TON CU HA V TC CNTT HI NHP VN HA:

TRNG HP CA CNG HA SC.

GII THIU
I. TNG QUAN.
Vi cc tiu chun ngy cng tng ca th gii v cc khi nim phc tp v tn ti trong t
tng chnh tr, kinh t v vn ha x hi, con ngi lun lun v lin tc suy ngh v cc
kha cnh ca bn cht ca mnh. on kt, bnh ng, thng mi v thng mi l i u
trong s phc tp ca con ngi. Vi nhng suy ngh trong tm tr, ngi n ng chuyn
qua lch s c gng p ng mong mun ca mnh trong mi quan h vi nhng ngi
khc. S ra i ca th k XXI sinh ra tng lm cho th gii mt ngi lng duy nht,
do , ton cu ha. Ton cu ha l nhng vn ni n nhiu nht trong th k
21.
Tuy
nhin, c nhng kh khn ca th gii n vi mt nh ngha duy nht v thng
nht. iu ny l do, rt nhiu ngi nghi ng nu nhng din bin trong th gii ngy nay l
kt qu ca ton cu ha.Nh vy, do nhng khc bit trn ton cu nhng g khi nim ny
thc s l v, ton cu ha pht trin lin quan n cc kha cnh khng ch ca nn kinh
t, nhng chnh tr v cc vn vn ha x hi khc.Ton cu ha nh hng n gn nh
mi con ngi, iu ny l do qu trnh ton cu c cho l m rng gn nh khp ton
th gii hoc thng qua giao thng vn ti, thng mi v truyn thng. Ngoi ra, cc hot
ng ca con ngi trn ton th gii u nm di nhng ngnh ny.
Vn ha, nh l mt cch sng ca ngi n ng, c xc nh bi mi ngi ngay sau khi
sinh v thng c xem l khc bit vi nhau. Tuy nhin, vi i ca qu trnh ton cu
ha, hin nay l s tch hp v ng nht ca cc nn vn ha. "ng nht ca cc nn vn
ha l mt a dng v vn ha gia hai hay nhiu nhm vn ha". V vy, ch ca chng
ti, "ton cu ha v nh hng ca n v hi nhp vn ha ti Cng ha Sc" Cng ha Sc
l mt quc gia vi mt di sn vn ha phong ph vi cc tc phm ngh thut nhn thy
trong nh ht, rp chiu phim, th vin, phng trng by c cng nhn trn ton cu, bo
tng v phng ha nhc v vi duy tr tt truyn thng c bit, trong cc lng ca vng
Moravian-Silesian. Nhng ngi lng vn l mt du hiu ca hng v vn ha ca khu vc
c th.
II. VN .
Con ngi vi nhim v khng gii hn cho mong mun cho s ra i ca qu trnh
ton cu ha.iu ny i qua mt s m rng ng k trong khi lng v s a dng ca
cc giao dch qua bin gii hng ho v dch v. S pht trin ca cng ngh mi c s
dng thng tin, truyn thng v giao thng vn ti, v s gia tng rt ln trong lu lng
quc t ca th , i mt chng ng di nh hng n, cc lnh vc chnh tr, mi
trng v vn ha x hi kinh t ca nhiu nc trn th gii, c tch cc v tiu cc. nh
hng trn ton cu v hi nhp vn ha l ch ca cuc tho lun ca chng ti, trong
nhng nm gn y c cc chng trnh c thc hin bi cc c quan chnh ph, Lin
Hp Quc, Lin minh chu u v cc t chc phi chnh ph cho s hi nhp ca ngi nhp
c v ngi nc ngoi ti Cng ha Sc. Nh mt cch khuyn khch hi nhp, B vn
ha i din cho i thoi lin vn ha trong chnh sch nh nc. B cng h tr cho cc
hot ng vn ha ca cc thnh vin ca dn tc thiu s quc gia trong nc, h tr cho
hi nhp ca cc thnh vin ca cng ng Roma v ngi nhp c. Cc B Ngh thut, Th
vin, B Truyn thng, nghe nhn v cc chnh sch cng h tr cc d n vn ha. Cc t
chc phi chnh ph nh: T chc vin tr cho ngi t nn, (OPU), dn Cn, v Cng ha
Sc Di ng Trung tm v "dn tc thn thin s dng lao ng".
III. MC TIU NGHIN CU.
Mc tiu chnh ca nghin cu ny l kim tra ton cu ha v nh hng ca n v hi
nhp vn ha trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha.
Cc mc tiu khc l kim tra nh hng ca ton cu ha v cc lnh vc kinh t, chnh
tr v vn ha x hi trong Sc Cng ha ni chung.
xc nh ton cu ha gp phn vo vic chuyn i ch quyn quc gia ch quyn
ton cu.
N cng l kim tra tc hin ti ca hi nhp v cc c tnh ca ngi dn trong qu
trnh hi nhp vn ha.
Hn na, nghin cu ny l nhm xc nh v m t cc k thut m trong con ngi tr
nn tch hp vn ha v s lng cc cu hi c nu ra.
N cng l nhm mc ch kim tra vai tr ca chnh ph, Lin Hp Quc Ngn hng Th
gii, cc t chc NGO, cc ngi nc ngoi, ngi nhp c, trong qu trnh hi nhp vn
ha.
Cui cng, n l kim tra nhng hn ch v hu qu ca hi nhp vn ha, k t khi kt
qu di hn c li mt di sn tch cc v tiu cc. Nh chng ta tin ti thin nin k
th ba, n quy hoch hp l v s dng cc nn vn ha nn vn l tin chim ln ca x
hi.
IV. GI THUYT
thc hin nghin cu v t c cc mc tiu ra, mt s gi thuyt c nng cao
gii quyt vn ;
i) Ton cu ha v hi nhp vn ha to thnh mt xon c lin quan n nhau. C, cng c
tng lai ca ton cu ha, cng c nhiu c hi nhp vn ha.
ii) Tng cng thng mi v thng mi in t v truyn thng l nguyn nhn chnh ca
hi nhp vn ha trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha.
NGHA CA NGHIN CU .
Phn sau ca th
k
20 chng kin s tng trng ng k trong mc quan tm ph bin
cho, vn chnh tr, kinh t v vn ha-x hi mi trng, n nh l mt kt qu ca s
ra i ca qu trnh ton cu ha. N ngy cng tr nn r rng rng nu cuc khng hong
mi trng hin nay l khng phi i mt ngay lp tc, chng ta ang ng nguy c b nh
hng nghim trng v khng th o ngc trn th gii ca chng ti.
Sc Cng ha c li ch trong vic bo v vn ha ca n. l l do ti sao chnh ph
bo tn nn vn ha Sc t chc l hi vn ha hng nm trong c nc. Tuy nhin, c rt t
bng chng cho thy y cc bc c thc hin m bo bo v hiu qu c
thc hin. iu ny l do thc t l cc cng ng a phng, trong c lin quan trc tip
vi nn vn ha, khng thng xuyn xem xt khi xy dng chnh sch lin quan n vn
ha, qun l v bo v rng.
Do , mt nghin cu ca thin nhin ny c th c kt qu, c li trong mt s cch. Mt
s trong nhng bao gm;
Nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng v tm quan trng v cch thc qun l tt cc
vn vn ha,
gii quyt mt s vn , do ton cu ha v nh hng ca n trn s tch hp
vn ha,
Cung cp cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v cc t chc nghin cu vi cc d liu
c bn, iu ny s gip trong vic thit k chng trnh mi s c thc t v vn
c th,
cung cp cc cng dn khng ch Cng ha Sc nhng cc thnh vin Lin minh
chu u cng nh trn cc hiu ng dng thay i v vn vn ha nh l mt kt
qu ca ton cu ha.
VI. PHNG PHP
VI.II B su tp d liu
Mc d ngi vit tng tc trong mt thi gian trong lnh vc ny, v pht trin ln
vi v s kin thc v cc nn vn ha Sc, mt c thm c thc hin thm kin
thc v nhng thay i gn y trong nn vn ha Sc do s ra i ca ton cu ha.
Cc nghin cu l thuyt v thc nghim c hu ht da trn cc ngun th cp v cc trang
web chnh thc nh Vn phng thng k Sc, B Thanh nin v Th thao Lao ng v
Eurostat. Hu ht cc nghin cu l ch yu vo ngun th cp c ch yu l tham kho
kin. Mt s sch gio khoa, tp ch, lun n cha c cng b v rel khc n phm ated
v ch ny cng c tham kho kin.
VI.II. D ata Phn tch
Cc k thut m t c s dng trong vic phn tch cc d liu thu thp t cc ngun nh:
Vn phng thng k Sc, v trang web ca Eurostat. Nhng k thut ny bao gm vic s
dng cc bng v th vi cc tnh ton t l phn trm, v trung bnh. Thm vo , cc d
liu c minh ha trong biu thanh, v biu . iu ny c th c nhn thy trong
chng ba.
VII. Nhng hn ch ca nghin cu
Hn ch u tin l ngay c khi cc nh nghin cu c gng thc hin mt nh gi trn
mt s nghin cu trong cc th vin v tc ng ca ton cu ha v hi nhp vn ha ti
Cng ha Sc, c s t sch gio khoa, trong x l vi ch ny. Th hai, ngay c vi
nhng ngi t, mt s c ch yu trong cc ngn ng khc nh ting Sc. V vy, do s
khan him trn sch gio khoa v ch ny v cc tr ngi tham kho kin mt s
nhng ci c sn hu ht cc ti liu ny c c chit xut t cc trang web chnh thc
nh Vn phng Thng k Sc, Eurostat, B Thanh nin v Th thao.
Mt hn ch v nghin cu l v ti chnh. Mt s ti liu tm thy trn Internet c bn,
v cp v chng vi nhng kh khn ti chnh, cc nh nghin cu khng th t c tt
c cc nguyn liu sn c.
VIII. BI CNH KHU VC NGHIN CU
Khu vc nghin cu nm gia v 49 45 N ca ng xch o v kinh 15 30 E ca
GreenwichKinh tuyn. Sc Cng ha l tm thy trong cc trung tm chu u, tip gip vi
pha ng Slovakia, pha nam ca o, pha bc ca Ba Lan v pha ty ca c. N c
mt che ph t ca 78.864 km vung vi dn s 10,2 triu dn. Cc thnh ph ln bao
gm, Prague (th ), Brno, Plzen, Olomouc,Karlovy Vary , Ceske Budejovice , Cesky
Krumlov , Liberec , Hradec
Kralove , Bechyn , Kolin ,Pelhimov , umperk , Trebon , Uherske Hradiste v Bruntl.
Cc nhm dn tc chnh ti Cng ha Sc bao gm; Sc ngi sp 9.250.000 dn s, cc
Moravian (hn 380.000), cc Slovak v (193.000), Roma v (171,000), cc Silesians
(11.000), cc Ba Lan (52.000), c (39.000), ting Ukraina (22.000) v Vit Nam (18.000)
Vn phng chu u v -u giao (thng 1 nm 2008).
Bn 1 Cc bn ca Cng ha Sc

Ngun: Th gii Atlas.com.








CHNG MT: NH NGHA NG.
Tr li vi ch ca lun n ca chng ti, "Ton cu ha v tc ng v hi nhp vn ha
trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha ", l cn phi xc nh nhng g thc s l ton cu
ha. Vi cc cuc tranh lun ngy cng tng ca nhng g khi hin tng ton cu ha bt
u v n c ngha thc t, mt s nh l lun khoa hc x hi i ra vi nh ngha ca
ton cu ha c hai t c in v thi i hin nay.
1.1 nh ngha ca ton cu ha
Walters ni t in ca Webster l t in ln u tin cp n s ton cu t nm
1961. T in nh ngha ton cu ha l " lm cho ton cu" hay "hnh ng ca ton cu
ha" c trch dn trong Malcolm Walters (2001:2). Khi nim ton cu ha hin nay
c s dng bi nhiu hc gi v c mt cuc tranh lun trn khi khi nim ton cu ha
thc s bt u. C mt s ngi nhn thc khi nim v ton cu ha c s tn ti
trc khi giai on ny. Do , cp di y l mt s nh ngha v ton cu ha gy ra
bi cc nh l thuyt khoa hc x hi khc nhau.
Marx (1977) c coi l ca cc nh l thuyt x hi l tc gi u tin tp trung vo cc
phng php tip cn chiu trong li gii thch v khi nim ton cu ha; ng gii thch
hin tng ton cu ha, trn c s lp lun ca mnh trn cc yu t kinh t. Marx trong l
thuyt ph thuc ca mnh thy rng ranh gii chnh tr lnh th vn cn nguyn vn v s
bin mt di mt uy quyn v sn trong tng lai. iu ny c thy bi v, ngay sau khi
ng qua i vo
ngy
14 thng ba nm 1883, tng ca ng bt u gi nh hng ln n
cng nhn ni dy trn th gii nh, phong tro Bolshevik cn c gi l cuc cch mng
Thng Mi Nga trong 25 thng 10 1917.
Wallerstein (1974) l diamensionalist khc, w ho tp trung vo quan im kinh t vo nh
ngha ca ton cu ha. Ly t cc tc phm ca l thuyt ph thuc ca Marx, trong l
thuyt h thng th gii ca mnh, ni ng pht trin mt khung l thuyt hiu nhng
thay i lch s lin quan n s gia tng ca th gii hin i, nh ngha ton cu ha nh,
"mt mc ngy cng tng ca ph thuc ln nhau gia cc h thng quc gia bng cch
thng mi, lin minh qun s v s thng tr, v ch ngha quc vn ha "c trch dn
trong Walters (2001:4).
Robertson Roland c coi l mt trong nhng nh vn ni bt nht ca cc vn ton
cu ha. ng gii thch ton cu ha trong lnh vc vn ha. Trong l vn bn, "Ton cu
ha l mt vn " trongTon cu c ni: "ton cu ha l mt khi nim cp n c hai
nn ca th gii v tng cng thc ca th gii nh mt ton th" Trch dn trong Frank
Lechner v John Boli (2004:94)
Cho Wallerstein, th gii bt u i nn k t u th k XVI, nhng Robertson, ng lp lun
rng lch s ca ton cu ha l lu hn. Cho Robertson, thng qua s gia tng thc trn
ton th gii mt ngi c nhn v c kim tra bi c th gii v khng ch bi mi
trng a phng ring ca mnh, trong ng / b sng. Tuy nhin, c hai Wallerstein v
tng Robertson ca vic tng cng cc thc trn ton th gii c cho l ph hp.
Theo Giddens ton cu c xem l "s tng cng ca th gii quan h x hi rng, lin kt
cc a phng xa xi trong mt cch m din bin a phng c hnh thnh bi s kin
xy ra nhiu dm v ngc li" Giddens (1990:4). Nhng din bin a phng c cho l
c th b nh hng bi s kin xa xi v khng ch l s kin a phng, m tt c b
nh hng bi cc lc lng ca ton cu ha.
Nhn vo Giddens (1990) v (1992) nh ngha Robertson, Giddens tin hin i n nh l
mt kt qu ca ton cu ha. l, ng cho rng hin i c vn ton cu. Cho Giddens
ton cu c cho l bt u trong th k th mi su tr i v chu u ni ring. Tuy
nhin, theo kin ca Robertson, vn ca ton cu ha khng phi l mi. ng tin rng
nn x hi ca th gii bt u trc th k th mi su nh d on ca Giddens. ng
d on hin i v s ni ln ca ch ngha t bn l nguyn nhn ca s gia tng ca ton
cu ha. l cho Robertson, hin i ha c nh hng trn ton cu.Ngoi ra, v iu ny,
n dn n mt mc cao ca thc v tnh hnh hin nay, ni chng ti trong ngy
hm nay khng th theo di s khuch tn ca ton cu ha qua mt s lng ln cc khu
vc trong cc phn khc nhau ca th gii.
Tuy nhin, nhng g c th ni l c hai Giddens v Robertson c gng cho thy rng
nhng ngi hin nay c th xem v hiu cc vn vt ra ngoi mi trng trc tip ca
mnh do s xut hin ca khi nim ton cu ha.
Luhmann trong li gii thch ca ng v ton cu ha tp trung nhiu hn trn truyn
thng. Cho anh ta giao tip l yu t chnh ca ton cu ha. V vy ng nh ngha ton
cu ha l "s chuyn i t hi nhp n s khc bit, t x hi cho x hi lnh th trn th
gii, t danh tnh n s khc bit, t" phn tng "khc bit " chc nng "Luhmann
(1982:133, 229).

Armand cp ton cu ha l "mt trong nhng t kh khn, mt trong nhng khi nim
cng c , di tc ng ca th trng logic v khng c cng dn c nhn thc ca n
c nhp quc tch n mc tr thnh khng th thiu cho vic thit lp truyn thng
gia con ngi ca cc nn vn ha khc nhau" Armand (2000:97). Cho Armand, ton cu
ha c vai tr ch o trong vic t chc v gii m ngha ca th gii.

Mt cch tng t, Beynon John v David Dunkerley trong phn gii thiu chung ca ton
cu ha: ngi c, tuyn b rng "ton cu ha ang tc ng n i sng ca tt c
mi ngi trn ton cu chnh ng ... c th c tuyn b l c im ni bt ca x hi
loi ngi trng thi ca th k XXI "Beynon John v David Dunkerley (2000: 3).

Beck trn vn bn ca mnh, ton cu ha l g, ng ni ton cu ha l "thut ng khi qut"
v do m t n l "qu trnh m qua cc quc gia c ch quyn quc gia l an cho v
ph hoi bi cc tc nhn xuyn quc gia c trin vng khc nhau ca quyn lc, nh hng,
bn sc v mng li "Beck (2000:11).Beck cng gi ton cu ha l "tng cng khng gian
xuyn quc gia, cc s kin, cc vn , cc cuc xung t v tiu s" (ibid: 87). ng lp
lun rng chng ta ang tin vo mt "hin i th hai c nhn thy thng qua tng trng
ca nn kinh t, cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, thng tin lin lc x hi dn s v
nhng thay i trong mi trng. ng thy ton cu ha l khng lin tc, xung t v bnh
c th o ngc bi v i vi anh, n khng khc nhau t bt k qu trnh lch s khc.
Mc d Beck ng gp trong vic gii thch hin i ging nh cc nh khoa hc x hi khc
nh Giddens v Marx, ng khng bao gi nhn thy bt k tt trong qu trnh ny. V vy ng
tp trung nhiu hn s ch ca mnh vo mt xu ca tnh hin i, m ng gi l mt
"x hi ri ro". l, hin i mi ch l mi quan tm vi "phng nga, gim thiu v knh
ca nguy c" Trch dn trong Ritzer (2000:222).
Nc Malcolm nh ngha ton cu ha trong mt cch tip cn t chnh tr l "mt qu trnh
x hi, trong hn ch v a l trn, sp xp chnh tr, x hi, vn ha v kinh t xung,
trong mi ngi tr nn ngy cng nhn thc c rng h ang rt xung v trong
mi ngi hnh ng ph hp 'Walters (200:15). . tng m mi ngi thc c rng
h ang rt xung (c mang i c th mt s cch lp lun ny l do;. Lc, mt s
ngi khng phi l lun lun thc c mt thc t rng cc qu trnh ton cu ha ang
nh hng n chng nhn dn c th c di chuyn hoc tc ng thng qua cc lc lng
ca ton cu ha bt tnh.
T chc v McGrew cng nh ngha ton cu ha l mt qu trnh "(hoc thit lp cc quy
trnh) trong th hin mt s thay i trong vic t chc khng gian ca cc mi quan h x
hi v cc giao dch - nh gi v extensity, cng , vn tc ca h v tc ng xuyn lc
a-to ra hoc lu chuyn lin vng v mng li hot ng "t chc v McGrew (1999:16).
Nh vy, xem xt cc quan im ca cc tc gi trn trch dn, ton cu ha c th c
nh ngha l tng cng quan h kinh t, chnh tr v vn ha x hi cc a phng trn
th gii. Ngoi ra, n c th c xem nh l s pht trin ca c hi bnh ng trong kinh
t, lnh vc vn ha x hi chnh tr ca tt c cc quc gia trn th gii. N cng lin quan
n s ly lan ca hin i ha trn ton th gii. Ton cu ha ch tng mi lin kt gia con
ngi, hng ha v cng ngh. N l mt qu trnh theo , cc doanh nghip v th trng
kinh doanh quc gia tr nn rng hoc quc t trn th gii. l mt tnh hung trong
cc doanh nghip c c thc hin trong mt quc gia c th ang c m rng sang
cc nc khc trn ton cu. Ton cu ha l qu trnh lm cho lng mt thc th duy
nht. l vi s ra i ca ton cu ha c tnh lin tc ca s ng nht v vn ha, kinh
t, x hi v mi trng ca th gii.
1.2 Glocalization.
Cc glocalization thng xut pht t mt s kt hp ca hai t, (ton cu ha v ni a ha)
Robertson v Lash nh ngha glocalization l "qu trnh s ghi a phng, bao gm c
quy m ln a phng" Robertson v Lash (1995:26). l glocalization l mt tnh hung
m bi, hng ha v dch v sn xut p ng ngi trong mt mi trng a phng cng
c xut khu sang cc nc nc ngoi. V d v ton cu ha lin quan n vic thay
i lin tc trong hu ht cc thc n ca mt s nh hng xoa du cc khch hng v s
dng cc ngn ng khc nhau trong cc ti liu qung co gii thch ni dung ca hng
ho, dch v p ng khch hng. Mt tm quan trng ln ca glocalization l n "trao
quyn cho cng ng a phng, lin kt chng vi ngun lc ton cu v to iu kin cho
cc sng kin ha bnh v pht trin, trong khi cung cp c hi cho cc cng ng a phng
ch o s thay i x hi tch cc trong cc lnh vc trc tip nht nh hng n h"
(Ibid: 3). [1]
1.3 Glolocalization
Friedman nh ngha glolocalization l "'kh nng ca mt nn vn ha' khi n gp cc nn
vn ha mnh m khc chng li nhng iu m thc s ngi nc ngoi v
compartmentalize nhng iu , trong khi khc nhau, tuy nhin c th c hng v t
chc nh khc nhau" Friedman (2000:295 ). S khc bit gia glolocalization v ton cu
ha l, glolocalization gip hp th "nhng kha cnh ca ton cu ha m thm vo s tng
trng v a dng ca bn m khng p o h" [2] (ibid).
1.4 Ton cu ho
Ritzer xem ton cu ha nh mt tnh hung trong "th gii b chi phi bi cc nn kinh t
v chng ta ang chng kin s xut hin ca quyn b ch ca th trng th gii t bn ch
ngha v t tng tn t do m di chn n" Ritzer (2000:572). l ton cu ha lin quan
n mt yu t kinh t duy nht, m hin nay ang kim sot ton b th gii. Mt v d l
cc tp on a quc gia khng l, m ngay c th ca hn mt s nc.
1.5 tnh ton cu.
Beck xc nh tnh ton cu nh l mt "nh nc khng c th gii" hay "x hi trn th
gii m khng c mt nh nc th gii v khng c mt chnh ph th gii" Beck
(2000:117). N c ngha l, "t by gi khng c g s xy ra trong hnh tinh ca chng ta
ch l mt s kin hn ch, tt c cc sng ch, chin thng v thm ha nh hng n ton
th gii". (Ibid: 11). Mt v d ca vic ny l ngy 11 thng 9 nm 2001 tn cng t st phi
hp vi Hoa K ca al-Qaeda. Thm ha ny khng ch nh hng n Hoa K.N nh
hng n th gii rng ln trong cc kha cnh chnh tr ca kinh t x hi vn ha v mi
trng.Ging nh khi at 12:26 pm. EST, 20 thng 2 nm 2008 chin hm hi qun Aegis bn
h mt v tinh vo qu o mc nt cui cng ca n trc khi tr v tri t trn Thi Bnh
Dng. Chin thng khng ch i vi M m cn vi th gii rng ln. iu ny l bi v
nu b ri trn tri t, thm ha c th c c trn ton th gii, nh hng n c ngi,
ng vt v mi trng.
1.6 McDonald
Cc McDonald hn ln u tin c t ra bi George Ritzer trong vn bn ca
mnh l "McDonald ha ca x hi". Trch dn trong Taylor Stephen v Lyon Phil (1995),
ng nh ngha McDonald l "qu trnh m cc nguyn tc ca nh hng thc n nhanh ang
n chim u th hn v nhiu hn na cc lnh vc ca x hi M cng nh phn cn li
ca th gii " [3] . Cc kch thc ca McDonald Ritzer ghi nhn bao gm, hiu qu, kh
nng d bo, calculability (hoc nhn mnh vo nh lng), v kim sot (c bit l thng
qua cng ngh v nhn o), Ritzer ni McDonald l "mt qu trnh mt chiu phn ln
trong mt lot cc sng kin ca M ang c tch cc xut khu qu nhiu cc phn cn
li ca th gii "(ibid: 8).
Beck nh ngha nh McDonald, "s hi t ca lun n vn ha ton cu". l, "ging ca
phong cch sng, h thng vn ha v ch xuyn quc gia v hnh vi Beck (2000:42) Mt
tnh hung trong " mt nn vn ha th gii duy nht c y n gii hn bn ngoi ca
n, ni cc nn vn ha a phng cht ra i mt tiu th, n, ng , yu thng, trang phc,
tranh lun v gic m theo mt s duy nht ca (tuy nhin) gn gng chia li nhun
"(ibid: 46).
1.7 M ha.
M ha l mt tnh hung trong nm 1900, theo ngi nhp c c tch hp vo x
hi M. Tuy nhin, ngy nay thut ng ny c mt ngha khc nhau nhng tng t, c
gi l ton cu ha Hoa K trn th gii [4] .
1.8 Hin i ha
Bch khoa ton th Britannica T in nh ngha hin i l "chuyn i ca mt x hi t
mt tnh trng nng thn v nng nghip sang mt th tc, th v cng nghip". [5] Hin
i ha ch yu lin quan n "cng nghip ha". iu ny l do khi c cng nghip c phn
cng lao ng v chuyn mn. Ngoi ra, khi c phn cng lao ng v chuyn mn ha, n
th hin s hin din ca hin i ha. Hin i ha l mt tnh hung trong c mt ma
thu trong cc gi tr truyn thng ca ngi dn. N cng l mt tnh hung trong c s
gia tng trong tng ng gia cc nhm vn ha khc nhau.
1.9 nh ngha Vn ha.
Xc nh vn ha hn nhiu nm ng s th thch ca thi gian cho nhiu tc gi. iu
ny l do, vn ha vi thin nhin rt rng ca n lun lun c c m khng c mt nh
ngha chnh xc. Tuy nhin, mt s tc gi c gng a ra mt s nh ngha v nhng g
h xem xt cc nn vn ha ca mt dn tc c th c.
Vn ha c xc nh bi Clyde Kluckhomn l "tng li sng ca mt dn tc". "Cc di sn
x hi mt c nhn ual mua li t nhm ca ng", "mt cch suy ngh, cm nhn v tin
tng". "Mt tru tng t hnh vi" hoc "mt l thuyt trn mt phn ca cc nh nhn
chng hc v cch thc m mt nhm ngi trong thc t ng x", "mt nh ca hng ca
gp hc tp", "mt tp hp cc nh hng tiu chun ha cho cc vn thng xuyn";
"hc hnh vi", "mt c ch quy nh quy chun v hnh vi", "mt tp hp cc k thut
iu chnh cho c mi trng bn ngoi v ngi n ng khc", "kt ta ca lch s", v
quay, trong tuyt vng, v von, nh mt bn , nh mt ci sng, v nh mt ma trn
(Trch dn trong Clifford Geertz 1973)
Vn ha cng c gi bng l "mt ti liu hnh ng" Geertz (1973:10) v nh vy n
c coi l ca anh ta c cng khai. Mt v d Geertz l ci nhy mt, c c bi
cng chng nh cun sch. Vn ha c coi l khng tn ti trong u ca mt s mt.
l, khi chng ta c sinh ra khi chng ta pht trin, thng qua hc tp t mt trong hai cha
m hoc trng hc ca chng ti hoc mi trng, chng ti pht trin, chng ta bit vn
ha.
Giddens gi vn ha l "con ng ca cuc sng ca cc thnh vin ca x hi" hay "ca
nhm trong mt x hi" Giddens (2002:22). N bao gm cch h n mc, phong tc ca h
v hn nhn v gia nh, m hnh lm vic ca h, nghi l tn gio v cc hot ng gii
tr. nh ngha trn Clifford Geertz c coi l ca Giddens nh mt nh ngha x hi hc
vn ha. Cc nh x hi hc tin rng vn ha ch c hc. l "nhng kha cnh ca x
hi loi ngi c hc" (ibid). Tuy nhin, Giddens tin rng vn ha l do di truyn v n
bao gm c hai kha cnh v hnh ca cuc sng nh nhng nim tin, tng v cc gi tr,
to thnh ni dung ca vn ha. Ngoi ra, cc kha cnh hu hnh nh cc i tng, biu
tng hoc cng ngh, i din cho ni dung .
Vn ha theo Karl Marx "khng ch l mt m hoc phng thc giao tip, cng l mt hnh
thc ca s thng tr, mt thc h phc v cc lp thng tr" Trch dn trong Jir
(2006:12). nh coi vn ha nh l mt thc th m gip cc c nhn hoc nhn loi
tng tc bn trong. ng cng thy vn ha nh hnh ng gip n dch cc cng ng
yu thuc cc cng ng mnh m. Mt v d ca vic ny l cc nn vn ha M ngy nay
ca M ha v McDonald. M t bi Ritzer l "nh hng thc n nhanh" Ritzer, (2003:220).
Nh vy, t cc nh ngha ni trn ca vn ha, ti tng hp ni, vn ha l mt trong hai
nim tin hoc mt s hnh thc tn gio ca mt ngi. C ngha l, mt trong hai mi
trng mt khon tin pht anh ta hoc t mnh, mt khu vc c ngun gc, lm th no mt
hnh vi v cc hot ng chnh thc hin trn mi trng a phng. Vn ha l mt tnh
hung trong mt nhm ngi c th hoc cng ng c xu hng nhn vo nhng th nht
nh c cng ngha. V d, cc nn vn ha nht nh nh vn ha beyang ca Mamfe
Manyu Phng Cameroon, quay li nhn mt cu vng biu mt v ci cht sp ti ca tng
lp thng lu trong mt cng ng. Trong khi cc nh khoa hc, mt cu vng c xem l
mt hin tng ty chn v kh tng gy ra mt quang ph ca nh sng xut hin trn bu
tri. Greenler ni, "N xut hin khi nh sng mt tri gim trong git nc ma trn" Xanh
hn (1990:1). V vy, mt s kha cnh vn ha c th c ngha l mt ci g khc nhau
gia cc nhm ngi khc nhau.
Vn ha ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha c hn mt s nm nay nhn thy mt s thay i trong
thnh phn ca n do s ra i ca hin tng ton cu ha v v l do ny mt ci nhn vo
n thay i kha cnh l do c xem xt trong cc chng tip theo.




