1.

Luat quoc te la mot he thong

phap luat oc lap
Luat quoc te hien ai la tong the
nhng nguyen tac, nhng qui pham
phap luat quoc te do cac chu the
tham gia vao quan he phap luat quoc
te xay dng tren c s t nguyen &
bnh ang, thong qua au tranh & thng
lng nham ieu chnh moi quan he
nhieu mat (chu yeu la quan he chnh
tr) gia cac chu the luat quoc te
vi nhau (trc tien & chu yeu gia
cac quoc gia) trong nhng trng hp
can thiet phap luat quoc te c
bao am thi hanh bang nhng bien
phap cng che rieng le hoac tap
the do chnh cac chu the phap luat
quoc te thi hanh hoac bang sc au
tranh cua nhan dan cung d luan tien
bo the gii. He thong la bao gom
tong the c quan, bo phan ma no bo
sung, ho tr trong mot chnh the
thong nhat.
Phap luat quoc gia cung c hieu la
mot he thong, moi quoc gia co mot
he phap luat rieng & theo ngha nay
luat quoc te cung c coi la mot he
thong phap luat bao gom nhng he
thong nguyen tac, nhng qui pham
phap luat quoc te nham ieu chnh
cac moi quan he gia cac quoc gia
vi nhau
Luat quoc te c coi la mot he
thong phap luat oc lap bi v so vi
he thong phap luat cua tng quoc
gia, luat quoc te co nhng ac thu
c ban ma cac dau hieu cua luat
moi quoc gia khong co cac dau hieu
ac thu o( noi them ve ac iem
cua luat quoc te cau 2)
2. So sanh luat quoc te & luat
quoc gia
Luat quoc te hien ai la tong the
nhng nguyen tac, nhng qui pham
phap luat quoc te do cac chu the
tham gia vao quan he phap luat quoc
te xay dng tren c s t nguyen &
bnh ang, thong qua au tranh & thng
lng nham ieu chnh moi quan he
nhieu mat (chu yeu la quan he chnh
tr) gia cac chu the luat quoc te
vi nhau (trc tien & chu yeu gia
cac quoc gia) trong nhng trng hp
can thiet can thiet luat quoc te c
bao am thi hanh bang nhng bien
phap cng che rieng le hoac tap
the do chnh cac chu the luat quoc
te thi hanh hoac bang sc au tranh
cua nhan dan cung d luan tien bo
The gii.

Ve oi tng ieu chnh

phap luat quoc gia ieu chnh nhng

quan he xa hoi phat sinh trong noi bo

pham vi lanh tho , con phap luat
quoc te ieu chnh nhng quan he
xa hoi phat sinh trong i song sinh
hoat quoc te gia cac chu the luat
quoc te.

Ve chu the chu the luat

quoc gia la the nhan, phap nhan &
nha nc tham 9gia vi t cach la
chu the ac biet khi nha nc la
mot ben trong quan he, con chu the
cua phap luat quoc te la cac quoc
gia co chu quyen, cac dan toc ang
au tranh gianh oc lap, cac to chc
lien chnh phu & cac chu the khac.

Ve trnh t xay dng Phap

Luat: viec xay dng phap luat & trnh
t xay ng phap luat cua phap luat
quoc gia do c quan lap phap thc hien
con xay dng & trnh t xay dng
phap luat quoc te do khong co c
quan lap phap nen khi xay dng cac
qui pham thanh van bat thanh van
chu ieu do s thoa thuan gia cac
chu the co chu quyen quoc gia cua
luat quoc te.

Ve bien phap bao am thi

hanh phap luat quoc gia co bo may
cng che tap trung thng trc nh
quan oi, canh sat,toa an nha tu
lam bien phap bao am thi hanh,
con phap luat quoc te th khong co
bo may cng che tap trung thng
trc ma ch co mot so bien phap
cng che nhat nh mang tnh t
cng che di hnh thc rieng re
hoac tap the

Ve phng phap ieu chnh

cac nganh luat trong he thong phap
luat quoc gia co phng phap ieu
chnh khac nhau con cac nganh luat
trong he thong phap luat quoc te th
ch co mot phng phap ieu chnh
la s thoa thuan.
3. Mi quan h gia lut quc t v lut quc gia.
V nguyn tc, LQT ko c hiu lc trc tip trn lnh
th quc gia, p dng cc quy phm ca LQT, cc
quc gia phi tri qua mt giai on chuyn ha LQT v
LQG.
Trng hp c s khc nhau gia quy nh ca LQT v
lut trong nc khi gii quyt mt lnh vc thuc phm
vi iu chnh ca lut trong nc, khi cc quc gia s
phi p dng cc quy nh ghi nhn trong cc iu c
quc t v cc tp qun quc t. Cc quc gia ko c
vin dn php lut quc gia, k c hin php t chi
thc hin cc kam kt quc t.
@Quy nh gia PLVN v vic gii quyt mi quan h
gia LQT v LQG.
VN, nhn tng th h thng vn bn php lut chng ta
thy rng PLVN tha nhn u th ca cc quy phm iu
c quc t m VN k kt hoc tham gia bn cnh quy
phm PL trong nc. S tha nhn ny th hin hu

ht cc B lut m NNCHXHCNVN ban hnh. C

th khon 1 iu 6 lut k kt gia nhp v thc hin iu
c quc t quy nh.
4. Khai niem & ac iem c ban
cua luat quoc te
Khai niem: Luat quoc te hien ai
hay con goi la cong phap quoc te la
tong the nhng nguyen tac, nhng
qui pham phap luat quoc te do cac
chu the tham gia vao quan he phap l
quoc te xay dng tren c s t
nguyen & bnh ang, thong qua au
tranh & thng lng nham ieu chnh
moi quan he nhieu mat (chu yeu la
quan he chnh tr) gia cac chu the
luat quoc te vi nhau (trc tien &
chu yeu gia cac quoc gia) trong
nhng trng hp can thiet luat quoc
te c bao am thi hanh bang
nhng bien phap cng che rieng le
hoac tap the do chnh cac chu the
luat quoc te thi hanh hoac bang sc
au tranh cua nhan dan cung d luan
tien bo The gii.
ac iem: T khai niem neu tren,
luat quoc te co nhng ac iem c
ban nh sau:

