- Therefore, it is widely used in the study of biological phylogeny. - The mitotype diversity ofthe five populations was Xueduo yak Pamir yak Yushu yak (0.963. - Theyaks in the same population or the same ecological environment were distributedin different haplogroups. - The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. - If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. - Full list of author information is available at the end of the article. - Thus, yaks play an important socioeconomic role in the regions where they are endemic, being vital in maintaining pasture ecosystems and agricultural biodiversity in plateau areas [8]. - They are the only large animals live in the low-temperature hypoxic environment to which their wild ancestors adopt [9]. - Qinghai prov- ince is located in the northern QTP, abundant of yak genetic resources. - Archeological analyses and as- sessments of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) se- quences suggest that Qinghai province may be the origin area of yak domestication [10]. - migration routes [14]: One originates from the eastern part of the QTP through the Himalayas and the Kunlun Mountains to the Pamir region, and the other originates from the eastern part of the QTP through the South Gobi and the Altai Mountains to Mongolia and Russia. - Diver- sity levels of the domestic yak population are the highest in the QTP region [14]. - Most mtDNA studies con- ducted to date have focused explicitly on the control D-loop region of the mitochondrial genome, due to its relative less genetic information, it virtually impos- sible to clearly distinguish certain important branches in livestock [16, 17]. - The complete mitochondrial sequences of Yushu, Qilian, Huanhu, Xueduo, and Pamir popula- tions were obtained by sequencing, and the genetic diversity and interspecific genetic distance of the five populations were analyzed. - This study evaluated the genetic diversity of the yak’s complete mitochondrial DNA at the mo- lecular level and laid a foundation for effectively pro- tecting and using bovine resources.. - This study assessed genetic variations in 111 complete mtDNA sequences bp) of four yak populations from Qinghai province and one yak population from Xinjiang province to evaluate the genetic diversity, and phylogeny of these populations.. - different populations (accounting for 7.7 % of the total mitotypes) and 72 were specific mitotypes of specific populations (accounting for 92.3 % of the total mito- types). - Of the 78 mitotypes observed in these 5 yak populations, only Pamir yaks in Xinjiang did not share mitotypes with other yak populations. - the other 4 yak populations all shared mitotypes. - Genetic diversity analysis of yak mtDNA. - The genetic diversity analysis showed that the mitotype diversity of the five yak populations was and the nucleotide diversity was . - These data showed that the genetic diversity of five yak populations was high. - The nucleotide diversity value of the Pamir yak population was higher than that of the other four populations. - The mitotype di- versity reached a maximum in the Xueduo yak popula- tion and a minimum in the Huanhu yak population . - This tree separated yaks into 3 branches, of which branch I was the largest (with 103 mitotypes), accounting for 66.45 % of the total mitotypes. - Branch II contained 50 mitotypes, accounting for 32.26 % of the total mito- types. - 1.29 % of the total mitotypes. - The statistical analysis of the dis- tribution of yaks in each province in the haplogroup revealed that haplogroup A included yaks from six provinces and haplogroup B included yaks from Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, and Xinjiang.. - This diagram comprised three branches, verifying the reliability of the branches in Fig. - The reliability of the tree topology was assessed by 1000 bootstrap replicates.. - Analysis of genetic distance between yak populations Based on the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence, the genetic distances between Yushu yak, Qilian yak, Xueduo yak, Huanhu yak, and Pamir yak populations were calculated. - The genetic distance between any two of the five populations was relatively small. - The genetic distances between Pamir yak and Qilian yak, and Qilian yak and Xueduo yak were both 0.002, and the genetic distances between other yak groups were all 0.003. - The genetic distances among three branches of yaks were calculated based on the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence. - The genetic distance between branches I and II was 0.006, between branches I and III was 0.006, and. - The genetic dis- tance between branches was greater than that between yak populations. - Finally, the genetic distance between each haplogroup of yaks was analyzed. - They found that the genetic distances between the seven groups, includ- ing three haplogroups and four mitotypes, ranged from 0.001 to 0.008. - The genetic distance between GQ464260.1 and haplogroup A was the largest, and that between haplogroup A and GQ464276.1 was the smal- lest. - No zero genetic distance existed between any two populations, indicating that the genetic and breeding de- velopment of yaks were different. - 3 Total network of mitochondrial DNA of 206 individuals. - The red dot in the figure represents wild yak, and the yellow dot represents domestic yak. - Studies of the evolution and taxonomy of yak populations in China to date have primarily focused on the mitochon- drial D-loop region [21] and cytochrome b (cytb) gene sequences [16]. - The four yak popula- tions from Qinghai province and the one yak population from Xinjiang province were sequenced. - Their genetic diversity were evaluated by comparing them with one another and with yak mtDNA sequences in the GenBank database to construct a phylogenetic tree of yaks.. - Of the 111 individuals, 78 mitotypes were found, among which Yushu yak, Huanhu yak, Xueduo yak, and Qilian yak all shared some mitotypes each other, but the Pamir share no mitotype with these 4 populations. - Further, the mitotype specificity of the Pamir yak was caused by the accumula- tion of mutations during migration from its origin to the Pamir region.. - The mitotype diversity and nucleotide diversity