Chng hai: LCH S TON CU HA V HI NHP VN HA.
1.5 LCH S TON CU.
C gng ni chuyn v ngun gc ca ton cu ha, ti ngh rng n cn thit bt u
vi, Adam Smith trong vn bn "th gii ca cc quc gia" c coi l "cha ca kinh
t hc". (Smith 1776) cho bit phn cng lao ng lin quan n vic tng sn lng gn nh
v tn v t do thng mi v mong mun khng gii hn ca con ngi mun. Xem xt
Smith, c th ni rng ng l mt trong nhng ngi ng h ni v cc vn lin quan
n ton cu ha khi cp n nhng hn ch ca th trng th gii ca cc quc gia.
Marx Karl ly t quan im ca Adam Smith, ng vit Cc "Tuyn ngn Cng sn". ng
lp lun rng l, "s cn thit ca mt th trng khng ngng m rng cho sn phm ca
mnh ui theo giai cp t sn trn ton b b mt ca ton cu. N phi np mnh khp
mi ni, khp mi ni gii quyt, v thit lp kt ni khp mi ni ". [6] "Giai cp t sn
thng qua khai thc ca th gii th trng cho mt nhn vt quc t sn xut v tiu dng
tt c cc nc". Ny c trch dn trong Larson Simeon v Nissen Bruce (1987:29).
Marx lm cho chng ti hiu rng do th trng lin tc m rng th trng t bn ch ngha,
giai cp v sn s c ngy tng gi so vi giai cp t sn
Walters cng tin rng, c nhiu l thuyt v ton cu ha c thng ca mnh, t Marx v ng
nhn mnh trn nn tng kinh t ca ton cu ha. ng vit nh vy, "ch ngha t bn r
rng l chic xe ca quc t v kinh t ph nhn ca th trng cc t chc ti chnh, hng ha
contractualized lao ng co th sang bt ng sn c nh gi cao in thoi di ng v
cht lng, to iu kin giao lu kinh t trn mt khong cch ln" Walters (2000:27).
Phn tch ca Marx c cho l mt s phn nh ca cc din bin ca th gii ngy nay c
bit l khi n n nn kinh t th trng ton cu trong h thng sn xut v tn ca n. iu
ny c cho l xy ra do qu trnh ton cu ha.
Friedrich Engels, ngi c cho l ng tc gi ca "Tuyn ngn Cng sn", ng vit vi
Marx Karl vit rng, "" mi c "pht minh ra my Anh" ngng "triu s t" ca
nhng ngi lm vic ca h "sinh k trong thi gian mt nm ". V v iu ny, vic sn
xut ln mang li tt c mi ngi trn tri t vo con xc vi nhau v gip mang
li cng tt c ma rkets a phng thnh mt th trng th gii. hng u pht trin tng
ln v tin b khp mi ni, m bo rng bt c iu g xy ra cc nc vn minh s c
tc dng trong tt c cc nc khc (Mazlish Bruce 03 thng 1 2003) [7] . Rt ng ngc
nhin l hu ht cc tc phm ca Friedrich c nhn thy v ang c nhn thy trong
mt s cc lc lng ca ton cu ha l, khoa hc, ch ngha t bn v cng ngh.
The Economist cng cho bit thut ng "ton cu ha" (2001:155) c th c t ra trong
nhng nm 1980 nhng tng c khong mt thi gian di v do , n khng phi l
mi. Ton cu ha c y nhanh trong ba thp k qua sau khi cc du gch cho ngc
chng thng mi trong nhng nm 1920 v 1930. Hng ho, tng v mi ngi
chuyn trn ton th gii cho thin nin k. C ngha l, mc d vi cng ngh hin i hin
nay c bit l Internet, c tn ti cc tu v tu hi nc hnh thnh 19
th
th k hi nhp
kinh t ton cu l quan trng. Ngoi ra, h gim chi ph vn chuyn cng nh chi ph thng
tin lin lc hin ang c gim trong ngy hm nay. V vy, nhng g l khc nhau by gi
l c n "di chuyn trong mt thit b hon ton khc nhau" (ibid: ix). The Economist
c gng ni chuyn v s tn ti ca ton cu ha vi lin quan n thi gian. l, trong
nm 1920 va qua v trong ngy hm nay nm 1980. V th, ng cho rng qu trnh ton cu
ha tn ti trong qu kh v ch tng cng trong ngy hm nay v v vy ng coi
khng phi l mt hin tng mi.
Tony Schirato, Jen, Webb v Ebrary ni ton cu ha l "tn" thng c s dng ch
mi quan h quyn lc, thc hnh v cc cng ngh c trng v gip mang li thnh
hnh, th gii ng i. Tony v cng s (2003. ng lm cho chng ta hiu rng mc d
ton cu ha t c s dng ch t u nhng nm 1960, mt s vit xem n nh l c
nin i t ch ca th gii c i trong khi nhng ngi khc ton cu ha l coterminous
vi thi k hin i v qu trnh ton cu hoc thm ch hu hin i ha. Do v nhng s
nhm ln khi ton cu ha thc s bt u, cng l s nhm ln trong ngha ca n v
nh ngha ton cu ni chung v trong lnh vc hc thut.
Theo Armand Mattetart (2000), ton cu ha ni ln ca s gic ng v ch ngha t do. ng
lp lun rng c hai "gic ng v t do nhm xy dng mt trng quc t khng hn ch
t c nn dn ch ph qut v hoc mt th trng ton cu" Trch dn bi Tony v cng
s (2003:26). Mattelart nm d n tn t do ton cu ha trong mt thi im lch s c th,
v gn n vi quyn li lch s, v truy tm nh th no c th ny n ph cp chnh n
nh l nhn vt xc nh chnh tr x hi phng Ty v vn ha.
Mt trong nhng nh l lun ca ch ngha Mc ngi mt mi truy nguyn ngun gc
ca ton cu ha l Wallerstein. Theo Wallerstein, "ton cu ha khng phi l mt hin
tng mi", Wallerstein (1998:32) l qu trnh, hon thnh vo th k 20 m h thng t bn
ch ngha th gii lan rng khp ni trn th gii thc t, m k t khi pht trin, h thng
th gii c duy tr mt s tnh nng n qua nhiu th k. V vy, theo ng, ton cu ha l "l
k nim t tng ca ci gi l ton cu ha l trong thc t cc bi ht thin nga ca h
thng lch s ca chng ti" [8] . ng tp trung vo cc lnh vc kinh t. ng tin rng th
gii c i nn x hi k t u th k XVI. ng ni rng th gii ang tri qua ton cu
ha tng tc, l vn ha v phn x trong nhn vt n mt mc m n c th c coi
l mt thnh tu. ng du vt ngun gc ca ton cu ha bt u hnh thnh x hi loi
ngi. ng lp lun rng cc c tnh ca tt c cc h thng x hi l phn cng lao ng
trong nn kinh t trao i. Wallerstein lm cho ngi c hiu rng ch c hai cch thc m
x hi c t chc. l nh v cc h thng th gii. H thng nh, ng ni cp ni c
phn cng lao ng v trao i kinh t ch xy ra trong nhm ri rc nh nhng x hi sn
bn truyn thng thu thp v b c lp. ng tin rng nhng x hi rt him v by gi hu
nh khng tn ti trong. Trong khi cc cuc m phn ca Giddens 'thi gian khng gian
distanciation, Wallerstein ni v' thc t thi gian khng gian.
Ngun gc ca ton cu ha c phn tch theo Giddens theo bn chiu. l, "ch ngha
t bn, trt t qun s, gim st v cng nghip ha" Giddens (1990:70-78). ng tin rng s
gii thot ca thi gian v khng gian l mt s pht trin hon ton hin i v l mt iu
kin tin quyt cho ton cu ha. Nh vy, hin i ha theo Giddens l mt h qu trc tip
ca hin i ha. Giddens ni: "Khi nim v ton cu ha c hiu tt nht l th hin
nhng kha cnh c bn ca thi gian khng gian distanciation 'Giddens (1990, 1991). Ngoi
ra, thi gian khng gian distanciation c cho l ca Giddens l mt bc u tin hng
ti qu trnh ton cu ha. Cho Giddens, n i km vi s ra i ca hin i ha. Ngoi
ra, khi c thi gian khng gian distanciation v disembedding (c ngha l nng quan h x
hi ca mi trng a phng), c s pht trin ca mi quan h phc tp gia cc hot
ng a phng v s tng tc qua khong cch. ng tin rng ton cu ha l ng minh
trc tip n s pht trin ca x hi hin i vi s nghip cng nghip v s tch ly cc
ngun lc vt cht, v l s tip ni ca tnh hin i ch khng phi l ph v vi n. Thi
k ng i cc iu khon Giddens n hin i cao, nh ng c ngha l hin i by
gi chuyn sang mt giai on ton cu. X hi tr thnh mt "x hi th gii v cc t
chc x hi tr thnh i u vi ton cu c nhn. Ngi khp mi ni khng th trnh
khng tip xc vi ton cu thng qua 20
th
th k tip th thng hiu, hnh nh v thi
trang. ng nh ngha ba yu t trong 20
th
th k m trong quan im ca ng, dn n
ton cu ha hin i.
Quc gia chu u th k XIX trin khai cc lc lng x hi chinh phc cc b lc, nh
c h v sau thit lp cm quyn cng ng thuc a,
Ha bnh tng i ca th k 19 cho php Anh c bit l u t ngun lc trong vic thc
y tham vng thuc a,
K nng hnh chnh chu u cho php h pht trin mng li ngoi giao v cc c quan
chnh tr v cc doanh nghip xuyn quc gia.
Ngc li, Robertson cho rng cc vn ca ton cu ha khng phi l mi. Rng n ngy
tr li hin i v s ni ln ca ch ngha t bn. Nh vy, i lp vi Giddens, ton cu
ha khng ng ngha vi hoc xem nh l mt h qu trc tip trn hin i. Ngoi ra, i
lp vi Wallerstein, Robertson tin nn x hi ca th gii bt u trc th k th mi
su, nhng khng c coi l ton cu ha v vi mt s gin on. ng ni rng s tp
trung vo l thuyt ton cu ha l mt hin tng gn y. C ngha l, c cng nhn
trong lnh vc hc thut ch vo u hoc thm ch gia nhng nm 1980 trong phn ng vi
cc hnh thc mi ca ch ngha t bn ti cao (Robertson, 1992).
Appradurai tin rng hin i ha l 'vernacularly' c gi l ton cu ha. ng ni: "ton
cu ha bn thn n l mt qu trnh lch s su sc, khng ng u, v bn a ha. Gii
thiu anh ta t nh 'mt sinh ca giai cp cm quyn' hiu s tn ti ca ton cu ha trong
mi v su mi. ch l ca gn y l nhiu ngi trong s nhng ngi lm vic v
ngi ngho "ang nhn ra s tn ti ca n. ng ni rng mt nh nhn chng hc chuyn
nghip, predisposes l ton cu ha khng phi l cu chuyn ca ng nht vn ha
'Appradurai (1997:10-17). l, ton cu ha khng nht thit hoc thm ch thng xuyn
c ngha ng nht ca M ha. Vn ha l vit tt l cha kha thc hnh nhiu.
T chc v McGrew (2000:2) trong vn bn "cc c gi chuyn i ton cu ... "Tp trung
vo cc lnh vc kinh t, cc cuc m phn ca hai loi chnh ca nhm trong cuc tranh
lun v ngun gc ca ton cu ha. l, (tn rng ton cu ha l c tht v c s pht
trin lch s quan trng) ca globalists. V "hoi nghi", (nhng ngi cho rng nhng g
chng ta ang tri qua hin nay ch n gin l mt s tip ni ca xu hng pht trin trong
giai on m rng thuc a chu u.
Mt nh l thuyt ngi nhn vo ton cu ha tng t nh t chc v cng s l Busch
(2000:30-1). H ng rng c khuynh hng ton cu ha c th c xc nh v o
lng, nhng h khng nh bao gm tt c nh cc ti liu c th bao hm, v cng khng
phi l tt c h u hot ng khng c sc khng, v khng c trng hp ngoi l. M
cc nh vn ca ton cu ha nh l 't do' ngi bt u t cc c s rng ton cu ha l
nghi ng g na thc, v chuyn sang nhn mnh rng n mang li li ch cho tt c cc ch
hoc 'sceptics'-ngi m xu hng ton cu nht thit phi c kt qu chnh tr v kinh t tiu
cc.
Xem xt quan im ca O'Rourke v Williamson ton cu ha khng phi l mt hin tng
mi. H m ch rng ton cu ha cp n lch s kinh t ngi nh km ting n ln
'tm quan trng ca ton cu ha tr li nhng nm 1492 (khi Columbus t chn n M
tm kim loi) v 1498 (khi Vasco da Gama hnh trnh vng qua chu Phi). O'Rourke v
Williamson (2000:1) Tuy nhin, Williamson c kin cho rng cun sch ton cu ha u
tin din ra vo cui th k XIX, khi nhng li ch ca nhng t ph mang tnh cch mng
trong giao thng vn ti v thng tin lin lc m nhn ra. Kt qu l mt s tng trng
nhanh chng trong thng mi.
Michael Veseth v Louis Uchitelle lm cho chng ti hiu rng "ton cu ha l c hai rt
mi v c ng ngc nhin" Veseth Michael v Uchitelle Louis (2002: Vii). Quan im ny
c th c a vo xem xt khi nhn vo ngun gc ca ton cu ho v v d, cc s kin
xy ra trong 21
st
th k dng nh phn nh cc s kin xy ra trong 20
ngy
k nh khng
hong tn dng hin ti ca 21
st
v th k ging nh trm cm ln trong thi gian cui nm
1920 v 1930. Cng ging nh cc cuc chin tranh ngy nay Iraq, Afghanistan, Israel,
Congo, Iran tng t nh cuc chin tranh din ra ti , c, Php, Nga v nh vy.
Theo ti, ton cu ha cp n sp trong bin gii gia cc quc gia v mt thng
mi, gio dc, vn, chnh tr v vn ha. Ton cu ha c cho l qu trnh lm cho th gii
xut hin l mt. Hoc l thng qua s pht trin ca giao thng vn ti v cng ngh thng
tin lin lc nh th, (vn ti hng khng, truyn hnh, in thoi, v internet). By gi khng
phi l mt vn khng gian khong cch thi gian.Thng qua ngi n ng vn chuyn
hng khng hin nay c th di chuyn vi khong cch xa trong mt thi gian ngn, cc
thng bo c th c nhn hoc thng qua internet hoc in thoi v truyn hnh hu ht
cc ni trn th gii hin nay.
Ton cu ha cng c th c gi l qu trnh dn n mt ma thu trong tay ca
chnh ph v quyn s hu dch v cng cho s ni ln ca khu vc t nhn s hu. l,
thng qua s ra i ca qu trnh ton cu ha, c mt ma thu trong nn kinh t k hoch
hu ht tng ca nn kinh t khng c k hoch hay th trng cc nn kinh t hu ht cc
quc gia
C gng thc s i ra vi ngha nh c th v ngun gc ca ton cu ha c th gi nh
vn mun bi v u tin, thut ng ny khng n nh mt v phun tro hay ng t m
cc nh s c th theo di cp nht ln xut hin. Th hai, ngi khc c th nhn thy nhng
g ngi ta thy l mt giai on ton cu ha l mt giai on hin i ha. Th ba, x hi
lin tc thay i, c nhn b nh hng bi s thay i ca mi trng x hi v t nhin ca
h. Tuy nhin, nhng thay i ny thng rt kh khn c b mc kt trong con ngi
ngay c khi n rt d dng bit rng nhng thay i din ra. V vy, khng cn nhc v
ngun gc thc s ca n, mt ci nhn v nh hng ca n v hi nhp vn ha trong Cng
ha Sc Cng ha c tm quan trng tuyt i.
Sc Cng ha sau khi s sp ca chnh quyn cng sn c cho l tri qua mt s hi
nhp vn ha thng qua cc buc ca ton cu ha khuyn khch phong tro t do ca
ngi dn v vic s dng cng ngh thng tin. Tuy nhin, mc hi nhp vn ha rt
chm do mt s yu t s xem xt trong chng tip theo ca chng ti.
2.2 LCH S HI NHP VN HA
Trc khi hi nhp t ra i, nhng g tn ti c ng ha. ng ha l mt kha hc hp
l ca hnh ng, trong ngi nhp c v con ci ca h t b vn ha ca h v tr nn
quen hon ton vi x hi h di c vo. [9] Cc chnh sch ng ha xy ra Hoa K, ni
bng, nhm vn ha quan trng nht c gi l ong bp cy (trng Anglo-Saxon o Tin
Lnh) lm ngi khc mt cch mnh m nhng ngi nhp c thng qua ngn ng, vn ha
v cu trc x hi ca ngi dn M, hn ch chng t s dng hin vt vn ha ring ca
h. Mt v d khc l trong chnh sch ca Php ng ha cc thuc a ca mnh Ty
Phi nh Senegal trong thi gian cui th k th mi su. Cc bc thy thc dn Php lm
cho h lm vic v suy ngh nh n ng Php. Tuy nhin, vi s pht trin ca tinh thn dn
tc, v php lut v quyn con ngi, tm kim mt gia tng s t tin v phm gi vn ha
ca dn tc thiu s, chnh sch ng ha b cm. Sau , dn n nhng g by gi c gi
l hi nhp hm nay.
Farley (1982) lp lun, "Khng c nghi ng rng mc chi phi ti M thng qua gn nh tt c lch
s ca chng ti c ng ha vn ha. l, cc nhm vn ha hin hnh ti
Hoa K c ci gi l ong bp cy: trng Anglo Saxon Tin Lnh. [10] Nhm
ny c nh hng n vn ha M. V nhiu nh khoa hc x hi m t m hnh vn
ha ca Hoa K nh Anglo-ph hp: Tt c cc nhm khc M c d kin s
thng qua ngn ng, vn ha v cu trc x hi ca ngi chu u pha bc trng
(Trch dn trong Gordon, 1964).
N nhn ra rng khi ngi ta di chuyn vo mt quc gia, thnh ph, h thay i kch thc
v thnh phn ca t nc, thnh ph hoc x hi m h nhn c. Sau cc di dn mi
phn ng bng cch thch nghi vi cc t chc v chnh sch ca m nc ch nh ca dn s
nh khn ngoan ca nc ch nh i vi dn nhp c. Hnh thc hnh vi l nhng g
c gi l cc nh khoa hc x hi nh hi nhp.
Hi nhp hn l rt kh xc nh v n c ngha l nhiu vic nhiu ngi khc nhau v c
mt nghi ng ca nhiu tc gi trn nu hi nhp l mt iu kin, mt qu trnh hoc mt s
kt hp ca c hai. Tuy nhin, mt s hc gi v tc gi sp xp mt s nh ngha hi
nhp hn.
Hi nhp c hiu l "qu trnh ha nhp ca ngi nhp c trong cc t chc v mi quan
h ca x hi s ti" [11] . X hi hc, l s n nh ca quan h "trong mt h thng x
hi xc nh r rng". l "s n nh ca quan h gia cc phn trong mt h thng ging
nh ton b" v c "bin gii" c cho l "tch bit r rng t mi trng" [12]
Heckmann v Schnapper gi hi nhp nh chn cc c dn mi trong cu trc x hi hin c
ca dn tc nhp c. [13] quy trnh khc lin quan n hi nhp bao gm: cc th tc lin kt
cc yu t duy nht vi nhau, v trong s ny, hnh thnh mt hip hi mi; thm cc yu t
n l hoc mt phn ca cu trc cu trc hin c, to thnh mt tng th lin quan
n nhau, ci thin quan h trong mt h thng hoc cu trc (Bosswick W. v Heckmann F,
2006).
Deutsch et al ni "ca hi nhp, chng ti c ngha l t c, trong mt lnh th, mt"
thc cng ng v ca cc t chc v hot ng mnh v rng m bo, trong mt
thi gian 'di', k vng ng tin cy ca 'thay i ha bnh " " [14] Deutsch et al (1966: 2).
y h coi hi nhp l mt iu kin.
Trong khi , mu thun vi tng Karl, Ernst xc nh hi nhp l "qu trnh theo cc
din vin chnh tr mt s thit lp quc gia ring bit c thuyt phc thay i lng
trung thnh ca h, k vng v hot ng chnh tr hng ti mt trung tm mi, c t chc
qu trnh hoc quyn ti phn theo yu cu trn cc quc gia quc gia tn ti trc "Marx
(1958:16) ng ta cho rng hi nhp l mt qu trnh.
Ngoi ra, Wallace xc nh hi nhp l "vic to ra v duy tr cc m hnh mnh m v a
dng ca s tng tc gia cc n v trc y t tr, hnh ng hoc qu trnh tch hp,
hoc tnh trng tr nn tch hp" Wallace (1999:9). l, vic a ngi ca cc sc dn
khc nhau trong hip hi khng hn ch v bnh ng, nh trong x hi hoc t chc
desegregation (bnh ng trong tt c mi ngi).
Thn Michael xc nh hi nhp "nh lin h hai bn cng c d chu dn n ph thuc ln
nhau gy ra t hoc khng c s thay i trong cc i tc lin lc v khng yu cu h sng
gn a l, sp nhp, hoc k" Dear Michael (2005). [15] ng lm cho chng ta hiu rng
ngay c khi c s tch hp gia ngi khc nhau thnh lp khng bao gi thc s thay i.
Mc d vi nh ngha ni trn ca hi nhp hn, c ngha khng c chp nhn chung ca
thut ng ny bi v n c ngha l i km vi rt nhiu phc tp t rt nhiu ngi. Tuy
nhin, mt s nh l thuyt x hi hc thay v xc nh thi hn phi i ra vi mt li gii
thch ca nhng g l tch hp. Cc nh l thuyt bao gm: Emile Durkheim (1951) v
Parsons Talcott (1951)
2.3 HC THUYT V HI NHP
Tch hp c xc nh bi Durkheim (1951) l "s phi hp hoc kt ni cc b phn khc
nhau, bao gm c c nhn v nhm ca h thng x hi mt cch hiu qu". ng tp trung
vo o c trong li gii thch ca hi nhp vi cc trng quay hin i. ng tin rng o
c gip trong vic xc nh hi nhp x hi. Ngoi ra, x hi c xem nh mt cng c
hi nhp x hi. l nhng g gi mt x hi thng nht trong nhng ngy s khai l "s
kin phi vt cht x hi" c trch dn trong Ritzer (2000:18) nh o c thng thng
gia con ngi. S kin x hi l "lc lng v cu trc nm ngoi v cng ch ca c
nhn" (ibid: 16).
Ni chuyn trn phn cng lao ng, ng lm cho chng ta hiu rng x hi c tch hp
thng qua xc tn ca cc quy tc tng t, trong ng gii thch trong s khc bit ca
mnh gia on kt hu c v c kh. ng ni trong tinh thn on kt hu c mi ngi
ang thng nht v l tng qut. Tt c h ang tham gia vo cc hot ng tng t v c
trch nhim tng t, m kt qu trong cnh tranh gia h. Trong khi trong tinh thn on
kt c hc, ngi c t chc li vi nhau v s khc bit trong nhn dn. H c nhim v
v trch nhim khc nhau. Ngoi ra, bi v h thc hin phm vi hp ca nhim v, h cn
nhiu ngi tn ti, c s hp tc trong tinh thn on kt c hc do s khc bit. Tuy
nhin, Durkheim gim rng s gia tng ca cc vn ca phn cng lao ng trong thi
hin i mang li vi n mt s hu qu tiu cc nh t t (Ibid: 18).
Parsons (1951) trong li gii thch ca ng v l thuyt hi nhp trong thi k hin i, ng
quan tm nhiu hn v trt t x hi. Cho Parsons, mt h thng x hi ch c th duy tr
s cn bng ca n, nu mt s chc nng c bn l theo th t: l, mc tiu x hi phi
c thit lp thng qua cc chng trnh AGIL. c gi trong Ritzer nh, "mt tp hp
cc hot ng hng ti p ng mt nhu cu hoc nhu cu ca h thng" c trch dn
trong Ritzer (2000:233). n ny bao gm mc tiu thch ng, trnh , tch hp v tr
cho mt h thng tn ti. V vy, tp trung vo ch ca chng ti c lin quan n hi
nhp, Parsons ni cho mt h thng tch hp, n phi "iu chnh tng quan ca cc b phn
cu thnh ca n, n phi qun l cc mi quan h gia ba mnh lnh chc nng khc" (ibid:
233), l thch ng, t c mc tiu v tr. iu ny c ngha, cho mt c nhn
c tch hp vo chng trnh x hi AGIL cp trn phi tn ti thc y cc c
nhn trong x hi ha.
Tuy nhin, nhn vo nhng quan im tri ngc nhau trong nh ngha ca hi nhp, chng
ta nh ngi c c li xem xt cho mnh nhng g thc s l ngha ca s tch
hp khi nim. Nh vy, xem xt ch ca chng ti, "ton cu ha v nh hng ca n
v hi nhp vn ha", c mt cn phi bit nhng g l hi nhp vn ha.
Cng ging nh, nh l c kh khn trong vic nh ngha ca hi nhp, v vy qu l trong
nh ngha ca hi nhp vn ha. Nhiu tc gi gi hi nhp vn ha l mt "ln sng mi
ca ch ngha quc vn ha c a ra bi ton cu ha. Kirstina WOFF trong bch
khoa ton th Blackwell agues rng ton cu ha to ra mt chic xe mi m qua ch
ngha quc vn ha ang din ra thng xuyn vi t khng hoc kin thc m n ang
xy ra, Blackwell bch khoa ton th (2007:907). V vy, c gng lm mt cm gic v
nhng g hi nhp vn ha l, mt s hc gi c gng sp xp mt s nh ngha cho n.
Zwingie, E 1999:33) Trong s quc gia a l cc tng tc ton cu, xem xt x hi a vn
ha phn nh hi nhp vn ha ti ni lm vic, xc nh hi nhp vn ha l "qu trnh
m cc vn ca lp, gii tnh, chng tc, dn tc v c biu th n gin bng nhng g
thng hiu qun o chng ta mc, bi nhng g chng ta ang sng, bi nhng g m nhc
chng ta lng nghe v nhng g s kin vn ha, chng ti tham d ". [16]
Heckmann v Schnapper xc nh hi nhp vn ha l "iu kin tin quyt ca s tham gia
v cp n qu trnh x hi thay i nhn thc, vn ha, hnh vi v thi ca ngi"
Heckmann v Schnapper (2003:10).
Theo ti, hi nhp vn ha c th do c coi l tnh hnh , mt nn vn ha sn sng quay
sang tm hiu nhng tng ca cc nn vn ha khc hoc trong cc kha cnh sn xut
hoc tiu th. N cng c th c cho l mt tnh hung trong , cc kha cnh vn ha vt
th v phi vt th ca con ngi tr nn c lin quan. Vn ho vt th cp n nhng kha
cnh ca cng ngh trong x hi nh th, truyn hnh, my tnh, my bay v xe hi. Trong
khi vn ha phi vt th bao gm cc chun mc v gi tr trong x hi.Trong hi nhp vn
ha, c hai nn vn ha vt th v phi vt th c mt nh hng ln n nhau. V d, nn vn
ha ca mt dn tc nh hng n nhng g h mc, n, ung hoc c x. Cng ging nh
cch mi ngi n, n mc, c x ung hoc nh hng vn ha ca h.
Nhn vo nh ngha ca hi nhp vn ha, iu ny khng c ngha l tt c cc nn vn ha
gp nhau nh mt cch t ngt. Qu trnh hi nhp xy ra dn dn theo thi gian. Ni
nn vn ha khc nhau qua thi gian c la chn hp th v tch hp vi cc nn vn
ha khc. Nh vy, vi s ra i ca ton cu ha, nh hng bi s pht trin ca giao
thng vn ti, thng tin lin lc v thng mi, Cng ha Sc c cho l c chng
kin hi nhp vn ha. Hi nhp vn ha ang din ra trong ha Sc Cng ha thng qua hai
cch. l, ngi Sc u hp th v cha cc nn vn ha khc hoc cc nn vn ha khc
c tip thu v c cha cc nn vn ha Sc. Mt ci nhn gn hn v iu ny c tho
lun trong chng ba.

2.4 RO CN I VI HI NHP VN HA TI CNG HA SC.
Nhng kh khn chnh u tin ca Cng ha Sc hng ti hi nhp vn ha l do ngi
Sc c hu nh khng c kinh nghim c nhn t cuc sng trong mt x hi a sc tc,
v do , nhng ngi nhp c lun c xem nh l mt mi e da cho c hai bi cc
cng dn v cc c quan nh nc. Theo cc cuc iu tra d lun c tin hnh trong
nhng nm 1990, hn 75% s ngi c hi c kin rng "c qu nhiu ngi nc
ngoi" trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha. Ngoi ra, nhng quan im ny l nhng ngi ln
tui, ngi t hc, giai cp cng nhn v trong s nhng ngi bn tri hng t th trn nh
v lng (B ni tht ca Cng ha Sc). [17]
Mt ci nhn cn cnh Sc khi ni n lin quan ca h vi ngi thiu s quc gia v dn
tc, h ln lt chp nhn ngi Slovak, ngi Do Thi v Ba Lan hn Gypsies, Vit
Nam v Trung Quc m h nhn vo h l mt mi e da cho cuc sng ca h. iu ny l
do s c s gia tng ca ti phm, s mt vic lm do tng t l tht nghip v ni s hi ca
"khng thich hp" ca dn tc thiu s v quc gia s dn n mt nhn vt truyn thng
ca nn vn ha Sc [18] (kho st kin cng cng t thng 12 nm 2001).
Cc cuc iu tra d lun cng cho thy hn 48% ngi Sc sau nhn ngi nhp c v
ngi t nn tiu cc v hn 65% s ngi c hi ng h mt chnh sch nhp c kh khn
hn v hn ch nhp c trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha. "Hn 55% ngi Sc c quan im
rng mt" ni tr n tri "khng nn xy dng gn ni c tr ca h. (Havlova
Radka) [19] . M tt c nhng cn tr hi nhp. Tuy nhin, cng mt lc hn 60% s ngi
c hi ang chng li phn bit chng tc v hn 65% s ngi c hi coi mnh l
khoan dung vi thiu s quc gia v dn tc "nu h c th thch ng vi phong cch sng
ca chng ta." Thi ny cng c nhn thy ngay c trong c quan nh nc, ngi rt
nghim ngt nhng ngi nhp c v ngi t nn trong nc.
Chnh thc Cng ha Sc cu trc nh ngha dn tc thiu s trong lut s 273/2001
Sb. [20] Lin quan n o Lut ny, mt nhm ngi phi thc hin y cc c im
sau c coi l mt quc gia dn tc thiu s:
H khu thng tr v quc tch Cng ha Sc;
Dn tc, vn ha v ngn ng c im chung khc vi phn ln ca nh nc;
Mong mun ph bin c coi l mt thiu s quc gia bo v v pht trin bn
sc ring ca mnh, truyn thng vn ha v ngn ng v
Di hn, cng ty v mi quan h lu di vi cc lnh th ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha
v nhng ngi sng y.
Tt c nhng cn tr hi nhp vn ha khng ch cho nhng ngi mi m cn cho nhng
ngi nh c t nc mt thi gian. iu ny l do thng xuyn nht so vi nhng
ngi nhp c thy cc iu kin nh mt k thi, m h cn phi vt qua trc khi, h c
th c xem xt Sc minoritie s quc gia. V vy, h ln lt c lu ke m p v ton b
qu trnh v do c lp mnh khi nhng iu s lm cho h n vi nhau.
Mt vn khc ca hi nhp l khi ni n phn bit i x. V d, Slovak c a thch
hn thiu s quc gia khc. Mc d trong nm 2001 iu tra dn s bng chng qua hu ht
Gypsies thch c coi l "Sc" hoc "Moravians" Sc vn khng c mt nim tt v h
bi v phong cch sng "inadaptable" ca h, t l ti phm cao v thi thng th ng
ca h cng vic v s ph thuc vo h thng an sinh x hi ca nh nc. Slovakia
c php s dng ngn ng ca h trong gio dc so vi thiu s quc gia khc nh ngn
ng ngi digan. Tr em gypsy ni gi n trng hc c gi l "trng hc c bit" tch
bit vi tr em Sc. iu ny gy cn tr hi nhp vn ha.
Thiu mt ngn ng chung hay khi nim ph bin ca hnh nh th gii dn n s sai lch
ca hnh ng hoc tin nhn, s hiu lm v hu qu hnh ng khng mong mun ca nhau,
cn tr s phi hp hiu qu hoc bng v lc nhn thc v nim tin ca cc din vin
(Staffan 1994: 3).
Ngoi ra, vn lin quan ngi nc ngoi lun c x l bi mt s quan cnh st nc
ngoi mt cch rt nghim ngt. Ngoi ra, do ro cn ngn ng gia ngi nc ngoi v
nhn vin cnh st v khng ng tin cy ca thng tin, phng php tip cn ca h vi
nc ngoi ti thi im kt thc qu gay gt v do ngn cn bt k hi nhp.
Truy cp vo giy php lao ng l rt phc tp, kh nng c c mt giy php thng
mi, trong Ngc li, khng phi l kh d dng. Bo him x hi cao v ti thiu hoc
khng c li ch x hi khng khuyn khch ngi nc ngoi t bt k s tham gia php l
trong th trng lao ng. Tt c nhng yu t ny ng vai tr nh mt hi nhp cn tr.
Ngoi ra, do phi mt mt thi gian di thng mi nm cho mt ngi nc ngoi c
cp h khu thng tr ti Cng ha Sc, n lm cho ngi nc ngoi cm thy vn cn l
ngi l v do khng khuyn khch hi nhp vi cng ng s ti.
S vng mt ca quan h tt trong o lut nc ngoi gii quyt cc gia nh, lm cho n
kh khn cho tr em tham gia bt k h thng bo him y t. Hn na, lm cho h da t
nhng a tr khc v d b tn thng ca h v do , gy tr ngi cho bt k pha trn vn
ha.
Mt vn khc c thc hin trong hi nhp vn ha ti Cng ha Sc l ngay c khi
ngi t nn, l, nhng ngi c cp quy ch t nn v x l cc quyn v ngha v
nh Sc, h vn phn bit i x khi ni n bu c. (Ch s hu t nn c min b phiu
vo quc hi). V vy, cc n lc ca qu trnh ton cu nh hng n hi nhp vn ha vn
cn vi mt s nghi ng trong trong Sc Cng ha.
Mt kh khn khc ca hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi ti t nc l ca thiu nm vng
ngn ng Sc v tm vic lm. Ngoi ra, vn ny lm cho mt s ngi nc ngoi
ngh rng tng lai pha trc ca h l kh m m. Hn na, v iu ny, mt s buc phi
lm mt trong hai cng vic hoc tm giao dch gi ch dng cha bn thn.
S hin din ca mt s tr ngi trong hi nhp ca x hi Sc vi thiu s quc gia khc
nh ngi t nn, ngi nhp c v ngi nc ngoi dn n vic m ca ca mt s t
chc ca cc t chc chnh ph v phi chnh ph gip nh hng s hi nhp ca x hi
Sc quc tch khc trong nc. Di y l mt s t chc ca hi nhp.
2.5 T CHC HI NHP VN HA KHUYN KHCH TI CNG HA SC
Vai tr ca nh nc trong vic khc phc s khc bit vn ha v nng cao nhn thc vn
ha v khoan dung ti Cng ha Sc l ht sc quan trng. iu ny l do s hin din ca
hi nhp vn ha gp phn hng ti s pht trin kinh t ca t nc. Ngay sau khi cuc
Cch mng Nhung nm 1989 v s sp ca chnh quyn cng sn vo nm 1992, c
mt s thay i ln trong thnh phn dn s Cng ha Sc v nhng ngi nhp c u tin
v t nn ngi tm ti. n nm 2004 ngi nhp c n t cc nc khc nhau nh
Ukraina, Slovakia, Vit Nam, Ba Lan, Nga, c, Bulgaria, Moldova, Trung Quc, M,
Byelorussia, Rumania, Kazakhstan o v nhng ngi khc nh dn s Romany m tn
ti trong nhiu nm trong ch cng sn. [21]
Nhn thy t nhng s a dng trong nn vn ha v dn tc, l c c bt k s thng nht
gia nhng ngi c gi l ngi nc ngoi v ngi Czech? Cu tr li r rng l s
khng c mt s m rng. V vy, c gng gii quyt vn ny, cc quc gia thuc chnh
ph s phn gii 5 ca 05 thng mt nm 2005, cc B sau y tham gia tch cc trong
vic thc hin chin lc hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi ti Sc Cng ha. V nhng bao
gm; cc B Lao ng v X hi (MoLSA), B Ni v (B Cng nghip), B Gio dc
Thanh nin v Th thao, B Cng nghip v Thng mi, B Vn ha, B Pht trin khu
vc, B Y t v B Ti chnh. Cc c quan v cc t chc khc (v d nh cc Cc Thng k
Sc, cc i tc x hi ca Hi ng Kinh t v Hip nh x hi, v lm phi li nhun - t
chc phi chnh ph, Hip hi cc khu vc, Lin hip cc th, Hc vin Khoa hc), Hi
ng Anh v lin minh Php u tham gia vo s hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi ti t nc
l tt.
2.2.1 Vai tr ca Chnh ph.
B Lao ng v X hi (MoLSA) [22] l mt trong nhng B, c gip khuyn khch
hi nhp trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha. B nhn thy t kinh nghim rng hi nhp l ch
yu thc hin cp a phng, trong nm 2005 bc vo tip xc vi cc i din t cc
khu vc c nhn v mt s thnh ph vi mc ch lin quan n ngi nc ngoi trong cc
chng trnh hi nhp. T ng B trong nm 2007 bao gm "mt sa i o lut s
117/1995 Sb., [23] trn H tr x hi nh nc, v mt d tho hnh ng m ni chuyn i
x bnh ng v gii php chnh thc bo v ngi nc ngoi phn bit i x.Ngoi ra
cn c cc chng trnh thc hin dy cho ngi nc ngoi v cc vn lin quan n
cc Czech Republic, v "o lut s 108/2006 Sb., v vic cung cp cc dch v x
hi". Nm 2008 cng chng kin s sa i "lut s 435/2004 Sb., V vic lm (o lut s
306/2008 Sb)". [24]
Ngoi ra cn c s d dng trong vic iu tr c tr ca ngi nc ngoi vi o lut v
kh s 326/1999 Sb., V c tr ca ngi nc ngoi ti Vit Nam. Hnh ng ny cho php,
"Ngi nc ngoi c vic lm l chm dt, m khng do li ca h, trc khi ht hn ca
giy php lao ng li trn lnh th Cng ha Sc v s dng thi gian bo v (60 ngy)
tm mt cng vic mi, min l chng tun th cc yu cu p dng. Cho ngi nc ngoi
lm vic ti Cng ha Sc cho mt thi gian nht nh v mt cng vic ca h m khng do
li ca h, giy php c tr di hn ca h cho mc ch cng vic ch c th c thu hi
nu khng c giy php lao ng mi c ban hnh vi h trong vng 60 ngy sau khi
Ngy hm sau, k t ngy chm dt vic lm " [25]
Ngoi ra, nh mt cch khuyn khch ngi nc ngoi sng trong nc, chnh ph in
t xtends hiu lc ca giy php lao ng. "Vi vic thng qua vic sa i o lut s
435/2004 Sb. v vic lm (o lut s 306/2008 Sb.), giy php lao ng c th c ban
hnh hoc gia hn, nu thch hp, trong thi gian n hai nm, c hiu lc t ngy 01 Thng
Mt nm 2009 (quy nh hin hnh quy nh v cp giy php cho mt thi hn khng qu 1
nm) ". [26]
Nh mt cch khuyn khch ngi nc ngoi hc ting Sc cho giao tip d dng v hi
nhp, B Lao ng, X hi (MoLSA) trong nm 2006 v trong nm 2007, phi hp vi B
Gio dc, Thanh nin v Th thao v B Ni v ( B Cng nghip) " xc nh cc iu
kin cho vic ging dy v kim tra kin thc v ting Sc. Theo b lut s 326/1999 Sb, trn
c tr ca ngi nc ngoi ti Sc. Cng ha, ngi nc ngoi - t ngy 01 thng 1 2009 -
yu cu phi np mt n xin thng tr cng i km vi mt giy chng nhn chng minh
rng anh / c y thnh cng thng qua mt bi kim tra ting Sc " [27]
Nh mt cch khuyn khch ngi nc ngoi, chnh ph ang pht trin v "thng
xuyn cp nht danh sch a phng cng n vic lm, ngh, ph hp". [28] Tuy nhin, tuy
nhin iu ny l, khng sinh li nhun cho ngi nc ngoi bi v hu ht thng xuyn
hn khng phi l cng vic v hnh thc c lit k trong ting Sc m lm cho n kh
khn cho ngi nc ngoi hoc l c hoc in vo thng tin ca h.
Chnh ph cng c gng cng nhiu cng tt lm cho mi vic d dng trong vic mua
li giy php lao ng cho ngi nc ngoi. Di "vic sa i o lut s 435/2004 Sb, v
vic lm (o lut s 306/2008 Sb), khng cn i hi mt giy chng nhn y t v tnh
trng sc khe ca ngi nc ngoi c gn vo cc mu n xin giy php lao
ng. Ngoi ra, vic sa i ny to iu kin cho vic lm ca ngi nc ngoi-sinh vin
tt nghip cc trng trung hc v i hc ti Cng ha Sc Cng ha, nhng ngi khng
cn cn giy php lao ng. Vic sa i bao gm n gin ha cng nht nh lin quan n
vic sp xp cho ngi nc ngoi ng-nhn vin lm vic bn ngoi ca v tr cng vic
c quy nh trong giy php lao ng ". [29]
Mt hi nhp ng khch l vin l Vin Nghin cu Lao ng v X hi (RILSA), l phi
hp vi Khoa Khoa hc X hi ti Masaryk i hc Brno. Vin ny l "thc hin mt d
n v" Ngi nhp c ti Cng ha Sc - V tr trn th trng lao ng v hi nhp x hi "-
ngy hon thnh c thit lp cho thng 6 nm 2010" [30] .
y ban ca B trng B Lao ng v X hi (sau khi c gi l "y ban") c thnh
lp trong B Lao ng v X hi l c quan t vn cho B trng B Lao ng v X
hi. y ban gip B trng, to iu kin cho vic chun b v thc hin cc chnh sch ca
chnh ph trong lnh vc hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi, nhim v do Ngh quyt ca Chnh
ph thng qua trong cc lnh vc tng ng cho cuc hp.Trong nm 2005, cc thnh vin
y ban v cc thnh vin ca cc nhm t vn chuyn gia ca mnh tho lun cc ti liu
quan trng lin quan n vn hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi.
L mt hnh thc khuyn khch, B Lao ng v X hi hot ng t nm 2004 trang web
ca mnh web c gi l www.cizinci.cz, cp nht trong nm 2005, thng tin ny l hu ch
cho cc cn b cng chc, phi chnh ph v ngi nc ngoi. B Lao ng v X hi cng
nh l mt iu phi vin ca hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi, tp trung cng vic ca mnh
c cp quc gia v quc t. Nm 2005, n nhp vo, trong nng lc ca mnh, tip xc vi
cc t chc Lin minh chu u, c th l vi y ban chu u trong cc nhm lm vic
chuyn gia gi l im Quc gia v Hi nhp Lin. B cng c gng gi s h tr vic lm
cho cng dn Ukrain ian trong nc cho h bit nguy c b s dng bt hp php ly. [31]
Theo chng trnh phi hp ca B ni tht, "cc t chc phi chnh ph v phi li nhun
cung cp cc kha hc ting Sc cho ngi t nn, min ph, v pht trin cc ti liu ging
dy phi hp vi B Gio dc, Thanh nin v Th thao" [32]
B Ni v quan tm trong nm 2005 p ng nhim v B chin lc trong lnh vc thc
y s hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi. Trong bi cnh ny, K hoch chnh sch hi nhp
ca B Ni v (2004 - 2006) [33] c cp nht vi mc ch m rng s phi hp v
thc hin cc bin php chin lc v thc tin p dng ca B h tr hi nhp ca ngi
nc ngoi v tip tc loi b nhng tr ngi php l ngn chn s hi nhp ca ngi nc
ngoi ti Cng ha Sc.
Dch v t vn c cung cp trong cc lnh vc khc c lin quan, v d nh trong lnh vc
an sinh x hi v y t v quan h lao ng theo php lut, v n cng nhm mc ch h tr
ngi nc ngoi khi giao dch vi c quan chc nng. Cc hot ng c ti tr bi B
Ni v cng tp trung vo phn tch nhng vn thng gp nht ca ngi nc ngoi, h
tr tng th tng thng tin v nh hng ca ngi nc ngoi trong khun kh php lut
Cng ha Sc, v vo vic cung cp nc ngoi vi cc thng tin lin quan n cc tiu
chun x hi v vn ha c bn .
Hot ng b sung ca B Ni v tp trung vo vic h tr chng trnh ging dy ti cc
trng trung hc cnh st nhm ci thin gio dc ca nhn vin cnh st trong lnh vc quan
h vi ngi nc ngoi, thu thp d liu v cc kt qu thc hin thm cc bin php loi
b cc vic lm tri php lut ca ngi nc ngoi s hu giy php c tr bt hp
php. [34]
B Gio dc, Thanh nin v Th thao (Meys) l c quan trung ng qun l nh nc i vi
chin lc tng th, chnh sch gio dc v chun b cc tiu chun php l thch hp v cng
hot ng iu hnh v hot ng. N nh l cch khuyn khch hi nhp m ra trng "ph
thng v c bit v b nhim ngi ng u trng hc ca h). [35] N vi, trn c s
lin tc, vn gio dc ca nc ngoi, k t khi chun b sn sng ca h thng gio dc
v kh nng p ng vi iu kin thay i xp hng r rng trong nhng iu kin tin
quyt chnh cho s hi nhp thnh cng ca ngi nc ngoi. Ph hp vi Ngh quyt ca
Chnh ph s 5 ca 05 thng 1 2005, K hoch ca chnh sch hi nhp ca B Gio dc,
Thanh nin, th thao cho cc nm 2004-2006 c cp nht [36] .
B Gio dc, Thanh nin, Th thao (Meys) mi nm cho cc d n ku gi h tr hot ng
trong lnh vc hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi ti Sc Cng ha. Cc ch trong tp
trung vo vic thc y gio dc a vn ha ca tr em v thanh thiu nin, ging dy v hc
tp ting Sc nh mt ngoi ng, v cc nghin cu lin quan n cc vn ca gio dc di
c nc ngoi cng nh t chc cc cuc hi tho i ph vi gio dc ca ngi nc
ngoi. Vic thc hin cc d n gp phn loi b cc ro cn truyn thng v to iu kin
cho s hi nhp ca tr em nc ngoi trong cuc sng hng ngy trong khi tn trng s
khc bit gia cc nhm c nhn ng bo dn tc, vn ha, tn gio, phong tc, v nh vy.
Mc tiu ca d n l h tr gio vin trong cc k nng cn thit cho cng vic ca h vi
tr em nc ngoi mua li, c bit l dy h Sc, tch hp tr em trong out-of-the hot
ng ca trng, hoc gii quyt cc cuc xung t tng ng pht sinh t s hiu lm ln
nhau. Trn 05 Thng 4 nm 2005 ca B Gio dc, Thanh nin, Th thao v ph duyt vic
phn b cc khon tr cp cho cc d n t chc trong Chng trnh Xc tin trn hot ng
trong lnh vc hi nhp ngi nc ngoi 'trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha vo nm
2005. Hon ton, mi su d n c la chn v chng c tr cp vi s tin hai
triu vng min Sc (B Ni v ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha, 2005) [37] .
B Gio dc, Thanh nin v gio dc th cht trong s 6/1995 bulleting cng cng b sp xp
cc kha hc ting Sc cho ngi c trng thi ca mt ngi t nn trong lnh th ca t
nc. Ny l ph v ro cn giao tip v tch hp d dng ca ngi nc ngoi. [38]
2.2.2 Vai tr ca Lin Hp Quc.
Lin Hip Quc l mt t chc quc t nhm bo v ngi t nn trn th gii. L kt qu ca
iu ny, Cng ha Sc Cng ha l mt thnh vin ca Lin Hip Quc l rng buc tn
trng cc hnh ng t nn ca Lin Hip Quc. Sc Cng ha do sa i tnh trng ca
ngi t nn, nhim v quyn li ca mnh v cc vn iu chnh cc c s t nn. Tt c
nhng iu ny gip trong hi nhp ca nhng ngi t nn cho x hi Sc. [39]
2.2.3 Vai tr ca Lin minh chu u.
Walzer, tp trung s ch vo s khc bit vn ha nh mt ngun phn i v chng li
qu trnh tch hp lp lun, "quan im ca cng dn tham chiu l cng ng chnh tr,
nhng l mt ngi n ng, ng c cc thnh vin khc tham kho khc v nhng i khi
ng t chng nh nc" . Walzer (1970:194) c th d dng m rng Lin minh chu u
v bi cnh ca file nh km khc nhau ca ngi dn y, Lin minh chu u cng nh
cc nc thnh vin, khu vc, gia nh, v cc ngun khc ca bn sc nh sc tc v ngn
ng nhm, v lp (Trch dn trong Dng 2007). [40]
Sau s sp ca "Bc mn st vo nm 1991 v chnh ph cng sn vo nm 1989, Lin
minh chu u mt mt s bin php mang tnh biu tng cng nh thc t thc y hi
nhp vn ha ti Cng ha Sc. Tuy nhin, s pht trin ca s tham gia ca EU trong chnh
sch vn ha cng l mt qu trnh chm.Gim s khc bit v vn ha v bn sc v thc
y v to ra mt nn vn ha chung chu u l mc tiu chnh ca mnh, Lin minh chu
u thc hin vai tr ca n trong s hi nhp ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha trong mt s
cch. u tin l, n ti tr cho mt s chng trnh vn ha. Lin minh chu u t nm
1993 v 1999 to ra bi vit 128 ca hip c Maastricht ni rng:
"Cc cng ng v cc thnh vin quc gia s "thc y hp tc" vi cc nc th gii th
ba. Cc kinh nghim t chc trn ton th gii trong lnh vc vn ha, c bit l "nhm
ngi c trch nhim ng gp thng hoa trong nn vn ha ca" quc gia thnh vin ","
trong khi tn trng s a dng ca quc gia v khu vc ca h v ng thi a di sn vn
ha chung cho mui " [41] Trch dn trong Torbisco Neus Casals, phn Chng trnh Lut
Quc t (2006:143). "Hnh ng ca x hi c d nh khuyn khch hp tc gia cc
nc thnh vin", v nu cn thit, h tr, b sung hnh ng ca h trong cc lnh vc sau
Hi ng chu u, Cng ng s c cc kha cnh vn ha vo ti khon trong hnh ng
ca mnh theo cc quy nh khc v iu ny Hip c "Trch dn trong Torbisco Neus
Casals, phn Chng trnh Lut Quc t (2006:143).
Lin minh chu u h tr ti chnh cho Cng ha Sc Cng ha. Ngoi ra, c nc rt
thnh cng trong vic tham gia Vn ha nm 2000, th hin qua s lng cc ng dng v
cc gii thng cp. Nm 2001 l nm u tin t chc Sc tham gia vo cc d n vn ha
quc t ca Chng trnh Vn ha nm 2000. Khi so snh vi cc nc khc,
Czech Republic mt mt phn ln hn trong "d n c la chn nm 2001 hot ng vn
ha" [42] Trch dn trong Elika Tomalov (thng 2006:4). Ngoi ra cn c h tr nhn c
d n "nh lnh o v ng t chc" [43]
Lin minh chu u h tr vic p dng cc sng kin, trong bao gm mt Lin minh
chu u (EU) h chiu, giy php li xe ca EU, mt th y t khn cp EU, du hiu bin
gii EC v mt l c EU, v cc ngun ti chnh ca mt knh truyn hnh EU nhm xc tin
' thng chu u. Ny c tt c cc nh hng hi nhp vn ha trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha
thnh vin ca Lin minh chu u (Dng 2007).
2.2.4 Vai tr ca cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO).
Cc t chc chnh ph phi li nhun cng gip trong vic ci thin vic cung cp thng tin
cho ngi nc ngoi, cng nh vic cung cp cc nhn vin dch v cng cng. Ngoi ra
cn c s pht trin lin tc ca cc dch v t vn y x hi v php l cho ngi nc
ngoi. iu ny bao gm vic cung cp cc h tr trong c ommunication vi cc c quan, s
upporting gio dc, k nng ngn ng v trnh khc ca ngi nc ngoi. H cng gip
chng trnh khuyn mi ca i th cnh tranh ca nc ngoi ti th trng lao ng,
pht trin i sng vn ha v x hi ca ngi nc ngoi bng cch thc y cc mi quan
h ca ngi nc ngoi v cng ng ca h vi cng dn Sc, h tr tm l lin quan n
s hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi, xy dng v pht trin cc hot ng ca cng ng v
cc trung tm a vn ha, v h tr s khoan dung v s ng tn ti ca con ngi. Nm
2005, 12 triu curon Sc c dnh ring t ngn sch nh nc thc hin cc d n
ny. S tin ny c chia cho cc B c lin quan.Nm 2005, mt s hng chc d n c
h tr. Mt s B phn b cho cc d n c xc nh tch hp nhiu ngun lc hn
ngi nc ngoi t ngn sch ca mnh.
Nh phi li nhun t chc phi chnh ph, nhn dn trong chng trnh gio dc cn ca "bin
th" l trng tm thc hin trn nguyn tc ca vn ha (IE) v ton cu gio dc pht trin
(GDE) vo h thng gio dc Sc. Chng trnh ging dy hin nay i hi cc ch c
trnh by trong cc lp hc v bi hc, tuy nhin, h vn cha c i din cng . Thc
s, gio dc pht trin vn ha (IE) v ton cu (GDE) ch vt qu lnh vc gio dc
trng hc v c xem l rt quan trng v th v cho cc chuyn gia trong nhiu lnh vc
khc [44] .
Chng trnh bin th l mt t chc phi chnh ph, cung cp o to chuyn mn cho gio
vin, sinh vin s phm v cc chuyn gia khoa hc, chuyn nghip v cc nhm quan tm
trong IE v GDE. Cc hot ng gio dc thc hin theo chng trnh bin th phc v cho
nhu cu ca ngi lao ng trong hnh chnh cng, Vn phng Lao ng, ngi nh ca tr
em v gio dng, t nn v cc tri t nn, thanh tra trng hc, cnh st v cc nh bo [45]
S quen thuc v s hiu bit ca cc chuyn gia t cc d n v cc hot ng ca ngi
khc lm phong ph thm ch trnh duyt IE v GDE Cn, c bit l trong cc nhn
vin x hi v iu phi vin pht trin v cc d n nhn o nc ngoi thc a. Chng
trnh riants Va cng lin quan n cc d n khc cho dn Cn nh Polis, Mt th gii
trong trng hc, tin hnh nghin cu x hi hc, chun b mt cun sch k nim ca
Roma sng st tn st, v hp tc trong cc d n vi cc t chc khc. [46]
Cc dn tc thn thin s dng lao ng l mt t chc phi chnh ph c pht trin di
s bo tr ca Ph thng c u tin ca khu vc pha nam Moravia, IGN. Milan Venclik,
v th trng ca thnh ph theo lut nh Brno, ng Roman Onderka. Chng trnh Khoa
chuyn tip Lin minh chu u ti tr chng trnh ny [47] . L mt mc tiu nguyn tc
ca chng trnh, n s c gng cng nhiu cng tt trong vic iu tr bng cc cng dn sc
tc khc nhau. N cng gp phn trong vic to ra mt mi trng lm vic khng phn bit
i x, gip gii cu trc thnh kin chng li dn tc hoc cc nhm khc nh nhng ngi
digan.
Trung tm di ng Sc (CMC) cng l mt t chc thuc v Mng chu u hn 200 Trung
tm di ng phc v nghin cu in thoi di ng 32 quc gia chu u. L mt trong
nhng mc tiu , n cung cp thng tin th thc v cc
yu cu gii quyt trong ha
Sc Cng ha
. [48]
Mt d n i mi, bt u vo thng nm 2007, l T chc vin tr cho ngi t nn, Lin
on chu uv Sofia [49] . D n ny c ti tr bi B Lao ng v X hi ca Cng ha
Sc nh mt phn ca chng trnh "h tr hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi". Cc nhm i
tng l ngi nc ngoi n v ngi di c sng Czech Republic, n t nn vn ha x
hi khc nhau. Cc hot ng chnh ca cc d n ny l x hi hc trong cuc phng vn
su, nht k t truyn v cc nhm a vn ha cng nh cc cuc hi tho t c kinh
nghim. D n tp trung vo s hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi v ngi nhp c vn lin
quan n kha cnh gii. Mc tiu chnh l tm hiu v kinh nghim ca ph n di c
hng ngy v thi ca h v ph n Sc cng nh: vai tr gii, v tr ca ngy nay ph n
trong lnh vc t nhn v cng cng, bit kinh nghim ca h t t nc ca h c ngun
gc cng nh t cc my ch nc l Cng ha Sc Cng ha. Nh mt cch khuyn
khch hi nhp, d n h tr "cc hot ng thi gian min ph ca tr nh. Nh, th thao,
vn ha, m nhc, ngh thut, ngn ng vv Sau cc kha hc dnh cho ngi ln ln
(requalification hoc trnh chuyn mn cc kha hc "), gip trong vic" dch v kim
chng thc vn bng, chng t khc "(giy khai sinh, giy chng nhn kt hn vv), cho
"thng tin v php l", chnh quyn ", h thng vn ha x hi ca x hi Sc, cho" h tr c
nhn cho ngi nc ngoi khi h tr trong cc cuc m phn vi chnh quyn Cng ha
Sc trong trng hp c nhn, h tr khi di chuyn v trang tr ni tht nhp hoc cn h
cho thu. [50]
Staa Zvitkovsk, gim c Hi ng Anh cho quan h i tc v d n cho bit, "chc
nng ca Hi ng Anh sut nhng nm 1990 l thc y v h tr cc ngn ng ting
Anh" [51] . c trch dn trong Broov Lucie ( Th nm 03.January 2008) rng trong nm
2000 cc hot ng d n ca mnh trong cc lnh vc khc hn nghin cu ngn ng ting
Anh v ting Anh bt u v sau mt thi gian h st opped h tr ging dy ting Anh v
"ch yu quan tm n vic qun l cc k thi ngn ng Anh v cc kha hc ngn ng cho
cng chng v cc cng ty ", [52]
Php c quan h vn ha v x hi truyn thng phong ph vi cc Czech Republic trong
nhiu nm nay.Ngoi ra, nhng mi quan h tn ti hn 120 nm. Nm 1883, Lin minh
Php c thnh lp ti Paris vi mc ch pht trin v tuyn truyn ngn ng v vn ha
Php. Ba nm sau, chi nhnh u tin Trung ng chu u c thnh lp ti Prague. Lin
minh Php tng tm quan trng ca n trong Cng ha ScCng ha. Ngoi ra, bi nm
1938, n c 72 chi nhnh trn khp t nc. Cc chi nhnh ca Lin minh Php Prague
sau c i tn thnh Vin Php vo nm 1990 v ngy nay i din cho mt ng t
trung tm giao lu vn ha Sc-Php. "Vin Php Prague cung cp mt s lng tt ca
cc kha hc" cho hn 4000 ngi quan tm n nghin cu mt trong nhng ngn ng
chnh c s dng bi chnh quyn Lin minh chu u ti Brussels " [53] trch dn Lucie
Broov, (Th nm 03. January 2008) nh th, 20
ngy
vn hc ngh thut th k, v b phim
Php. Sinh vin cng thc hin cc d n nh ht cng nh vn bn phim truyn hnh v din
xut ra nhng b phim ca mnh. Php cng cung cp kha hc ting my lin hp vi mt
lp hc nu n c ging dy bi mt u bp Php t mt nh hng tt nht ca Prague,
lm cho hc sinh c mt chuyn i tng tng Php v vn ha ca n khng ch l trn
giy, mn hnh hoc trn sn khu nhng thc t. [54]
T cng vic ca cc t chc ni trn trong hi nhp ca ngi dn c c mt s ng
k ca s hi nhp ca c x hi Sc vi ngi nhp c v cng ng t nn, nhn thy hnh
chng k tip.