oi tng ieu chnh :

neu nh luat trong nc ieu chnh ve
quan he xa hoi phat sinh trong pham vi
lanh tho quoc gia & quan he co ieu
to nc ngoai th luat quoc te ch
ieu chnh nhng quan he xa hoi
phat sinh trong i song uoc te nh
quan he chnh tr ,kinh te,van hoa,khoa
hoc-ky thuat,moi trnggia cac
chu the cua luat quoc te vi nhau
ma chu yeu la nhng quan he chnh
tr. Tuy nhien khong phai tat ca quan
he quoc te eu la oi tng ieu
chnh cua luat quoc te
(VD: quan he quoc te theo con ng
cac to chc chnh tr xa hoikhong
do luat quoc te chnh tr ieu chnh)

Trnh t xay dng cac qui

pham phap luat quoc te: trong he
thong quoc te da tren nguyen tac c
ban bnh ang ve chu quyen cac
quoc gia nen khong co c quan lam
luat. Con ng duy nhat e hnh
thanh cac qui pham phap luat quoc
te o la s thoa thuan gia cac
chu the luat quoc te vi nhau di
hnh thc ky ket cac ieu c quoc
te ( qui pham thanh van) ; cung nhau
tha nhan nhng tap quan quoc te
trong quan he gia ho( qui pham bat
thanh van). ay la ac trng quan
trong nhat.

Chu the cua luat quoc

te:

Cac quoc gia co chu

quyen: chu quyen quoc gia trong lnh
vc oi noi la quyen toi cao cua
quoc gia trong pham vi lanh tho cua
mnh, quyen lam luat, quyen giam sat
viec thi hanh phap luat, quyen xet
x nhng hanh vi vi pham phap luat
cua quoc gia.
Trong lnh vc oi ngoai o la quyen
oc lap trong he thong quoc te ,t do
quan he khong le thuoc vao bat c
the lc nao, hai moi quan he nay co
quan he mat thiet vi nhau,ch v khi
quoc gia co quyen toi cao trong quan
he oi ngoai th mi co quyet nh
trong quan he oi ngoai, Quoc gia la
chu the ac biet khi tham gia vao hoat
ong t phap quoc te, c mien tr
ve t phap quoc te: quyen mien tr
ve xet x, quyen mien tr ve tai
san, quyen mien tr ve thi hanh an.

Cac dan toc ang au tranh

gianh oc lap c xem la quoc gia
ang hnh thanh, ng len au tranh
gianh oc lap, thanh lap quoc gia co
chu quyen, co quyen tham gia ai
dien ky ket cac ieu c quoc te
vi cac quoc gia khac, t do khong
b le thuoc vao bat c quoc gia nao.

Cac to chc quoc lien chnh

phu ( lien quoc gia) la to chc thanh
lap tren s lien ket gia cac quoc
gia, & hoat ong di s thoa thuan
gia cac quoc gia (VD: LHQ, Asian, EU).

To chc phi chnh phu c

thanh lap di s thoa thuan gia
cac the nhan vi phap nhan th
khong c coi la chu the cua luat
quoc te, khong c tha nhan cua
luat quoc te (VD: Hoi luat gia the
gii, Hoi Lien hiep phu n the gii)

T cach chu the cua toa

thanh Vatican toa thanh Vatican khong
phai la mot quoc gia, t cach chu
the cua Vatican c at ra

Bien phap bao am thi

hanh luat quoc te khi xay dng cac
ieu c quoc te cac ben thng
thoa thuan cac bien phap cng che
e ap dung cho cac quoc gia vi pham.
o la nhng quan he ma t cac chu
the thoa thuan xay dng cac bien
phap nhat nh v li ch cua chnh ho.
Cac chu the b hai c quyen s
dung mot so bien phap nhat nh cho
quoc gia gay hai. Bien phap cng
che c the hien di hai hnh thc:

Cng che ca
the : tren bnh dien quoc te khong co
c quan cng che tap trung thng
trc, nhng bien phap do chnh chu

the cua luat quoc te thc hien di

hnh thc ca the, rieng le tc la chu
the b hai c quyen s dung nhng
bien phap cng che tra ua hay
bien phap t ve oi vi chu the
gay hai cho mnh (rut ai s ve nc,
cat t quan he ngoai giao, bao vay
kinh te, giang tra)

Bien phap cng

che tap the tc la quoc gia b hai co
quyen lien minh cac quoc gia tren c
s cac cam ket phu hp e chong lai
quoc gia gay hai cho mnh.
LHQ giao cho HBA LHQ co nhiem vu gi
gn hoa bnh & an ninh cua cac quoc gia
trong khuon kho tuan thu hien chng
LHQ, co tham quyen ap dung cac
bien phap cng che & trng phat ke
ca dung vu lc chong lai cac quoc
gia vi pham.
Ngoai ra van e d luan tien bo tren
the gii & s au tranh cua nhan dan
cac nc cung la bien phap e cho
phap luat quoc te phai tuan theo.
5. Phn bit cc cch thc k kt iu c quc t.
*K iu c quc t: K l mt bc khng th thiu
trong trnh t k kt iu c quc t. C 3 hnh thc k
iu
c
quc
t,

l:
- K tt: L ch k ca cc v i din quc gia tham gia
m phn nhm xc nhn vn bn d tho iu c quc
t l vn bn c thng qua. K tt cha lm pht
sinh hiu lc ca iu c. K tt c p dng trong
trng hp iu c quc t son tho xong nhng
do cc bn nhn thy iu c quc t cha cn thit
phi thc hin ngay hoc cn c th thay i.
- K Ad Referendum: L ch k ca cc v i din vi
iu kin c s ng tip sau ca c quan c thm
quyn theo quy nh ca php lut quc gia. V nguyn
tc, hnh vi k ad cng khng lm pht sinh hiu lc ca
iu c, tuy nhin hnh thc k ny cng c th lm
pht sinh hiu lc cho iu c nu c quan c thm
quyn ca quc gia t r s chp thun ch k ny.
- K y (k chnh thc): L ch k ca cc v i
din vo vn bn d tho iu c. V nguyn tc, hnh
thc k y lun lm pht sinh hiu lc ca iu c.
Tr trng hp iu c ny quy nh cc bn phi tin
hnh ph chun, ph duyt th sau hnh vi ph chun,
ph duyt ny iu c mi c hiu lc thi hnh.
6.So sanh phe chuan, phe duyet &
gia nhap

