- We compared transcriptomes of diapause and non-diapause T. - Among them, 5702 genes were differentially expressed. - The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. - If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. - 1 Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article. - After the completion of the diapause induction process, the parasitized host eggs were dissected to verify whether T. - dendrolimi would remain in the prepupa stage. - In this study, 99% of the parasitoids entered dia- pause successfully, and about 95% resumed development after the 70 d termination treatment. - Of the transcripts were longer than 1000 bp (Table 2).. - Nearly 25,000 annotated transcripts, over 65% of the annotated tran- scripts, were homologous to T. - The tendencies of the expression profiles of these genes were similar according to RNA-Seq and qPCR (Fig. - Among these 10 selected genes, all except trehalase (tre) were up-regulated during diapause.. - According to the Venn dia- gram, there were 463 genes changed throughout the dia- pause development process, while in the normal development process, the expression of these genes did not change (Fig. - However, when we compared Dpre to Dp, there was little difference in the number of up- and down-regulated genes. - The number of DEGs involved in ribosome biogenesis was much higher during diapause development than during normal development (Fig. - Comparative analysis of genes involved in diapause Based on the results of GO enrichment, we focused on the genes enriched in the oxidation-reduction process, Table 1 Summary of Illumina transcriptome assembly for T. - Table 2 General features of the de novo assembled transcriptome by Trinity. - A total of 342 genes were identified in the oxidation- reduction process, and 16 of these belong to cytochrome P450s (CYP450s). - In the T. - In dia- pause stages (Dpre), 10 genes were up-regulated. - In the pupae after diapause (Dp), five genes were highly expressed. - There were 36 transcription factors differentially expressed during diapause development, and it appears that three kinds of transcription factors might be associ- ated with diapause in T. - Zinc finger protein 271, zinc finger 184, and zinc finger 544, were identified in the transcriptome.. - The wee1 gene, encoding an inhibitory kinase, was up-regulated during diapause in N. - In the transcriptome, 11 homeobox- containing genes were differentially expressed during diapause except for pit1, which was significantly up- regulated in the individuals that terminated diapause.. - And this gene may be in- volved in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and embryonic development.. - In the heatmap graph, red indicates relatively high expression, green indicates relatively low expression, and black represents moderate expression. - This result was consistent with that ob- tained in the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera).. - Low PP2A expression in diapause individuals contribute to the accumulation of p-Akt, and p-Akt leads to H.. - In addition to these three biological processes, ribo- some biogenesis is also important in the control of cell growth and division in eukaryotes [39]. - All of the 60S ribosomal proteins were up-regulated (Fig. - Some genes, even those not involved in the biological process, with a considerable number of genes enriched, appear to be important in the diapause development of T.. - gene 1 (pdrg1), which gene expressions were significantly changed during diapause development. - Several studies have focused on the general gene expression pattern of insect diapause with- out a clear elucidation of the diapause mechanism. - This is due to the complexity of the diapause process as well as the variations among insect species. - In this study, several genes were identified related to diapause in T. - There are four clans in the P450 supergene family namely CYP2, CYP3, CYP4, and Mitochondrion (Mito) [43]. - Ten GO items were selected according to the gene number of the four comparisons. - The value of the horizontal ordinate represents the number of DEGs in each GO item. - a Ten GO items according to the gene number of the comparison of Dpre vs NDpre. - b Ten GO items according to the gene number of the comparison of Dp vs NDp. - c Ten GO items according to the gene number of the comparison of Dpre vs Dp. - d Ten GO items according to the gene number of the comparison of NDpre vs NDp. - These genes were up-regulated in diapause individuals, sug- gesting that when T. - 5 Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) genes selected in the T. - ALL means all the unigenes of the T. - 6 Speculated pattern diagram of zinc finger protein genes in the cell cycle. - The expression of the wee1 gene is also shown in the histogram. - box protein) differentially expressed during diapause de- velopment, which might be related to the diapause in T.. - One of the most noticeable characteristics of diapause is the blockage of ontogeny, and this blockage always occurs with cell cycle cessation [46, 47]. - vitripennis, the S phase of the cell cycle disappeared in the beginning stage of diapause due to the cells being arrested in the G0/G1 (stop cell division to the first gap) and G2 phases [48]. - Similarly, in the drosophilid fly, Chymomyza costata, the cell cycle of central nervous system (CNS) cells was arrested in the G0/G1 (86.6%) and G2 (12.8%) division phases during diapause [36]. - During embryogenesis in Tribolium castaneum, hth involved in the segmentation process and is required for specification of body wall identities in the thorax [49]. - Hth