Chng ba:
Kch thc ca ton cu ha TI CNG HA SC

Giddens lm cho chng ta phi hiu rng mc d kch thc ca ton cu ha "c kt ni
theo nhng cch khc nhau, khng phi ca h c th c gii thch thu o v mt khc"
Giddens (1990:70). V vy, t quan im ny, cc kch thc khc nhau ca ton cu ha ti
Cng ha Sc s c tho lun mt cch c lp, nhng hy nh rng nguyn nhn gy ra
mt chiu dn n nguyn nhn gy ra mt khng gian khc. Kch thc nh sau ca ton
cu ha c cho l hin din trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha.

3.1 Kch thc vn ha.
Ritzer nh ngha ton cu ha ca nn vn ha "nh cc m m rng xuyn quc gia ph
bin v thc hnh (khng ng nht) hoc l mt qu trnh trong nhiu u vo vn ha
ton cu v a phng tng tc to ra mt loi tc phm m phng hoc hn hp, dn
n mt lot cc ging lai vn ha (ng nht)" Ritzer (2003:539). Tnh ng nht vn ha
theo Ritzer l mt s hnh thc ca ch ngha quc vn ha.C ngha l, khi c s pht
trin ca cc quc gia nh hng ca mt nn vn ha ring mt khu vc nht nh. Ly
Sc Cng ha nh nghin cu trng hp ca chng ti, ni no t nh hng ca ton cu
ha v vn ha ca chng ti? L nn vn ha pht trin trong mt nhn vt ng nht hay
khng ng nht?Ngoi ra, nu vn ha vn ha ang pht trin trong mt nhn vt ng
nht, n l mt hnh thc ca ch ngha quc vn ha hay khng? Cu tr li u tin cho
cu hi l, c, vn ha Sc ang pht trin trong mt nhn vt ng nht. V th hai, tnh
ng nht vn ha Sc khng phi l mt hnh thc ca ch ngha quc vn ha bi v
trong nhng cch t do khc nhau chnh ph ang c gng khuyn khch s hi nhp ca
ngi nc ngoi, v vic s dng cc ngn ng khc ni cng cng nh xe in v xe
but v gii thiu nhng vn ha khc u vo nh cc kha hc ngn ng khc nhau trong
chng trnh hc cho CH Sc. Mt khc, nn vn ha Sc c th c cho l ang pht trin
mt hnh thc ca ch ngha quc vn ha. iu ny l do, khi ngi nc ngoi xut hin
nc ny ch trong vi ngy v c yu cu vi lc lng ni ting Sc trong cnh st
nc ngoi giao dch vi ngi nc ngoi, sau , n c th c gi nh l mt hnh thc
ca ch ngha quc vn ha.

Trn gi tr v bn sc.
Ton cu ha dn n nhng thay i trong gi tr v chun mc vn ha trong Cng ha
Sc Cng ha. Giddens lm cho chng ta hiu rng "nn vn ha ca mt x hi gm c hai
kha cnh-hu hnh nim tin, tng v cc gi tr to thnh bi cnh vn ha v hu hnh
mt-i tng, k hiu hay cng ngh m i din cho ni dung". "Cc gi tr v chun mc
lm vic vi nhau hnh thnh nh th no cc thnh vin ca mt nn vn ha ng x
trong mi trng xung quanh" Giddens (2001:22-23). Nhiu ch tiu nh quan h tnh dc
trc hn nhn, ph thai, sng chung c nhn vi mt con mt tiu cc ang c a cho
cc cp trong cuc sng ca mt s ngi Sc. Van de Kaa (1987: 5) lm cho chng ta phi
hiu rng c quan h vi nhau c thay i nhn khu hc v cc c ch cn thit trong
hi nhp vn ha trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha. Rng c mt s suy gim kh nng sinh
sn do bn yu t, trong bao gm; Mt s thay i t thi k vng son ca cuc hn nhn
th e bui bnh minh ca s sng chung. Ngoi ra, thay i t mt thi i ca vua con vi
cha m, cho rng cc cp vua vi mt a tr, mt s thay i t bin php trnh thai d
phng. t thc hin th thai. V cui cng, mt s thay i t cc gia nh duy nht i vi
gia nh a chc nng v cc h gia nh (ibid: 11).
C s thay i trong bn sc ca hu ht ngi Sc vi s ra i ca hin tng ton cu
ha. Giddens (1991) ni rng theo th t sau truyn thng, bn sc khng c tha k hoc
tnh, ng hn, n ang tr thnh mt d n phn - mt n lc m chng ti ang tip tc
lm vic v phn nh. Giddens l nhng g ni y? ng ni vi chng ta rng vi s tin
b trong hin i c s thay i trong bn sc. Hm nay trong Sc Cng ha, cch mt s
ngi tm hoc xc nh bn thn h l khc nhau khi so snh vi cc th h trc. "Identity
lin quan n vic hiu bit ngi gi v vic h l ai v nhng g c ngha vi h, nh
gii tnh, tnh dc, nh hng, quc tch hay sc tc v tng lp x hi "Giddens
(2002:29). Cho Giddens, truy tm nhng thay i trong bn sc t truyn thng n x hi
hin i, chng ta c th nhn thy mt s thay i t cc yu t c nh di truyn m trc
y hng dn hnh thnh bn sc. Sc Cng ha ang tri qua s thay i ny v bn sc ca
cc yu t ton cu ha nh di c, truyn thng v thng mi.Trc thi i ton cu ha,
tn ti, kt ni c bit, c xc nh r, mnh m v duy tr vn ha c lp a phng
gia ni a l v kinh nghim vn ha cng ng nh ca chnh mnh, gii tnh, khuynh
hng tnh dc v tng lp x hi. iu ny l do n t nhin mong manh, mi ngi lun
lun c gng bo v n khi b ph hy. Hn na, vi s ra i ca hin tng ton cu
ha cc sc lin tc c bin mt.Ngy nay mt s ngi Sc cm thy tt nh cc thnh
vin Lin minh chu u khng nh trc khi h phi suy ngh nhiu hn nh
Sc [55] . Lukes cng cp n mt cuc kho st tin hnh bi Trung tm Nghin cu
kin cng trong thng 10 nm 2007 cho thy gn mt na s ngi Sc (49%) t ho l cng
dn ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha. Hn na, mc ca nim t ho gim vi mc giu
c [56]
Ch tch nc Cng ha Czech ni rng giai on bi ch ngha x hi n nh mt gic
m i vi ngi dn Sc v giai on ny mang li vi n ", c hai ngc nhin v ng
vc" Vaclav Havel (11 thng 9 nm 2000). [57] ng cng ni rng khi h c mt s chia
r trong "chnh tr" nhng vn m khng c coi l h ang nhn thy ngy hm
nay. Nhng vn ny ang c nh hng n "chnh tr, cc gi tr v tng"
(ibid) [58] ca ngi dn. Tng thng cng ni thm rng, vic to ra cc siu th ln dn
n s mt mt ca bn sc trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha. "Trong nhng ngy u ca hu
cng sn, cc ca hng nh xut hin trn ng ph, trong pht trin thnh" ng t ca
cuc sng v tip xc ca con ngi. Siu th ln to ra mt s mt mt ca bn sc
"(ibid) v mi quan h gia a phng Sc.

Simmel ni rng hin nay c l "propondence cc mc tiu trn [c nhn] vn ha ch quan
m pht trin trong th k XIX ... v t tt c cc nc. Rng s giu c ca vn ha gia tng
khch quan, nhng tm tr c nhn c th tip cn cc hnh thc v ni dung ca s pht trin
ring ca mnh ch xa cch ring ca mnh hn na t nn vn ha v pht trin vi tc
chm hn nhiu ca n "Simmel (1907/1978). Simmel ang ni v nhng ngi hp hi ca
nn vn ha c nhn ch v vn ho mc tiu. V d v cc nn vn ha mc tiu bao
gm: phng tin vn ti, sn phm khoa hc, cng ngh, ngn ng, ngh thut, h thng
php lut, chun mc o c v tng. Ngy nay, do s ra i ca ton cu ha, c mt s
n p ca nn vn ha Sc trn nn vn ha khc trong nhiu kha cnh thch,

3.1.2 thi quen n ung.
Sc bi truyn thng ca h chun b ba n nh v do s n trong nh hng l khng
ph bin trong s v c coi l mt mi e da. Tuy nhin, vi s xut ln nh hng thc
n nhanh nh McDonald, cc KFCs, by gi c mt s thay i nhanh chng trong thi quen
n ung Sc c bit l i vi th h tr. Tuy nhin, iu ny ang dn thay i nh l mt
phng Ty hn li sng c chp nhn bi th h tr (Dominik Lukes 2003 ).

Ritzer (2000) ni v s gia tng ca phng tin mi ca tiu th nh McDonalds v trung
tm mua sm khc nh trung tm thng mi ln trn mng, siu trung tm thng mi, v
cc tu cng vin gii tr, lm thay i thi quen n ung ca ngi dn. Weber gi hp l
nh vic t chc i sng kinh t x hi v theo nguyn tc hiu qu v trn c s kin thc
k thut (c trch dn trong Ritzer 2003:132-142). ng thy hp l l mt cng c cn
thit cho hot ng ca cc t chc c thm quyn. Nhng ng tuy nhin lo ngi rng tng
hp l c th dn n kim sot tng hn hnh ng c nhn, ngt ngt uy tn v truyn
thng, v em li cho ngi n ng ch cn vi la chn thay th la chn nhng g, lm
th no v khi mt ngi c th thc hin nhim v. Cc tnh nng ca tnh hp l c nhn
thy trong cc CzechRepublic khi c gng nhn vo cc nh hng thc n nhanh. By gi
thay v ngi c phc v trn cc bng bi cc nhn vin pha trc ca nh, khch hng
thy mnh ng trong tn hiu c thc phm ca h t tills. Ngoi ra, h thm ch cn i
xa nh lm sch bng ca h sau ba n. S pht trin ca cc nh hng thc n nhanh
bin bao gm cc khch hng trong dy chuyn sn xut. iu ny l do, cc khch hng
khng c la chn thay th khc ch khng phi l lm cho chc chn, h lp y d dy ca
h. y, h c t chc quy nh c p dng bi cc nh hng thc n nhanh.
3.1.3 Ngn ng trn.
Scheff (1965) cp n s thay i trong cch s dng ngn ng thng c coi l mt
ch s v hi nhp vn ha nu ngn ng chnh trong cng ng khc vi ngn ng bn a
ca ngi nhp c. Ngn ng c th tr thnh "kho khch quan" ca rt ln "tch ly v
ngha v kinh nghim, m n sau c th bo qun trong thi gian v truyn cho cc th h
sau ..." Ngn ng cng gip tiu biu cho "kinh nghim, cho php mi ngi" xem xt di
nhiu ca "loi v m h c ngha khng ch cho bn thn m cn ng bo" c trch
dn trong Berger v Luckmann (1966:35-39). Hi nhp vn ha t c n mt mc
nht nh ti Cng ha Sc v hin nay, c rt nhiu ngi t nn v di dn c th ni ting
Sc.Cng ging nh mt s ngi Sc cng quan tm n vic nghin cu cc ngn ng
khc ngoi ting Sc nh ting Anh, Php, c v nhng ngi khc.
3.1.4 Ngy gia nh v cuc sng gia nh
Ton cu ha dn n mt s thay i trong cuc sng gia nh ca mt s ngi
Sc. ng ch nht ca n l s thay i trong hnh thnh gia nh. C hon thm canh
hnh thnh gia nh. T l sinh gim xung mc rt thp, c bit l ph n tr v t
nm 1995 n nm 2005, tng t sut sinh gim xung di ngng 'thp nht-thp "1,3. Cc
hnh thc on t truyn thng, c bit l chung sng cha lp gia nh, tr nn ph bin
v cuc hn nhn c dn dn b tr hon hoc thm ch b b bi nhiu ngi n ng
v ph n tr. Do , t l sinh con ngoi hn nhn tng ln nhanh chng, vt 33% vo
nm 2006. T l ly hn, m l cao trong thi k x hi ch ngha, tip tc tng. S khuch
tn nhanh chng ca bin php trnh thai hin i, c bit l thuc vin, gp phn vo
mt k hoch cn thn v thn trng ca s hnh thnh gia nh v gim n nh v s lng
no ph thai (Eurostat, 2007). [59]

Giddens (1984) lm cho chng ta hiu rng tch hp h thng l mt "mt i mt" [60] tip
xc trong khi ha nhp x hi l s tch hp w th i ngi khuyt vng mt. y l c ited
trong Barbara A. Misztal (2000). l, s hi nhp ca ngi dn hoc l thng qua in
thoi hoc Internet. Kha cnh ny ti tin l ng bi v CH Sc thng qua vic s dng TV
v internet h c th xem nh th no cc quc gia khc (v d nh ngi M) u c tch
hp v do nh hng n h tch hp c quc tch khc trong nc v thm ch
ra ca t nc. Khu vc ni bt l hi nhp x hi chng kin ti Cng ha Sc l trong
cc trng i hc. Thng qua vic hnh thnh cc chng trnh trao i gia cc trng i
hc, mi nm sinh vin n t nhiu quc gia i vo cc quc gia c nn vn ha a dng, v
nhng vo cui hc k, mt s sinh vin Sc lm cho bn b mi vi cc sinh vin nc
ngoi. y l mt hnh thc ca hi nhp.
S gia tng v s lng cc nh th cng dn n s gia tng mc hi nhp trong Cng
ha Sc.iu ny l do, y khng c gii hn cho cc loi vn ho dn tc hoc n thm
hoc tham d cc nh th. Hn na, khi ngi ta n vi nhau, h buc phi chia s mt s
tng m lm cho hi nhp mt cht c th.
3.1.5 Trn trang im.
Sc trc 1850 trang phc truyn thng c gi l "kroje" trong ting Sc. Nhng trang
phc c trang tr cng phu vi sng, mu sc sng ng v cc biu tng nh tri tim,
Cardiff, b cu, hoa cc, hoa tulip v hoa anh tc, v c mc trong cc dp l hi lng cho
nh ch nht, m ci v cc ngy l, v i khi ngy bnh thng nh tt. Nhiu thit k
trang phc c ngun gc t la tui phong kin, khi nng dn b p bc to ra trang phc
cng phu th hin c tnh ca h. Nhng trang phc l nhng du hiu ca tnh trng v
quc tch, v s khc bit v v tr a l nh hng khc bit trong thit k trang phc v
trang tr. Vi s sp ti ln ca ton cu ha, by gi c mt s thay i trong cch n
mc. Mt s ngi Sc ti n mc rt tnh c. Nhng g chng ta thy l ni m ngi dn
chuyn sang sao chp nn vn ha khc. iu ny l do ngi Sc thng nhn trn qun o
v coi thng ti tn hoc ngang bng cho s xut hin. Nhng hin nay, nhiu Sc
chuyn sang sao chp nn vn ha khc v d nh vn ha M ni qun jean v giy th thao
c mc thng xuyn hn trang phc truyn thng thng thng ca h. Do , by gi c
mt s bin mt ca cc nn vn ha Sc b chi phi bi cc nn vn ha khc nh vn ha
M. Tuy nhin, mc d vi s tin b ca trang phc mc qun o khc nhau, nhiu ngi
Sc vn cn s hu mt b qun o truyn thng m h mc vo nhng ngy c bit Pat
(1989: 37).
3.1.6 V x hi dn s
Ngoi ra, vic xy dng x hi dn s gip trong vic xy dng li trong tm tr ca mt
s ngi Sc b mt s tin tng v quan tm n i sng cng cng ca h trong thi k
cng sn. S pht trin ca x hi dn s trong nc cng cung cp c hi cho mt phn
khc rng dn s tham gia vo cc cuc bu c chnh ph v xem chnh ph ti ni lm vic
khu gn Rueschemeyer (1998:53). Mt v d v x hi dn s l phong tro n quyn. Tht
s (2003) cho bit sau khi s sp ca chnh quyn cng sn ti Cng ha Sc c mt
biu hin ca bn sc dn tc mi bao gm c vn n quyn. Trong mong mun ca h
'tr li chu u vo nm 1989 v nm 1990, cc cng dn Sc khng xc nh mnh vi
mt' ty 'khng phn bit. Thay vo , h t nhn mnh c bit vi mt tp hp cc nam
tnh ty n tnh. p dng c chn lc ca h trong nhng bn sc gii tnh mang li c c
hi mi v cc hnh thc trao quyn cng nh s bt bnh ng ph bin mi v bt an nh
th, ti phm.
Giddens cng ni rng th gii hin i vi s pht trin ca h thng n tru tng trong
cuc sng hng ngy dn n s "c lp kinh nghim". l mt tnh hung m ngi
dn l lc lng xem kinh nghim lp i lp li trong cuc sng ca h nh mt trong hai
"in r, ti phm, bnh tt v ci cht; tnh dc v bn cht" Giddens (1991:149,156).
Hm nay trong Sc Cng ha, c s gia tng t l ti phm trong nc. Cng c s gia
tng t l v o c tnh dc trong c nc.
Mt s lng ln ca thanh nin, nhng ngi hoc nhn c nhng tng sai t bn
b hoc internet ri vo ma ty v cui cng ra i c tht vng, bnh tt v t
vong. C quan thng k Sc cho thy c s gia tng ti phm
Bng di y cho thy cc s liu cho t l ti phm Cng ha Sc Cng ha gia cc giai
on 2003-2006.

Bng 1. Cng l v ti phm.
Ti phm cam kt 2003 2004 2005 2006
Ngi b truy t) (bao gm c
trng hp nh c rt ngn
K chun b)
B co
Ngi b kt n, tng s)
N
Ngi cha thnh nin
Cu
T
qun ch


110 808
95.920
66.131
8100
3558

9797
35.676


108 061
94.430
68.442
8229
3293

10 192
36.161


108.100
95.767
67.561
8937
3069

10078
36.006


110 339
97.880
69.445
9938
2773

9997
38657

Ngun: B T php Cng ha Sc Cng ha (2006). [61]
T bng trn, n cho thy c s gia tng t l ti phm gia cc nm 2003 v 2006
110.808-110.339.Cho thy s gia tng ca 531 trong s lng ngi b truy t trong trng
hp gii quyt t tng chun b rt ngn. S lng ngi b kt n pht t cng tng ln
gia giai on 2003-2006 t 9797 n 9997.There cng c s gia tng trong ti c ca ph
n trong cc nm 2003-2006 8100-9938, cho thy mt s lng rt cao n s lin quan n
ti phm trong thi gian ny.
3.2 Kch thc KINH T X HI
3.2.1 v lao ng
Ton cu ha c mt tc ng ng k trong th trng lao ng trong Sc Cng ha. S
gia tng thng mi v thay i cng ngh dn n s st gim v s lng cng nhn
lnh ngh hoc khng c tay ngh thp trong b phn lao ng trong nc. Ngoi ra, iu
ny gy ra s bt bnh ng tin lng gia ngi lao ng. Cng c mt ma thu trong kh
nng thng lng ca lao ng do tnh di ng min ph ca n v dn n s gia tng
ca cc loi thu. Trong nm 2007, ngi nc ngoi chim gn 40% tng s vic lm mi c
to ra trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha [62] . Trong nm nm qua mt mnh, s lng lao ng
nhp c tng gp i tuy nhin n gn 362.000 vo cui nm 2008.This lm hu ht
cc Czech l mt s cch tiu cc v s gia tng s lng lao ng nhp c trong c
nc. Cuc kho st c thc hin bi c quan SCC cho MF DNES iu ch c khong
29% ngi Sc hi lng vi cng vic ca h v mc lng ca h trong khi 82% ngi Sc
nh cng vic ca h nhng khng hi lng vi tr tin ny. [63]
3.2.2 Du lch.
Ritzer ni, "Di ng l mt chui bt tn ca s la chn, v mi la chn c mt thc o
ca s khng chc chn lin kt vi n" Ritzer (2003:574). C tht l khng chc chn trn
hu ht cc khch du lch n Cng ha Sc v, hu ht thng xuyn hn khng, mt s
khch du lch i vo t nc khng bit nhng g pha trc ca h. Nh mt thc t, hu
ht trong s h thng tham gia vo mt trong hai tai nn hoc c thu hoch bng cch
mc ti.
Tuy nhin, ton cu ha cho s tng trng ca ngnh cng nghip du lch Cng ha
Sc Cng ha.T nm 2006 cuc kho st c thc hin bi Vn phng thng k Sc cho
thy ngnh cng nghip du lch s dng 240.000 lao ng. Ngnh cng nghip nu ra mt
tng sn phm trong nc ca 98964000000 thn rng, c thm 3,0% GDP ca t
nc. Nm 2006, khch du lch nc ngoi dnh 118.594.000.000 vng min. Cho mt s
gia tng 24% so vi nm 2003.while i du lch trong nc, Sc dnh 98200000000 thn
rng v iu ny dn n 5% trong GDP. Ti ncome t du lch n v trong nc trong nm
2006, l tin chi tiu trong nc, t 216.800.000.000 vng min

Bauman (1998) thy iu kin ton cu ha ca mt "khong khng". Ton cu ha c nh
hng trong phong tro ca ngi dn. Ngoi ra, phong tro ny dn n s hnh thnh
ca "k lang thang". Li gii thch ny c th c lin quan n Cng ha Sc Cng ha. C
rt nhiu ngi nc ngoi ri t nc h n Czech Republic hoc do khng hong
chnh tr hoc cho tm kim ng c xanh hn. Ngoi ra, n vi Cng ha Sc Cng ha
hoc v thiu k nng cn thit hoc ro cn ngn ng, mt s trong s h tr thnh tht
nghip, tht vng v bng bnh. Bauman cng lm cho chng ta phi hiu rng c mt s
ngi "khng c th kh chc chn ni ... h ng thi im ny v thm ch t hn c th
chc chn ng hin ti ca h s nhn thy nh sng ca ngy hm sau" Trch dn trong
Ritzer (2003:574) .
Ritzer ni, "Ton cu ha ang mang theo n s ly lan th gii ca h v". Ritzer
(2003:576) ng nh ngha khng c g l "hnh thc trc thuc Trung ng (ni chung)
c hnh thnh v kim sot (phn ln) khng c ni dung c bit nht" Ritzer
(2003:575). y ng cp n qu trnh ton cu ha ngy nay c vn ng nht, vi
vic thiu ni dung chung chung, thiu cc mi quan h c nhn hoc a phng, vt thi
gian, mt tnh v unenchanted.