Phe chuan la s ong y

chnh thc cua c quan nha nc co
tham quyen cua cac ben ky ket
(thong thng la c quan quyen lc toi
cao cua nha nc o) xac nhan ieu
c quoc te a co hieu lc oi vi
mnh. Thong thng nhng ieu c
quoc te lien quan en van e chnh
tr, ANQP, bien gii lanh tho th phai
phe chuan.(VD: VN van e nay

c qui nh tai ieu 10 Phap lenh ve

ky ket thc hien ieu c quoc te
nam 1993)

Phe duyet la tuyen bo n

phng ( hanh vi phap l n phng)cua
c quan co tham quyen trong nc
cong nhan mot eu c quoc co
hieu lc oi vi quoc gia mnh.

Gia nhap la tuyen bo n

phng cua c quan co tham quyen
cua quoc gia, cong nhan mot ieu
c quoc te co hieu lc oi vi
quoc gia mnh, chnh thc rang buoc
quyen va ngha vu cua mnh oi vi
mot ieu c quoc te ma mnh cha
phai la thanh vien cua ieu c
quoc te o.

Giong nhau:
Phe chuan, phe duyet, gia nhap eu
la hanh vi n phng nham cong
nhan hieu lc ieu c quoc te oi
vi quoc gia mnh. Phe chuan, phe
duyet xac nhan ieu c quoc te
a co hieu lc oi vi quoc gia mnh.
Gia nhap chnh thc rang buoc quyen
va ngha vu cua mnh oi vi mot
ieu c quoc te ma mnh cha phai
la thanh vien ieu c quoc te o.

Khac nhau:

Ve thi iem Thi

iem gia nhap khac vi thi iem
phe chuan, phe duyet. Phe chuan,
phe duyet c thc hien oi vi
quoc gia sang lap ra ieu c quoc
te, trong thi iem k ket ieu c
quoc te theo trnh t thu tuc phc tap.
Gia nhap ieu c quoc te ch dien
ra trong khi ieu c quoc te a phat
sinh hieu lc & ch ap dung oi vi
quoc gia cha la thanh vien tham gia
ky ket ieu c quoc te.

Ve
pham
vi:
Phe
chuan, phe duyet dien ra ca oi vi
ieu c quoc te a phng & song
phng. Gia nhap ieu c quoc te
ch dien ra oi vi ieu c quoc te
a phng

Ve tham quyen(ieu
32 ieu 44): Tham quyen phe chuan
ieu c quoc te thuoc tham quyen
cua c quan lap phap la s ong y
chnh thc cua c quan co tham quyen
(c quan quyen lc toi cao) cua nha
nc o. Tham quyen phe duyet
thuoc tham quyen c quan hanh phap,
thng tien hanh c quan nha nc
thap hn nh Chnh phu, cap Bo... Gia
nhap th thuoc tham quyen cua ca c
quan lap phap & c quan hanh phap.

Ve mc o quan trong:
ieu c quoc te can phai phe

chuan mc o quan trong cao hn,

ieu c quoc te can phe duyet
mc o quan trong thap hn.

7. Hy chng minh, bo lu l quyn nhng khng

tuyt i?
Bo lu c xem l mt quyn, nhng quyn ny
khng phi l quyn tuyt i, v nhng l do sau y:
1. Bo lu khng p dng cho iu c song
phng m ch p dng cho iu c a phng
2. i vi iu c a phng m c iu
khon quy nh "cm bo lu" th quyn bo lu
cng khng c thc hin. Cng c 1982 v Lut
Bin khng chp thun bo lu -> khng c quyn
bo lu.
3. i vi nhng iu c a phng ch cho
php bo lu mt hoc mt vi iu khon c th
nht nh, th quyn bo lu cng khng c thc hin
i vi nhng iu khon cn li => trong trng hp
iu c ch cho php bo lu nhng iu khon c th
th cc quc gia ch c bo lu nhng iu khon .
Cng c quc t 1961 v quan h ngoi giao cho php
bo lu khon 2 iu 37 -> mun ch bo lu c
khon 2 iu 37 m thi, cc iu khon cn li mun
hay khng cng khng th bo lu.
4. Nu iu c a phng cho php bo lu bt
k iu khon no th quyn bo lu cng khng c
thc hin i vi nhng iu khon khng ph hp
vi mc ch v i tng ca iu c (ngha l i
vi nhng iu c quc t a phng cho php bo lu
th mt tuyn b bo lu s khng c chp thun nu
ni dung ca n tri vi mc ch v i tng ca iu
c. Cng c Geneva , bo v nn nhn chin tranh,
cc bn tham chin khng c tn cng bnh vin,
trng hc -> khng c bo lu iu khon ny v tri
vi mc ch, ni dung chnh ca cng c ny.
Bi tp tnh hung: "..."?
Gi s 1: "cm bo lu" -> mi quc gia thnh
vin phi thc hin y trn vn cc iu khon trong
iu c.
Gi s 2: Cho php bo lu iu khon no ,
th cho php mi quc gia thnh vin c th bo lu iu
khon ny, m bt k s phn i, mi phn i v hiu.
Gi s 3: cho php bo lu chung chung -> 2
trng hp: 1/ im lng trong 12 thng hoc chp thun,
ng -> coi nh bo lu c hiu lc php lut. 2/ nc
phn i -> th iu khon bo lu v hiu vi nc
phn i, phi thc hin ng iu khon ny.
Gi s 4: tuyn b bo lu vi iu khon no,
m vic bo lu iu khon ny tri vi mc ch ca
iu c -> v hiu.
8. So sanh ieu c quoc te &
tap quan quoc te

ieu c quoc te : c coi

la van ban phap l quoc te do cac
chu the cua luat quoc te thoa
thuan xay dng tren c s t nguyen
& bnh ang nham on nh thay oi hay
cham dt quyen & ngha vu phap l
oi vi nhau trong bang giao quoc te
phu hp vi nhng nguyen tac c
ban cua luat quoc te

Tap quan quoc te: la qui

tac x s chung c hnh thanh trong
quan he quoc te do mot hoac mot so
quoc gia a ra & ap dung lau dai trong
thc tien (c ap dung t hai chu
the tr len)

Giong nhau

Ca hai eu la nguon
chnh cua luat quoc te, la nhng hnh
thc cha ng cac qui pham phap
luat quoc te, eu co gia tr hieu lc
nh nhau.

