of housekeeping and heat-responsive genes may have solved evolutionarily the problem of rapid expression under heat stress by increasing the ratio of AAG.. - Moreover, the ability of transcriptional regulation changed according to the degree of heat stress. - Transcription and post-transcriptional regu- lation worked synergistically to express the desired protein faster under heat stress. - 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