T s hiu bit ni trn ca ton cu ha hn theo Ritzer, c th ni rng c mt s thiu
chung ca ni dung ti Cng ha Sc. iu ny l do, trong qu kh, c s hin din ca
mi quan h con ngi gia nhng ngi nh, jobsites v vo lc hoc hoc ni cng
cng. V d c gng c mt cuc hp ng cho vay vi mt nhn vin ngn hng. Tuy
nhin, vi th gii ngy nay, mt chng trnh my tnh c th d dng gii thng mt
khon vay. Ngoi ra, trong qu kh, c s hin din ca ngm cnh, cht lng v php
thut trong cch thc n c chun b nhng ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca cng ngh
v s pht trin ca cc nh hng thc n nhanh v vic s dng l vi sng, c mt dn dn b
mt ca ngm cnh, cht lng v php thut trong ch bin thc phm trong Cng ha
Sc Cng ha.

Hin c mt ma thu trong s c o trong cc ca hng phng ban trong Cng ha
Sc Cng ha.Trong qu kh, trong cc siu th hoc cc ca hng thi cng sn khoa nh
cc ca hng phng ban GUM c b bin v hng ha a phng, khin cho khch hng ti
trung tm v thc hin gn r truyn thng ca h bng cch bn cho h hng ha a phng
ny. Tuy nhin, sau s sp ca chnh quyn cng sn v s sp cui cng ca cc ca
hng Gum b phn, c mt s thay i trong tnh c o ca cc ca hng phng
ban. By gi c mt ma thu ca cc mi quan h a phng gia cc th trng siu v
khch hng. By gi nhng g hu ht cc siu th cung cp cho cng chng khng phi l
nhng g ngi tiu dng thc s mun l nhng g cc siu th tin rng s mang li cho h
li nhun nhiu hn.
3.2.2 V u t nc ngoi .
Hin c mt s tng trng trong nn kinh t l kt qu ca u t thng mi nc ngoi
cao hn, sn xut cng nghip v chi tiu h gia nh.
Ngoi ra, sp ti cc ngnh cng nghip nc ngoi khng ch gip Cng ha Sc tng cng
u t nhng cng dn n vn u t nc ngoi bay v nc ca h. Thng thay v
cy li li nhun cho cc cng ty, cc nh u t quyt nh bay li nhun v nc.
S xm nhp ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha Lin minh chu u gia tng p lc v kh nng
ca ngi dn Sc khi i mt vi s cnh tranh t cc nc a quc gia chu u. Sc Cng
ha hin ang phi i mt vi p lc nng cao nng lc ni b ca mnh trong lnh vc gio
dc, vn ha ci m v tin nghi p ng tiu chun EU
3.2.3 Trn th trng ti chnh ton cu
Ton cu ha dn n s pht trin ca kin thc trong nn kinh t ca Cng ha
Sc Cng ha.Castells (2001:52) ni rng, khi c nng sut v cnh tranh, c kh nng sn
xut tri thc v thng tin cho mc ch sn xut. V d, Czech sau khi s sp ca chnh
quyn cng sn v s gia tng ca cc chnh ph dn ch, phi i mt vi s cnh tranh t
pha ty v phn cn li ca th gii, c buc phi pht trin kin thc khi bit rng t
nhn ha cc cng ty nh nc s c hng li nc. Ngoi ra, c gng gii phng gi
c v thng mi s gip khuyn khch u t nc ngoi v tng trng trong nn kinh
t. Naomi Klein (2001: 196) cho rng, "xy dng thng hiu l nh sn xut chnh mi
trong ci gi l kinh t tri thc ca chng ti ' [64] (Trch dn trong Smith, MK v Smith, M.
2002). "Mt trong nhng yu t quan trng m cc cng ty gi nh ty a quc gia ch khng
phi l xuyn quc gia l mc m h tm n "thu ngoi ca sn phm, linh kin v dch
v" (ibid).
Ngoi ra, do s t do ha gi c v thng mi ca gi c v thng mi trong Cng ha
Sc Cng ha trong Thng nm 1991, nhiu cng ty hin nay c th xc nh v tr trong
Cng ha Sc Cng ha. B trng Dyba ni, t wo nm trc y khng c ca hng thc
pri trong cc vng t Sc, nhng n ow, khong 60-70 phn trm ca bn l, thng mi, v
cc dch v ang tr li trong tay ca doanh nghip t nhn (Dyba trong iu l 77, thng Hai
19 1993) [65] . iu ny cho thy c mt s tng trng thng mi.

Sau s sp ca ch ngha cng sn vo nm 1989, cc b trng ti chnh ca chnh ph
lin bang Vaclav Klaus tr thnh tng thng. Theo chnh sch kinh t ca mnh, ng t nhn
ha cc ngnh cng nghip nh nc v quc gia tr thnh mt nn kinh t hin i-min
ph, iu tit th trng chng khon. "n cui nm 1995 hn 80 phn trm ca nn kinh t
c t nhn ha" (Zuzowski1998: 99).Qu trnh t nhn i n tnh trng hn n v
c mt quy nh khng ng k. Ngoi ra, c nhn v o c b nh cp hu ht cc
ti sn nh nc. Nhiu ngn hng ng ca, tn tht tit kim ca ngi dn gy ra v
mng su. Tuy nhin, n l mt trong nhng li ch ln nht ca ton cu ha trong Cng
ha Sc Cng ha. iu ny l do c s gia tng lu lng quc t ca thu nhp vn.

Kijlstra ni: "Cng ha Sc a ra nhng lp v khi nn kinh t chuyn i hng u ca
cc nn dn ch mi. Trn o ba nm ci cch kinh t mnh m, Sc to ra nn kinh t th
trng ln nht trong khu vc ... Bng cch thit lp v d cho cc nc lng ging ca h
Cng ha Sc t c tng u t nc ngoi trong mt khu vc m l cnh tranh cao
cho cc truyn vn quan trng " (Kijlstra 1995).

Ngoi ra, nh l kt qu ca t nhn, CH Sc c th s hu c phn trong cc cng ty khi
v ch khi h c th kh nng t nht l mt ngn ngn Sc. Kijlstra ni t nhn n
trong nc u tin "qua mt thi gian chng t" cung cp cho ngi dn Sc cho n ch
yu thng qua cc chng t mt thi gian nht nh cho cng dn Sc vi chi ph khng ng
k. Hn hai phn ba ca cc cng dn y thc chng t ca h vo qu u t mi c to
ra, m ln n hn su trm trong qu trnh "(Kijlstra 1995). [66]

L kt qu ca s bng n kinh t ny, Czech Republic c th tr n trc ca n v do
c nhiu thng d mc d iu ny t c t thu sut cao trong c nc. Ngn hng
quc gia Sc theo ui mt chnh sch tht cht tin t gn vng min Sc ngoi t
ngy hm nay l mt thnh cng. V d trong nm 2006, 1 Great bng Anh tng ng
vi 40 Sc vng min nhng ngy nay mt i vng min ca Anh bng 29 hoc 30 thn
rng Sc. Lnh vc ngn hng Sc pht trin cc k trong sut nm nm qua. V d, trong
thi k cng sn, Cng ha Sc Cng ha c bn ngn hng s dng 19.000 lao
ng. Ngy nay c hn 50 ngn hng (trong 40 phn trm l nc ngoi) v 56.000 nh
tuyn dng. Gia tng ng k ny b nh hng ca ton cu ha (vung M bo co kho
bc 30
ngy
thng 6 nm 1994).
Ton cu ha dn n cnh tranh ngy cng tng gia cc cng ty trong Cng ha
Sc Cng ha. iu ny l tt v n gip tng sn lng, hiu qu v li nhun. Ngoi ra,
tng th trng Cng ha Sc nh c dn n s chuyn mn ha v ci tin trong phn
cng lao ng trong cng ty. Tt c nhng iu ny dn n s gia tng tin lng v mc
sng ca cng nhn.
3.2.4 Gio dc
Ton cu ha dn n th tc ha, ngy cng c nhiu ngi tr tui hc bc trung hc
v i hc v pht trin gii phng v tham gia lao ng ca ph n ti Cng ha Sc
(Lesthaeghe1995: 21-22). Bo co pht trin con ngi (UNDR) cho mt cuc kho st c
tin hnh gia nm 2003 v 2005 cho thy rng 99% dn s trng thnh (c ngha l, t
l dn s trn 15 tui) l bit ch, iu ny cho thy s st gim t l m ch . N cng
gip cho gio dc theo nh hng cng vic. l by gi c mt s m bo ca mt
ngi c mt cng vic sau khi hon thnh trng. Nh nc cng l gi nh nhiu quyn
lc hn trong qun tr gio dc. c s gia tng trong tiu chun gio dc, tng chi tiu
cng cho gio dc so vi bt k hot ng ca chnh ph. Ngoi ra, cc phn m rng ca
chng trnh i hc bng vic to ra cc chng trnh trao i gia cc trng i hc. Bng
v th di y cho thy mt s s liu v s gia tng t l ngi bit ch nh nhng nm
qua.
Mc bng 3.2.The gio dc gia nm 1994 -2005
Nm Gio dc T l phn trm
2005 10.4 10
2004 9.9 9.5
2003 9.6 9.2
2002 9.5 9.1
2001 8.7 8.3
2000 8.6 8.26
1999 8.4 8.07
1998 7.9 7.59
1997 7.9 7.59
1996 7.8 7.5
1995 7.5 7.2
1994 7.8 7.5
Tng 104 99,81























Ngun: C quan thng k Sc (2006) [67]
Nh thy t bng v th trn c mt s gia tng nh du trong trnh gio dc ti
Cng ha Sc t 7,8 phn trm nm 1994 xung cn 10 phn trm trong nm 2005.


3.2.5 Tiu chun On Trong Living
Theo s liu thng k c thc hin bi Eurostat, Vn phng thng k ca Cng ng chu
u, Cng ha Sc Cng ha c nhn thy tin gn hn n mc sng ca cc nc
thnh vin c ca Lin minh chu u.
Eurostat so snh tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) trn u ngi th hin trong tiu chun
sc mua (PPS) trong cc nc EU. T mc trung bnh ca Lin minh chu u, 27 c coi
l tiu chun 100 Mua in (PPS). V khi nhng con s c tnh ton, n cho thy Cng
ha Sc ci thin th hng ca mnh t 74 PPS (c ngha l 26% di mc trung bnh)
trong 2005-79 PPS (21% di mc trung bnh) trong nm 2006. [68]
Tuy nhin, ton cu ha cho php nh du mt s phn bit gia ngi giu v ngi
ngho trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha. y l nhng g c gi l "ngi chin thng" v "k
thua cuc" ca Bauman (1998:88). ng cho bit nhng g c hoan nghnh nh l "ton cu
ha" (ibid) l hng cho khch du lch nhng c m v kht vng. Ngoi ra, ton cu ha
dn n "s chuyn i ca nhiu ngi khc k lang thang" c trch dn trong Ritzer
(2003:574). Kho st Vn phng thng k Sc gia nhng nm 2000 v 2008 cho thy c
s gia tng s lng ngi v gi tr hoc Lunatics trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha. S ny
tng ln nh l kt qu ngho i, ma ty tht vng v in r.

3.2.6 V y t

c mt sc khe ci thin trong Sc Cng ha. iu ny l do, vic p dng chnh ph
ca mt-phi c chnh sch bo him y t cho mi cng nhn o trong trong nc n gip
tng iu tr d dng. Mc d chnh sch ny khng bao gm nhng ngi tht nghip, chnh
ph ang c gng lm cho n tr nn c li cho tt c. B y t lun lun ci thin nhng
tuy nhin, tc ci thin kh chm trong lnh vc khng - cc bnh truyn nhim [69] nh
h tun hon, cc bnh khi u dn n t l t vong cao.
Cc yu t nguy c lin quan n li sng ph bin t nc c bit, ht thuc l, ch
n ung khng lnh mnh v hot ng th cht khng y . Chng trnh sc khe lu di
thng qua bi chnh ph gip trong vic gim tng t l ht thuc l trong nc, mc d
thanh nin vn cn tham gia nhiu hn trong . Cng c s st gim v s lng cc
bnh truyn nhim (bnh dch) v cc chng trnh tim phng bt buc c thc hin bi
chnh ph
Cng vi s gip cung cp nhng c hi mi cng nh nhng thch thc ca chu
u Lin minh Cng ha Sc, gip trong vic ci thin tnh hnh sc khe.
3.2.7 V cng ngh
C cng l mt s m rng ca h thng giao thng trong nc v by gi c mt thu hp
khong cch gia cc Czech Republic v th gii ni chung. Khong cch thu hp ny c
gi Marx Karl (1973) trong vn bn Grundrise l "hy dit ca khng gian v thi
gian". Havery (1989) gi n l "nn khng gian thi gian". Trong khi Giddens (1990)
quyt nh mu thun vi n bng cch gii thiu n l "khng gian thi gian
distanciation". Thng qua vic s dng s dng Internet v truyn hnh, hnh nh xa xi ang
mang ngay gn cc a im cm trc tip nht (c ngha l, ni tht) trong Sc v ra khi
Cng ha Sc. Kt qu l, iu ny to ra s gia tng trong vic lm v mc sng ca
ngi dn.
Theo bng im kt ni ca Waverman nm 2008, n cho thy rng cc Czech Republic c
mc cao hn ng k ca phn cng phn mm kinh doanh v tiu bnh qun u ngi
v thm nhp bng rng. C y l trong danh sch 16 quc gia ca cc nn kinh t da vo
i mi, t c mt s im 3,71, v n c bao gm trong cc nn kinh t da vo
i mi nh mt h qu ca cch thnh vin trong Lin minh chu u. Kt ni c gii
thch bi Gio s Leonard Waverman, ca London Business trng nh b ca ng b v
ng st mng, trung tm ca s ch ca k nng, phn mm v ln tng ng vi vic s
dng ngy lm cho cc mng truyn thng l ng lc chnh ca sn xut v tng trng
kinh t, c mt nghin cu c bit. [70]
3.2.8 Ngy Giao thng vn ti .
Giddens (1990) ni ton cu ha dn n s gia tng tnh thm ca ngi trong bin gii
quc gia thng qua thng mi, du lch hoc cc h thng in t. Kha cnh ny c nhn
thy trong Sc Cng ha. Trn mt phn ca giao thng vn ti, c cng l mt m rng ca
h thng ng b v ng hng khng.Theo B giao thng vn ti ca Nin gim nm
2007, c s gia tng tng chiu di ca nh nc v hnh thc ng khu vc 54.909 km
trong nm 2002 n 54.599 mt kg trong nm 2006. l, tng 50 mt kg trong tng chiu
di cc tuyn ng nh nc v khu vc xy dng trong giai on ny.
Sc vn phng thng k nm 2007 m ch c s gia tng trong thng tin lin lc. V d,
c s gia tng v s lng cc ng dy in thoi s dng. Cc dng mi tng t
3.217.300 trong nm 2005-12.150.000 vo nm 2006 cho in thoi di ng t bo, tng cc
i pht thanh ca 31 AM, FM 304 v 17 sng ngn v khong 150 trm pht sng truyn
hnh cng vi 1.434 lp, 1,7 triu Internet my ch v 3,5 triu ngi s dng Internet.
3.2.9 Ngy Ph n.
Do s pht trin ca h thng my tnh, n dn n s gia tng s lng ph n trong lc
lng lao ng. Cho h c hi pht trin n v tr hng u v iu ny dn n h thng
truyn thng c, ni ph n ni khai thc v to cho h tng rng ni mt ngi ph n b
hn ch vo nh. By gi ph n c th t sp xp nh nh cc b m v cc b ni tr v
jobsites nh ngi lao ng. Vn phng thng k Sc trong nm 2008 cho thy 46,5 phn
trm ph n ang lm vic so vi nhng ngi n ng vi 60.0 phn trm [71] con s ny
cho thy mt s gia tng ln v s lng ph n lm vic.
Ton cu ha cho php s tham gia ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha vi cng ng quc t
khc. Trong ch cng sn, Czech Republic b chn t cc quc gia khc thng qua hn
ch di c. Tuy nhin, sau s sp ca chnh quyn cng sn, c nc i ra khi vn
c lp. Sc "khng cn b c lp t cng sn ton cu, nhng ang tr nn tch hp bn trong
n" Giddens (2006:57).
3.3 Kch thc MI TRNG.
N c bit rng, mt lmost hai phn ba dn s Cng ha Sc, sng cc vng khng kh
cng thng v nhim nc. [72] Cc ty bc Bohemia v Bc Moravia l khu vc nh
hng bi nhim hn v iu ny dn n mt s bnh nh ung th nhiu sc khe.

Giddens (1990) coi ton cu ha c gn lin vi ri ro. Ri ro nh nhng ngi "sn xut"
chng ti khng th kim sot. V vy, ng gi l thi i hin nay l mt "ngi khng
l". Mt ngi khng l c m t l, mt nhanh chng ln "xe" vi mt ng c ln, m
chung, l c th c ca ngi n ng kim sot n, nhng sau khi mt mc nht
nh, ngi n ng s khng th chy "xe". Ngoi ra, bt k n lc ca ngi n ng
buc kim sot ca mnh v iu ny "xe" s dn ngi n ng b nghin nt bi iu ny
"xe". Rng c mt s ln xe c v l ok, nhng c nhng lc n mang li mt s vn con
ngi khng th nhn thy trc khi tay hoc kim sot v nhng vn ny thng rt
khng mong mun v gy hi. Ngoi ra, do ng kt lun rng, min l ngi n ng sng
trong k nguyn hin i, ng s khng bao gi c th sng, mt cuc sng c bo m
bi v ngi n ng khu vc hin ang chim c y cc yu t ri ro Giddens
(1990:139). Hm nay trong Czech Republic, c l c s pht trin ca c hai ri ro c th
ch ha v ri ro mi trng, c hai u khng bit v cha bit. S gia tng s lng s cy
cng nghip, mng li giao thng, c s h tng nh trong nc dn n s hy
dit ca thm thc vt t nhin v s gia tng mc kh nh knh trong kh quyn. Bng
di y cho thy mc kh nh knh c sn xut t cc ngnh cng nghip.
Bng 3.3
Pht thi tim nng ca flo cng nghip kh nh knh
Gg CO 2 tng ng
Loi hp cht 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Cc hp cht flo, tng s 889,79 1,322.17 1,711.84 1,443.98 1,451.20 2,766.21
Hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) 674,32 1,092.41 1,343.94 1,215.00 1,280.55 2,573.99
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 9,45 17,91 28.64 20,98 13.77 30,33
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) 206,02 211,85 339,26 208.00 156,88 161.90


Ngun: Vn phng thng k Sc [73]

T bng trn n cho thy rng c s gia tng mc cp ca cc hp cht flo trong
kh quyn t 889,79 trong nm 2000-2766,21 trong nm 2007. S gia tng v s lng cc
hp cht flo n nh l mt kt qu ca s gia tng trong vic s dng thy fluorocarbons
(HFCs) cc yu t nh t lnh, thit b iu ha khng kh. S hin din ca hydro trong cc
thit b dn n kh thi nh xanh kh trong bu kh quyn, mc d mt t tc dng c
hi. PFCs, cc hp cht cha carbon, flo, v rt d bay hi. Cc cht kh ny n ch yu
t cc ngnh cng nghip ang gip trong s suy gim ca tng ozone.

3.4. KCH THC CHNH TR
3.4.1 Interstates Connections.
kch v Urry (1987, 1994) cho bit cc tnh nng ca ton cu ha l n gip mang li
nhiu kt ni gia cc quc gia v gim nh hng ca cc chnh sch nh nc, s pht trin
ca tng xuyn quc gia thng tin lin lc, v cc hot ng, s gia tng trong mt lu lng
rt ln cc mt hng v cc sn phm vn ha v s lan rng ca th gii phng Ty phong
cch tiu dng. im chun ca kt ni gia cc tiu bang mnh lit ny c th ni l Cng
ha Sc Cng ha. Ngay lp tc mt fter s sp ca bc tng Berlin, c s gia tng
trong cc kt ni gia cc quc gia gia Cng ha Sc Cng ha v cc nc phng Ty
khc nh c Php, Vng quc Anh. Sc by gi bt u tiu th cc sn phm phng
Ty m trong qu kh, ni mt s cch hn ch do chnh sch x hi ch ngha.
3.4.2 V ch quyn Nh nc.
Giddens lm cho ngi c hiu rng "khng c b mt tri t, ngoi tr cc khu vc vng
cc" Giddens (1990:71) m ng chng thc rng n khng phi l c cai tr bi mt
trong hai "mt nh nc hoc mt" (ibid). Ngoi ra, l cc quc gia ngy nay "c mt kim
sot c quyn t nhiu thnh cng ca cc phng tin bo lc trong lnh th ca mnh"
(ibid) l, quc gia hin nay vn ln nh th no h ang c, c th khng hon ton
kim sot cc phng tin bo lc trong h cc quc gia ring. Ngoi ra, khng c vn
nh th no ln "sc mnh kinh t" ca mt quc gia, v "tp on cng nghip l h khng
th thit lp mnh nh thc th chnh tr m cai tr mt khu vc nht nh lnh th" (ibid).
Chnh tr, CH Sc b mt mt s quyn hn ch quyn ca h nh l mt kt qu ca s
nh hng ca ton cu ha. Ny, bi v ngi Czech khng cn c th thc hin bt k
quyt nh mnh m trn ca mnh v by gi c mt chnh sch i ngoi chung chu u
rng h cn phi lm theo. V d, trong cuc chin tranh Iraq, Cng ha Sc Cng ha khng
th t quyt nh ca mnh h tr cho Hoa K hoc phn i chin tranh. Tt c mi
th cn li trong tay ca Lin minh chu u quyt nh. V khi Cng ha Sc cui cng
quyt nh h tr M, c nhn c nhng li ch trch ln t cc thnh vin tin
phong ca Lin minh chu u nh c v Php ngi thm ch hy hoi mc Sc vo nm
2004.
Sc Cng ha nhp EU vo 01 thng 5 2004. Vi cc tnh nng ca mt "th trng chung v
di chuyn t do ca ngi lao ng, cng on cc cng dn v cc thnh vin gia nh ca
h", vic tm kim min ph cho cng vic, truy cp min ph "dch v vic lm cng cng v
cc th tc lin quan n th lao v d phng" (ibid). C mt s thay i trong hnh ng
vic lm. Trong hnh ng ny ", ngi lao ng v cng on cng dn" c t do di
chuyn vi gia nh ca h. Hnh ng ny mang li nhiu p lc ln cc cng dn Sc
nhng ngi ang phi i mt vi nhiu s cnh tranh t cc tp on a quc gia v cc
lao ng nhp c ln sp vo Vit Nam. Sc Cng ha hin ang phi i mt vi p lc
nng cao nng lc ni b ca mnh trong lnh vc gio dc, vn ha ci m v tin nghi
p ng cc tiu chun EU
Th ct tc (1995) ni v ton cu ha, ng da t tng ca ng v mt thc th chnh tr
duy nht m ng gi l "Mc th gii" hoc s pht trin ca mt nh hng chnh tr duy
nht l ngy cng ph bin trn ton th gii "c trch dn trong Ritzer
(2003:570). Nhng suy ngh ca Barber c th c lin quan n dn ch chnh tr Sc ni
ang c gng bng mi cch p ng cc tiu chun tng t ca cc nc dn ch chnh
tr khc trn th gii nh Hoa K.







CHNG BN
KT QU, KIN NGH V KT LUN
Chng ny tm tt nhng pht hin chnh ca nghin cu. N i din cho cch hin ti
c s dng nh hng n hi nhp vn ha trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha. l, vai
tr ca Lin Hp Quc, cc chnh ph, Lin minh chu u, cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO)
v cc c quan quc t khc nh Hi ng Anh v Lin minh Php. Kt lun ny sau c
rt ra t nhng pht hin. N tip tc cho thy nhng hn ch v hu qu ca ton cu ha v
hi nhp vn ha vo Cng ha Sc, cng nh xut trc, m nu c thc hin s
khuyn khch hi nhp vn ha ti Cng ha Sc trong mt mc ln hn.
4.1 KT QU.
Pht hin ny cho thy mc m cc mc tiu ca nghin cu ny t c. Vn ha l
c s ca tt c cc x hi loi ngi trn th gii v Cng ha Sc cng khng ngoi l v
vn ha gip trong vic hin th danh tnh. Khi cc nhm vn ha khc nhau n vi nhau,
lun lun c mt nhu cu cho cc nhm vn ha c mt im chung nh, lm vic cng nhau
cho s pht trin ca nn kinh t. V tp trung ny ch c th t c thng qua qu trnh
hi nhp vn ha. iu ny khng nh s khng nh rng hi nhp vn ha l mt trong
nhng c s thng qua Sc l mt quc gia c th sng ha hp vi cc dn tc khc
trong c nc. Vn ha ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha bao gm; l hi hnh vi, thc phm v
khiu v. Cc sn phm vn ha cung cp cho mnh t mu m cho s hi nhp ca cc nn
vn ha khc. Tuy nhin, qu trnh ny b cn tr v mt s l do.
Vn u tin phi i mt vi Sc hng ti hi nhp vn ha l Sc c hu nh khng
c kinh nghim c nhn t cuc sng trong mt x hi a sc tc, v do , nhng ngi
nhp c lun c xem nh l mt mi e da cho c ngi dn v cc c quan nh
nc. Theo cc cuc iu tra d lun c tin hnh trong nhng nm 1990 ca B ni tht
ca Cng ha Sc, hn 75% s ngi c hi c kin rng "c qu nhiu ngi nc
ngoi" [74] ti Cng ha Sc. Ngoi ra, nhng quan im ny l nhng ngi ln tui, ngi
t hc, giai cp cng nhn v trong s nhng ngi t theo nh hng t th trn nh v lng.
Mt ci nhn cn cnh Sc khi ni n lin quan ca h vi ngi thiu s quc gia v dn
tc, h ln lt chp nhn ngi Slovak, ngi Do Thi v Ba Lan hn Gypsies, Vit
Nam v Trung Quc. H nhn vo h l mt mi e da cho cuc sng ca h. iu ny l
do s c s gia tng ca ti phm, s mt vic lm do tng t l tht nghip v ni lo s rng
h s khng th thch ng vi vn ha ca h. Hn na, s gia tng v s lng cc dn tc
thiu s quc gia s c ngha l mt s mt mt ca hnh vi truyn thng ca nn vn ha
Sc (Ibid,) [75] .
Kho st ny cng tit l rng nhiu hn th 48% ngi Sc nhn ngi nhp c v ngi t
nn tiu cc v hn 65% s ngi c hi ng h mt chnh sch nhp c kh khn hn v
hn ch ca ngi nhp c Cng ha Sc Cng ha. Hn 55% ca Sc t chi vic xy
dng mt tri t nn gn nh ca h. Tt c nhng cn tr hi nhp. Tuy nhin, cuc kho st
ny cho thy cng mt lc hn 60% s ngi c hi phn i phn bit chng tc v hn
65% s ngi c hi coi mnh l khoan dung vi thiu s quc gia v dn tc "nu h c
th thch ng vi phong cch cuc sng ca h." [76] Quan im ny cng c nhn thy
ngay c trong cc c quan nh nc. C rt nghim ngt nhng ngi nhp c v ngi t
nn trong nc.
Mt tr ngi hi nhp vn ha trn mt phn ca nhng ngi nhp c, ngi nc ngoi
v nhng ngi t nn l h thng php lut Sc nh ngha dn tc thiu s trong lut s
273/2001 Sb. C s tham kho o Lut ny, mt tp hp ca nhng ngi phi thc hin
mt s c im c coi l mt thiu s quc gia. l, c h khu thng tr v cng dn
trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha. Ngoi ra, c ngn ng dn tc v vn ha, l khc nhau t
phn ln ca nh nc. [77] C mt mong mun ph bin c coi l mt thiu s quc
gia bo v v pht trin bn sc ring ca mnh, truyn thng vn ha v ngn ng. V di
hn, cng ty v mi quan h lu di vi cc lnh th ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha v nhng
ngi sng c y "Tt c nhng cn tr hi nhp vn ha khng ch cho nhng ngi mi m
cn cho nhng ngi nh c t nc mt thi gian. iu ny l do hu ht thng,
nhng ngi nhp c thy cc iu kin nh mt k thi h cn phi vt qua trc khi chng
c th c coi l dn tc thiu s Cng ha Sc. V vy, h ln lt c luke m v ton
b qu trnh v do c lp mnh khi nhng iu s lm cho h n vi nhau.
Mc d hi nhp c din ra trong ha Sc Cng ha, c mt s dn tc phi i
mt vi mt s phn bit i x. V d, Slovak c a thch hn bi ngi Sc hn thiu s
quc gia khc. Ngoi ra cn c mt qu trnh hi nhp tt gia Sc v ngi Vit Nam s
hu ngi bn hng rong v bn hng ha cht lng rt r v thp. y x hi Sc coi h
c lm vic chm ch v v vy, c mt mi quan h tt vi h. Mc d trong qu kh,
iu tra nm 2001 bng chng nht Gypsies thch c coi l "Sc" hoc "Moravians" nhng
CH Sc vn khng c mt quan nim tt v h bi v phong cch sng "inadaptable" ca h,
t l ti phm cao v ni chung ca h thi th ng lm vic v ph thuc vo cc h
thng an sinh x hi ca nh nc. Slovakia c php s dng ngn ng ca h trong gio
dc so vi thiu s quc gia khc nh ngn ng ngi digan. Tr em gypsy ni gi n
trng hc c gi l "trng hc c bit" tch bit vi tr em Sc. Ny, vn rt
nhiu cn tr hi nhp gia cc tr em Sc v tr em gypsy.
C rt nhiu vn vn ha ti Cng ha Sc m ch yu n t s thiu hiu bit v quan
tm ca cng chng cng nh cc phng tin truyn thng v cc chnh tr gia trong tnh
hnh dn tc thiu s v quc gia ti Cng ha Sc. Hu ht cc ngi Sc khng quan tm
n dn tc thiu s v v iu ny, Sc ln lt c khoan dung, bi ngoi v phn bit
chng tc i vi ngi nc ngoi do cn tr hi nhp vn ha.
Staffan Z. ni thiu mt ngn ng chung hay khi nim ph bin ca hnh nh th gii dn
n s hiu sai v hnh ng hoc tin nhn, s hiu lm v hu qu hnh ng khng mong
mun ca nhau v n ang cn tr s phi hp hiu qu hoc bng v lc nhn thc v nim
tin ca cc din vin. Staffan Z (1994:3)
Nhng g c thc hin l nhng g bao gi k thut Lin minh chu u mun pht trin
trong vic gim bn sc vn ha v quc gia thng xuyn nht s chng minh c khng
b ch. iu ny l do, nh ni bi Soeters "Tc ng ca chnh sch vn ha trong vic
gim file nh km quc gia v thc y hn na thc ca EU hay bn sc chu u nht
thit phi cn c thi gian. Khc bit vn ha ct li c pht trin trong thi th u, v ch
thay i rt chm ". [78]
Thc t khc l, mc d c s hin din ca cc t chc tham gia vo hi nhp gia Cng ha
Sc v x hi ca nhng ngi nhp c, h vn khng c bt k phng php c bit i
ph vi nhm d b tn thng ny dnh cho hi nhp v tham gia vo x hi dn ch mi
ca h. iu ny l do h ch s dng phng php cng tc x hi c bn nh hng n
hi nhp.
4.2 KIN NGH.
Kt qu ca nghin cu ny ch ra mt cch sng ng rng nn vn ha hnh thnh nn
xng sng ca hu ht cc nc trn th gii v Cng ha Sc l khng c ngoi l. Vn
ha cung cp hng ho v dch v sinh hot, v cc mt hng thng mi cng nh li ch
vn ha khc, thc phm v cy thuc cho con ngi. Tuy nhin, s ra i ca ton cu ha
dn n s ph hy hoc qun l khng bn vng v tuyt chng dn dn ca mt s sn
phm vn ha trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha. Do n c tm quan trng quan trng l mt
s bin php c thc hin ci thin tnh hnh hin ti ca hi nhp vn ha trong c
nc. t c mc tiu ny, hp tc l cn thit t chnh ph, Sc, nhng ngi nhp c,
cc t chc nc ngoi v cc t chc phi chnh ph quan tm n hi nhp vn ha.
Abderrahman, Hassi, v Giovanna v Storti ni, "Vi s ra i ca cng ngh thng tin,
ging dy c v l mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh s pht trin v thnh vng trong cc
x hi hin i ngy nay. Ging dy cng l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng, gip cho
vic duy tr lin kt vi nhau gia con ngi v cc quc gia (Abderrahman v cng s
2007). [79] V vy, khuyn khch hi nhp vn ha ti Cng ha Sc, chnh ph c th
quyt nh tng s lng sinh vin quc t n trong cho t nc mi nm cho cc chng
trnh trao i. iu ny l do s hin din ca sinh vin quc t cc trng i hc c ch cho
c c quan ch qun v cc sinh vin trong nc. y s c mt s a dng ln v vn ha
v hi nhp s c thc hin trong mt thi gian ngn.
Ngoi ra, gim t l b mt ca cc sn phm vn ha gia cc nn vn ha, chnh ph c
th thng qua B vn ha t chc mt s chnh sch nh o to ngn ng, h tr cho vn
ha ngi nhp c '; m phn h tr cho cc hot ng tn gio, h tr cho cc hot ng
th thao s gip to iu kin hi nhp vn ha.
Chnh ph c th t chc o to trong ngn ng ca nc ch nh cho dn s tr v ngi
ln 'ca nhng ngi nhp c. Hi nhp ln nhau, chnh ph cng c th to thun li cho
ngi dn bn x trong vic hc ngn ng (s) ca cc cng ng ngi nhp c.
Sc hp tc vi, ngi nhp c v dn s ngi t nn, h c th c gio dc v vic c
mt tinh thn cng ng. l, c gng lm vic cng vi cc quc gia khc hoc ti cc
a im cng vic ca h hoc ni cng cng. H cng c th c o to v cc kha
cnh ca vn ha khoan dung.
Tn gio nh l mt kha cnh ca bn sc vn ha gip trong vic thc y hi nhp vn
ha. V vy, khuyn khch hi nhp vn ha ti Cng ha Sc, nc c th c gng ni
chuyn vi nhng ngi nhp c sng trong nc, cung cp cho h vi cc trang web ca ni
th phng, v chp nhn thc hnh tn gio c bit ca h. iu ny l do khi cc ni th
t c thit lp, c mt kh nng ln hn ca hi nhp bi v tn gio khng phn bit i
x khi ni n chng tc. V vy, s c trong vn chuyn d dng ca cc nhm vn ha tch
ra, m s n vi nhau rt d dng.
Cn phi hp cc nn vn ha khc nhau ca t nc c tm thy trong nc loi b
cc ro cn trong phong cch lnh o, cc m hnh thng tin lin lc, h thng nhn s, nh
gi kt qu v li ch an sinh x hi.
Nh mt cch khuyn khch trao i quan im v hi nhp, B vn ha, i khi c th
gi li mi n cc nhm vn ha khc nhau cnh tranh v gii thng cho cc nghi l cho
s sng to.
Ngoi ra, nu vn ha ca nc ch nh c tch hp hiu qu vi cc nn vn ha ca dn
tc thiu s khc trong nc, n c th gip trong vic pht trin cc lnh vc khc ca t
nc nh cc nn kinh t v chnh tr. l, c th c s gia tng trong vic bn cc sn
phm vn ha, s gip tng Tng sn phm quc ni ca t nc ca t nc. V cng c
s gia tng sc mnh ca qun i thng qua vic tuyn dng ngi nc ngoi trong qun
i
4.3 Kt lun.
X hi Sc trong 20
th
th k bi l bn cht rt phc tp. Mc d c cc mc thp hn ca
hi nhp tng tc, (mt tnh hung m trong cc nc ch nh chp nhn, tha th v bao
gm cc dn nhp c trong cc mi quan h chnh v cc mng x hi ca x hi), c gng
tha nhn s vng mt ca hi nhp vn ha trong Cng ha Sc Sc s mt s cch khng
ng m rng mt ln hn. Hi nhp vn ha y khng ch c ngha l mt mt i
mt lin lc nh trong cc trng hc, cc a im th trng lao ng cho cc s kin cng
cng. Hi nhp vn ha cng lin quan n phng tin truyn thng v Internet.
Sau khi tt c ni v lm, cc cu hi cn t ra l, l hi nhp vn ha nhn thy trong Cng
ha Sc Cng ha? Nu c, n l ca bt k trng Sc Cng ha? Nu chng ta c gng tr
li cu hi ny bng cch tham chiu n cc nm 1970 v 1980 l cu tr li r rng l s
khng c, c c s vng mt ca hi nhp vn ha ti Cng ha Sc. Tuy nhin, tham gia
mt ci nhn cn cnh Cng ha Sc trong nhng nm 1990 v ngy nay, cu tr li hu nh
s l c, hi nhp vn ha l mt c tnh cn thit trong x hi Sc v tm quan trng. Cc
yu t d thy nht ca hi nhp vn ha trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha c nhn thy vi
s pht trin ca nhn thc tch cc ca Sc i vi ngi nc ngoi, s gia tng hp tc
vn ha thng qua vic m ca bin gii thuc Lin hip chu u v khi Schengen.
Lu tm n tt c nhng n lc ca t chc phi chnh ph v chnh ph khc khuyn
khch hi nhp, c khng thc s l mt thnh cng ln hn trong lnh vc ny gia x
hi Sc v ngi nc ngoi. Tuy nhin, hm nay hi nhp vn ha l c th nhn thy trong
mt s lnh vc c th v pht trin mang li rt nhiu trong nc nh m ch trong cc
chng afore c cp.



