Ban chat nh nhau eu

la da tren s thoa thuan gia cac
chu the vi nhau, ieu c quoc te
thoa thuan ky ket, tap quan quoc
te thoa thuan tha nhan.

Noi dung cua ca ieu

c quoc te & tap quan quoc te
phai phu hp vi nhng nguyen tac
c ban cua luat quoc te .

eu ieu chnh cac

quan he xa hoi phat sinh gia cac
chu the cua luat quoc te vi nhau
nh nhng quan he ve chnh tr, van
hoa, kinh te

Khac nhau

Hnh thc the hien : s thoa

thuan ieu c quoc te la ky ket
nhng qui pham phap luat ton tai
di dang van ban,the hien ro rang
cu the, con s thoa thuan cua tap
quan quoc te la e i en tha
nhan nhng qui pham phap luat bat
thanh van

Qua trnh hnh thanh Trnh t

lap phap oi vi ieu c quoc te
la chnh xac & cu the hn thong qua
mot thu tuc k ket bao gom cac qua
trnh am phan, soan thao van ban,
thong qua van ban, ky ieu c
quoc te,phe chuan hoac phe duyet

Trnh t lap phap cua tap

quan quoc te thong qua s ap dung
tha nhan nhng qui tac x s trong
thc tien trai qua mot thi gian dai
lap i lap lai nhieu lan trong mot thi
gian lien tuc.

Pham vi ieu chnh cua ieu

c quoc te co pham vi rong hn tap
quan quoc te
9. Hiu lc ca iu c quc t.
a/ iu kin c hiu lc ca QT
+ QT phi c k kt ph hp vi quy nh ca
php lut cc bn k kt v thm quyn v th tc k kt.
+ QT phi c k kt trn c s t nguyn v bnh
ng v quyn v ngha v. Cc bn phi tn trng
nguyn tc bnh ng v ch quyn gia cc quc gia.
+ Ni dung QT ko ph hp vi cc ni dung nhng
nguyn tc c bn ca LQT s b v hiu

- Ty vo mc m QT s b coi l v hiu tuyt

i v v hiu tng i.
+ QT v hiu tuyt i: l UQT v hiu ngay t
khi k kt, c th iu c k ko trn c s t nguyn
v bnh ng hoc k kt ko ph hp vi ni dung nhng
nguyn tc c bn ca LQT, k kt bi cc thc th ko c
nng lc ch th. cc bn hon ton gii phng quyn
v ngha v ca mnh trong UQT.
+ UQT v hiu tng i: ko c hiu lc nu nh cc
bn tham gia xt thy cn ti nhng vi phm php lut
quc gia v thm quyn k kt, lm li, man tr, mua
chuc v i din (iu 46-52 CUV 1961).
Cc bn c th khc phc nhng thiu st sai lm ,
nu khc phc c QT c hiu lc;
b/ Hiu lc iu c theo khng gian: UQT c hiu lc
trn ton phm vi lnh th ca cc quc gia thnh vin
(iu 29 CUV 1961); Tuy nhin, c nhng iu c ko
nhng ko c hiu lc trn phm vi lnh th ca cc quc
gia thnh vin m cn c hiu lc trn c phm vi lnh
th cng ng.
c/ Hiu lc iu c theo thi gian
- thi gian c hiu lc ca QT:
+ Thi im bt u c hiu lc ca QT l mc thi
gian UQT bt u pht sinh hiu lc. Thi im ny
di hay ngn l ty thuc vo s tha thun ca cc bn.
+i vi nhng iu c ko cn ph chun, ph duyt:
thi im bt u pht sinh hiu lc ca QT l ngay
sau khi cc bn k chnh thc.
+ i vi nhng UQT cn ph chun hoc ph duyt:
? UQT song phng: khi hai bn trao i th ph
chun th UQT pht sinh hiu lc.
? UQT a phng: cc bn tha thun thng nht s
thnh vin nht nh gi th ph chun ti c quan bo
qun iu c hoc ban th k ca t chc quc t th
iu c pht sinh hiu lc.
+ UQT ch c hiu lc tm thi trc khi c hiu lc
chnh thc do s tha thun xy ra khi UQT c k
cho n khi trao i ph chun.
Thi hn c hiu lc ca UQT: l thi gian iu
c c hiu lc. c hai loi:
+ UQT v thi hn: l iu c ch quy nh thi
im bt u c hiu lc ca UQT m ko quy nh thi
im UQT ht hiu lc. UQT v thi hn tr nn c
thi hn hay chm dt hiu lc nu cc bn c tha
thun bng mt iu c khc.
+ UQT c thi hn: l UQT quy nh r thi im
bt u v thi im chm dt hiu lc ca UQT.
Cc UQT c th ht hiu lc nu cc bn tham gia
tha thun ng .
Nu UQT ht hiu lc nhng mc ch ca
UQT vn cha c thc hin y , cc bn lin
quan c quyn gia hn iu c. vic gia hn ny phi
c tin hnh trc khi UQT ht hiu lc.
C nhng UQT sau khi ht hiu lc nhng cc bn
thy rng cn khi phc li hiu lc ca UQT thc
hin tip.
d/ iu c quc t ht hiu lc: l nhng iu c
khng cn gi tr rng buc i vi cc bn k kt
(khng cn kh nng pht sinh quyn v ngha v gia
cc bn). Cc trng hp iu c ht hiu lc: Gii
quyt xong hoc t c mc tiu ra; iu c c
iu khon quy nh ngy ht hiu lc