are important indicators to measure the degree of genetic variation of the population. - genetic variation of the population. - The more the genetic diversity, the more likely it is to adapt to different environ- ments. - The mitotype diversity of the five populations was found higher than that of Jiulong yaks, Maiwa yaks, Zhongdian yaks, Tianzhu white yaks, and Huanhu yaks studied by Zhengchao Tu by sequencing the mitochon- drial genomes of 111 yaks from 5 populations from Qing- hai and Xinjiang [27]. - This was consistent with the result that the diversity level of the yak population was the high- est in the QTP [14]. - The mitotype diversity of Huanhu yaks in this study was close to that of Huanhu yaks (0.9000) studied by Zhengchao Tu, which verified the reliability of the analysis.. - Only a single wild yak was represented in branch III in the present study. - [31] separated these ani- mals into three branches, consistent with the results of the present study. - Highly differentiated, low-frequency mitotypes might be derived from pseudogenes in the nu- clear genome that were similar to mitochondrial se- quences. - However, Wang found that branch III formed by wild yak (GQ464260.1) contained two individuals on the phylogenetic tree in the D-loop region. - Meanwhile, a comparison of the nucleotide sequences of mitochon- drial protein-coding genes showed that the mitochon- drial sequence of the wild yaks forming branch III was very similar to that of other yaks, thus eliminating the possibility of pseudogenes. - Therefore, the experiment ex- cluded the influence of nuclear genes, which verified the reliability of the branch from the side.. - All three branches were found in both yaks and wild yaks, suggesting that highly differentiated genetic branches had been developed in the early wild yaks. - Differences in grouping among stud- ies might be attributable to limited sample sizes in cer- tain analyses, resulting in the overlooking of yaks in the smaller third phylogenetic branch.. - In addition, the genetic distance analysis showed that the genetic distance between different pop- ulations was smaller than that between different branches and between different haplogroups. - the genetic distance between different populations was similar. - Additional samples from outside of Qinghai province should be collected to clarify these results in the future.. - In summary, the results revealed that the genetic diver- sity of yaks in Qinghai was high. - The collected blood samples were immediately stored in the in-car refrigerator and transported to the laboratory within 24 h. - Then, the blood samples were stored at − 80 °C in a refrigerator of the Yak Breeding Engineering Laboratory of Gansu province. - All procedures involving animals were performed ac- cording to the guidelines of the China Council on Ani- mal Care and the Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China. - The Animal Care and Use Commit- tee of the Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharma- ceutical Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences approved all yak handling procedures (Permit No: SYXK-2014-0002). - Extraction, amplification, and sequencing of the mitochondrial genome. - The concentration and OD260/280 values of the extracted DNA were measured using a Nanodrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermofisher Scientific, MA, USA). - /µL and OD260/280 values in the range of 1.6–1.8 were selected, and 1 % agarose gel electrophoresis was used to test its integrity. - MEGA 6 [38] was used to calculate the frontal genetic distance between five yak populations. - A neighbor-joining (NJ) tree was constructed, and the reli- ability of the tree topology was assessed by 1000 boot- strap replications. - mtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA. - Mitochondrial DNA Haplotype of Qinghai yak and Pamir yak. - Mitochondrial DNA sequence downloaded from GenBank. - The haplotype of 206 mitochondrial DNA. - The accession numbers for mitochondrial DNA.. - The authors would like to thank all the reviewers who participated in the review and the brothers and sisters for their help in the experiment.. - helped in the investigation. - contributed to the interpretation of the results and writing of the manuscript. - The datasets generated and analyzed during the present study are available in the GenBank repository, under the accession number: MW414100 – MW414210 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/).. - The data supporting the conclusions of this study areavailable in the supplementary table.. - All procedures involving animals were performed according to the guidelines of the China Council on Animal Care and the Ministry of Agriculture of the People ’ s Republic of China and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.. - Genome-wide patterns of copy number variation in the Chinese yak genome. - Genetic diversity and classification of domestic yaks inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences.. - Genetic diversity and classification of Tibetan yak populations based on the mtDNA COIII gene.. - Research progress on molecular genetic diversity of the yak (Bos grunniens). - Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity and origin of Chinese domestic yak. - Polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of yak (Bos grunniens). - Mitogenomic diversity and differentiation of the Buryats. - Zebu Cattle Are an Exclusive Legacy of the South Asia Neolithic. - Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. - Complete sequence of the yak (Bos grunniens) mitochondrial genome and its evolutionary relationship with other ruminants. - Complete nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial DNA in White Leghorn and White Plymouth Rock chickens. - The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the horse, Equus caballus: extensive heteroplasmy of the control region. - Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism and Genetic Diversity in Chinese Yaks. - Origin of mitochondrial DNA diversity of domestic yaks. - Phylogeographical analyses of domestic and wild yaks based on mitochondrial DNA: new data and reappraisal
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