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D n bin th: S mnh 2009-03-30
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http://cordis.europa.eu/erawatch/index.cfm? fuseact ti trn = org.document & uuid =
7D87CA63-







Cc ch vit tt.

CMC-(Sc Mobility Center).

KFC-(Kentucky Fried Chicken).

EU-(Lin minh chu u).

B Ngoi giao Anh-(nc ngoi v Common Wealth vn phng).

GDE-(Gio dc pht trin ton cu).

IE (Intercultural).

Meys-(B Gio dc, Thanh nin, Th thao)

MEYPE-(B Gio dc, Thanh nin v Th Dc)
NATO (T chc Hip c Bc i Ty Dng)
NGO-(T chc phi chnh ph)

OPU - (T chc vin tr cho ngi t nn).
UNDR-(Bo co pht trin con ngi).

UN-(United Nations).











1


[1] Cc glocalization Tuyn ngn (thng 2004:3). (Truy cp
24/04/2009).http://www.glocalforum.org/mediagallery/mediaDownload.php?
http://www.glocalforum.org/mediagallery/mediaDownload.php? = mm / kho / ti liu /
the_glocalization_manifesto.pdf .
[2] Hn na Reading Thomas L. Friedman. Lexus v cy liu. Sch neo, 2000. http://209.85.129.132/search?
[3] Stephen Taylor, Phil Lyon 1995 Tp ch quc t qun l khch sn hin i. Khi lng: 7 cp: 2/3 trang
64-68.
URL: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/09596119510080024 (Truy cp 21/04/2009)

[4] Millet, Frederick C. "M ha"
c thm https://www.msu.edu/ ~ millettf / americanization.html (Truy cp 2009/02/05)

[5] nh ngha Britannica bch khoa ton th hin i ha
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387301/modernization (Truy cp 27/04/2009)
[6] Larson Simeon v Nissen Bruce. (1987:29). L thuyt ca phong tro lao ng
c xut bn bi Wayne State University Press, 395 trang.

[7] Mazlish Bruce ngy 03 thng 1 nm 2003. Yale ton cu. Nhn vo lch s trong nh sng ca ton cu ha
http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=702
[8] (1998:32) suy ngh Wallerstein v ton cu ha
Thm reading.ttp :/ / www.sociology.emory.edu/globalization/theories01.htm
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[19] (ibid: 4)
[20] (ibid: 5)
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[40] Dng Heather (2007:246) chnh sch vn ho ca EU v Vic to ra mt chung chu u nhn dng ng i chu
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[41] Torbisco Neus Casals, Chng trnh Lut Quc t phn. (2006:143) Nhm quyn nh quyn con ngi:
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[44] D n bin th: S mnh 2009-03-30
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[45] . (Ibid)
[46] (Ibid)
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[47] Cc thn thin s dng lao ng dn tc (29/05/2008)
[48] Cc Sc Mobility Center (CMC) (27/04/2009)
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[52] (ibid)
[53] Broov Lucie Th nm 03. Thng 1 nm 2008 nc ngoi vin trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha
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c thm. www.ifp.cz .
[54] (ibid)
http://www.czech.cz/en/current-affairs/work-and-study/foreign-institutes-in-the-czech-republic
c thm. www.britishcouncil.org / czechrepublic .
[55] Dominik Lukes 28 thng 1 2009 Hu ht ngi Sc cm thy lng trung thnh ca EU
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[56] (ibid) ngy 02 thng 1 nm 2008 Mt na s ngi Sc t ho l ngi Sc

[57] Jane R. Elgass 11 Thng Chn 2000. Hi tho tp trung vo cc vn ton cu
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[58] (ibid)
[59] http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/52/54/39598796.ppt
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[61] B T php ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha - . w ww ju s tice.cz .
[62] Joellen Perry ngy 28 thng t nm 2009 Cng ha Sc Pays cho ngi nhp c v nh
Ngi lao ng tht nghip v tr em ca h Nhn Tin v mt v mt chiu nh cc trn nh gia
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124087660297361511.html
[63] ABC Prague Statistics.2004-2009 Hu ht mi ngi Sc nh h cng vic ngy 4 thng 9
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thc ,www.infed.org / Biblio / globalization.htm .
[65] Karel Dyba ngy 19 thng hai nm 1993
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[66] Sc Cng ha: Mt trng hp ch d tho. Bo co c bit ng Kees ZIJLSTRA (H Lan) thng
nm 1995.
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[67] Cc c quan thng k Sc (2006) Cc cp gio dc gia nm 1994 -2005
http://www.czso.cz/csu/2008edicniplan.nsf/engkapitola/1413-08--13
[68] Mc sng ti Cng ha Sc tng trng 29 thng 6 nm 2007
http://www.abcprague.com/2007/06/29/the-standard-of-living-in-the-czech-republic-grows
[69] Cc Sc Cng ha. Sc khe v
[70] Alma Buelva 14 thng 2 nm 2009 Kt ni Scorecard 2009 cng ngh thng tin nhn thy nh mt cng
c chin u vi suy thoi kinh t
http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=440063&publicationSubCategoryId=73 (Truy cp thng
1,2009)
[71] T l vic lm qu 3 Kho st lc lng lao ng nm 2008
http://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo/en/tabdetail.jsp?cislotab=VSPS% 20509_1 (Truy cp 2 thng nm 2009)
[72] http://www.who.int/entity/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_czech_republic_en.pdf .
[73] Vn phng thng k Sc 08 Thng Mi nm 2008. Lng pht thi kh nh knh tim nng ca flo cng
nghip.
http://www.czso.cz/csu/2008edicniplan.nsf/engkapitola/10n1-08-2008-0300

[74] Radka Havlova. Vai tr ca x hi dn s trong Vt qua khc bit vn ha v thc y nng cao nhn
thc lin vn ha v Nhn ti Cng ha Sc. (Sinh Langhammerova) i hc Kinh t Praha, Cng ha
Sc. (Truy cp 24/04/2009)
http://209.85.129.132/search? q = cache: DRy9PJBkLk0J:
www.istr.org/conferences/capetown/volume/havlova.pdf+ cng cng + kin + Kho st, 1990, + + ca cc B
+ + ca + + trang tr ni tht ca + cc + Sc + nc cng ha. & cd = 1 & hl = vi & ct = clnk

[75] (ibid)
[76] (ibid)
[77] Radka Havlova. Vai tr ca x hi dn s trong Vt qua khc bit vn ha v thc y nng cao nhn thc lin
vn ha v khoan dung trong Cng ha Sc P: 5 (sinh Langhammerova) i hc Kinh t Pr ret run,
Cng ha Sc (truy cp ngy 21/03/2009).
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Bi c thm. www.mvcr.cz.
[78] Dng Heather. (2000:245). Chnh sch vn ha ca EU v Vic to ra mt bn sc chung Chu u.
http://www.eusanz.org/pdf/conf98/Field.pdf
[79] Hassi, Abderrahman, v, Storti Giovanna. Khuyn khch a dng vn ho khu vc Saguenay
Quebec. Published by, Tp ch Quc t v a dng trong cc t chc, cng ng v quc gia. Tp 7, S 4,
pp.51-58


























GLOBALIZATION AND IT EFFECTS ON CULTURAL
INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC .
INTRODUCTION
I. AN OVERVIEW.
With the growing standards of the world and the existing concepts and complexities in
political, economic and socio-cultural ideologies, man has always and continuously pondered
over the aspects of his nature.Unity, equality, trade and commerce are at the forefront of
man's complexities. With these thoughts in mind, man has moved through history trying to
satisfy his desires in relation to others. The advent of the twenty-first century gave birth to the
idea of making the world a single village, thus, globalization. Globalization is the most talk-
about issues in the 21
st
century. However, there is the difficulty of the world to come up
with a single and uniform definition. This is because, so many people doubt if the happenings
in the world today are as a result of globalization. Thus, due to these global differences of
what this concept actually is about, globalization has grown to involve aspects not only of
economy, but politics and other socio-cultural issues.Globalization affects almost every
human being, this is because the process of globalization is said to have expanded almost
through out the entire world either through transport, commerce, and communication. In
addition, man's activities on the globe are all located under these sectors.
Culture, as a way of living of man, is identified by every one immediately after birth and was
often seen as distinct from one another. However, with advent of the process of globalization,
there is now the integration and homogenization of cultures. Homogenization of cultures is
the loss of diversity of culture between two or more cultural groups. Thus, our topic,
globalization and its effects on cultural integration in the Czech Republic The Czech
Republic is a country with a rich cultural heritage with works of art seen in theatres, cinemas,
libraries, globally recognized galleries, museums and concert halls and with well-maintained
traditions especially, in the villages of the Moravian-Silesian region. These villages remain as
a sign of the cultural taste of the specific areas.
II. THE PROBLEM.
Human beings with unlimited quest for wants have let to the advent of the process of
globalization. This has come through a dramatic expansion in the volume and variety of
cross-border transactions in goods and services. The development of new technologies used
for information, communication and transportation; and the huge increase in international
flow of capital, has gone a long way to affect the economic, political, environmental and
socio-cultural sectors of many countries in the world, both positive and negative. Effects on
globalization on cultural integration being our topic of discussion, in recent years there have
been programs carried out by the government bodies, United Nations, the European Union
and the Non-governmental organizations for the integration of immigrants and foreigners in
the Czech Republic . As a way of encouraging integration, the ministry of culture represents
intercultural dialogue within the state policy. The ministry also give support to cultural
activities of members of national minorities living in the country, support for integration of
members of the Roma community and immigrants. The Department of Arts, Libraries,
Department of Media, and Audiovisual Policies have also supported intercultural
projects. Non- governmental organizations such as: Organization for Aid to Refugees, (OPU),
People in Need, and CzechMobility Center and Ethnic Friendly employer.
III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.
The main objective of this study is to examine globalization and its effects on cultural
integration in the CzechRepublic .
Other objectives are to examine the effects of globalization on the economic, political and
socio-cultural domains in the Czech Republic in general.
To determine how globalization has contributed to the transformation of the national
sovereignty to global sovereignty.
It is also to examine the current rate of integration and the characteristics of the people in the
cultural integration process.
Furthermore, the study is intended to identify and describe the techniques in which people
become culturally integrated and the number of questions being raised.
It is also aimed at examining the role of government, the United Nations the World Bank, the
NGOs, the Foreigners, Immigrants, in the cultural integration process.
Finally, it is to examine the constraints and consequences of cultural integration, since the
long-term results are leaving a legacy positively and negatively. As we move towards the
third millennium, a rational planning scheme and utilization of cultures should remain the
major pre-occupation of the society.
IV. HYPOTHESES
In order to carry out the study and achieve the stated objectives, a number of hypotheses were
advanced to address the problem;
i) Globalization and cultural integration form an interrelated spiral. There is, the more there
the futures of globalization, the more there is cultural integration.
ii) Intensification of trade and commerce and communication is the main cause of cultural
integration in the Czech Republic .
V. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY .
The later part of the 20
th
century has seen a remarkable growth in the level of popular
concern for environmental, political, economic and socio-cultural issues, which have come as
a result of the advent of the globalization process. It is becoming increasingly clear that if the
present environmental crisis is not confronted immediately, we stand the risk of having
serious and irreversible effects on our world.
The Czech Republic has an interest in its cultural protection. That is why the government in
order to preserve the Czech culture organizes annual cultural festivals in the
country. However, there is little evidence that sufficient steps have been taken to ensure
effective protection is done. This is due to the fact that the local communities, which are
directly concerned with the culture, are not often considered when making policies
concerning their culture, management and protection.
Hence, a study of this nature could have results, which are beneficial in a number of
ways. Some of these include;
To raise awareness of the community on the significance and ways of proper
management of cultural issues,
To address a number of problems, caused by globalization and its effects on the
cultural integration,
To provide policy makers and research institutions with the basic data, this would
help in designing new program that will be real and problem specific,
To provide citizens of not only the Czech Republic but European Union members as
well on the currents effects of changes on cultural issue s as a result of globalization.
VI. METHODOLOGY
VI.II Data Collection
Although the writer has interacted for some time in this area, and has grown up with a wealth
of knowledge of the Czech culture, a further reading was carried out in order to further
knowledge of the recent changes in the Czech culture due to the advent of globalization.
The theoretical and empirical research was most based on secondary sources and official websites
like the Czech Statistical Office, the Ministry of Labor Youths and Sports and Eurostat. Most
of the research was mostly on secondary sources were mostly consulted. Several textbooks,
journals, unpublished dissertations and other rel ated publications on the subject were also
consulted.
VI.II. D ata Analysis
The descriptive techniques were used in analyzing the data collected from sources such as the
Czech statistical Office, and Eurostat website. These techniques included the use of tables
and graphs with the calculations of percentages, and averages. In addition to this, the data
was illustrated in bar charts, and histograms. This can be seen in chapter three.
VII. Limitations of the Study
The first limitation is that even when the researcher tried to carry a review on some research
in the libraries on the effects of globalization on cultural integration in the Czech Republic ,
there of few textbooks, which have dealt with this topic. Secondly, even with the few ones,
some there were mostly in other languages like the Czech language. So due to the scarcity on
text books on the topic and the hindrance to consult some of the available ones most of the
materials were been extracted from official websites like the Czech Statistics Office,
Eurostat, the Ministry of Youths and Sports.
Another constraint on the research was that of finance. Some of materials found on the
Internet were on sale, and couple with the financial constraints, the researcher was unable to
reach all of the available materials.
VIII. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA
The study area is situated between latitude 49 45 N of the equator and longitude 15 30 E of
the Greenwich Meridian . Czech Republic is found in the central Europe, bordered in east by
Slovakia , in the south by Austria , in the north by Poland and in the west by Germany . It has
a land cover of 78,864 sq. kilometers with a population of 10.2 million inhabitants. Major
cities include, Prague (the capital city), Brno, Plzen, Olomouc, Karlovy Vary , Ceske
Budejovice , Cesky Krumlov , Liberec , Hradec
Kralove ,Bechyne , Kolin , Pelhrimov , Sumperk , Trebon , Uherske Hradiste and Bruntal.
The main ethnic groups in the Czech Republic include; the Czech who are about 9.25 million
of the population, the Moravian (more than 380,000), the Slovak about (193.000), the Roma
about (171.000), the Silesians (11.000), the Polish (52.000), the Germans (39.000), the
Ukrainian (22.000) and the Vietnamese (18.000) Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
(January 2008).
Map 1 The Map Of The Czech Republic

Source: World Atlas.com.








CHAPTER ONE: DEFINITION OF TERMS.
Going back to the topic of our thesis, Globalization and effects on cultural integration in the
Czech Republic , there is the need to define what globalization actually is. With the growing
debate of what when the globalization phenomenon began and it actual meaning, some social
science theorists have come forth with the definition of globalization both from the classical
and the contemporary era.
1.1 Definition of Globalization
Walters says the Webster's dictionary is the first major dictionary to mention the word
globalization in 1961.The dictionary defines globalization as to render global or the act of
globalizing cited in Malcolm Walters (2001:2). The concept globalization has now being use
by many academics and there has been a debate on when the concept of globalization actually
began. There are some who have perceived the concept of globalization has been in to
existence before this period. Thus, the below mentioned are some of the definitions of
globalization posed by various social science theorists.
Marx (1977) is considered by social theorists as the first author to focus on the dimensional
approach in the explanation of the concept of globalization; He explained the globalization
phenomenon, basing his argument on the economic factor. Marx in his dependency theory
saw that the political-territorial boundaries remain intact and will disappear under a future
proletarian supremacy. This is seen because, immediately after his death on 14
th
of March
1883, his ideas began to invoke a major influence on workers revolts in the world such as,
Bolsheviks movement also known as the October revolution in Russia in October 25 1917.
Wallerstein (1974) is another diamensionalist, w ho focuses on the economic view on the
definition of globalization. Taking from the works of Marx's dependence theory, in his world
systems theory where he developed a theoretical framework to understand the historical
changes involved in the rise of the modern world, defines globalization as, an increasing
level of interdependence between national systems by way of trade, military alliance and
domination, and cultural imperialism cited in Walters (2001:4).
Robertson Roland has been considered as one of the most prominent writers of issues of
globalization. He explains globalization in the cultural domain. In is text, Globalization as a
Problem in The Globalization Reader says 'globalization as a concept refers both to the
compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a
whole Cited in Frank Lechner and John Boli (2004:94)
For Wallerstein, the world started going compression since the beginning of the sixteenth
century, but Robertson; he argues that the history of globalization is far longer. For
Robertson, through an increase in world wide consciousness a person is looked at and is
examined by the whole world and not just by his or her own local environment in which
he/she lives. However, both Wallerstein and Robertson's ideas of the intensification of the
world wide consciousness is said to match.
According to Giddens globalization is seen as the intensification of world wide social
relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by
events occurring many miles away and vice versa Giddens (1990:4). These local happenings
were said to be may be influenced by distant events and not just the local events, which all
have been influenced by the forces of globalization.
Looking at Giddens (1990) and Robertson's (1992) definitions, Giddens believes modernity
has come as a result of globalization. That is, he considers modernity to be inherently
globalizing. For Giddens globalization is said to have started during the sixteenth century
onwards and in Europe in particular. However, in Robertson's opinion, the problem of
globalization is not new. He believes the social compression of the world has begun before
the sixteenth century as predicted by Giddens. He predicts modernity and the rise of
capitalism to be the cause of the rise of globalization. That is for Robertson, modernization
has an influence on globalization. In addition, because of this, it led to a high level of
consciousness and the present situation where we in the present day are unable to trace the
diffusion of globalization across a large number of areas in the different parts of the world.
However, what can be said is that both Giddens and Robertson have tried to show that people
are now able to see and understand issues beyond their immediate environments due to the
emergence of the concept of globalization.
Luhmann in his explanation of globalization focuses more on communication. For him
communication is the major factor of globalization. He thus defines globalization as the
transition from integration to differentiation, from territorial society to world society; from
identity to difference; from 'stratified' differentiation to 'functional' Luhmann (1982:133,
229).

Armand refers globalization as one of those tricky words, one of those instrumental notions
that, under the effects of market logics and without citizens being aware of it have been
naturalized to the point of becoming indispensable for establishing communication between
people of different cultures Armand (2000:97). For Armand, globalization has a dominant
role in organizing and decoding the meaning of the world.

In a similar manner, Beynon John and Dunkerley David in their general introduction to
globalization: the reader, made the claim that globalization is impacting on the lives of
everyone on the globalization might justifiably be claimed to be the defining features of
human society at the state of the twenty-first century Beynon John and Dunkerley David
(2000: 3).

Beck on his text, What is globalization, he says globalization is the blanket term and thus
describe it to be the processes through which Sovereign national states are criss-crossed and
undermined by transnational actors with varying prospects of power, orientation, identities
and networks Beck (2000:11). Beck also referred globalization as the intensification of
transnational space, events, problems, conflicts and biographies (ibid: 87). He argues that we
are moving into a 'second modernity' that is seen through growth of the economy, the
information and communication technologies, civil society communications and the changes
in the environment. He sees globalization to be discontinuous, conflictual and ill reversible
because for him, it not different from any other historical process.
Although Beck contributed in the explanation of modernity just like other social scientists
like Giddens and Marx, he never saw any good in this process. He thus focused more of his
attention on the bad side of modernity, which he called a risk society. That is, the new
modernity is only concern with the prevention, minimization and channeling of risk Cited
in Ritzer (2000:222).
Waters Malcolm defines globalization in a less political approach as 'a social process in
which the constraints of geography on economic, political, social, and cultural arrangements
recede, in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding and in which
people act accordingly' Walters (200:15).The idea that people are conscious that they are
receding (been carried away can to some how be argued. This is because; at time, some
people are not always conscious of the fact that the processes globalization is affecting them.
People may be moving or acting through the forces of globalization unconscious.
Held and McGrew also defines globalization as a process (or set of processes) which
embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions -
assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact- generating
transcontinental or inter-regional flows and networks of activity Held and McGrew
(1999:16).
Thus, considering the views of the above-cited authors, globalization can be defined as
intensification of economic, political, and socio-cultural relations in the localities of the
world. Alternatively, it can be seen as the development of equal opportunities in the political,
economic, socio-cultural realms of all nations in the world. It's also related to the spread of
modernization throughout the world. Globalization indicates increase linkages between
people, goods and technology. It is a process whereby, national business enterprises and
markets become world wide or international. That is, a situation whereby businesses which
were been carried out within a particular country are now been extended to other countries
across the globe.Globalization is the process of making the village a single entity. That is
with the advent of globalization there is the continuity of the homogeneity of culture,
economy, social and environmental aspects of the world.
1.2 Glocalization.
The tem glocalization comes from a combination of two words, (globalization and
localization) Robertson and Lash defines glocalization as the process which overrides
locality, including large-scale locality Robertson and Lash (1995:26). That is glocalization is
a situation where by, goods and services produced satisfy people in a local environment are
also exported to countries abroad. Example of globalization involves the continuous changes
in most menus of some restaurants in order to appease the customers and the use of different
languages in the brochures to explain the content of the goods or services to satisfy the
customers. A major importance of glocalization is that it empowers local communities,
linking them to global resources and facilitating initiatives of peace and development, while
providing opportunities for the local communities to direct positive social change in the areas
that most directly affect them (Ibid: 3). [1]
1.3 Glolocalization
Friedman defines glolocalization is 'the ability of a culture' when it encounters other strong
cultures to resist those things that are truly alien and to compartmentalize those things that,
while different, can nevertheless be enjoyed and celebrated as different Friedman
(2000:295). The difference between glolocalization and globalization is that, glolocalization
helps to absorb those aspects of globalization that adds to your growth and diversity without
overwhelming them [2] (ibid).
1.4 Globalism
Ritzer viewed globalism as a situation whereby the world is dominated by economies and
that we are witnessing the emergence of the hegemony of capitalist world market and the
neo-liberal ideology that under pins it Ritzer (2000:572). That is globalism involves a single
economic factor, which is now taking control over the entire globe. An example is the huge
multi- national corporations, which even own capitals more than some countries.
1.5 Globality.
Beck defines globality as a no world state or world society without a world state and
without a world government Beck (2000:117). It means, from now on nothing which
happens in our planet is only a limited event, all inventions, victories and catastrophes affect
the whole world. (Ibid: 11). An example of this is the September 11 2001 coordinated
suicide attack on the United States by al-Qaeda. This catastrophe did not affect only the
United States of America . It affected the world at large in its politics economic social
cultural and environmental aspects. Just like when at 12:26 pm. EST, February 20 2008 the
US navy AEGIS warship shot down a decaying satellite in its final orbit before returning to
earth over the Pacific Ocean . The victory was not just for the US but also to the world at
large. This is because if left to fall on earth, the catastrophe could have been worldwide,
affecting both man, animals and the environment.
1.6 McDonaldization
The term McDonaldization was first coined by Ritzer George in his text the
McDonaldization of Society. Cited in Taylor Stephen and Lyon Phil (1995), he defines
McDonaldization as "the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are
coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the
world" [3] . The dimensions of McDonaldization Ritzer noted include, efficiency,
predictability, calculability (or an emphasis on quantification), and control (especially
through inhuman technologies), Ritzer says McDonaldization is "a largely one-way process
in which a series of American innovations are being aggressively exported too much of the
rest of the world" (ibid: 8).
Beck defines McDonaldization as, the convergence of global cultural thesis. That is, the
resemblance of life styles, cultural systems and transnational mode of behavior Beck
(2000:42) A situation whereby a single world culture is pushed to its outer limits where
local cultures die out and ever one consumes, eats, sleeps, loves, dresses, argue and dream in
accordance with a single schema of (however) neatly divided by profits (ibid: 46).
1.7 Americanization.
Americanization is a situation in the 1900's whereby immigrants were integrated in to
American society.However, today this term has a different but similar meaning, which is
referred to the United States globalization of the world [4] .
1.8 Modernization
The encyclopedia Britannica dictionary defines modernization as the transformation of a
society from a rural and agrarian condition to a secular, urban, and industrial
one. [5] Modernization is mostly associated to industrialization. This is because when
there is industrialization there is division of labor and specialization. In addition, when there
is division of labor and specialization, it signifies presence of modernization. Modernization
is a situation whereby there is a fall in the traditional values of the people. It is also a situation
whereby there is an increase in similarities between different cultural groups.
1.9 Definition of Culture.
Defining the term culture has for many years stood the test of time for many authors. This is
because, culture with its very broad nature have always been without a precise
definition. However, some authors have tried to come up with some definitions of what they
consider the culture of a people can be.
Culture is defined by Clyde Kluckhomn as the total way of life of a people. The social
legacy an individ ual acquires from his group, a way of thinking, feeling and
believing. An abstraction from behavior or a theory on the part of the anthropologist
about the way in which a group of people in fact behave; a store house of pooled learning;
a set of standardized orientations to recurrent problems; learned behavior; a mechanism
for the normative regulation of behavior; a set of techniques for adjusting both to the
external environment and to other men; a precipitate of history; and turning, in
desperation, to similes, as a map, as a sieve, and as a matrix (Cited in Clifford Geertz 1973)
Culture is also referred by as an acted document Geertz (1973:10) and so it was considered
by him to be public. An example Geertz gave was wink, which is read by the public as
book. Culture is said not to exist in some one's head. That is, when we are born as we grow,
through learning from either our parents or schools or the environment we grow, we know
culture.
Giddens referred culture to be the way of life of the members of the society or of groups
within a society Giddens (2002:22). It includes how they dress, their marriage customs and
family, their patterns of work, religious ceremonies and leisure pursuits. The above definition
by Clifford Geertz is considered by Giddens as a sociological definition of culture. The
sociologists believe culture is only learned. That is those aspects of human societies which
are learned (ibid). However, Giddens believes that culture is inherited and it comprises both
intangible aspects of life like the beliefs, ideas and values, which form the content of
culture.In addition, the tangible aspects like the objects, symbols or technology, which
represents that content.
Culture according to Karl Marx is not only a code or mode of communication, is also a form
of domination, an ideology at the service of the dominant classes Cited in Jir
(2006:12). Mark considers culture as that entity that helps individuals or mankind to interact
within them. He also sees culture as that act that helps to enslave the weaker communities
under the stronger communities. An example of this is the present day American cultures of
Americanization and McDonaldization. Described by Ritzer as the fast food restaurants
Ritzer, (2003:220).
Thus, from the above-mentioned definitions of culture, I sum up to say, culture is either
beliefs or some form of religion of a person. That is, either the environment one fines him or
her self, one area of origin, how one acts and main activities carried on in the local
environment. Culture is a situation whereby a particular group of people or community tends
to look at certain things to have the same meanings. For example, certain cultures like the
beyang culture of Mamfe Manyu Division of Cameroon, turns to see a rainbow to signify an
on coming death of elite in a community. While to the scientists, a rainbow is considered an
optional and meteorological phenomenon that causes a spectrum of light to appear in the
sky. Greenler says, It appeared when sunlight fell in on raindrops Greener
(1990:1). Therefore, some cultural aspects can mean something different between different
groups of people.
The culture of the Czech Republic has over some years now seen some changes in its
composition due to the advent of the phenomenon of globalization and for this reason a look
on it changing aspects is due to be looked at in the next chapters.




CHAPTER TWO: THE HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURAL
INTEGRATION.
1.5 THE HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION.
Trying to talk about the origins of globalization, I think it necessary to start with; Adam
Smith in the textthe world of nations has been considered the father of
economics. (Smith 1776) says division of labor involves an almost endless increasing
production because of free trade and unlimited desires of human wants. Considering Smith's,
it can be said that he was one of those proponents to talk about the issues relating to
globalization when he mentions of the limits of the market to the world of nations.
Marx Karl taking from the perspectives of Adam Smith, he wrote The Communist
Manifesto . He argues that is, the need of a constantly expanding market for its products
chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle
everywhere, and establish connections everywhere.[6] The bourgeoisie has through its
exploitation of the world-market given a cosmopolitan character to production and
consumption in every country. This is cited in Larson Simeon and Nissen Bruce (1987:29).
Marx made us to understand that due a continuously expanding market of the capitalist
market, the proletariat would one day rise against the bourgeoisie
Walters also believes that, that many theories of globalization take their lead from Marx
because he stressed on the economic foundations of globalization. He thus writes,
Capitalism is clearly the vehicle of economic internationalization because its peculiar
spectrum of institutions-financial markets, commodities contractualized labor alienable
property- are highly mobile and fluid, facilitating economic exchange over great distances
Walters (2000:27).
Marx analysis is said to be a reflection of the happenings of the world today especially when
it come to the global market economy in its endless production system. This is said to be
occurring because of the process of globalization.
Friedrich Engels, who is said to be the co-author of the "Communist Manifesto," he wrote
with Marx Karl wrote that," a newly invented machine in England has stopped mil
lions of working people of their livelihood within a year's time. And because of this, the
big production has brought all the people of the earth into con tact with each other and
helping to bring together all local ma rkets into one world market. Leading to increased
development and progress everywhere, ensuring that whatever happens in civilized countries
will have effects in all other countries (Mazlish Bruce 3 January 2003) [7] . It is quite
amazing that most of Friedrich's writings were seen and are now being seen in some of the
forces of globalization as, science, capitalism, and technology.
The Economist also says the term globalization (2001:155) was probably coined in the
1980s but the idea has been around for a long time and so it not new. That globalization has
been accelerating for the past three decades after the anti-trade backslash in the 1920s and
1930s. That goods, ideas and people have moved across the world for millennia. That is, even
though with the present modern technologies especially the Internet, there have existed the
train and steamship form the 19
th
century were as important global economic integration. In
addition, they reduced cost of transport just as communication cost is now being reduced in
the present day. Therefore, what is different now is that is it moving in a different gear
altogether (ibid: ix). The Economist tries to talk of the existence of globalization with
relation to time period.That is, in past 1920s and in the present day 1980s. He therefore
assumes that the process of globalization has been in existence in the past and is just
intensifying in the present day and so he considers it not to be a new phenomenon.
Tony Schirato, Jen, Webb and Ebrary says globalization is the 'name' that is often used to
designate the power relation, practices and technologies that characterize and have helped
bring into being, the contemporary world. Tony et al (2003. He makes us to understand that
although the word globalization has been use only since the early 1960s, some writes see it as
dating from the empires of the ancient world while of others globalization is coterminous
with the modern era and the process of globalization or even the post-modernization.
Therefore because of these confusion at when globalization actually began, there is also
confusion in its meaning and global definition both in the general and in the academic fields.
According to Armand Mattetart (2000), globalization emerged out of enlightenment and
liberalism. He argued that both enlightenment and liberalism aimed at the construction of an
unrestricted global arena to achieve universal democracy and or a universal market Cited by
Tony et al (2003:26). Mattelart located the neo-liberal project of globalization in a particular
historical moment, and tied it up with historical interests, and tracing how this particularity
came to universalize itself as the defining character of western society politics and culture.
One of those theorists of Marxism who tired to trace the origin of globalization is
Wallerstein. According to Wallerstein, globalization does not constitute a new
phenomenon, Wallerstein (1998:32) is the process, completed in the 20th century by which
the capitalist world system spread across the actual globe, which since its development, the
world system had maintained some of it features over several centuries. So according to him,
globalization is the ideological celebration of so-called globalization is in reality the swan
song of our historical system [8] . He focuses on the economic sphere. He believes the world
has being going social compression since the beginning of the sixteenth century. He says the
world is experiencing acceleration globalization, which is cultural and reflexive in character
to an extent that it can be regarded as an accomplishment. He traces the origins of
globalization starting form the human societies. He argued that the defining characteristic of
all social system is the division of labor in economic of exchange. Wallerstein makes readers
to understand that there are only two ways in which societies are organized. That is the mini
and the world systems. The mini system he said refers where there is division of labor and
economic exchange occurs only within discrete group like the traditional and isolated hunter-
gathering societies. He believes those societies were rare and are now virtually in non-
existence. While Giddens talks of 'time-space distanciation', Wallerstein talks of 'time-space
realities'.
The origins of globalization are analyzed according to Giddens under four dimensions. That
is, capitalism, military order, surveillance, and industrialization Giddens (1990:70-78). He
believes that the liberation of time and space is an entirely modernizing development and is a
prerequisite for globalization. Thus, modernization according to Giddens is a direct
consequence of modernization. Giddens says, 'The concept of globalization is best
understood as expressing the fundamental aspects of time-space distanciation' Giddens (1990,
1991). In addition, time- space distanciation was believed by Giddens to be the first step
towards the process of globalization. For Giddens, it has come with the advent of
modernization. In addition, when there is time space distanciation and disembedding (that is
the lifting of social relations out of the local environment), there is the development of
complex relationships between local activities and interaction across distances. He believes
globalization is directly allied to the development of modern societies to the industrialization
and the accumulation of material resources, and is a continuation of modernity rather than a
break with it. The contemporary period Giddens terms it high modernity, by which he means
modernity has now moved into a global stage. Society has become a 'world society' and
social institutions that have become global confront the individual. People everywhere cannot
avoid coming into contact with the global through 20
th
century brand marketing, imagery and
fashions. He defines three factors in the 20
th
century that in his opinion, have resulted in
contemporary globalization.
Nineteenth century European nations deployment of forces to conquer tribal societies,
colonize them and then establish ruling colonial communities,
The comparative peace of the 19th century allowed Britain particularly to invest resources in
advancing colonies ambitions,
European bureaucratic skills allowed them to develop diplomatic network and transnational
political and businesses agencies.
On the contrary, Robertson believes that the problem of globalization is not new. That it dates
back modernity and the rise of capitalism. Thus, in opposition to Giddens, globalization is not
equated with or seen as a direct consequence on modernity. In addition, in opposition to
Wallerstein, Robertson believes the social compression of the world has begun before the
sixteenth century but was not regarded as globalization and with some interruptions. He says
the focus on globalization theory is a recent phenomenon.That is, became recognized in
academic fields only in the early or even the middle 1980s in reaction to new forms of
capitalist supremacy (Robertson, 1992).
Appradurai believes that modernization is 'vernacularly' called globalization. He says
'globalization is itself a deeply historical, uneven, and localizing process. Referring him self
as 'one born of the ruling class' understood the existence of globalization during the fifties
and sixties. That is just of recent that 'many of the working people and the poor' are realizing
its existence. He says a professional anthropologist, predisposes that 'globalization is not the
story of cultural homogenization' Appradurai (1997:10-17). That is, globalization does not
necessarily or even frequently imply homogenization of Americanization. Culture stands as
the key to many practices.
Held and McGrew (2000:2) in the text the global transformation reader Focusing on the
economic sphere, talks of two main types of groups in the debate of the origins of
globalization. That is, the 'globalists' (believers that globalization is real and have significant
historical developments). And the 'sceptics', ( are those who consider that what we are
experiencing at the present is simply a continuation of trends that developed in the period of
European colonial expansion.
Another theorist who looks at globalization similar to Held et al is Busch (2000:30-1). They
agree that there are globalizing tendencies which can be identified and measured, but that
they are not as all-encompassing as the literature might imply, and nor are they all operating
without resistance, and without exceptions. That writers of globalization as either 'liberal'
who start from the premises that globalization is unquestionably real, and move on to insist
that it brings only benefits to all- or 'sceptics'- for whom global tendencies necessarily have
negative political and economic outcomes.
Considering the views of O'Rourke and Williamson globalization is not a new
phenomenon. They alluded that globalization refers to economic historians who attach the
'big bang' significance of globalization back to the years 1492(when Columbus landed in the
Americas in search of species) and 1498 (when Vasco da Gama journeyed around
Africa). O'Rourke and Williamson (2000:1) However, Williamson is of the opinion that the
first globalization book took place in the late nineteenth century when the benefits of
revolutionary breakthroughs in transportation and communication where realized. The result
was a rapid growth in trade.
Michael Veseth and Louis Uchitelle have made us to understand that globalization is both
very new and surprisingly old Veseth Michael and Uchitelle Louis (2002: Vii). This view
can be taken in to consideration when looking at the origins of globalization because for
example, the events occurring in the 21
st
century seem to reflect the events which occurred
during the 20
th
century like the present credit crunch of the 21
st
century looks much like great
depression during the late 1920s and 1930s. Just like the present day wars in Iraq,
Afghanistan, Israel, Congo, Iran are similar to war which took place in Italy, Germany,
France, Russia and so on.
In my opinion, globalization refers to collapse in the borders between countries in terms of
trade, education, capital, politics and culture. Globalization is said to be the process of
making the world appear to be one.That is either through the development of transport and
communication technology like, (air transport, television, telephone, and internet). Now is not
a matter of time space distance. Through the air transport man is now able to move to far
distances within a shorter time, messages can now be gotten either through the internet or the
telephone and television in most parts of the world today.
Globalization may also be referred to that process that has led to a fall in the hands of the
government over public service ownership to the rise of the private sector ownership. That is,
through the advent of the process of globalization, there had been a fall in most planned
economies to rise of unplanned economies or markets economies in most countries
Trying to actually come out with as specific meaning and origin of globalization can keep
writers wanting because first, this term did not come like an eruption or earthquake which
historians can keep track of its date of occurrence. Secondly, another person can see what one
sees as a period of globalization as a period of modernization. Thirdly, societies continuously
change and individuals are influenced by the change of their social and natural
environments. However, these changes are often very difficult to be trapped in human beings
even though it is easy to know that changes have taken place. Therefore, without pondering
on its actual origin, a look on its effects on cultural integration in the Czech Republic is of
absolute importance.
The Czech Republic after the fall of the communist government is said to have been
experiencing some culture integration through the forcing of globalization that has
encouraged the free movement of people and the use of information technology. However,
the level of cultural integration has been very slow due to some factors that are going to look
in our next chapter.
2.2 THE HISTORY OF CULTURAL INTEGRATION
Before the word integration came into existence, what existed was assimilation. Assimilation
is an unreasonable course of action, in which immigrants and their offspring give up their
culture and become accustomed wholly to the society they have migrated in to. [9] The policy
of assimilation occurred in the United States where by, the foremost cultural group called
WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) forcefully made others immigrants to adopt the
language, culture, and social structure of the American people, restricting them from using
their own cultural artifacts. Another example was in the French policy of assimilation in her
colonies in West Africa like Senegal during the late sixteenth century. The French colonial
masters made them to work and think like French men. However, with the development of
spirit of nationalism, and the laws on human rights, seeking a rise in confidence and cultural
dignity of minorities, the policy of assimilation was banned. Then, leading to what is now
called integration today.
Farley (1982) argues, There is no doubt that the dominant norm in the United States through nearly
all our history has been cultural assimilation. That is, the prevailing cultural group in
the United States has been the so-called WASPs: White Anglo Saxon
Protestants. [10] This group has the influence on American culture . And many social
scientists describe the cultural pattern of the United States as Anglo-conformity: All
other groups in America have been expected to adopt the language, culture, and
social structure o f the white northern Europeans ( Cited in Gordon, 1964).
It is realized that when people migrate in to a country or a city, they change the size and the
composition of that country, city, or society that receives them. After that the new immigrant
populations react by adapting to the institutions and policies of that host country of
population like wise the host country to the immigrant population. This form of behavior is
what has been termed by social scientists as integration.
The term integration is very difficult to define because of it mean many things to many
different people and there is a doubt from many authors on if integration is a condition, a
process or a combination of both.However, some scholars and authors have sorted some
definitions to the term integration.
Integration is understood as the process of inclusion of immigrants in the institutions and
relation of the host society [11] . Sociologically, it is the stability of relations within a
clearly defined social system. It is the stability of relations among parts within a system-
like whole and which borders are said to be clearly separated from it environment [12]
Heckmann and Schnapper referred integration as the insertion of new inhabitants in to
existing societal structures of the immigration nation. [13] Other processes concerning
integration include; the procedure of linking single elements to one another and, out of these,
forming a new association; adding single elements or part of the structures to the existing
structure, to form an interrelated whole; improving relations within a system or structure
(Bosswick W. and Heckmann F, 2006).
Deutsch et al said by integration we mean the attainment, within a territory, of a 'sense of
community' and of institutions and practices strong enough and widespread enough to assure,
for a 'long' time, dependable expectations of 'peaceful change' [14] Deutsch et al (1966:
2). Here they considered integration to be a condition.
Meanwhile, contradicting Karl's idea, Ernst defined integration as the process whereby
political actors in several distinct national settings are persuaded to shift their loyalties,
expectations and political activities towards a new center, whose institutions process or
demand jurisdiction over the pre-existing national states Marx (1958:16) He considers
integration as a process.
In addition, Wallace defines integration as the creation and maintenance of intense and
diversified patterns of interaction among previously autonomous units, the act or process of
integrating, or a state of becoming integrated Wallace (1999:9). That is, the bringing of
people of different racial or ethnic groups in unrestricted and equal association, as in society
or organization desegregation (Equality among all people).
Dear Michael defines integration as mutually-agreeable contact leading to interdependencies
that cause little or no change in contact partners and does not require their geographical
proximity, merging, or adjacency Dear Michael (2005). [15] He makes us to understand that
even when there is integration between of different people their establishment never really
changes.
Even though with above-mentioned definition of the term integration, there is no generally
accepted definition of the term because it's meaning comes with a lot of complexities from a
lot of people. However, some sociological theorists instead of defining the term have to come
out with an explanation of what is integration. These theorists include: Emile Durkheim
(1951) and Parsons Talcott (1951)
2.3 THEORIES OF INTEGRATION
Integration is defined by Durkheim (1951) as 'the coordination or interconnection of various
parts, including the individuals and groups of social system in an effective manner. He
focuses on morality in the explanation of integration with the on set of modernity. He
believes morality help in the determination of social integration. In addition, that socialization
is seen as a tool for societal integration. That what keeps a society unified in the primitive
days was the non-material social facts cited in Ritzer (2000:18) like the common morality
between people. Social facts are forces and structures that are external to and coercive of
individual (ibid: 16).
Talking on the division of labor, he makes us to understand that society is thereby integrated
through conviction of the same rules, which he explained in his distinction between organic
and mechanical solidarity.He says in the organic solidarity people are unified because are
generalists. They are all engaged in similar activities and have similar responsibilities, which
results in competition among them. While in the mechanical solidarity, people are held
together because of the difference among people. They have different tasks and
responsibilities. In addition, because they perform narrow range of tasks, they need many
people in order to survive; there is cooperation in mechanical solidarity because of
differentiation. However, Durkheim fell that the rise of the issue of division of labor in
modern day has brought with it some negative consequences like suicide (Ibid: 18).
Parsons (1951) in his explanation of integration theories in the modern era, he was more
interested on social order. For Parsons, a social system can only maintain its balance, if a
number of basic functions are in order: That is, social goals have to be set up through the
AGIL scheme. Was referred in Ritzer as, a complex set of activities directed towards
meeting a need or the need of the system cited in Ritzer (2000:233). This scheme included
adaptation goal, attainment, integration and latency for a system to survive. Thus, focusing on
our topic that relates to integration, Parsons say for a system to integrate, it must regulate the
interrelationship of its component parts, It must manage the relationships among the other
three functional imperatives (ibid: 233), that is adaptation, goal attainment and latency. This
means, for an individual to be integrated in to society the above mentioned AGIL scheme
must be in existence in order to motivate the individual in to socialization.
However, looking at the conflicting views in the definition of integration, we as readers are
been have left to consider for ourselves what actually is the meaning of the concept
integration. Thus, considering our topic,globalization and its effects on cultural
integration, there is a need to know what cultural integration is.
Just like, as there is difficulty in the definition of integration, so too it is in the definition of
cultural integration.Many authors have referred cultural integration to be a new wave of
cultural imperialism brought by globalization. Kirstina Woff in the Blackwell encyclopedia
agues that globalization has created a new vehicle through which cultural imperialism is
occurring often with little resistance or knowledge that it is happening, Blackwell
encyclopedia (2007:907). Therefore, trying to make a sense of what cultural integration is,
some scholars have tried to sort some definitions for it.
Zwingie, E 1999:33 ) Of the National Geography of global interactions, considering
multicultural society to reflect cultural integration at work, defines cultural integration as the
process where the issues of class, gender, race, and ethnicity are denoted simply by what
brand of clothing we wear, by what we live, by what music we listen to and what cultural
events we attend. [16]
Heckmann and Schnapper defined cultural integration as a precondition of participation and
refers to social processes of cognitive, cultural, behavioral and attitudinal changes of persons
Heckmann and Schnapper (2003:10).
In my opinion, cultural integration may by be regarded as situation whereby, one culture
willingly turns to learn the ideas of other cultures either in production or consumption
aspects. It can also be said to be a situation whereby, tangible and intangible cultural aspects
of people become related. Tangible culture refers to those aspects of technology in the society
like, television, computers, airplanes and cars. While intangible culture includes norms and
values in the society. In cultural integration, both the tangible and the intangible cultures have
a great impact on each other. For example, the culture of a people influences what they wear,
eat, drink or behave. Just like the way people eat, dress, drink or behave influences their
culture.
Looking at the definition of cultural integration, this does not mean all cultures are brought
together as one abruptly. The process of integration occurs gradually with time. Where by
different cultures through time is being selected absorbed and integrated with other
cultures. Thus, with the advent of globalization, influence by the development of transport,
communication and trade, the Czech Republic is said to have being witnessing cultural
integration. Cultural integration is occurring in the Czech Republic through two ways.That is,
the Czechs are both absorbing and containing of other cultures or other cultures are absorbing
and containing the Czech culture. A closer look of this is discussed in chapter three.