## Ngoi ra cn c cc trng hp sau, iu c c th

chm dt hiu lc:
- Chin tranh xy ra
+i vi iu c song phng: chm dt hiu lc
nhng i vi nhng iu c quc t v lnh th, bin
gii quc gia, nhng iu c c iu khon ghi nhn
vn c hiu lc ngay c khi c chin tranh xy ra.
+i vi iu c a phng: s chm dt hiu lc gia
cc bn tham chin cn cc bn khng tham chin th
iu c vn c hiu lc
- Cc bn tha thun chm dt hiu lc ca iu c
- Khi mt bn n phng chm dt hiu lc:
+ Bi b iu c quc t: l hnh vi n phng ca
mt quc gia tuyn b iu c ht lc i vi mnh
(vi iu kin c iu khon quy nh cho php quc gia
tuyn b n phng bi b iu c). Xy ra 2 trng
hp: iu c n phng -> iu c quc t ht hiu
lc, iu c a phng -> chm dt hiu lc ca bn ra
tuyn b, cc bn cn li vn c hiu lc.
+ Hy b iu c quc t: l tuyn b n phng ca
mt quc gia (do c quan c thm quyn trong nc)
nhm chm dt hiu lc ca mt iu c quc t i
vi mnh m khng cn iu c cho php.
C s php l ca vic hy b UQT
1/ Khi mt bn ch hng quyn m khng thc hin
ngha v
2/ Mt hay nhiu bn vi phm nghim trng nhng iu
khon ca iu c
3/ Khi quc gia khng cn kh nng thc hin ngha v
ca mnh -> Rebus sis stantibus -> hon cnh thay i
c bn dn n quc gia khng cn kh nng thc hin
ngha v ca mnh. V d nh thay i ch th quc gia,
ng c v Ty c, vic hp nht ny lm cho 2
quc gia ny khng th thc hin ngha v trong iu
c c th hy b hp l, hp php. Hon cnh: hp
nht, chia ct, thm ch nh o chnh thay i chnh
th, chnh quyn (v d trng hp thi lan).
- Tm nh ch thc hin iu c: quyn ca quc gia
v c ghi nhn trong Lut iu c quc t
1/ Cc bn tham gia iu c s gin on thc hin
trong mt thi gian nht nh
2/ C s php l ca vic tm nh ch l do s tha
thun ca cc thnh vin hoc do iu c quy nh
3/ Trong thi gian tm nh ch cc bn khng c bt k
hnh thc no cn tr vic khi phc li hiu lc ca
iu c quc t sau mt thi gian gin on.
10. Cc th loi cng nhn
a. Khi nim
Cng nhn trong LQT bao gm cc vn c bn sau
y:
1/ Th nht: cng nhn l hnh vi th hin quan im
chnh tr - php l ca quc gia i vi khi c s xut
hin ch th mi (quc gia mi) hoc chnh ph mi trn
trng quc t. iu c ngha l, cng nhn hay
khng cng nhn mt quc gia mi hoc chnh ph mi
l hnh vi th hin ch quyn quc gia, xut pht t
ch v s t nguyn ca cc ch th LQT.
2/ Cng nhn l mt quan h php l quc t pht sinh
gia bn cng nhn v bn c cng nhn c thit
lp da trn ch v s ch ng ca bn cng nhn.

Bn cng nhn c th l quc gia, chnh ph hoc cc

ch th khc ca LQT.
3/ Ni dung ca hnh vi cng nhn l cng nhn ch ,
chnh tr, vn ha - x hi... ca bn cng nhn vi bn
c cng nhn.
4/ Cng nhn quc t c ngha php l quc t c bit
quan trng trong quan h quc t. Cng nhn l hnh vi
php l cn thit v tt yu nhm p ng nhng i hi
ca sinh hot v trt t php l quc t. => cng nhn s
to iu kin thun li cho vic duy tr, thit lp v thc
hin cc quan h php l quc t gia cc quc gia v
cc ch th ca LQT.
b. Cc th loi cng nhn
Trong phm vi bi hc, trng tm l 2 th loi sau y:
1/ Cng nhn quc gia mi

Xut hin thng qua cc hnh thc: Hp nht quc

gia; Chia tch quc gia; Thng qua cuc u tranh
gii phng dn tc; Thng qua hnh thc c in,
bng con ng t nhin -> hnh thc hin nay
khng cn tn ti, ch t th k 19 tr v trc.

2/ Cng nhn chnh ph mi.

Thc tin s cng nhn 1 quc gia mi c ghi
nhn qua hnh thc no, 1 chnh ph mi nh th no?
V phng din l lun, cng nhn chnh ph mi chnh
l cng nhn ngi i din mi ca quc gia trong quan
h quc t. C ngha l, cng nhn chnh ph mi c t
cch i din cho quc gia tham gia vo cc quan h
php l quc t hay khng.
Da vo c s php l hnh thnh chnh ph, c th phn
chia chnh ph thnh hai loi l:
1/ Chnh ph hp hin, hp php (chnh ph De
Jure) - chnh ph hp php thnh lp tun th theo hin
php ca quc gia .
2/ Chnh ph bt hp hin, bt hp php (chnh
ph De Facto - chnh ph thc t), v d nh chnh ph
thnh lp thng qua o chnh.
Vn cng nhn chnh ph mi ch t ra khi c s
xut hin ca chnh ph De Facto v chnh ph De Jure
l chnh ph c hnh thnh ph hp vi Hin php v
php lut ca quc gia , vic thnh lp chnh ph ny
l cng vic ni b ca quc gia , cho nn cc quc
gia khc khng c quyn can thip.
Lut quc t t ra vn cng nhn chnh ph De Facto
nu hi 3 yu t sau y:
1. Chnh ph mi c thnh lp phi c
ng o qun chng nhn dn t nguyn ng h, y l
mt trong nhng iu kin c bn cc quc gia xem
xt cng nhn chnh ph mi De Facto. => Thc t, c
nhiu chnh ph mi hnh thnh bng con ng bt hp
hin, hp php nhng li nhn c s ng tnh ng h
ca qun chng nhn dn v chnh ph tin nhim l mt
chnh ph thi nt, tham nhng, bc lt, c hip nhn
dn khng i din v bo v quyn li cho nhn dn.
2. Phi kim sot phn ln hay ton b lnh th.
Chnh ph De Facto phi qun l c ton b hay phn
ln lnh th quc gia mt cch c lp.
3. Phi nm quyn lc trong mt thi gian di
n nh. Kh nng thc hin v duy tr quyn lc nh
nc ca chnh ph c th hin thng qua s vn hnh
ca b my nh nc, s tun th lut php, s n nh
v pht trin ca ton x hi -> phn nh chnh xc nht