located in the head leads to opposite effects on eye and antennal development as a negative regulator of eye development, and it acts with extradenticle (exd) to delimit the eye field and prevent inappropriate eye de- velopment [50]. - In mam- mals, six1 is essential for early neurogenesis in the devel- opment of olfactory epithelium [52]. - They are important genes regulating myogenesis and highly up-regulated during diapause in T. - PP2A plays a multi-faceted role in the regulation of several path- ways, such as the mTOR and the wnt signaling path- way, which are related to the cell cycle [53, 57].. - 8 Lipid metabolism changes during diapause development. - diapause in T. - The specific functions of the genes involved in diapause required additional study.. - Some genes, even those not involved in the biological process, with a considerable number of genes enriched, appear to be important in the diapause development of T. - It is speculated that more harmful substances were accumulated during diapause. - UDPGT is important in the elimination of toxic xenobi- otics and endogenous compounds. - GST belongs to a multifunctional protein family mainly located in the cyto- plasm. - Genes related to lipid metabolism have important influ- ence in the formation of triacylglycerol, which is the main caloric reserve during diapause. - Further studies are needed to elucidate the functions of candidate genes during diapause.. - dendrolimi were collected from a corn field in Yitong, Jilin Province, China (125°11′E, 43°3′N) in 2015.. - The RNA-seq raw reads were deposited as project number PRJNA597631 in the Sequence Read. - Archive of the National Center for Biotechnology Infor- mation (NCBI). - According to the results of GO en- richment analysis, candidate genes related to different stages during diapause development in T. - Statis- tical analysis of the qPCR was conducted in SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). - NDpre: Non-diapause prepupae. - The funder of No.2017YFD0200400 was JJZ and he designed the research and preformed part of the research.. - The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the Trichogramma dendrolimi Transcriptome repository (BioProject accession number PRJNA597631. - Performance of four Chinese Trichogramma species as biocontrol agents of the rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, under various temperature and humidity regimes. - The effects of temperature and host age on the fecundity of four Trichogramma species, egg parasitoids of the Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). - Molecular characterization of heat shock protein 90, 70 and 70 cognate cDNAs and their expression patterns during thermal stress and pupal diapause in the corn earworm. - Reactive oxygen species extend insect life span using components of the insulin-signaling pathway.. - The history of the discovery of embryonic diapause in mammals. - The role of latitudinal, genetic and temperature variation in the induction of diapause of Papilio glaucus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). - Identification of FOXO targets that generate diverse features of the diapause phenotype in the mosquito Culex pipiens. - TGF- β signaling regulates p-Akt levels via PP2A during diapause entry in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. - PTEN expression responds to transcription factor POU and regulates p-AKT levels during diapause initiation in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. - Advantages of diapause in Trichogramma dendrolimi mass production on eggs of the Chinese silkworm, Antheraea pernyi. - Transcriptome and proteome analyses to investigate the molecular underpinnings of cold response in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. - Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals differentially expressed genes in the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) upon heat shock. - Candidates for chemosensory genes identified in the Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax, through a transcriptomic analysis. - Transcriptome sequencing reveals potential mechanisms of the maternal effect on egg diapause induction of Locusta migratoria. - Cell cycle arrest as a hallmark of insect diapause: changes in gene transcription during diapause induction in the drosophilid fly, Chymomyza Costata. - Insulin signaling and FOXO regulate the overwintering diapause of the mosquito Culex pipiens. - High expression of PP2A-A α is associated with diapause induction during the photoperiod-sensitive stage of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. - Ribosome biogenesis: emerging evidence for a central role in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. - Transcript profiling reveals mechanisms for lipid conservation during diapause in the mosquito, Aedes albopictus. - Diapause-associated changes in the lipid and metabolite profiles of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. - Cell cycle arrest in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis in larval diapause. - Homeotic genes of the Bithorax complex repress limb development in the abdomen of the Drosophila embryo through the target gene distal-less. - Six1 is essential for early neurogenesis in the development of olfactory epithelium.. - PP2A as a master regulator of the cell cycle. - Nueleolar size in parallel with ribosomal RNA synthesis at diapause termination in the eggs of Bombyx mori.. - The potential roles of the apoptosis-related protein PDRG1 in diapause embryo restarting of Artemia sinica
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