2.4 BARRIERS TO CULTURAL INTEGRATION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC .
The first main difficulty of the Czech towards cultural integration is because the Czechs have
had almost no personal experience from life in a multiethnic society, and so the immigrants
are always seen as a threat to both by the citizens and by the state authorities. According to
the public opinion surveys carried out during the 1990s, more than 75% of the respondents
were of the opinion that there are too many foreigners in the Czech Republic . In addition,
these views were among older people, less educated people, working class and among left-
oriented people from smaller towns and Villages (The ministry of interior of the Czech
Republic ). [17]
A close look at the Czechs when it comes to their regards to national and ethnic minorities,
they turn to accept Slovaks, Jews and Poles than the Gypsies, Vietnamese and Chinese whom
they look at them to be a threat to their lives. This is because there will be an increase of
criminality, fear of job loss due to increased unemployment and fear of inadaptability of
and national minorities which would lead to loss of traditional character of the Czech
culture [18] (Public opinion survey from December 2001).
Public opinion surveys also revealed that more then 48% Czechs perceive immigrants and
refugees negatively and more than 65% of the respondents support a harder immigration
policy and restrictions of immigration in the Czech Republic . "More than 55% of Czechs are
of the opinion that a refuge camp should not constructed closer to their residences.
(Havlova Radka ) [19] . Which all these hinder integration. However, at the same time more
than 60% of the respondents are against racism and over 65% of the respondents consider
themselves tolerant towards national and ethnic minorities if they are able to adapt to our
life style. This attitude is also seen even in the state authorities who very strict to immigrants
and asylum seekers in the country .
The Czech official structure defines national minorities in the Act No. 273/2001
Coll. [20] With regards to this Act; a group of people must fulfill the following characteristics
to be considered a national minority:
Permanent residence and citizenship in the Czech Republic ;
Common ethnic, cultural and language characteristics different from the majority of
the state;
Common wish to be considered a national minority to protect and develop their own
identity, cultural traditions and language and
Long-term, firm and permanent relation to the territory of the Czech Republic and the
people who live here.
All these hinder cultural integration not just to the new comers but also to those who have
settled in the country for some time. This is because most often than the immigrants see the
conditions as an exam, which they need to pass before, they can be considered Czech national
minoritie s. Therefore, they turn to be lu k e warm about the whole process and therefore
isolate themselves from things that will make them to come together.
Another problem of integration is when it comes to discrimination. For example, the Slovaks
are preferred more than other national minorities. Even though in the past 2001 census proof
most Gypsies prefer to be regarded Czechs or Moravians the Czech still do not have a
good notion about them because of their inadaptable life styles, high crime rate and their
generally passive attitude to work and dependence on the state social security
system. Slovaks are allowed to use their language in education than other national minorities
like the gypsies language. The gypsy children where sent to schools called 'special schools'
separate from the Czech children. This hinders cultural integration.
Lack of a common language or common concept of world images lead to the
misinterpretation of each other's action or message, misunderstanding and unintended action
consequences, hampers in coordination or efficiency by force perception and belief of the
actors (Staffan 1994: 3).
In addition, matters concerning foreigners are always handled by a foreign police officer in a
very strict manner. In addition, because of the language barrier between the foreigner and
police officers and the unreliability of information, their approach to the foreign at times ends
up so harshly and thus discouraging any integration.
Access to work permit is very complicated, the possibility to get a trade license, in the
contrary, is not quite easy. High social insurance and minimum or the absence of social
benefits discourages the foreigners from any legal participation in the labor market. All these
factors act as a hindering integration.
In addition, because it takes a long time usually ten years for an alien to be granted a
permanent residence in the Czech Republic , it makes the foreigners to feel still as stranger
and so discourages integration with the host community.
The absence of good terms in the Alien Act for the settlement of families, makes it difficult
for children to take part any health insurance system. Moreover, makes them to scare from
the other children because of their vulnerability and thus, hindering any cultural mix.
Another problem realized in cultural integration in the Czech Republic is that even when the
asylum holders, that is, those who have already been granted refugee status and process the
same rights and obligations as Czechs, they are still discriminated when it comes to
voting. (The asylum holders are exempted from voting in to the parliament). Therefore, the
effort of the process of globalization to influence cultural integration is still with some doubts
within in the Czech Republic .
Another difficulty of integration of foreigners in the country is that of the insufficient mastery
of the Czech language and finding a job. In addition, this problem has made some foreigners
to think the future ahead of them is quite bleak. Moreover, because of this, some are forced to
do either mind jobs or fake deals just to accommodate themselves .
The presence of some obstacles in the integration of the Czech society with other national
minorities like the refugees, immigrants and foreigners had led to the opening up of some
institutions by the government and non-governmental organizations to help influence the
integration of the Czech society to other nationalities living in the country. Below are some
institutions of integration.
2.5 INSTITUTIONS ENCOURAGING CULTURAL INTEGRATION IN THE CZECH
REPUBLIC
The role of the state in overcoming cultural differences and in promoting intercultural
awareness and tolerance in the Czech Republic is of paramount importance. This is because
the presence of cultural integration contributes towards the economic growth of the country.
Immediately after the Velvet Revolution in 1989 and the fall of the communist government in
1992, there was a big change in the composition of the Czech population because of the
coming the first immigrants and asylum seekers. By the year 2004 immigrants came from
different countries like Ukrainian, Slovak, Vietnam, Poland, Russia, German, Bulgaria,
Moldavia, China, America, Byelorussia, Rumania, Kazakhstan Austria and others like the
Romany population which have existed for many years during the communist regime. [21]
Seen from these diversities in cultures and nationalities, is there going to be any unity
between those called the foreigners and the Czechs? The answer will obviously be no to some
extend. Thus, trying to resolve this problem, the country under government resolution
number 5 of 5 January 2005, the following ministries were actively involved in implementing
the strategy in the integration of foreigners in the Czech Republic .And these included; the
Ministries of Labor and Social Affairs (MoLSA) , the Ministry of the Interior (MoI), the
Ministry of Education Youth and Sports, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Ministry of
Culture, the Ministry for Regional Development, the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry of
Finance. Other bodies and institutions (for example the Czech Statistical Office, social
partners of the Council of Economic and Social Agreement, and non-profit making non-
governmental organizations, the Association of Regions, the Union of Municipalities, the
Academy of Sciences), the British council and the French alliance are all involved in the
integration of foreigners in the country as well.
2.2.1 The Role of the Government.
The ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (MoLSA) [22] l mt trong nhng B, c gip
khuyn khch hi nhp trong Cng ha Sc Republic . B nhn thy t kinh nghim
rng hi nhp l ch yu thc hin cp a phng, trong nm 2005 bc vo tip xc vi
cc i din t cc khu vc c nhn v mt s thnh ph vi mc ch lin quan n ngi
nc ngoi trong cc chng trnh hi nhp. T ng B trong nm 2007 bao gm "mt sa i
o lut s 117/1995 Sb., [23] trn H tr x hi nh nc, v mt d tho hnh ng m ni
chuyn i x bnh ng v gii php chnh thc bo v ngi nc ngoi phn bit i
x. Ngoi ra cn c cc chng trnh thc hin dy cho ngi nc ngoi v cc vn
lin quan n cc Czech Republic, v "o lut s 108/2006 Sb., v vic cung cp cc dch
v x hi". Nm 2008 cng chng kin s sa i "lut s 435/2004 Sb., V vic lm (o
lut s 306/2008 Sb)". [24]
Ngoi ra cn c s d dng trong vic iu tr c tr ca ngi nc ngoi vi o lut v
kh s 326/1999 Sb., V c tr ca ngi nc ngoi ti Vit Nam. Hnh ng ny cho php,
"Ngi nc ngoi c vic lm l chm dt, m khng do li ca h, trc khi ht hn ca
giy php lao ng li trn lnh th Cng ha Sc v s dng thi gian bo v (60 ngy)
tm mt cng vic mi, min l chng tun th cc yu cu p dng. Cho ngi nc ngoi
lm vic ti Cng ha Sc cho mt thi gian nht nh v mt cng vic ca h m khng do
li ca h, giy php c tr di hn ca h cho mc ch cng vic ch c th c thu hi
nu khng c giy php lao ng mi c ban hnh vi h trong vng 60 ngy sau khi
Ngy hm sau, k t ngy chm dt vic lm " [25]
Ngoi ra, nh mt cch khuyn khch ngi nc ngoi sng trong nc, chnh ph in
t xtends hiu lc ca giy php lao ng. "Vi vic thng qua vic sa i o lut s
435/2004 Sb. v vic lm (o lut s 306/2008 Sb.), giy php lao ng c th c ban
hnh hoc gia hn, nu thch hp, trong thi gian n hai nm, c hiu lc t ngy 01 Thng
Mt nm 2009 (quy nh hin hnh quy nh v cp giy php cho mt thi hn khng qu 1
nm) ". [26]
Nh mt cch khuyn khch ngi nc ngoi hc ting Sc cho giao tip d dng v hi
nhp, B Lao ng, X hi (MoLSA) trong nm 2006 v trong nm 2007, phi hp vi B
Gio dc, Thanh nin v Th thao v B Ni v ( B Cng nghip) " xc nh cc iu
kin cho vic ging dy v kim tra kin thc v ting Sc. Theo b lut s 326/1999 Sb, trn
c tr ca ngi nc ngoi ti Sc. Cng ha, ngi nc ngoi - t ngy 01 thng 1 2009 -
yu cu phi np mt n xin thng tr cng i km vi mt giy chng nhn chng minh
rng anh / c y thnh cng thng qua mt bi kim tra ting Sc " [27]
Nh mt cch khuyn khch ngi nc ngoi, chnh ph ang pht trin v "thng
xuyn cp nht danh sch a phng cng n vic lm, ngh, ph hp". [28] Tuy nhin, tuy
nhin iu ny l, khng sinh li nhun cho ngi nc ngoi bi v hu ht thng xuyn
hn khng phi l cng vic v hnh thc c lit k trong ting Sc m lm cho n kh
khn cho ngi nc ngoi hoc l c hoc in vo thng tin ca h.
Chnh ph cng c gng cng nhiu cng tt lm cho mi vic d dng trong vic mua
li giy php lao ng cho ngi nc ngoi. Di "vic sa i o lut s 435/2004 Sb, v
vic lm (o lut s 306/2008 Sb), khng cn i hi mt giy chng nhn y t v tnh
trng sc khe ca ngi nc ngoi c gn vo cc mu n xin giy php lao
ng. Ngoi ra, vic sa i ny to iu kin cho vic lm ca ngi nc ngoi-sinh vin
tt nghip cc trng trung hc v i hc ti Cng ha Sc Cng ha, nhng ngi khng
cn cn giy php lao ng. Vic sa i bao gm n gin ha cng nht nh lin quan n
vic sp xp cho ngi nc ngoi ng-nhn vin lm vic bn ngoi ca v tr cng vic
c quy nh trong giy php lao ng ". [29]
Mt hi nhp ng khch l vin l Vin Nghin cu Lao ng v X hi (RILSA), l phi
hp vi Khoa Khoa hc X hi ti Masaryk i hc Brno. Vin ny l "thc hin mt d
n v" Ngi nhp c ti Cng ha Sc - V tr trn th trng lao ng v hi nhp x hi "-
ngy hon thnh c thit lp cho thng 6 nm 2010" [30] .
y ban ca B trng B Lao ng v X hi (sau khi c gi l "y ban") c thnh
lp trong B Lao ng v X hi l c quan t vn cho B trng B Lao ng v X
hi. y ban gip B trng, to iu kin cho vic chun b v thc hin cc chnh sch ca
chnh ph trong lnh vc hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi, nhim v do Ngh quyt ca Chnh
ph thng qua trong cc lnh vc tng ng cho cuc hp.Trong nm 2005, cc thnh vin
y ban v cc thnh vin ca cc nhm t vn chuyn gia ca mnh tho lun cc ti liu
quan trng lin quan n vn hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi.
L mt hnh thc khuyn khch, B Lao ng v X hi hot ng t nm 2004 trang web
ca mnh web c gi l www.cizinci.cz, cp nht trong nm 2005, thng tin ny l hu ch
cho cc cn b cng chc, phi chnh ph v ngi nc ngoi. B Lao ng v X hi cng
nh l mt iu phi vin ca hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi, tp trung cng vic ca mnh
c cp quc gia v quc t. Nm 2005, n nhp vo, trong nng lc ca mnh, tip xc vi
cc t chc Lin minh chu u, c th l vi y ban chu u trong cc nhm lm vic
chuyn gia gi l im Quc gia v Hi nhp Lin. B cng c gng gi s h tr vic lm
cho cng dn Ukrain ian trong nc cho h bit nguy c b s dng bt hp php ly. [31]
Theo chng trnh phi hp ca B ni tht, "cc t chc phi chnh ph v phi li nhun
cung cp cc kha hc ting Sc cho ngi t nn, min ph, v pht trin cc ti liu ging
dy phi hp vi B Gio dc, Thanh nin v Th thao" [32]
B Ni v quan tm trong nm 2005 p ng nhim v B chin lc trong lnh vc thc
y s hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi. Trong bi cnh ny, K hoch chnh sch hi nhp
ca B Ni v (2004 - 2006) [33] c cp nht vi mc ch m rng s phi hp v
thc hin cc bin php chin lc v thc tin p dng ca B h tr hi nhp ca ngi
nc ngoi v tip tc loi b nhng tr ngi php l ngn chn s hi nhp ca ngi nc
ngoi ti Cng ha Sc.
Dch v t vn c cung cp trong cc lnh vc khc c lin quan, v d nh trong lnh vc
an sinh x hi v y t v quan h lao ng theo php lut, v n cng nhm mc ch h tr
ngi nc ngoi khi giao dch vi c quan chc nng. Cc hot ng c ti tr bi B
Ni v cng tp trung vo phn tch nhng vn thng gp nht ca ngi nc ngoi, h
tr tng th tng thng tin v nh hng ca ngi nc ngoi trong khun kh php lut
Cng ha Sc, v vo vic cung cp nc ngoi vi cc thng tin lin quan n cc tiu
chun x hi v vn ha c bn .
Hot ng b sung ca B Ni v tp trung vo vic h tr chng trnh ging dy ti cc
trng trung hc cnh st nhm ci thin gio dc ca nhn vin cnh st trong lnh vc quan
h vi ngi nc ngoi, thu thp d liu v cc kt qu thc hin thm cc bin php loi
b cc vic lm tri php lut ca ngi nc ngoi s hu giy php c tr bt hp
php. [34]
B Gio dc, Thanh nin v Th thao (Meys) l c quan trung ng qun l nh nc i vi
chin lc tng th, chnh sch gio dc v chun b cc tiu chun php l thch hp v cng
hot ng iu hnh v hot ng. N nh l cch khuyn khch hi nhp m ra trng "ph
thng v c bit v b nhim ngi ng u trng hc ca h). [35] N vi, trn c s
lin tc, vn gio dc ca nc ngoi, k t khi chun b sn sng ca h thng gio dc
v kh nng p ng vi iu kin thay i xp hng r rng trong nhng iu kin tin
quyt chnh cho s hi nhp thnh cng ca ngi nc ngoi. Ph hp vi Ngh quyt ca
Chnh ph s 5 ca 05 thng 1 2005, K hoch ca chnh sch hi nhp ca B Gio dc,
Thanh nin, th thao cho cc nm 2004-2006 c cp nht [36] .
B Gio dc, Thanh nin, Th thao (Meys) mi nm cho cc d n ku gi h tr hot ng
trong lnh vc hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi ti Sc Republic . Cc ch trong tp
trung vo vic thc y gio dc a vn ha ca tr em v thanh thiu nin, ging dy v hc
tp ting Sc nh mt ngoi ng, v cc nghin cu lin quan n cc vn ca gio dc di
c nc ngoi cng nh t chc cc cuc hi tho i ph vi gio dc ca ngi nc
ngoi. Vic thc hin cc d n gp phn loi b cc ro cn truyn thng v to iu kin
cho s hi nhp ca tr em nc ngoi trong cuc sng hng ngy trong khi tn trng s
khc bit gia cc nhm c nhn ng bo dn tc, vn ha, tn gio, phong tc, v nh vy.
Mc tiu ca d n l h tr gio vin trong cc k nng cn thit cho cng vic ca h vi
tr em nc ngoi mua li, c bit l dy h Sc, tch hp tr em trong out-of-the hot
ng ca trng, hoc gii quyt cc cuc xung t tng ng pht sinh t s hiu lm ln
nhau. Trn 05 Thng 4 nm 2005 ca B Gio dc, Thanh nin, Th thao v ph duyt vic
phn b cc khon tr cp cho cc d n t chc trong Chng trnh Xc tin trn hot ng
trong lnh vc hi nhp ngi nc ngoi 'trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha vo nm
2005. Hon ton, mi su d n c la chn v chng c tr cp vi s tin hai
triu vng min Sc (B Ni v ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha, 2005) [37] .
B Gio dc, Thanh nin v gio dc th cht trong s 6/1995 bulleting cng cng b sp xp
cc kha hc ting Sc cho ngi c trng thi ca mt ngi t nn trong lnh th ca t
nc. Ny l ph v ro cn giao tip v tch hp d dng ca ngi nc ngoi. [38]
2.2.2 Vai tr ca Lin Hp Quc.
Lin Hip Quc l mt t chc quc t nhm bo v ngi t nn trn th gii. L kt qu ca
iu ny, Cng ha Sc Cng ha l mt thnh vin ca Lin Hip Quc l rng buc tn
trng cc hnh ng t nn ca Lin Hip Quc. The Czech Nc cng ha nh vy, sa i
tnh trng ca ngi t nn, nhim v quyn li ca mnh v cc vn iu chnh cc c s
t nn. Tt c nhng iu ny gip trong hi nhp ca nhng ngi t nn cho x hi
Sc. [39]
2.2.3 Vai tr ca Lin minh chu u.
Walzer, tp trung s ch vo s khc bit vn ha nh mt ngun phn i v chng li
qu trnh tch hp lp lun, "quan im ca cng dn tham chiu l cng ng chnh tr,
nhng l mt ngi n ng, ng c cc thnh vin khc tham kho khc v nhng i khi
ng t chng nh nc" . Walzer (1970:194) c th d dng m rng Lin minh chu u
v bi cnh ca file nh km khc nhau ca ngi dn y, Lin minh chu u cng nh
cc nc thnh vin, khu vc, gia nh, v cc ngun khc ca bn sc nh sc tc v ngn
ng nhm, v lp (Trch dn trong Dng 2007). [40]
Sau s sp ca "Bc mn st vo nm 1991 v chnh ph cng sn vo nm 1989, Lin
minh chu u mt mt s bin php mang tnh biu tng cng nh thc t thc y hi
nhp vn ha ti Cng ha Sc. Tuy nhin, s pht trin ca s tham gia ca EU trong chnh
sch vn ha cng l mt qu trnh chm.Gim s khc bit v vn ha v bn sc v thc
y v to ra mt nn vn ha chung chu u l mc tiu chnh ca mnh, Lin minh chu
u thc hin vai tr ca n trong s hi nhp ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha trong mt s
cch. u tin l, n ti tr cho mt s chng trnh vn ha. Lin minh chu u t nm
1993 v 1999 to ra bi vit 128 ca hip c Maastricht ni rng:
"Cc cng ng v cc thnh vin quc gia s "thc y hp tc" vi cc nc th gii th
ba. Cc kinh nghim t chc trn ton th gii trong lnh vc vn ha, c bit l "nhm
ngi c trch nhim ng gp thng hoa trong nn vn ha ca" quc gia thnh vin ","
trong khi tn trng s a dng ca quc gia v khu vc ca h v ng thi a di sn vn
ha chung cho mui " [41] Trch dn trong Torbisco Neus Casals, phn Chng trnh Lut
Quc t (2006:143). "Hnh ng ca x hi c d nh khuyn khch hp tc gia cc
nc thnh vin", v nu cn thit, h tr, b sung hnh ng ca h trong cc lnh vc sau
Hi ng chu u, Cng ng s c cc kha cnh vn ha vo ti khon trong hnh ng
ca mnh theo cc quy nh khc v iu ny Hip c "Trch dn trong Torbisco Neus
Casals, phn Chng trnh Lut Quc t (2006:143).
Lin minh chu u h tr ti chnh cho Sc Republic . Ngoi ra, c nc rt thnh cng
trong vic tham gia Vn ha nm 2000, th hin qua s lng cc ng dng v cc gii
thng cp. Nm 2001 l nm u tin t chc Sc tham gia vo cc d n vn ha quc t
ca Chng trnh Vn ha nm 2000. Khi so snh vi cc nc khc, Czech Republic mt
mt phn ln hn trong "d n c la chn nm 2001 hot ng vn ha" [42] Trch dn
trong Elika Tomalov (thng 2006:4). Ngoi ra cn c h tr nhn c d n "nh lnh o
v ng t chc" [43]
Lin minh chu u h tr vic p dng cc sng kin, trong bao gm mt Lin minh
chu u (EU) h chiu, giy php li xe ca EU, mt th y t khn cp EU, du hiu bin
gii EC v mt l c EU, v cc ngun ti chnh ca mt knh truyn hnh EU nhm xc tin
' thng chu u. Ny c tt c cc nh hng hi nhp vn ha trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha
thnh vin ca Lin minh chu u (Dng 2007).
2.2.4 Vai tr ca cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO).
Cc t chc chnh ph phi li nhun cng gip trong vic ci thin vic cung cp thng tin
cho ngi nc ngoi, cng nh vic cung cp cc nhn vin dch v cng cng. Ngoi ra
cn c s pht trin lin tc ca cc dch v t vn y x hi v php l cho ngi nc
ngoi. iu ny bao gm vic cung cp cc h tr trong c ommunication vi cc c quan, s
upporting gio dc, k nng ngn ng v trnh khc ca ngi nc ngoi. H cng gip
chng trnh khuyn mi ca i th cnh tranh ca nc ngoi ti th trng lao ng,
pht trin i sng vn ha v x hi ca ngi nc ngoi bng cch thc y cc mi quan
h ca ngi nc ngoi v cng ng ca h vi cng dn Sc, h tr tm l lin quan n
s hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi, xy dng v pht trin cc hot ng ca cng ng v
cc trung tm a vn ha, v h tr s khoan dung v s ng tn ti ca con ngi. Nm
2005, 12 triu curon Sc c dnh ring t ngn sch nh nc thc hin cc d n
ny. S tin ny c chia cho cc B c lin quan.Nm 2005, mt s hng chc d n c
h tr. Mt s B phn b cho cc d n c xc nh tch hp nhiu ngun lc hn
ngi nc ngoi t ngn sch ca mnh.
Nh phi li nhun t chc phi chnh ph, nhn dn trong chng trnh gio dc cn ca "bin
th" l trng tm thc hin trn nguyn tc ca vn ha (IE) v ton cu gio dc pht trin
(GDE) vo h thng gio dc Sc. Chng trnh ging dy hin nay i hi cc ch c
trnh by trong cc lp hc v bi hc, tuy nhin, h vn cha c i din cng . Thc
s, gio dc pht trin vn ha (IE) v ton cu (GDE) ch vt qu lnh vc gio dc
trng hc v c xem l rt quan trng v th v cho cc chuyn gia trong nhiu lnh vc
khc [44] .
Chng trnh bin th l mt t chc phi chnh ph, cung cp o to chuyn mn cho gio
vin, sinh vin s phm v cc chuyn gia khoa hc, chuyn nghip v cc nhm quan tm
trong IE v GDE. Cc hot ng gio dc thc hin theo chng trnh bin th phc v cho
nhu cu ca ngi lao ng trong hnh chnh cng, Vn phng Lao ng, ngi nh ca tr
em v gio dng, t nn v cc tri t nn, thanh tra trng hc, cnh st v cc nh bo [45]
S quen thuc v s hiu bit ca cc chuyn gia t cc d n v cc hot ng ca ngi
khc lm phong ph thm ch trnh duyt IE v GDE Cn, c bit l trong cc nhn
vin x hi v iu phi vin pht trin v cc d n nhn o nc ngoi thc a. Chng
trnh riants Va cng lin quan n cc d n khc cho dn Cn nh Polis, Mt th gii
trong trng hc, tin hnh nghin cu x hi hc, chun b mt cun sch k nim ca
Roma sng st tn st, v hp tc trong cc d n vi cc t chc khc. [46]
Cc dn tc thn thin s dng lao ng l mt t chc phi chnh ph c pht trin di
s bo tr ca Ph thng c u tin ca khu vc pha nam Moravia, IGN. Milan Venclik,
v th trng ca thnh ph theo lut nh Brno, ng Roman Onderka. Chng trnh Khoa
chuyn tip Lin minh chu u ti tr chng trnh ny [47] . L mt mc tiu nguyn tc
ca chng trnh, n s c gng cng nhiu cng tt trong vic iu tr bng cc cng dn sc
tc khc nhau. N cng gp phn trong vic to ra mt mi trng lm vic khng phn bit
i x, gip gii cu trc thnh kin chng li dn tc hoc cc nhm khc nh nhng ngi
digan.
Trung tm di ng Sc (CMC) cng l mt t chc thuc v Mng chu u hn 200 Trung
tm di ng phc v nghin cu in thoi di ng 32 quc gia chu u. L mt trong
nhng mc tiu , n cung cp thng tin th thc v cc
yu cu gii quyt trong ha
Sc Cng ha
. [48]
Mt d n i mi, bt u vo thng nm 2007, l T chc vin tr cho ngi t nn, Lin
on chu uv Sofia [49] . D n ny c ti tr bi B Lao ng v X hi ca Cng ha
Sc nh mt phn ca chng trnh "h tr hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi". Cc nhm i
tng l ngi nc ngoi n v ngi di c sng Czech Republic, n t nn vn ha x
hi khc nhau. Cc hot ng chnh ca cc d n ny l x hi hc trong cuc phng vn
su, nht k t truyn v cc nhm a vn ha cng nh cc cuc hi tho t c kinh
nghim. D n tp trung vo s hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi v ngi nhp c vn lin
quan n kha cnh gii. Mc tiu chnh l tm hiu v kinh nghim ca ph n di c
hng ngy v thi ca h v ph n Sc cng nh: vai tr gii, v tr ca ngy nay ph n
trong lnh vc t nhn v cng cng, bit kinh nghim ca h t t nc ca h c ngun
gc cng nh t cc my ch nc l Cng ha Sc Republic . Nh mt cch khuyn
khch hi nhp, d n h tr "cc hot ng thi gian min ph ca tr nh. Nh, th thao,
vn ha, m nhc, ngh thut, ngn ng vv Sau cc kha hc dnh cho ngi ln ln
(requalification hoc trnh chuyn mn cc kha hc "), gip trong vic" dch v kim
chng thc vn bng, chng t khc "(giy khai sinh, giy chng nhn kt hn vv), cho
"thng tin v php l", chnh quyn ", h thng vn ha x hi ca x hi Sc, cho" h tr c
nhn cho ngi nc ngoi khi h tr trong cc cuc m phn vi chnh quyn Cng ha
Sc trong trng hp c nhn, h tr khi di chuyn v trang tr ni tht nhp hoc cn h
cho thu. [50]
Staa Zvitkovsk, gim c Hi ng Anh cho quan h i tc v d n cho bit, "chc
nng ca Hi ng Anh sut nhng nm 1990 l thc y v h tr cc ngn ng ting
Anh" [51] . c trch dn trong Broov Lucie ( Th nm 03.January 2008) rng trong nm
2000 cc hot ng d n ca mnh trong cc lnh vc khc hn nghin cu ngn ng ting
Anh v ting Anh bt u v sau mt thi gian h st opped h tr ging dy ting Anh v
"ch yu quan tm n vic qun l cc k thi ngn ng Anh v cc kha hc ngn ng cho
cng chng v cc cng ty ", [52]
Php c quan h vn ha v x hi truyn thng phong ph vi cc Czech Republic trong
nhiu nm nay.Ngoi ra, nhng mi quan h tn ti hn 120 nm. Nm 1883, Lin minh
Php c thnh lp ti Paris vi mc ch pht trin v tuyn truyn ngn ng v vn ha
Php. Ba nm sau, chi nhnh u tin Trung ng chu u c thnh lp ti Prague. Lin
minh Php tng tm quan trng ca n trong Cng ha ScRepublic . Ngoi ra, bi nm
1938, n c 72 chi nhnh trn khp t nc. Cc chi nhnh ca Lin minh Php Prague
sau c i tn thnh Vin Php vo nm 1990 v ngy nay i din cho mt ng t
trung tm giao lu vn ha Sc-Php. "Vin Php Prague cung cp mt s lng tt ca
cc kha hc" cho hn 4000 ngi quan tm n nghin cu mt trong nhng ngn ng
chnh c s dng bi chnh quyn Lin minh chu u ti Brussels " [53] trch dn Lucie
Broov, (Th nm 03. January 2008) nh th, 20
ngy
vn hc ngh thut th k, v b phim
Php. Sinh vin cng thc hin cc d n nh ht cng nh vn bn phim truyn hnh v din
xut ra nhng b phim ca mnh. Php cng cung cp kha hc ting my lin hp vi mt
lp hc nu n c ging dy bi mt u bp Php t mt nh hng tt nht ca Prague,
lm cho hc sinh c mt chuyn i tng tng Php v vn ha ca n khng ch l trn
giy, mn hnh hoc trn sn khu nhng thc t. [54]
T cng vic ca cc t chc ni trn trong hi nhp ca ngi dn c c mt s ng
k ca s hi nhp ca c x hi Sc vi ngi nhp c v cng ng t nn, nhn thy hnh
chng k tip.





Chng ba:
Kch thc ca ton cu ha TI CNG HA SC

Giddens lm cho chng ta phi hiu rng mc d kch thc ca ton cu ha "c kt ni
theo nhng cch khc nhau, khng phi ca h c th c gii thch thu o v mt khc"
Giddens (1990:70). V vy, t quan im ny, cc kch thc khc nhau ca ton cu ha ti
Cng ha Sc s c tho lun mt cch c lp, nhng hy nh rng nguyn nhn gy ra
mt chiu dn n nguyn nhn gy ra mt khng gian khc. Kch thc nh sau ca ton
cu ha c cho l hin din trong Cng ha Sc Republic .