nng lc iu hnh v qun l nh nc v x hi ca

chnh ph hin hnh.
Kt lun: chnh ph mi c nhn dn ng h, thc
hin c hiu qu v c lp quyn lc ca nh nc trn
ton b hay phn ln lnh th quc gia th c LQT
cng nhn l ngi i din hp php ca quc gia trong
quan h quc t.
3/ Cc th loi cng nhn khc:
Cng nhn dn tc ang u tranh ginh c c lp.
Cng nhn chnh ph lu vong
Cng nhn cc bn tham chin v cc bn khi ngha
Cu hi nhn nh:
1/ Gi s nh nhn nh cho rng, ch c quc gia mi
c xem l ch th c bn, ch yu ca Lut quc t? > ng, c 3 ch th: quc gia, t chc quc t lin
chnh ph, dn tc ang u tranh.
2/Ch c quc gia mi c quyn nng ch th ca Lut
quc t? Sai.
3/Ch c quc gia mi c quyn nng ch th ca Lut
quc t y v trn vn nht? -> Lun lun ng, t
chc quc t l ch th c bit, c quyn nng hn ch.
4/Ch quyn quc gia l 1 thuc tnh t nhin vn c,
ch quc gia mi c? -> ng, ch quyn quc gia l
quyn ti cao ca quc gia trong phm vi lnh th, v
quyn i vi quc gia khc -> quyn c lp ca quc
gia vi cc mi quan h vi cc quc gia khc.. T chc
quc t lin chnh ph khng c thuc nng ny.
5/ S cng nhn 1 quc gia mi xut hin l ngha v bt
but ca cc thc th hu quan? Lun khng nh l y
l quyn ca cc thc th hu quan xung quanh, tc
khng l ngha v bt but.
6/S cng nhn 1 quc gia mi xut hin tc l vic to
ra 1 t cch ch th ca quc gia ? S cng nhn 1
quc gia mi xut hin khng nhm to ra t cch ch
th ca quc gia mi . T cch ch th ca quc gia
khi m quc gia hi t 4 yu t cu thnh quc gia,
m khng ph thuc vo s cng nhn.
7/S cng nhn 1 quc gi mi ch l s tuyn b trn
trng quc t mt ch th mi ang tn ti. => Xut
hin quc gia -> c th c cc thc th hu quan xung
quanh cng nhn -> cho mt vi v d.
8/S cng nhn quc t c t ra khi c s xut hin
mt chnh ph mi? -> Sai, S cng nhn theo lut quc
t ch t ra i vi chnh ph de factor. Ch c chnh
ph tha mn 3 iu kin mi c xem xt cng nhn:
c ng o qun chng nhn dn ng h, kim sot
phn ln hay ton b lnh th, v phi nm quyn lc
nh nc trong mt thi gian di v tng i n nh.
9/Nhn nh cho rng s cng nhn trong lut quc t l
c s, iu kin cc thc th tham gia vo cc t chc
quc t? l iu kin thun li gip cc thc th c th
tham gia cc iu c quc t.
H qu php l ca s cng nhn:
sau hnh vi cng nhn, cc bn thng thit lp cc quan
h trong cc lnh vc nht nh. Nhng kt qu y php
l y ty thuc vo s tha thun gia bn cng nhn v
bn c cng nhn trong bi cnh c th. Thng
thng cc bn thng t c nhng kt qu sau y
+ Xc nhn s tn ti trn thc t ca bn c cng
nhn v to iu kin thun li cho vic thit lp v pht
trin quan h gia bn cng nhn v bn c cng nhn
trong cc lnh vc nht nh;

+ To iu kin thun li cho bn cng nhn v bn c

cng nhn thc hin cc quyn v ngha v php l ca
mnh;
+ Cng nhn chnh thc thng dn ti thit lp cc
quan h ngoi giao, lnh s, thng mi v cc vn
khc;
+ Cng nhn quc t to iu kin thun li cho c
cng nhn l quc gia mi, CP mi tham gia cc Hi
ngh quc t v cc t chc quc t ph cp khc;
+ Cng nhn quc t to iu kin thun li cho quc
gia mi, CP mi c t cch k kt QT song phng
v a phng;
11. Phan tch cac yeu to cau
thanh quoc gia
S ton tai cua mot quoc gia chu the
c ban cua luat quoc te co lien quan
mat thiet vi hnh thc to chc nha
nc, mac du hnh thc to chc cua
nha nc rat a dang, tuy nhien moi
giai oan phat trien cua lich s nha
nc & phap luat quoc gia c tha
nhan la chu the c ban cua luat
quoc te
Cho en nay du cha co mot nh
ngha thong nhat ve quoc gia, tuy
nhien theo luat quoc te hien a th
e coi quoc gia la mot thc the cua
luat quoc te, quoc gia phai co cac
tieu ch sau:
- Co lanh tho xac nh - Co dan c
on nh - Co chnh phu co chu quyenCo kha nang thiet lap & thc hien
cac quan he oi ngoai.