3.1 Kch thc vn ha.
Ritzer nh ngha ton cu ha ca nn vn ha "nh cc m m rng xuyn quc gia ph
bin v thc hnh (khng ng nht) hoc l mt qu trnh trong nhiu u vo vn ha
ton cu v a phng tng tc to ra mt loi tc phm m phng hoc hn hp, dn
n mt lot cc ging lai vn ha (ng nht)" Ritzer (2003:539). Tnh ng nht vn ha
theo Ritzer l mt s hnh thc ca ch ngha quc vn ha.C ngha l, khi c s pht
trin ca cc quc gia nh hng ca mt nn vn ha ring mt khu vc nht nh. Ly
Sc Cng ha nh nghin cu trng hp ca chng ti, ni no t nh hng ca ton cu
ha v vn ha ca chng ti? L nn vn ha pht trin trong mt nhn vt ng nht hay
khng ng nht?Ngoi ra, nu vn ha vn ha ang pht trin trong mt nhn vt ng
nht, n l mt hnh thc ca ch ngha quc vn ha hay khng? Cu tr li u tin cho
cu hi l, c, vn ha Sc ang pht trin trong mt nhn vt ng nht. V th hai, tnh
ng nht vn ha Sc khng phi l mt hnh thc ca ch ngha quc vn ha bi v
trong nhng cch t do khc nhau chnh ph ang c gng khuyn khch s hi nhp ca
ngi nc ngoi, v vic s dng cc ngn ng khc ni cng cng nh xe in v xe
but v gii thiu nhng vn ha khc u vo nh cc kha hc ngn ng khc nhau trong
chng trnh hc cho CH Sc. Mt khc, nn vn ha Sc c th c cho l ang pht trin
mt hnh thc ca ch ngha quc vn ha. iu ny l do, khi ngi nc ngoi xut hin
nc ny ch trong vi ngy v c yu cu vi lc lng ni ting Sc trong cnh st
nc ngoi giao dch vi ngi nc ngoi, sau , n c th c gi nh l mt hnh thc
ca ch ngha quc vn ha.

Trn gi tr v bn sc.
Ton cu ha dn n nhng thay i trong gi tr v chun mc vn ha trong Cng ha
Sc Republic .Giddens lm cho chng ta hiu rng "nn vn ha ca mt x hi gm c hai
kha cnh-hu hnh nim tin, tng v cc gi tr to thnh bi cnh vn ha v hu hnh
mt-i tng, k hiu hay cng ngh m i din cho ni dung". "Cc gi tr v chun mc
lm vic vi nhau hnh thnh nh th no cc thnh vin ca mt nn vn ha ng x
trong mi trng xung quanh" Giddens (2001:22-23). Nhiu ch tiu nh quan h tnh dc
trc hn nhn, ph thai, sng chung c nhn vi mt con mt tiu cc ang c a cho
cc cp trong cuc sng ca mt s ngi Sc. Van de Kaa (1987: 5) lm cho chng ta phi
hiu rng c quan h vi nhau c thay i nhn khu hc v cc c ch cn thit trong
hi nhp vn ha trong Cng ha Sc Republic . Rng c mt s suy gim kh nng sinh
sn do bn yu t, trong bao gm; Mt s thay i t thi k vng son ca cuc hn nhn
th e bui bnh minh ca s sng chung. Ngoi ra, thay i t mt thi i ca vua con vi
cha m, cho rng cc cp vua vi mt a tr, mt s thay i t bin php trnh thai d
phng. t thc hin th thai. V cui cng, mt s thay i t cc gia nh duy nht i vi
gia nh a chc nng v cc h gia nh (ibid: 11).
C s thay i trong bn sc ca hu ht ngi Sc vi s ra i ca hin tng ton cu
ha. Giddens (1991) ni rng theo th t sau truyn thng, bn sc khng c tha k hoc
tnh, ng hn, n ang tr thnh mt d n phn - mt n lc m chng ti ang tip tc
lm vic v phn nh. Giddens l nhng g ni y? ng ni vi chng ta rng vi s tin
b trong hin i c s thay i trong bn sc. Hm nay trong Sc Cng ha, cch mt s
ngi tm hoc xc nh bn thn h l khc nhau khi so snh vi cc th h trc. "Identity
lin quan n vic hiu bit ngi gi v vic h l ai v nhng g c ngha vi h, nh
gii tnh, tnh dc, nh hng, quc tch hay sc tc v tng lp x hi "Giddens
(2002:29). Cho Giddens, truy tm nhng thay i trong bn sc t truyn thng n x hi
hin i, chng ta c th nhn thy mt s thay i t cc yu t c nh di truyn m trc
y hng dn hnh thnh bn sc. The Czech Cng ha ang tri qua s thay i ny v bn
sc ca cc yu t ton cu ha nh di c, truyn thng v thng mi.Trc thi i ton
cu ha, tn ti, kt ni c bit, c xc nh r, mnh m v duy tr vn ha c lp a
phng gia ni a l v kinh nghim vn ha cng ng nh ca chnh mnh, gii tnh,
khuynh hng tnh dc v tng lp x hi. iu ny l do n t nhin mong manh, mi ngi
lun lun c gng bo v n khi b ph hy. Hn na, vi s ra i ca hin tng ton
cu ha cc sc lin tc c bin mt.Ngy nay mt s ngi Sc cm thy tt nh cc
thnh vin Lin minh chu u khng nh trc khi h phi suy ngh nhiu hn nh
Sc [55] . Lukes cng cp n mt cuc kho st tin hnh bi Trung tm Nghin cu
kin cng trong thng 10 nm 2007 cho thy gn mt na s ngi Sc (49%) t ho l cng
dn ca Cng ha Sc Republic . Hn na, mc ca nim t ho gim vi mc giu
c [56]
Ch tch nc Cng ha Czech ni rng giai on bi ch ngha x hi n nh mt gic
m i vi ngi dn Sc v giai on ny mang li vi n ", c hai ngc nhin v ng
vc" Vaclav Havel (11 thng 9 nm 2000). [57] ng cng ni rng khi h c mt s chia
r trong "chnh tr" nhng vn m khng c coi l h ang nhn thy ngy hm
nay. Nhng vn ny ang c nh hng n "chnh tr, cc gi tr v tng"
(ibid) [58] ca ngi dn. Tng thng cng ni thm rng, vic to ra cc siu th ln dn
n s mt mt ca bn sc trong Cng ha Sc Republic . "Trong nhng ngy u ca hu
cng sn, cc ca hng nh xut hin trn ng ph, trong pht trin thnh" ng t ca
cuc sng v tip xc ca con ngi. Siu th ln to ra mt s mt mt ca bn sc
"(ibid) v mi quan h gia a phng Sc.

Simmel ni rng hin nay c l "propondence cc mc tiu trn [c nhn] vn ha ch quan
m pht trin trong th k XIX ... v t tt c cc nc. Rng s giu c ca vn ha gia tng
khch quan, nhng tm tr c nhn c th tip cn cc hnh thc v ni dung ca s pht trin
ring ca mnh ch xa cch ring ca mnh hn na t nn vn ha v pht trin vi tc
chm hn nhiu ca n "Simmel (1907/1978). Simmel ang ni v nhng ngi hp hi ca
nn vn ha c nhn ch v vn ho mc tiu. V d v cc nn vn ha mc tiu bao
gm: phng tin vn ti, sn phm khoa hc, cng ngh, ngn ng, ngh thut, h thng
php lut, chun mc o c v tng. Ngy nay, do s ra i ca ton cu ha, c mt s
n p ca nn vn ha Sc trn nn vn ha khc trong nhiu kha cnh thch,

3.1.2 thi quen n ung.
Sc bi truyn thng ca h chun b ba n nh v do s n trong nh hng l khng
ph bin trong s v c coi l mt mi e da. Tuy nhin, vi s xut ln nh hng thc
n nhanh nh McDonald, cc KFCs, by gi c mt s thay i nhanh chng trong thi quen
n ung Sc c bit l i vi th h tr. Tuy nhin, iu ny ang dn thay i nh l mt
phng Ty hn li sng c chp nhn bi th h tr (Dominik Lukes 2003 ).

Ritzer (2000) ni v s gia tng ca phng tin mi ca tiu th nh McDonalds v trung
tm mua sm khc nh trung tm thng mi ln trn mng, siu trung tm thng mi, v
cc tu cng vin gii tr, lm thay i thi quen n ung ca ngi dn. Weber gi hp l
nh vic t chc i sng kinh t x hi v theo nguyn tc hiu qu v trn c s kin thc
k thut (c trch dn trong Ritzer 2003:132-142). ng thy hp l l mt cng c cn
thit cho hot ng ca cc t chc c thm quyn. Nhng ng tuy nhin lo ngi rng tng
hp l c th dn n kim sot tng hn hnh ng c nhn, ngt ngt uy tn v truyn
thng, v em li cho ngi n ng ch cn vi la chn thay th la chn nhng g, lm
th no v khi mt ngi c th thc hin nhim v. Cc tnh nng ca tnh hp l c nhn
thy trong cc CzechRepublic khi c gng nhn vo cc nh hng thc n nhanh. By gi
thay v ngi c phc v trn cc bng bi cc nhn vin pha trc ca nh, khch hng
thy mnh ng trong tn hiu c thc phm ca h t tills. Ngoi ra, h thm ch cn i
xa nh lm sch bng ca h sau ba n. S pht trin ca cc nh hng thc n nhanh
bin bao gm cc khch hng trong dy chuyn sn xut. iu ny l do, cc khch hng
khng c la chn thay th khc ch khng phi l lm cho chc chn, h lp y d dy ca
h. y, h c t chc quy nh c p dng bi cc nh hng thc n nhanh.
3.1.3 Ngn ng trn.
Scheff (1965) cp n s thay i trong cch s dng ngn ng thng c coi l mt
ch s v hi nhp vn ha nu ngn ng chnh trong cng ng khc vi ngn ng bn a
ca ngi nhp c. Ngn ng c th tr thnh "kho khch quan" ca rt ln "tch ly v
ngha v kinh nghim, m n sau c th bo qun trong thi gian v truyn cho cc th h
sau ..." Ngn ng cng gip tiu biu cho "kinh nghim, cho php mi ngi" xem xt di
nhiu ca "loi v m h c ngha khng ch cho bn thn m cn ng bo" c trch
dn trong Berger v Luckmann (1966:35-39). Hi nhp vn ha t c n mt mc
nht nh ti Cng ha Sc v hin nay, c rt nhiu ngi t nn v di dn c th ni ting
Sc.Cng ging nh mt s ngi Sc cng quan tm n vic nghin cu cc ngn ng
khc ngoi ting Sc nh ting Anh, Php, c v nhng ngi khc.
3.1.4 Ngy gia nh v cuc sng gia nh
Ton cu ha dn n mt s thay i trong cuc sng gia nh ca mt s ngi
Sc. ng ch nht ca n l s thay i trong hnh thnh gia nh. C hon thm canh
hnh thnh gia nh. T l sinh gim xung mc rt thp, c bit l ph n tr v t
nm 1995 n nm 2005, tng t sut sinh gim xung di ngng 'thp nht-thp "1,3. Cc
hnh thc on t truyn thng, c bit l chung sng cha lp gia nh, tr nn ph bin
v cuc hn nhn c dn dn b tr hon hoc thm ch b b bi nhiu ngi n ng
v ph n tr. Do , t l sinh con ngoi hn nhn tng ln nhanh chng, vt 33% vo
nm 2006. T l ly hn, m l cao trong thi k x hi ch ngha, tip tc tng. S khuch
tn nhanh chng ca bin php trnh thai hin i, c bit l thuc vin, gp phn vo
mt k hoch cn thn v thn trng ca s hnh thnh gia nh v gim n nh v s lng
no ph thai (Eurostat, 2007). [59]

Giddens (1984) lm cho chng ta hiu rng tch hp h thng l mt "mt i mt" [60] tip
xc trong khi ha nhp x hi l s tch hp w th i ngi khuyt vng mt. y l c ited
trong Barbara A. Misztal (2000). l, s hi nhp ca ngi dn hoc l thng qua in
thoi hoc Internet. Kha cnh ny ti tin l ng bi v CH Sc thng qua vic s dng TV
v internet h c th xem nh th no cc quc gia khc (v d nh ngi M) u c tch
hp v do nh hng n h tch hp c quc tch khc trong nc v thm ch
ra ca t nc. Khu vc ni bt l hi nhp x hi chng kin ti Cng ha Sc l trong
cc trng i hc. Thng qua vic hnh thnh cc chng trnh trao i gia cc trng i
hc, mi nm sinh vin n t nhiu quc gia i vo cc quc gia c nn vn ha a dng, v
nhng vo cui hc k, mt s sinh vin Sc lm cho bn b mi vi cc sinh vin nc
ngoi. y l mt hnh thc ca hi nhp.
S gia tng v s lng cc nh th cng dn n s gia tng mc hi nhp trong Cng
ha Sc.iu ny l do, y khng c gii hn cho cc loi vn ho dn tc hoc n thm
hoc tham d cc nh th. Hn na, khi ngi ta n vi nhau, h buc phi chia s mt s
tng m lm cho hi nhp mt cht c th.
3.1.5 Trn trang im.
Sc trc 1850 trang phc truyn thng c gi l "kroje" trong ting Sc. Nhng trang
phc c trang tr cng phu vi sng, mu sc sng ng v cc biu tng nh tri tim,
Cardiff, b cu, hoa cc, hoa tulip v hoa anh tc, v c mc trong cc dp l hi lng cho
nh ch nht, m ci v cc ngy l, v i khi ngy bnh thng nh tt. Nhiu thit k
trang phc c ngun gc t la tui phong kin, khi nng dn b p bc to ra trang phc
cng phu th hin c tnh ca h. Nhng trang phc l nhng du hiu ca tnh trng v
quc tch, v s khc bit v v tr a l nh hng khc bit trong thit k trang phc v
trang tr. Vi s sp ti ln ca ton cu ha, by gi c mt s thay i trong cch n
mc. Mt s ngi Sc ti n mc rt tnh c. Nhng g chng ta thy l ni m ngi dn
chuyn sang sao chp nn vn ha khc. iu ny l do ngi Sc thng nhn trn qun o
v coi thng ti tn hoc ngang bng cho s xut hin. Nhng hin nay, nhiu Sc
chuyn sang sao chp nn vn ha khc v d nh vn ha M ni qun jean v giy th thao
c mc thng xuyn hn trang phc truyn thng thng thng ca h. Do , by gi c
mt s bin mt ca cc nn vn ha Sc b chi phi bi cc nn vn ha khc nh vn ha
M. Tuy nhin, mc d vi s tin b ca trang phc mc qun o khc nhau, nhiu ngi
Sc vn cn s hu mt b qun o truyn thng m h mc vo nhng ngy c bit Pat
(1989: 37).
3.1.6 V x hi dn s
Ngoi ra, vic xy dng x hi dn s gip trong vic xy dng li trong tm tr ca mt
s ngi Sc b mt s tin tng v quan tm n i sng cng cng ca h trong thi k
cng sn. S pht trin ca x hi dn s trong nc cng cung cp c hi cho mt phn
khc rng dn s tham gia vo cc cuc bu c chnh ph v xem chnh ph ti ni lm vic
khu gn Rueschemeyer (1998:53). Mt v d v x hi dn s l phong tro n quyn. Tht
s (2003) cho bit sau khi s sp ca chnh quyn cng sn ti Cng ha Sc c mt
biu hin ca bn sc dn tc mi bao gm c vn n quyn. Trong mong mun ca h
'tr li chu u vo nm 1989 v nm 1990, cc cng dn Sc khng xc nh mnh vi
mt' ty 'khng phn bit. Thay vo , h t nhn mnh c bit vi mt tp hp cc nam
tnh ty n tnh. p dng c chn lc ca h trong nhng bn sc gii tnh mang li c c
hi mi v cc hnh thc trao quyn cng nh s bt bnh ng ph bin mi v bt an nh
th, ti phm.
Giddens cng ni rng th gii hin i vi s pht trin ca h thng n tru tng trong
cuc sng hng ngy dn n s "c lp kinh nghim". l mt tnh hung m ngi
dn l lc lng xem kinh nghim lp i lp li trong cuc sng ca h nh mt trong hai
"in r, ti phm, bnh tt v ci cht; tnh dc v bn cht" Giddens (1991:149,156).
Hm nay trong Sc Cng ha, c s gia tng t l ti phm trong nc. Cng c s gia
tng t l v o c tnh dc trong c nc.
Mt s lng ln ca thanh nin, nhng ngi hoc nhn c nhng tng sai t bn
b hoc internet ri vo ma ty v cui cng ra i c tht vng, bnh tt v t
vong. C quan thng k Sc cho thy c s gia tng ti phm
Bng di y cho thy cc s liu cho t l ti phm Cng ha Sc Cng ha gia cc giai
on 2003-2006.

Table 1. Cng l v ti phm.
Ti phm cam kt 2003 2004 2005 2006
Ngi b truy t) (bao gm c
trng hp nh c rt ngn
K chun b)
B co
Ngi b kt n, tng s)
Females
Ngi cha thnh nin
Cu
T
qun ch


110 808
95.920
66.131
8100
3558

9797
35.676


108 061
94.430
68.442
8229
3293

10 192
36.161


108.100
95.767
67.561
8937
3069

10078
36.006


110 339
97.880
69.445
9938
2773

9997
38657

Ngun: B T php Cng ha Sc Cng ha (2006). [61]
From the bng trn, n cho thy c s gia tng t l ti phm gia cc nm 2003 v 2006
110.808-110.339. Cho thy s gia tng ca 531 trong s lng ngi b truy t trong trng
hp gii quyt t tng chun b rt ngn. S lng ngi b kt n pht t cng tng ln
gia giai on 2003-2006 t 9797 n 9997.There cng c s gia tng trong ti c ca ph
n trong cc nm 2003-2006 8100-9938, cho thy mt s lng rt cao n s lin quan n
ti phm trong thi gian ny.
3.2 Kch thc KINH T X HI
3.2.1 v lao ng
Ton cu ha c mt tc ng ng k trong th trng lao ng trong Sc Republic . S
gia tng thng mi v thay i cng ngh dn n s st gim v s lng cng nhn
lnh ngh hoc khng c tay ngh thp trong b phn lao ng trong nc. Ngoi ra, iu
ny gy ra s bt bnh ng tin lng gia ngi lao ng. Cng c mt ma thu trong kh
nng thng lng ca lao ng do tnh di ng min ph ca n v dn n s gia tng
ca cc loi thu. Trong nm 2007, ngi nc ngoi chim gn 40% tng s vic lm mi c
to ra trong Cng ha Sc Republic [62] . Trong nm nm qua mt mnh, s lng lao ng
nhp c tng gp i tuy nhin n gn 362.000 vo cui nm 2008.This lm hu ht
cc Czech l mt s cch tiu cc v s gia tng s lng lao ng nhp c trong c
nc. Cuc kho st c thc hin bi c quan SCC cho MF DNES iu ch c khong
29% ngi Sc hi lng vi cng vic ca h v mc lng ca h trong khi 82% ngi Sc
nh cng vic ca h nhng khng hi lng vi tr tin ny. [63]
3.2.2 Du lch.
Ritzer ni, "Di ng l mt chui bt tn ca s la chn, v mi la chn c mt thc o
ca s khng chc chn lin kt vi n" Ritzer (2003:574). C tht l khng chc chn trn
hu ht cc khch du lch n Cng ha Sc v, hu ht thng xuyn hn khng, mt s
khch du lch i vo t nc khng bit nhng g pha trc ca h. Nh mt thc t, hu
ht trong s h thng tham gia vo mt trong hai tai nn hoc c thu hoch bng cch
mc ti.
Tuy nhin, ton cu ha cho s tng trng ca ngnh cng nghip du lch Sc Republic
. T nm 2006 cuc kho st c thc hin bi Vn phng thng k Sc cho thy ngnh
cng nghip du lch s dng 240.000 lao ng. Ngnh cng nghip nu ra mt tng sn
phm trong nc ca 98964000000 thn rng, c thm 3,0% GDP ca t nc. Nm 2006,
khch du lch nc ngoi dnh 118.594.000.000 vng min. Cho mt s gia tng 24% so
vi nm 2003.while i du lch trong nc, Sc dnh 98200000000 thn rng v iu ny
dn n 5% trong GDP. Ti ncome t du lch n v trong nc trong nm 2006, l tin
chi tiu trong nc, t 216.800.000.000 vng min

Bauman (1998) thy iu kin ton cu ha ca mt "khong khng". Ton cu ha c nh
hng trong phong tro ca ngi dn. Ngoi ra, phong tro ny dn n s hnh thnh
ca "k lang thang". Li gii thch ny c th c lin quan n Cng ha Sc Republic . C
rt nhiu ngi nc ngoi ri t nc h n Czech Republic hoc do khng hong
chnh tr hoc cho tm kim ng c xanh hn. Ngoi ra, n vi Cng ha Sc Cng ha
hoc v thiu k nng cn thit hoc ro cn ngn ng, mt s trong s h tr thnh tht
nghip, tht vng v bng bnh. Bauman cng lm cho chng ta phi hiu rng c mt s
ngi "khng c th kh chc chn ni ... h ng thi im ny v thm ch t hn c th
chc chn ng hin ti ca h s nhn thy nh sng ca ngy hm sau" Trch dn trong
Ritzer (2003:574) .
Ritzer ni, "Ton cu ha ang mang theo n s ly lan th gii ca h v". Ritzer
(2003:576) ng nh ngha khng c g l "hnh thc trc thuc Trung ng (ni chung)
c hnh thnh v kim sot (phn ln) khng c ni dung c bit nht" Ritzer
(2003:575). y ng cp n qu trnh ton cu ha ngy nay c vn ng nht, vi
vic thiu ni dung chung chung, thiu cc mi quan h c nhn hoc a phng, vt thi
gian, mt tnh v unenchanted.

T s hiu bit ni trn ca ton cu ha hn theo Ritzer, c th ni rng c mt s thiu
chung ca ni dung ti Cng ha Sc. iu ny l do, trong qu kh, c s hin din ca
mi quan h con ngi gia nhng ngi nh, jobsites v vo lc hoc hoc ni cng
cng. V d c gng c mt cuc hp ng cho vay vi mt nhn vin ngn hng. Tuy
nhin, vi th gii ngy nay, mt chng trnh my tnh c th d dng gii thng mt
khon vay. Ngoi ra, trong qu kh, c s hin din ca ngm cnh, cht lng v php
thut trong cch thc n c chun b nhng ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca cng ngh
v s pht trin ca cc nh hng thc n nhanh v vic s dng l vi sng, c mt dn dn b
mt ca ngm cnh, cht lng v php thut trong ch bin thc phm trong Cng ha
Sc Republic .

Hin c mt ma thu trong s c o trong cc ca hng phng ban trong Cng ha
Sc Republic .Trong qu kh, trong cc siu th hoc cc ca hng thi cng sn khoa nh
cc ca hng phng ban GUM c b bin v hng ha a phng, khin cho khch hng ti
trung tm v thc hin gn r truyn thng ca h bng cch bn cho h hng ha a phng
ny. Tuy nhin, sau s sp ca chnh quyn cng sn v s sp cui cng ca cc ca
hng Gum b phn, c mt s thay i trong tnh c o ca cc ca hng phng
ban. By gi c mt ma thu ca cc mi quan h a phng gia cc th trng siu v
khch hng. By gi nhng g hu ht cc siu th cung cp cho cng chng khng phi l
nhng g ngi tiu dng thc s mun l nhng g cc siu th tin rng s mang li cho h
li nhun nhiu hn.
3.2.2 u t nc ngoi .
Hin c mt s tng trng trong nn kinh t l kt qu ca u t thng mi nc ngoi
cao hn, sn xut cng nghip v chi tiu h gia nh.
Ngoi ra, sp ti cc ngnh cng nghip nc ngoi khng ch gip Cng ha Sc tng cng
u t nhng cng dn n vn u t nc ngoi bay v nc ca h. Thng thay v
cy li li nhun cho cc cng ty, cc nh u t quyt nh bay li nhun v nc.
S xm nhp ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha Lin minh chu u gia tng p lc v kh nng
ca ngi dn Sc khi i mt vi s cnh tranh t cc nc a quc gia chu u. The
Czech Cng ha hin ang phi i mt vi p lc nng cao nng lc ni b ca mnh trong
lnh vc gio dc, vn ha ci m v tin nghi p ng tiu chun EU
3.2.3 Trn th trng ti chnh ton cu
Ton cu ha dn n s pht trin ca kin thc trong nn kinh t ca Cng ha
Sc Republic .Castells (2001:52) ni rng, khi c nng sut v cnh tranh, c kh nng sn
xut tri thc v thng tin cho mc ch sn xut. V d, Czech sau khi s sp ca chnh
quyn cng sn v s gia tng ca cc chnh ph dn ch, phi i mt vi s cnh tranh t
pha ty v phn cn li ca th gii, c buc phi pht trin kin thc khi bit rng t
nhn ha cc cng ty nh nc s c hng li nc. Ngoi ra, c gng gii phng gi
c v thng mi s gip khuyn khch u t nc ngoi v tng trng trong nn kinh
t. Naomi Klein (2001: 196) cho rng, "xy dng thng hiu l nh sn xut chnh mi
trong ci gi l kinh t tri thc ca chng ti ' [64] (Trch dn trong Smith, MK v Smith, M.
2002). "Mt trong nhng yu t quan trng m cc cng ty gi nh ty a quc gia ch khng
phi l xuyn quc gia l mc m h tm n "thu ngoi ca sn phm, linh kin v dch
v" (ibid).
Ngoi ra, do s t do ha gi c v thng mi ca gi c v thng mi trong Cng ha
Sc Cng ha trong Thng nm 1991, nhiu cng ty hin nay c th xc nh v tr trong
Cng ha Sc Republic . B trng Dyba ni, t wo nm trc y khng c ca hng thc
pri trong cc vng t Sc, nhng n ow, khong 60-70 phn trm ca bn l, thng mi, v
cc dch v ang tr li trong tay ca doanh nghip t nhn (Dyba trong iu l 77, thng Hai
19 1993) [65] . iu ny cho thy c mt s tng trng thng mi.

Sau s sp ca ch ngha cng sn vo nm 1989, cc b trng ti chnh ca chnh ph
lin bang Vaclav Klaus tr thnh tng thng. Theo chnh sch kinh t ca mnh, ng t nhn
ha cc ngnh cng nghip nh nc v quc gia tr thnh mt nn kinh t hin i-min
ph, iu tit th trng chng khon. "n cui nm 1995 hn 80 phn trm ca nn kinh t
c t nhn ha" (Zuzowski1998: 99).Qu trnh t nhn i n tnh trng hn n v
c mt quy nh khng ng k. Ngoi ra, c nhn v o c b nh cp hu ht cc
ti sn nh nc. Nhiu ngn hng ng ca, tn tht tit kim ca ngi dn gy ra v
mng su. Tuy nhin, n l mt trong nhng li ch ln nht ca ton cu ha trong Cng
ha Sc Republic . iu ny l do c s gia tng lu lng quc t ca thu nhp vn.

Kijlstra ni: "Cng ha Sc a ra nhng lp v khi nn kinh t chuyn i hng u ca
cc nn dn ch mi. Trn o ba nm ci cch kinh t mnh m, Sc to ra nn kinh t th
trng ln nht trong khu vc ... Bng cch thit lp v d cho cc nc lng ging ca h
Cng ha Sc t c tng u t nc ngoi trong mt khu vc m l cnh tranh cao
cho cc truyn vn quan trng " (Kijlstra 1995).

Ngoi ra, nh l kt qu ca t nhn, CH Sc c th s hu c phn trong cc cng ty khi
v ch khi h c th kh nng t nht l mt ngn ngn Sc. Kijlstra ni t nhn n
trong nc u tin "qua mt thi gian chng t" cung cp cho ngi dn Sc cho n ch
yu thng qua cc chng t mt thi gian nht nh cho cng dn Sc vi chi ph khng ng
k. Hn hai phn ba ca cc cng dn y thc chng t ca h vo qu u t mi c to
ra, m ln n hn su trm trong qu trnh "(Kijlstra 1995). [66]

L kt qu ca s bng n kinh t ny, Czech Republic c th tr n trc ca n v do
c nhiu thng d mc d iu ny t c t thu sut cao trong c nc. Ngn hng
quc gia Sc theo ui mt chnh sch tht cht tin t gn vng min Sc ngoi t
ngy hm nay l mt thnh cng. V d trong nm 2006, 1 Great bng Anh tng ng
vi 40 Sc vng min nhng ngy nay mt i vng min ca Anh bng 29 hoc 30 thn
rng Sc. Lnh vc ngn hng Sc pht trin cc k trong sut nm nm qua. V d, trong
thi k cng sn, Cng ha Sc Cng ha c bn ngn hng s dng 19.000 lao
ng. Ngy nay c hn 50 ngn hng (trong 40 phn trm l nc ngoi) v 56.000 nh
tuyn dng. Gia tng ng k ny b nh hng ca ton cu ha (vung M bo co kho
bc 30
ngy
thng 6 nm 1994).
Ton cu ha dn n cnh tranh ngy cng tng gia cc cng ty trong Cng ha
Sc Republic . iu ny l tt v n gip tng sn lng, hiu qu v li nhun. Ngoi ra,
tng th trng Cng ha Sc nh c dn n s chuyn mn ha v ci tin trong phn
cng lao ng trong cng ty. Tt c nhng iu ny dn n s gia tng tin lng v mc
sng ca cng nhn.
3.2.4 Gio dc
Ton cu ha dn n th tc ha, ngy cng c nhiu ngi tr tui hc bc trung hc
v i hc v pht trin gii phng v tham gia lao ng ca ph n ti Cng ha Sc
(Lesthaeghe1995: 21-22). Bo co pht trin con ngi (UNDR) cho mt cuc kho st c
tin hnh gia nm 2003 v 2005 cho thy rng 99% dn s trng thnh (c ngha l, t
l dn s trn 15 tui) l bit ch, iu ny cho thy s st gim t l m ch . N cng
gip cho gio dc theo nh hng cng vic. l by gi c mt s m bo ca mt
ngi c mt cng vic sau khi hon thnh trng. Nh nc cng l gi nh nhiu quyn
lc hn trong qun tr gio dc. c s gia tng trong tiu chun gio dc, tng chi tiu
cng cho gio dc so vi bt k hot ng ca chnh ph. Ngoi ra, cc phn m rng ca
chng trnh i hc bng vic to ra cc chng trnh trao i gia cc trng i hc. Bng
v th di y cho thy mt s s liu v s gia tng t l ngi bit ch nh nhng nm
qua.
Mc bng 3.2.The gio dc gia nm 1994 -2005
Years Education T l phn trm
2005 10.4 10
2004 9.9 9.5
2003 9.6 9.2
2002 9.5 9.1
2001 8.7 8.3
2000 8.6 8.26
1999 8.4 8.07
1998 7.9 7.59
1997 7.9 7.59
1996 7.8 7.5
1995 7.5 7.2
1994 7.8 7.5
Total 104 99,81























Ngun: C quan thng k Sc (2006) [67]
Nh thy t bng v th trn c mt s gia tng nh du trong trnh gio dc ti
Cng ha Sc t 7,8 phn trm nm 1994 xung cn 10 phn trm trong nm 2005.


3.2.5 Tiu chun On Trong Living
Theo s liu thng k c thc hin bi Eurostat, Vn phng thng k ca Cng ng chu
u, Cng ha Sc Cng ha c nhn thy tin gn hn n mc sng ca cc nc
thnh vin c ca Lin minh chu u.
Eurostat so snh tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) trn u ngi th hin trong tiu chun
sc mua (PPS) trong cc nc EU. T mc trung bnh ca Lin minh chu u, 27 c coi
l tiu chun 100 Mua in (PPS). V khi nhng con s c tnh ton, n cho thy Cng
ha Sc ci thin th hng ca mnh t 74 PPS (c ngha l 26% di mc trung bnh)
trong 2005-79 PPS (21% di mc trung bnh) trong nm 2006. [68]
Tuy nhin, ton cu ha cho php nh du mt s phn bit gia ngi giu v ngi
ngho trong Cng ha Sc Republic . y l nhng g c gi l "ngi chin thng" v "k
thua cuc" ca Bauman (1998:88). ng cho bit nhng g c hoan nghnh nh l "ton cu
ha" (ibid) l hng cho khch du lch nhng c m v kht vng. Ngoi ra, ton cu ha
dn n "s chuyn i ca nhiu ngi khc k lang thang" c trch dn trong Ritzer
(2003:574). Kho st Vn phng thng k Sc gia nhng nm 2000 v 2008 cho thy c
s gia tng s lng ngi v gi tr hoc Lunatics trong Cng ha ScRepublic . S ny
tng ln nh l kt qu ngho i, ma ty tht vng v in r.

3.2.6 V y t

c mt sc khe ci thin trong Sc Cng ha. iu ny l do, vic p dng chnh ph
ca mt-phi c chnh sch bo him y t cho mi cng nhn o trong trong nc n gip
tng iu tr d dng. Mc d chnh sch ny khng bao gm nhng ngi tht nghip, chnh
ph ang c gng lm cho n tr nn c li cho tt c. B y t lun lun ci thin nhng
tuy nhin, tc ci thin kh chm trong lnh vc khng - cc bnh truyn nhim [69] nh
h tun hon, cc bnh khi u dn n t l t vong cao.
Cc yu t nguy c lin quan n li sng ph bin t nc c bit, ht thuc l, ch
n ung khng lnh mnh v hot ng th cht khng y . Chng trnh sc khe lu di
thng qua bi chnh ph gip trong vic gim tng t l ht thuc l trong nc, mc d
thanh nin vn cn tham gia nhiu hn trong . Cng c s st gim v s lng cc
bnh truyn nhim (bnh dch) v cc chng trnh tim phng bt buc c thc hin bi
chnh ph
Cng vi s gip cung cp nhng c hi mi cng nh nhng thch thc ca chu
u Lin minh Cng ha Sc, gip trong vic ci thin tnh hnh sc khe.
3.2.7 V cng ngh
C cng l mt s m rng ca h thng giao thng trong nc v by gi c mt thu hp
khong cch gia cc Czech Republic v th gii ni chung. Khong cch thu hp ny c
gi Marx Karl (1973) trong vn bn Grundrise l "hy dit ca khng gian v thi
gian". Havery (1989) gi n l "nn khng gian thi gian". Trong khi Giddens (1990)
quyt nh mu thun vi n bng cch gii thiu n l "khng gian thi gian
distanciation". Thng qua vic s dng s dng Internet v truyn hnh, hnh nh xa xi ang
mang ngay gn cc a im cm trc tip nht (c ngha l, ni tht) trong Sc v ra khi
Cng ha Sc. Kt qu l, iu ny to ra s gia tng trong vic lm v mc sng ca
ngi dn.
Theo bng im kt ni ca Waverman nm 2008, n cho thy rng cc Czech Republic c
mc cao hn ng k ca phn cng phn mm kinh doanh v tiu bnh qun u ngi
v thm nhp bng rng. C y l trong danh sch 16 quc gia ca cc nn kinh t da vo
i mi, t c mt s im 3,71, v n c bao gm trong cc nn kinh t da vo
i mi nh mt h qu ca cch thnh vin trong Lin minh chu u. Kt ni c gii
thch bi Gio s Leonard Waverman, ca London Business Trng nh b ca ng b v
ng st mng, k nng, phn mm v s dng ln n ngy lm cho cc mng truyn
thng l ng lc chnh ca sn xut v tng trng kinh t, l trung tm ca s ch ca
mt nghin cu c bit tng ng. [70]
3.2.8 Ngy Giao thng vn ti .
Giddens (1990) ni ton cu ha dn n s gia tng tnh thm ca ngi trong bin gii
quc gia thng qua thng mi, du lch hoc cc h thng in t. Kha cnh ny c nhn
thy trong Sc Republic . Trn mt phn ca giao thng vn ti, c cng l mt m rng ca
h thng ng b v ng hng khng.Theo B giao thng vn ti ca Nin gim nm
2007, c s gia tng tng chiu di ca nh nc v hnh thc ng khu vc 54.909 km
trong nm 2002 n 54.599 mt kg trong nm 2006. l, tng 50 mt kg trong tng chiu
di cc tuyn ng nh nc v khu vc xy dng trong giai on ny.
Sc vn phng thng k nm 2007 m ch c s gia tng trong thng tin lin lc. V d,
c s gia tng v s lng cc ng dy in thoi s dng. Cc dng mi tng t
3.217.300 trong nm 2005-12.150.000 vo nm 2006 cho in thoi di ng t bo, tng cc
i pht thanh ca 31 AM, FM 304 v 17 sng ngn v khong 150 trm pht sng truyn
hnh cng vi 1.434 lp, 1,7 triu Internet my ch v 3,5 triu ngi s dng Internet.
3.2.9 Ngy Ph n.
Do s pht trin ca h thng my tnh, n dn n s gia tng s lng ph n trong lc
lng lao ng. Cho h c hi pht trin n v tr hng u v iu ny dn n h thng
truyn thng c, ni ph n ni khai thc v to cho h tng rng ni mt ngi ph n b
hn ch vo nh. By gi ph n c th t sp xp nh nh cc b m v cc b ni tr v
jobsites nh ngi lao ng. Vn phng thng k Sc trong nm 2008 cho thy 46,5 phn
trm ph n ang lm vic so vi nhng ngi n ng vi 60.0 phn trm [71] con s ny
cho thy mt s gia tng ln v s lng ph n lm vic.
Ton cu ha cho php s tham gia ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha vi cng ng quc t
khc. Trong ch cng sn, Czech Republic b chn t cc quc gia khc thng qua hn
ch di c. Tuy nhin, sau s sp ca chnh quyn cng sn, c nc i ra khi vn
c lp. Sc "khng cn b c lp t cng sn ton cu, nhng ang tr nn tch hp bn trong
n" Giddens (2006:57).
3.3 Kch thc MI TRNG.
N c bit rng, mt lmost hai phn ba dn s Cng ha Sc, sng cc vng khng kh
cng thng v nhim nc. [72] Cc ty bc Bohemia v Bc Moravia l khu vc nh
hng bi nhim hn v iu ny dn n mt s bnh nh ung th nhiu sc khe.