Lanh tho quoc gia la mot

phan cua trai at bao gom vung at,
vung nc, vung tri, di long at,
lanh tho cua quoc gia phai c xac
nh ro rang bi ng bien gii
tren at lien vi cac quoc gia lan
can hay vung khong thuoc quoc gia
nao, quoc gia o phai c xac nh
tren ban o a l hanh chanh the
gii vi v tr & a danh ro rang, tuy
nhien gia cac quoc gia co the co
cac vung lanh tho tranh chap, nhng
e am bao yeu to lanh tho xac
nh th quoc gia o phai co vung
lanh tho hoan toan c xac nh ro
rang thuoc chu quyen cua mnh.

Mot quoc gia khong the

tach ri yeu to con ngi ngha la
co dan c on nh tren lanh tho o,
a phan dan c phai la cong dan
nc s tai, sinh song on nh lau
dai la nhng ngi co a v phap l
co quyen & ngha vu oi vi quoc gia,
quoc gia cung thc hien quyen & ngha
vu cua mnh oi vi cong dan cua
mnh, co lich s truyen thong van hoa
gan bo lau dai vi quoc gia s tai.

Chinh phu la yeu to can

phai co e ieu hanh xa hoi, co

chu quyen c nhan dan tn nhiem

co ay u chu quyen & quyen lc
trong viec thc hien cac quan he oi
noi , oi ngoai, ngha la co thc
quyen ieu hanh quoc gia trong lap
phap, hanh phap & t phap quyet nh
van menh chnh tr cua dan toc, t do
la chon hnh thc, the che chnh tr,
kinh te, van hoa xa hoi cho at
nc mnh, chnh phu o phai nam
c quyen lc oi ngoai ngha la
nam quyen ai dien quoc gia tham gia
vao cac quan he quoc te.

Quoc gia phai co kha nang

thiet lap & thc hien cac quan he oi
ngoai trong ca mat the hien vai tro
mot chu the luat quoc te, co kha
nang ve chnh tr, kinh te, van hoa
xa hoi e co the thc hien quyen
quyet nh moi van e cua quoc gia
ma cac quoc gia khac khong co
quyen can thiep, ong thi quoc gia
ay phai ton trong & thc thi ay u
cac nguyen tac c ban cua luat quoc
te khi tham gia vao cac quan he quoc
te.
12. Cc cch thc xc lp lnh th.
a/ C s xc lp ch quyn lnh th.
- Theo LQT, ch da trn c s quyn dn tc t quyt
QG mi c th tin hnh hnh thc thay i lnh th
khc nhau, tng phn ln hoc nh, thm ch c vic
hnh thnh mt QG mi.
- Thay i lnh th QG c tin hnh di cc hnh
thc sau: do phn chia mt QG lin bang thnh
nhiu quc gia; do hp nht ca nhiu QG c lp
thnh QG mi; do sp nhp mt b phn lnh th
ca QG ny vo QG khc; do trao i mt b phn
lnh th gia hai QG; do chuyn nhng mt b
phn lnh th ca QG ny vi QG khc; theo mt
iu c quc t t bit.
b/ Nguyn tc xc lp ch quyn bng cch chim hu
Xc lp ch quyn ca QG i vi lnh th theo nguyn
tc chim hu c ngha l hnh ng ca mt QG tuyn
b xc lp ch quyn QG i vi mt vng lnh th v
ch, ko thuc ch quyn ca bt k QG no khc c
th hin di hai dng:
- Nguyn tc chim hu tng trng: theo hc thuyt
ny, c s xc lp ch quyn QG vi vng lnh th
mi c thc hin v cng nhn thng qua cng nhn
mt s hnh vi mang tnh cht tng trng nh hnh vi
ca nh thm him t chn ln vng t v ch v
li cc bng chng nh cy thp t, ct g, bia
chng t s c mt ca mnh trn lnh th . Nh
nc ca nh thm him phi a ra tuyn b chnh thc
v/v xc lp ch quyn ca QG i vi vng lnh th mi
pht hin c y.
Khuyt im:
+ vic chim hu kh d dng /vi nhng vng t, o
nh nhng ngc li /v vng lnh th ln nu ch lu
li nhng bng chng ti ni m nh thm him t chn

ti, trong khi cha i ht cng t m QG tuyn

b xc lp ch quyn l cha tht s hp l;
+ do k thng tin by gi cha pht trin nn dn ti
tnh trng cc QG ko c thng tin y v kp thi v
nhng vng t mi c cc QG khc pht hin. do ,
nhiu QG cng tuyn b xc lp ch quyn ln cng mt
vng lnh th.
+vic lu li trn cc vng lnh th mi pht hin bng
nhng du tch, chng c m h nh cy c, cy thp t,
bia ko phi bao gi cng trng tn theo thi gian v
tc ng ca thin nhin
- Nguyn tc chim hu thc s:
LQT hin i tha nhn vic thit lp v khng nh ch
quyn ca QG /vi vng lnh th mi pht hin phi l
s chim hu thc s, ng thi cc QG phi qun tr v
duy tr lin tc ha bnh quyn lc NN trn vng lnh
th . y l c s l lun QG chng minh mt
vng t ang trah chp thuc ch quyn ca mnh nu
p ng c cc k sau:
+ Nhng vng t, o c QG chim hu phi l vng
lnh th v ch, ko nm hoc ko cn nm trong a l
hnh chih ca mt QG no.
+ Vic chim hu phi l hnh ng ca NN.
+ Vic chim hu phi r rang, thc s.
+c d lun ng thi chp nhn.
b/ Nguyn tc xc lp ch quyn bng s chuyn
nhng t nguyn: y l s chuyn giao mt cch ha
bnh ch quyn QG trn mt lnh th t QG ny sang
QG khc thng qua hnh thc k kt UQT.
c/ Nguyn tc xc lp ch quyn theo thi hiu
mt QG s c xc lp ch quyn ca mnh ln vng lnh
th nu h chim hu c trong thi gian di ko c
tranh chp vi QG khc. Mun xc lp theo nguyn tc
ny phi p ng c cc k sau y:
+ QG c danh ngha ch quyn nhng t b, dn n
lnh th b t b.
+ QG mi xc lp ch quyn thc s vi nhng vng
lnh th t b mt cch cng khai, lin tc v ha bnh.
13. Ni dung quyn ti cao ca QG /v lnh th.
Quyn ti cao ca QG i vi lnh th l thuc tnh vn
c ko th tch ri ca QG. N biu hin quyn thing
ling v bt kh xm phm ca QG trn hai phng
din: phng din quyn lc v phng din vt cht.
a/ Phng din quyn lc
- trong pham vi lnh th QG thi QG c quyn ti cao
i vi lnh th. Quyn ti cao ny c thc hin
thng qua hot ng ca h thng c quan NN bao
gm: c quan lp php, hnh php, t php bao trm
ln tt c cc lnh vc ca i sng x hi ca QG
. Quyn lc mang tnh hon ton, tuyt i, ko s
chia vi bt k vi bt k QG no khc v thing
ling cho mi QG. Mi c dn v ti sn tn ti trn
lnh th QG u l thuc vo quyn lc .
- Trong phm vi lnh th, QG c quyn tin hnh
mi hot ng vi k cc hnh vi ko b php lut
QT cm.
- Cc QG khc c ngha v tn trng quyn lc ca
QG ch nh.
b/ Phng vin vt cht.
Lnh th QG l c s, l nn tng vt cht v l tin
cho s hnh thnh, tn ti v pht trin cua mt QG.

Ni dung vt cht ca lnh th QG bao gm t ai,

nc, ko gian, rng, ti nguyn, khong sntrong
phm vi gii hn bi ng bin gii QG thuc v
QG ch nh.
- QG c quyn s hu lnh th mt cch y , trn
vn trn c s li ch ca cng ng dn c sng
trn vng lnh th .
- Mi s thay i hoc nh ot vn lnh th phi
cn c vo quyn dn tc t quyt mi c coi l hp
php.
c/ Ngoi l
Quyn ti cao ca cc QG .vi lnh th cng c nhng
ngoi l:
- ko p dng lut nc mnh i vi vin chc ngoi
giao lnh s trn lnh th ca mnh.
- Ko loi b hiu lc ca lut nc ngoi trn phm vi
lnh th ca mnh nu iu ny c quy nh trong
PLQG v UQT.
- Hiu lc PL ca cc c quan t php c th m rng
ra ngoi phm vi lnh th QG nu QG s ti v
UQT hu quan cho php.
14. So sanh bien gii quoc gia
tren bo & bien gii quoc gia tren
bien

Bien gii quoc gia tren bo la

ng bien gii c vach ra tren at
lien, ao, song, ho c s phap l
ng bien gii tren bo luon k ket
da tren ieu c quoc te.

Bien gii quoc gia tren bien:

la ranh gii gia vung bien thuoc chu
quyen hoan toan cua quoc gia vi
nhng vung bien thuoc chu quyen cua
quoc gia khac hoac vi nhng vung
bien khong thuoc chu quyen cua Quoc
gia.

Giong nhau:
Ca hai eu la ng bien gii va
eu thuoc chu quyen cua Quoc gia.

Khac nhau:
Cach xac nh
bien gii Quoc gia:
Tren bo c trai qua 3 bc:

Hoach nh bien gii quoc

gia : la mot qua trnh xay dng phng
hng, v tr, tnh chat cua ng bien
gii quoc gia tren van ban chnh, thiet
lap ng bien gii quoc gia trong
hiep nh va co ban o chi tiet nh
kem.

Phan gii thc a: la giai

oan chuyen hoa ng bien gii t
ieu c quoc te thanh ng bien
gii thc te. Thong thng cong viec
nay la do mot UB hon hp cua hai
ben hu quan c ra e oi chieu cac
qui nh trong ieu c quoc te, vi
ban o e anh dau cac iem tren
thc te UB lien hiep ch co quyen
chuyen hoa ung vi ieu c quoc
te khong c sa cha thay oi sai

sot.

Cam moc: la hoat ong

cuoi cung cua qua trnh phan gii
thc a. Sau khi cac ben a ong y
va hoan thanh cac cong viec can
thiet giai oan hai th UB se tien
hanh cam theo moc cu the tai cac
iem a c hai ben anh dau,
ng bien gii la ng noi lien
cac cot a c cam moc.
Tren bien: xac nh bien gii oi
vi hai quoc gia nam ke nhau hoac
oi dien nhau ma co chung vung nc
noi thuy hay co chung vung nc lanh
hai da tren nguyen tac thoa thuan
gia cac quoc gia bang viec k ket
ieu c quoc te ve bien gii , mo
ta cu the ve v tr ac iem tnh chat
,toa o cu the & chnh xac
Thong thng ng bien gii quoc
gia tren bien se c phan nh trong
ieu c quoc te theo phng phap
cach eu oi vi hai quoc gia co
ng bien gii nam ke can nhau,
hoac ng trung tuyen oi vi quoc
gia co b bien ke nhau, neu khong
co thoa thuan khac.
Xac nh bien gii tren bien cua
quoc gia ma khong anh hng hay
ung cham ti bat k vung bien cua
mot quoc gia nao khac, ng bien
gii quoc gia tren bien ch nham
phan nh chnh xac gii han lanh tho
quoc gia cua quoc gia o oi vi
vung bien tiep lien cua ai dng
khong phai la lanh tho cua quoc gia,
quoc gia ven bien phai cong bo chnh
thc ng c s, chieu rong lanh
hai, ong thi phai cong khai, chnh
thc ng bien gii tren bien cua
quoc gia tren hai o ty le ln.
Thu tuc

Tren bo: bat buoc trong moi

trng hp eu phai thong qua ieu
c song phng gia hai nc hu
quan.

Tren bien: Viec xac nh ranh

gii pha ngoai lanh hai thong qua
ieu c song phng.
Tnh chat chu
quyen:

Tren bo: hoan toan

mang tnh chat tuyet oi.
Tren bien: ng bien gii cha hoan
chnh mang tnh chat khong c tuyet
oi v cac tau thuyen qua lai vo hai
ma khong can xin phep.
Nu v d v/v xc nh bin gii trn b gia VN vi
cc nc lng ging. <c sch>

15. So snh ch php l ca vng bin ni thy v

vng lnh hi. <c sch>