Giddens (1990) coi ton cu ha c gn lin vi ri ro. Ri ro nh nhng ngi "sn xut"
chng ti khng th kim sot. V vy, ng gi l thi i hin nay l mt "ngi khng
l". Mt ngi khng l c m t l, mt nhanh chng ln "xe" vi mt ng c ln, m
chung, l c th c ca ngi n ng kim sot n, nhng sau khi mt mc nht
nh, ngi n ng s khng th chy "xe". Ngoi ra, bt k n lc ca ngi n ng
buc kim sot ca mnh v iu ny "xe" s dn ngi n ng b nghin nt bi iu ny
"xe". Rng c mt s ln xe c v l ok, nhng c nhng lc n mang li mt s vn con
ngi khng th nhn thy trc khi tay hoc kim sot v nhng vn ny thng rt
khng mong mun v gy hi. Ngoi ra, do ng kt lun rng, min l ngi n ng sng
trong k nguyn hin i, ng s khng bao gi c th sng, mt cuc sng c bo m
bi v ngi n ng khu vc hin ang chim c y cc yu t ri ro Giddens
(1990:139). Hm nay trong Czech Republic, c l c s pht trin ca c hai ri ro c th
ch ha v ri ro mi trng, c hai u khng bit v cha bit. S gia tng s lng s cy
cng nghip, mng li giao thng, c s h tng nh trong nc dn n s hy
dit ca thm thc vt t nhin v s gia tng mc kh nh knh trong kh quyn. Bng
di y cho thy mc kh nh knh c sn xut t cc ngnh cng nghip.
Bng 3.3
Pht thi tim nng ca flo cng nghip kh nh knh
Gg CO 2 tng ng
Loi hp cht 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Cc hp cht flo, tng s 889,79 1,322.17 1,711.84 1,443.98 1,451.20 2,766.21
Hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) 674,32 1,092.41 1,343.94 1,215.00 1,280.55 2,573.99
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 9,45 17,91 28.64 20.98 13.77 30.33
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) 206,02 211,85 339,26 208.00 156,88 161.90


Ngun: Vn phng thng k Sc [73]

T bng trn n cho thy rng c s gia tng mc cp ca cc hp cht flo trong
kh quyn t 889,79 trong nm 2000-2766,21 trong nm 2007. S gia tng v s lng cc
hp cht flo n nh l mt kt qu ca s gia tng trong vic s dng thy fluorocarbons
(HFCs) cc yu t nh t lnh, thit b iu ha khng kh. S hin din ca hydro trong cc
thit b dn n kh thi nh xanh kh trong bu kh quyn, mc d mt t tc dng c
hi. PFCs, cc hp cht cha carbon, flo, v rt d bay hi. Cc cht kh ny n ch yu
t cc ngnh cng nghip ang gip trong s suy gim ca tng ozone.

3.4. Kch thc CHNH TR
3.4.1 Interstates Connections.
kch v Urry (1987, 1994) cho bit cc tnh nng ca ton cu ha l n gip mang li
nhiu kt ni gia cc quc gia v gim nh hng ca cc chnh sch nh nc, s pht trin
ca tng xuyn quc gia thng tin lin lc, v cc hot ng, s gia tng trong mt lu lng
rt ln cc mt hng v cc sn phm vn ha v s lan rng ca th gii phng Ty phong
cch tiu dng. im chun ca kt ni gia cc tiu bang mnh lit ny c th c cho l
Sc Republic . Ngay lp tc mt fter s sp ca bc tng Berlin, c s gia tng trong
cc kt ni gia cc quc gia gia Cng ha Sc Cng ha v cc nc phng Ty khc
nh c Php, Vng quc Anh. Sc by gi bt u tiu th cc sn phm phng Ty
m trong qu kh, ni mt s cch hn ch do chnh sch x hi ch ngha.
3.4.2 V ch quyn Nh nc.
Giddens lm cho ngi c hiu rng "khng c b mt tri t, ngoi tr cc khu vc vng
cc" Giddens (1990:71) m ng chng thc rng n khng phi l c cai tr bi mt
trong hai "mt nh nc hoc mt" (ibid). Ngoi ra, l cc quc gia ngy nay "c mt kim
sot c quyn t nhiu thnh cng ca cc phng tin bo lc trong lnh th ca mnh"
(ibid) l, quc gia hin nay vn ln nh th no h ang c, c th khng hon ton
kim sot cc phng tin bo lc trong h cc quc gia ring. Ngoi ra, khng c vn
nh th no ln "sc mnh kinh t" ca mt quc gia, v "tp on cng nghip l h khng
th thit lp mnh nh thc th chnh tr m cai tr mt khu vc nht nh lnh th" (ibid).
Chnh tr, CH Sc b mt mt s quyn hn ch quyn ca h nh l mt kt qu ca s
nh hng ca ton cu ha. Ny, bi v ngi Czech khng cn c th thc hin bt k
quyt nh mnh m trn ca mnh v by gi c mt chnh sch i ngoi chung chu u
rng h cn phi lm theo. V d, trong cuc chin tranh Iraq, Cng ha Sc Cng ha khng
th t quyt nh ca mnh h tr cho Hoa K hoc phn i chin tranh. Tt c mi
th cn li trong tay ca Lin minh chu u quyt nh. V khi Cng ha Sc cui cng
quyt nh h tr M, c nhn c nhng li ch trch ln t cc thnh vin tin
phong ca Lin minh chu u nh c v Php ngi thm ch hy hoi mc Sc vo nm
2004.
The Czech Nc cng ha nhp EU vo ngy 01 thng 5 nm 2004. Vi cc tnh nng ca
mt "th trng chung v di chuyn t do ca ngi lao ng, cng on cc cng dn v cc
thnh vin gia nh ca h", vic tm kim min ph cho cng vic, truy cp min ph "dch
v vic lm cng cng v cc th tc lin quan n th lao v d phng" (ibid). C mt s
thay i trong hnh ng vic lm. Trong hnh ng ny ", ngi lao ng v cng on
cng dn" c t do di chuyn vi gia nh ca h. Hnh ng ny mang li nhiu p lc
ln cc cng dn Sc nhng ngi ang phi i mt vi nhiu s cnh tranh t cc tp on
a quc gia v cc lao ng nhp c ln sp vo Vit Nam. The Czech Cng ha hin ang
phi i mt vi p lc nng cao nng lc ni b ca mnh trong lnh vc gio dc, vn ha
ci m v tin nghi p ng cc tiu chun EU
Th ct tc (1995) ni v ton cu ha, ng da t tng ca ng v mt thc th chnh tr
duy nht m ng gi l "Mc th gii" hoc s pht trin ca mt nh hng chnh tr duy
nht l ngy cng ph bin trn ton th gii "c trch dn trong Ritzer
(2003:570). Nhng suy ngh ca Barber c th c lin quan n dn ch chnh tr Sc ni
ang c gng bng mi cch p ng cc tiu chun tng t ca cc nc dn ch chnh
tr khc trn th gii nh Hoa K.







CHNG BN
KT QU, KIN NGH V KT LUN
Chng ny tm tt nhng pht hin chnh ca nghin cu. N i din cho cch hin ti
c s dng nh hng n hi nhp vn ha trong Cng ha Sc Republic . l, vai
tr ca Lin Hp Quc, cc chnh ph, Lin minh chu u, cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO)
v cc c quan quc t khc nh Hi ng Anh v Lin minh Php. Kt lun ny sau c
rt ra t nhng pht hin. N tip tc cho thy nhng hn ch v hu qu ca ton cu ha v
hi nhp vn ha vo Cng ha Sc, cng nh xut trc, m nu c thc hin s
khuyn khch hi nhp vn ha ti Cng ha Sc trong mt mc ln hn.
4.1 KT QU.
Pht hin ny cho thy mc m cc mc tiu ca nghin cu ny t c. Vn ha l
c s ca tt c cc x hi loi ngi trn th gii v Cng ha Sc cng khng ngoi l v
vn ha gip trong vic hin th danh tnh. Khi cc nhm vn ha khc nhau n vi nhau,
lun lun c mt nhu cu cho cc nhm vn ha c mt im chung nh, lm vic cng nhau
cho s pht trin ca nn kinh t. V tp trung ny ch c th t c thng qua qu trnh
hi nhp vn ha. iu ny khng nh s khng nh rng hi nhp vn ha l mt trong
nhng c s thng qua Sc l mt quc gia c th sng ha hp vi cc dn tc khc
trong c nc. The culture of the Czech Cng ha bao gm; l hi hnh vi, thc phm v
khiu v. Cc sn phm vn ha cung cp cho mnh t mu m cho s hi nhp ca cc nn
vn ha khc. Tuy nhin, qu trnh ny b cn tr v mt s l do.
Vn u tin phi i mt vi Sc hng ti hi nhp vn ha l Sc c hu nh khng
c kinh nghim c nhn t cuc sng trong mt x hi a sc tc, v do , nhng ngi
nhp c lun c xem nh l mt mi e da cho c ngi dn v cc c quan nh
nc. Theo cc cuc iu tra d lun c tin hnh trong nhng nm 1990 ca B ni tht
ca Cng ha Sc, hn 75% s ngi c hi c kin rng "c qu nhiu ngi nc
ngoi" [74] ti Cng ha Sc. Ngoi ra, nhng quan im ny l nhng ngi ln tui, ngi
t hc, giai cp cng nhn v trong s nhng ngi t theo nh hng t th trn nh v lng.
Mt ci nhn cn cnh Sc khi ni n lin quan ca h vi ngi thiu s quc gia v dn
tc, h ln lt chp nhn ngi Slovak, ngi Do Thi v Ba Lan hn Gypsies, Vit
Nam v Trung Quc. H nhn vo h l mt mi e da cho cuc sng ca h. iu ny l
do s c s gia tng ca ti phm, s mt vic lm do tng t l tht nghip v ni lo s rng
h s khng th thch ng vi vn ha ca h. Hn na, s gia tng v s lng cc dn tc
thiu s quc gia s c ngha l mt s mt mt ca hnh vi truyn thng ca nn vn ha
Sc (Ibid,) [75] .
Kho st ny cng tit l rng nhiu hn th 48% ngi Sc nhn ngi nhp c v ngi t
nn tiu cc v hn 65% s ngi c hi ng h mt chnh sch nhp c kh khn hn v
hn ch ca ngi nhp c Cng ha Sc Republic . Hn 55% ca Sc t chi vic xy
dng mt tri t nn gn nh ca h. Tt c nhng cn tr hi nhp. Tuy nhin, cuc kho st
ny cho thy cng mt lc hn 60% s ngi c hi phn i phn bit chng tc v hn
65% s ngi c hi coi mnh l khoan dung vi thiu s quc gia v dn tc "nu h c
th thch ng vi phong cch cuc sng ca h." [76] Quan im ny cng c nhn thy
ngay c trong cc c quan nh nc. C rt nghim ngt nhng ngi nhp c v ngi t
nn trong nc.
Mt tr ngi hi nhp vn ha trn mt phn ca nhng ngi nhp c, ngi nc ngoi
v nhng ngi t nn l h thng php lut Sc nh ngha dn tc thiu s trong lut s
273/2001 Sb. C s tham kho o Lut ny, mt tp hp ca nhng ngi phi thc hin
mt s c im c coi l mt thiu s quc gia. l, c h khu thng tr v cng dn
trong Cng ha Sc Republic . Ngoi ra, c ngn ng dn tc v vn ha, l khc nhau t
phn ln ca nh nc. [77] C mt mong mun ph bin c coi l mt thiu s quc
gia bo v v pht trin bn sc ring ca mnh, truyn thng vn ha v ngn ng. V di
hn, cng ty v mi quan h lu di vi cc lnh th ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha v nhng
ngi sng c y "Tt c nhng cn tr hi nhp vn ha khng ch cho nhng ngi mi m
cn cho nhng ngi nh c t nc mt thi gian. iu ny l do hu ht thng,
nhng ngi nhp c thy cc iu kin nh mt k thi h cn phi vt qua trc khi chng
c th c coi l dn tc thiu s Cng ha Sc. V vy, h ln lt c luke m v ton
b qu trnh v do c lp mnh khi nhng iu s lm cho h n vi nhau.
Mc d hi nhp c din ra trong ha Sc Cng ha, c mt s dn tc phi i
mt vi mt s phn bit i x. V d, Slovak c a thch hn bi ngi Sc hn thiu s
quc gia khc. Ngoi ra cn c mt qu trnh hi nhp tt gia Sc v ngi Vit Nam s
hu ngi bn hng rong v bn hng ha cht lng rt r v thp. y x hi Sc coi h
c lm vic chm ch v v vy, c mt mi quan h tt vi h. Mc d trong qu kh,
iu tra nm 2001 bng chng nht Gypsies thch c coi l "Sc" hoc "Moravians" nhng
CH Sc vn khng c mt quan nim tt v h bi v phong cch sng "inadaptable" ca h,
t l ti phm cao v ni chung ca h thi th ng lm vic v ph thuc vo cc h
thng an sinh x hi ca nh nc. Slovakia c php s dng ngn ng ca h trong gio
dc so vi thiu s quc gia khc nh ngn ng ngi digan. Tr em gypsy ni gi n
trng hc c gi l "trng hc c bit" tch bit vi tr em Sc. Ny, vn rt
nhiu cn tr hi nhp gia cc tr em Sc v tr em gypsy.
C rt nhiu vn vn ha ti Cng ha Sc m ch yu n t s thiu hiu bit v quan
tm ca cng chng cng nh cc phng tin truyn thng v cc chnh tr gia trong tnh
hnh dn tc thiu s v quc gia ti Cng ha Sc. Hu ht cc ngi Sc khng quan tm
n dn tc thiu s v v iu ny, Sc ln lt c khoan dung, bi ngoi v phn bit
chng tc i vi ngi nc ngoi do cn tr hi nhp vn ha.
Staffan Z. ni thiu mt ngn ng chung hay khi nim ph bin ca hnh nh th gii dn
n s hiu sai v hnh ng hoc tin nhn, s hiu lm v hu qu hnh ng khng mong
mun ca nhau v n ang cn tr s phi hp hiu qu hoc bng v lc nhn thc v nim
tin ca cc din vin. Staffan Z (1994:3)
Nhng g c thc hin l nhng g bao gi k thut Lin minh chu u mun pht trin
trong vic gim bn sc vn ha v quc gia thng xuyn nht s chng minh c khng
b ch. iu ny l do, nh ni bi Soeters "Tc ng ca chnh sch vn ha trong vic
gim file nh km quc gia v thc y hn na thc ca EU hay bn sc chu u nht
thit phi cn c thi gian. Khc bit vn ha ct li c pht trin trong thi th u, v ch
thay i rt chm ". [78]
Thc t khc l, mc d c s hin din ca cc t chc tham gia vo hi nhp gia Cng ha
Sc v x hi ca nhng ngi nhp c, h vn khng c bt k phng php c bit i
ph vi nhm d b tn thng ny dnh cho hi nhp v tham gia vo x hi dn ch mi
ca h. iu ny l do h ch s dng phng php cng tc x hi c bn nh hng n
hi nhp.
4.2 KIN NGH.
Kt qu ca nghin cu ny ch ra mt cch sng ng rng nn vn ha hnh thnh nn
xng sng ca hu ht cc nc trn th gii v Cng ha Sc l khng c ngoi l. Vn
ha cung cp hng ho v dch v sinh hot, v cc mt hng thng mi cng nh li ch
vn ha khc, thc phm v cy thuc cho con ngi. Tuy nhin, s ra i ca ton cu ha
dn n s ph hy hoc qun l khng bn vng v tuyt chng dn dn ca mt s sn
phm vn ha trong Cng ha Sc Republic . Do n c tm quan trng quan trng l mt
s bin php c thc hin ci thin tnh hnh hin ti ca hi nhp vn ha trong c
nc. t c mc tiu ny, hp tc l cn thit t chnh ph, Sc, nhng ngi nhp c,
cc t chc nc ngoi v cc t chc phi chnh ph quan tm n hi nhp vn ha.
Abderrahman, Hassi, v Giovanna v Storti ni, "Vi s ra i ca cng ngh thng tin,
ging dy c v l mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh s pht trin v thnh vng trong cc
x hi hin i ngy nay. Ging dy cng l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng, gip cho
vic duy tr lin kt vi nhau gia con ngi v cc quc gia (Abderrahman v cng s
2007). [79] V vy, khuyn khch hi nhp vn ha ti Cng ha Sc, chnh ph c th
quyt nh tng s lng sinh vin quc t n trong cho t nc mi nm cho cc chng
trnh trao i. iu ny l do s hin din ca sinh vin quc t cc trng i hc c ch cho
c c quan ch qun v cc sinh vin trong nc. y s c mt s a dng ln v vn ha
v hi nhp s c thc hin trong mt thi gian ngn.
Ngoi ra, gim t l b mt ca cc sn phm vn ha gia cc nn vn ha, chnh ph c
th thng qua B vn ha t chc mt s chnh sch nh o to ngn ng, h tr cho vn
ha ngi nhp c '; m phn h tr cho cc hot ng tn gio, h tr cho cc hot ng
th thao s gip to iu kin hi nhp vn ha.
Chnh ph c th t chc o to trong ngn ng ca nc ch nh cho dn s tr v ngi
ln 'ca nhng ngi nhp c. Hi nhp ln nhau, chnh ph cng c th to thun li cho
ngi dn bn x trong vic hc ngn ng (s) ca cc cng ng ngi nhp c.
Sc hp tc vi, ngi nhp c v dn s ngi t nn, h c th c gio dc v vic c
mt tinh thn cng ng. l, c gng lm vic cng vi cc quc gia khc hoc ti cc
a im cng vic ca h hoc ni cng cng. H cng c th c o to v cc kha
cnh ca vn ha khoan dung.
Tn gio nh l mt kha cnh ca bn sc vn ha gip trong vic thc y hi nhp vn
ha. V vy, khuyn khch hi nhp vn ha ti Cng ha Sc, nc c th c gng ni
chuyn vi nhng ngi nhp c sng trong nc, cung cp cho h vi cc trang web ca ni
th phng, v chp nhn thc hnh tn gio c bit ca h. iu ny l do khi cc ni th
t c thit lp, c mt kh nng ln hn ca hi nhp bi v tn gio khng phn bit i
x khi ni n chng tc. V vy, s c trong vn chuyn d dng ca cc nhm vn ha tch
ra, m s n vi nhau rt d dng.
Cn phi hp cc nn vn ha khc nhau ca t nc c tm thy trong nc loi b
cc ro cn trong phong cch lnh o, cc m hnh thng tin lin lc, h thng nhn s, nh
gi kt qu v li ch an sinh x hi.
Nh mt cch khuyn khch trao i quan im v hi nhp, B vn ha, i khi c th
gi li mi n cc nhm vn ha khc nhau cnh tranh v gii thng cho cc nghi l cho
s sng to.
Ngoi ra, nu vn ha ca nc ch nh c tch hp hiu qu vi cc nn vn ha ca dn
tc thiu s khc trong nc, n c th gip trong vic pht trin cc lnh vc khc ca t
nc nh cc nn kinh t v chnh tr. l, c th c s gia tng trong vic bn cc sn
phm vn ha, s gip tng Tng sn phm quc ni ca t nc ca t nc. V cng c
s gia tng sc mnh ca qun i thng qua vic tuyn dng ngi nc ngoi trong qun
i
4.3 Kt lun.
X hi Sc trong 20
th
th k bi l bn cht rt phc tp. Mc d c cc mc thp hn ca
hi nhp tng tc, (mt tnh hung m trong cc nc ch nh chp nhn, tha th v bao
gm cc dn nhp c trong cc mi quan h chnh v cc mng x hi ca x hi), c gng
tha nhn s vng mt ca hi nhp vn ha trong Cng ha Sc Sc s mt s cch khng
ng m rng mt ln hn. Hi nhp vn ha y khng ch c ngha l mt mt i
mt lin lc nh trong cc trng hc, cc a im th trng lao ng cho cc s kin cng
cng. Hi nhp vn ha cng lin quan n phng tin truyn thng v Internet.
Sau khi tt c ni v lm, cc cu hi cn t ra l, l hi nhp vn ha nhn thy trong Cng
ha Sc Cng ha? Nu c, n l ca bt k trng Sc Cng ha? Nu chng ta c gng tr
li cu hi ny bng cch tham chiu n cc nm 1970 v 1980 l cu tr li r rng l s
khng c, c c s vng mt ca hi nhp vn ha ti Cng ha Sc. Tuy nhin, tham gia
mt ci nhn cn cnh Cng ha Sc trong nhng nm 1990 v ngy nay, cu tr li hu nh
s l c, hi nhp vn ha l mt c tnh cn thit trong x hi Sc v tm quan trng. Cc
yu t d thy nht ca hi nhp vn ha trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha c nhn thy vi
s pht trin ca nhn thc tch cc ca Sc i vi ngi nc ngoi, s gia tng hp tc
vn ha thng qua vic m ca bin gii thuc Lin hip chu u v khi Schengen.
Lu tm n tt c nhng n lc ca t chc phi chnh ph v chnh ph khc khuyn
khch hi nhp, c khng thc s l mt thnh cng ln hn trong lnh vc ny gia x
hi Sc v ngi nc ngoi. Tuy nhin, hm nay hi nhp vn ha l c th nhn thy trong
mt s lnh vc c th v pht trin mang li rt nhiu trong nc nh m ch trong cc
chng afore c cp.



















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519/2002) [Cng ha Sc]. 1 thng 1 nm 2003, c sn trc tuyn trong UNHCR Refworld
ti:http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b6100.html [truy cp ngy 01 thng nm nm 2009]

Barbara A. Misztal (2000) Barbara A. Misztal.2000.Informality: l thuyt v thc hnh x hi hin i
Published by Routledge
c thm.

c cng b: 2009-04-24

Broov Lucie Th nm 03. Thng 1 nm 2008 nc ngoi vin trong Cng ha
Sc Republic
c thm.
http://www.czech.cz/en/current-affairs/work-and-study/foreign-institutes-in-
the-czech-republic
www.ifp.cz .
Tng thng Cng ha Sc ca Hi ng ca Lin minh chu u. tch hp ca ngi nc ngoi ti ScCng
ha (2009:2)
Bi c thm www.eu2009.cz
http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/kapitola/ciz_pocet_cizincu
http://www.mpsv.cz/search.php

Dusan Drbohlav, Milada Horakova, Eva Janska (thng 2005:1). Cc cuc tranh lun xut nhp cnh hin ti
chu u: Mt bn ca di c chu u i thoi
c thm
http://www.migpolgroup.com/multiattachments/2961/DocumentName/EMD_
Czech_2005.pdf

T l vic lm qu 3 Kho st lc lng lao ng nm 2008
http://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo/en/tabdetail.jsp?cislotab=VSPS% 20509_1 (Truy cp
2 thng nm 2009)

Hi nhp x hi chu u. Thng Hai 2004.Bestell-Nr./Oder Khng 201.
c thm
www.wz-berlin.de hoc http://skylla.wzb.eu/pdf/2004/i04-201.pdf .


Eurostat.2007. GDP trn u ngi trong nm 2006. Eurostat Thng co bo ch 90-2007, 28 Thng Su
2007.
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page ? Paged = 1090, 30.070.682, 1090_33076576
and_ cha = cng thng tin v s = PORTAL.

Lnh vc Heather. (2000:245). Chnh sch vn ha ca EU v Vic to ra mt bn sc chung Chu u.
c thm
http://www.eusanz. o rg/pdf/conf98/Field.pdf (Truy cp Thng Mi Hai
14,2008)

Lnh vc Heather. (2007:246) chnh sch vn ho ca EU v Vic to ra mt chung European Bn
scContemporary European Studies Griffith University.
c thm
http://www.eusanz. org/pdf/conf98/Field.pdf

Heckmann v Schnapper (2003:10) Phi hp ngi nhp c trong x hi chu u.
c thm
02 thng nm 2009)

Qu Tin t quc t, Nin gim thng k ti chnh quc t nm 1999.

Jane R. Elgass 11 thng 9 nm 2000. Hi tho tp trung vo cc vn ton cu ha
c thm
http://www.ur.umich.edu/0001/Sep11_00/9.htm URL:http://www.ur.umich.ed
u/0001/Sep11_00/9.htm

Jitka Dvokov Tp 6, S 1, 2005, 1 - 106:76 Tp ch Khoa hc qun l y t v Vin Y t Cng cng Y t
v X hi, Georgia i hc Scranton, Pennsylvania, Hoa K
c thm
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2439653/Journal-HealtH-ScienceS-
ManageMent-Public-HealtH

Ji, afr. 2006. Thng v x hi, v phong cch sng trong ha Sc Cng ha .
Lng ther c
http://studie.soc.cas.cz/index.php3?lang=eng&shw=270 (Truy cp thng nm 2009)

Karel Dyba 19 thng 2 1993
Cp nht tnh hnh t nhn trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha: S bin i kinh t
Sau khi Split
c thm
http://www.cceia.org/resources/publications/privatization_project


. Kees KIJLSTRA th 1995.Czech Cng ha: Mt trng hp ch d tho. Bo co c bit ng (H
Lan).
c thm
http://www.friends-
partners.org/oldfriends/economics/czech.rep.case.study.html (Truy cp ngy
28 thng 12. 2008)


Kijlstra, Kees.1995. t nhn ha ng u : Czech Republic, mt m hnh trng hp .

Larson Simeon v Nissen Bruce. (1987:29) Cc l thuyt v phong tro lao ng. c xut bn bi Wayne
State University Press, 395 trang.
http://books.google.com/books?id=VOOtjT464CMC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&
dq =% 22constan t 12 thng t nm 2009)


Loots, Elsabe. 2002. Ton cu ha th trng mi ni v cc nn kinh t Nam Phi: Tp ch Nam Phi nn
kinh t. Volume70. Issue2. P. 123-132.

Lucie Broov, (Th nm 03 thng 1 2008). Vin nc ngoi ti Sc Republic
c thm
http://www.czech.cz/en/current-affairs/work-a nd-study/foreign-institutes-in-
the-czech-republic
c thm. www.britishcouncil.org / czechrepublic .

Dominik Lukes 28 thng 1 nm 2009 Hu ht ngi Sc cm thy lng trung thnh ca EU
http://bohemica.com/czechupdate/2009/jan/3142


Michael Knh (2005) Hi nhp vn ha v Lai Ti M-Mexico Borderlands. vol. 49, n 138, 2005, p.301-
318.

29 Thng T 2009)

K, Frederick C. "M ha"
c thm
https://www.msu.edu/ ~ millettf / americanization.html (Truy cp 2009/02/05)

Miroslav Kostic (2007/06/26) B Gio dc, Thanh nin v Th thao ca Cng ha Sc Republic
c thm
http://www.msmt.cz/index.php?lchan=1&lred=1


Nye, JS 1968. Trung ng Hi nhp khu vc M, ngha khu vc quc t, ngha khu vc . JS Nye.Boston,
Little Brown & Co

OPU ( 2005) tch hp ca cc nhm thit thi ca ngi di c
c thm
http://www.opu.cz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=183&Item
id=25&lang=en


T chc vin tr cho ngi t nn, Nhm Lin h vi chu u v Sofia (2005)
c thm
http://www.opu.cz/index.php?option=com_content&task = blogcategory & id
= 2 & Itemid25 & ng = en .


Radka Havlova. Vai tr ca x hi dn s trong Vt qua khc bit vn ha v thc y nng cao nhn thc
lin vn ha v khoan dung trong Czech Republic (P: 3) (sinh Langhammerova) i hc
Kinh t Praha, Cng ha Sc (truy cp ngy 21/03/2009).
c thm
http://www.istr.org/conferences/capetown/volume/havlova.pdf , www.mvcr cz. .
http://www.publiceye.org/pdfs/UNdoing_Reproductive_Freedoms.pdf (Truy cp ngy 14
thng 3 nm 2009)

Scheff (1965) Tn d n: Thc y ha gii thng qua Thanh nin: Inter-dn
tc 2007/10/26http://www.prayic.co.uk/reports/State_of_Art_Report.pdf

Stephen Taylor, Phil Lyon 1995 Tp ch quc t qun l khch sn hin i. Khi lng: 7 cp: 2/3 trang
64-68.
c thm
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Cc Britannica nh ngha bch khoa ton th hin i ha.
c thm.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387301/modernization (Truy cp
27/04/2009)

The Czech Republic . Sc khe v

The Czech Du lch Ti khon v tinh nc cng ha (TSA) 31/1/2009 bi INFO-Bulletin 1/90
c thm
http://bulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php? mt ction = Hin th & id = 10.564

Vn phng thng k Sc ngy 08 thng 10 2008. Lng pht thi kh nh knh tim nng ca flo cng
nghip.
http://www.czso.cz/csu/2008edicniplan.nsf/engkapitola/10n1-08-2008-0300

The Czech Mobility Trung tm (CMC) (27/04/2009)
c thm
http://www.avcr.cz/en/ o statni.php? ID = 126 & m = 4
http://www.euraxess.cz
Nhm mc tiu v cc bin php hi nhp (2008) B Ni v ca Cng ha Sc Republic
c thm
http://www.mvcr.cz/mvcren/article/integration-of-
foreigners.aspx?q=Y2hudW09Mg% 3D% 3D (nh Gi 24/04/2009)

Cc glocalization Tuyn ngn (thng
2004:3).http://www.glocalforum.org/mediagallery/mediaDownload.php? = mm / kho / ti
liu /
the_glocalization_manifesto.pdf. http://209.85.129.132/search?q=cache:fVUoYmcxhzEJ: =
mm / kho / ti liu / cc manifesto.pdf glocalization (Ass essed 24/04/2009).

Thn thin s dng lao ng dn tc (29/05/2008)
c thm

Xy dng x hi ca thc t
c thm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ (Truy cp ngy 23 thng 3 2009)

Mc sng ti Cng ha Sc tng trng ngy 29 thng 6 nm 2007
http://www.abcprague.com/2007/06/29/the-standard-of-living-in-the-czech-
republic-grows(nh Gi 2009/02/05).


Tomalov, Elika. 2006. Hi nhp vn ha ca cc nc CEE: Tc ng ca cc chng trnh vn ha chu
u v mng li vn ha v hp tc vn ha trong cc nc thnh vin mi.
c thm
https://aplikace.isvav.cvut.cz/resultDetail.do?rowId=RIV% 2F48546054% 3A (Truy cp
ngy 23 thng 1 nm 2009)

Thomas L. Friedman. 2000. Lexus v cy liu. Neo sch.
c thm
n_m / fruinne w / Lexus & olive.doc

Torbisco Neus Casals, Chng trnh Lut Quc t phn. (2006:143) Nhm quyn nh quyn con ngi:
mt cch tip cn t do a vn ha . c xut bn bi Springer.
c thm



. Van de Kaa, Dirk J. 1987 chuyn i nhn khu hc th hai ca chu u : Dn s Bulletin, Vol. 42, s 1.
c thm
http://www.demogr.mpg.de/Papers/workshops/010623_paper19.pdf (Truy cp ngy 23 thng 3.
2009)

D n bin th: S mnh 2009-03-30
c thm
http://www.varianty.cz/indexEn.php , http://www.varianty.cz/english/activities
.php (Truy cp ngy 16 thng 5 nm 2009)


(1998:32) suy ngh Wallerstein v ton cu ha
c thm
http://www.sociology.emory.edu/globalization/theories01.htm (Truy cp 16 thng
5 nm 2009)


Waverman, Leonard . 2008. Kt ni Scorecard : London Business Trng hc v t vn kinh t cng ty
LECG, y quyn bi Nokia, Siemens Networks.
c thm
http://www.connectivityscorecard.org/ (Truy cp ngy 16 thng 5 nm 2009)

Wolfgang Bosswick v Friedrich Heckmann (2006:1) tch hp ca ngi di c: ng gp ca chnh quyn
a phng v khu vc chu u cho Qu Ci thin sinh hot v iu kin lao ng
c thm
http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2006/22/en/1/ef0622en.pdf

Tp bn th gii http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/cz.htm .

Zwingie. 9August 1999:33). a l quc gia
http://www.hi.com.au/geogglobal1/pdf/global1_2_4.pdf

http://cordis.europa.eu/erawatch/index.cfm? fuseact ti trn = org.document & uuid =
7D87CA63-







Cc ch vit tt.

CMC-(Sc Mobility Trung tm).

KFC-(Kentucky Fried Chicken).

EU-(Lin minh chu u).

B Ngoi giao Anh-(nc ngoi v Common Wealth vn phng).

GDE-(Gio dc pht trin ton cu).

IE (Intercultural).

Meys-(B Gio dc, Thanh nin, Th thao)

MEYPE-(B Gio dc, Thanh nin v Th Dc)
NATO (T chc Hip c Bc i Ty Dng)
NGO-(T chc phi chnh ph)

OPU - (T chc vin tr cho ngi t nn).
UNDR-(Bo co pht trin con ngi).

UN-(United Nations).











1


[1] Cc glocalization Tuyn ngn (thng 2004:3). (Truy cp
24/04/2009).http://www.glocalforum.org/mediagallery/mediaDownload.php?
http://www.glocalforum.org/mediagallery/mediaDownload.php? = mm / kho / ti liu /
the_glocalization_manifesto.pdf .
[2] Hn na Reading Thomas L. Friedman. Lexus v cy liu. Sch neo, 2000. http://209.85.129.132/search?
[3] Stephen Taylor, Phil Lyon 1995 Tp ch quc t qun l khch sn hin i. Khi lng: 7 cp: 2/3 trang
64-68.
URL: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/09596119510080024 (Truy cp 21/04/2009)

[4] K, Frederick C. "M ha"
c thm https://www.msu.edu/ ~ millettf / americanization.html (Truy cp 2009/02/05)

[5] nh ngha Britannica bch khoa ton th hin i ha
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387301/modernization (Truy cp 27/04/2009)
[6] Larson Simeon v Nissen Bruce. (1987:29). L thuyt ca phong tro lao ng
c xut bn bi Wayne State University Press, 395 trang.

[7] Mazlish Bruce ngy 03 thng mt nm 2003. Yale ton cu. Nhn vo lch s trong nh sng ca ton cu
ha
http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=702
[8] (1998:32) suy ngh Wallerstein v ton cu ha
Thm reading.ttp :/ / www.sociology.emory.edu/globalization/theories01.htm
[9] MacDonald Kevin (2002) Vn ha ca ph bnh: Mt phn tch tin ha ca s tham gia ca ngi Do Thi
trong th k XX-Bin ng tr tu v chnh tr. c xut bn bi Praeger nm 1994; ti pht hnh bi 1 cun
sch vo nm 2002.
Xa hn Ly 25April 2009)
[10] Wolfgang Bosswick v Friedrich Heckmann (2206:4) tch hp ca ngi di c: ng gp ca chnh
quyn a phng v khu vc. Qu chu u v Ci thin sinh hot v iu kin lao ng
http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2006/22/en/1/ef0622en.pdf .
[11] Wolfgang Bosswick v Friedrich Heckmann (2006:1) tch hp ca ngi di c: ng gp ca chnh
quyn a phng v khu vc
Qu chu u v Ci thin sinh hot v iu kin lao ng
http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2006/22/en/1/ef0622en.pdf
[12] (ibid).
[13] Heckmann v Schnapper (2003:10) Phi hp ngi nhp c trong x hi chu
u. http://books.google.com/books ?
[14] hi nhp x hi chu u. Thng Hai 2004.Bestell-Nr./Oder Khng 201.
www.wz-berlin.de hoc http://skylla.wzb.eu/pdf/2004/i04-201.pdf .
[15] Michael Knh (2005) Hi nhp vn ha v Lai Ti M-Mexico Borderlands.

[16] Zwingie, E. Thng Tm 1999:33. a l quc gia
http://209.85.129.132/search?q=cache:r_kRZ-
http://www.hi.com.au/geogglobal1/pdf/global1_2_4.pdf .

[17] Radka Havlova. Vai tr ca x hi dn s trong Vt qua khc bit vn ha v thc y nng cao nhn
thc lin vn ha v khoan dung trong Czech Republic (P: 3) (sinh Langhammerova) i hc Kinh t Praha,
Cng ha Sc (truy cp ngy 21/03/2009).
http://www.istr.org/conferences/capetown/volume/havlova.pdf
c thm www.mvcr cz..
[18] (ibid: 2)
[19] (ibid: 4)
[20] (ibid: 5)
[21] Jitka Dvokov Tp 6, S 1,2005, 1-106: 76 Tp ch Khoa hc qun l y t v Vin Y t cng cng Y t v X
hi, Georgia Un iversity Scranton, Pennsylvania, Hoa K
[22] http://www.mpsv.cz/en/1608
[23] H thng tch hp ti Cng ha Sc, an Mch v ti H Lan
http://medportal.ge/eml/publichealth/2005/n1/vol_06_n1.pdf
[24] Tng thng Sc ca Hi ng ca Lin minh chu u. hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi trong Czech Republic (2009:2)
Bi c thm www.eu2009.cz
http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/kapitola/ciz_pocet_cizincu
http://www.mpsv.cz/search.php
[25] (ibid: 2)
[26] (ibid: 2)
[27] (ibid: 2)
[28] (ibid: 2) Url: http://www.mpsv.cz/files/clanky/6601/integration_foreigners.pdf
[29] (ibid: 2)
[30] (ibid: (9)
[31] Sc Ch tch Hi ng ca Lin minh chu u. Hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi ti Sc Cng ha (2009 : 4)
Bi c thm www.eu2009.cz
http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/kapitola/ciz_pocet_cizincu
http://www.mpsv.cz/search.php
[32] (ibid: 2)
[33] Dusan Drbohlav, Milada Horakova, Eva Janska (thng 2005:1). Cc cuc tranh lun xut nhp cnh hin
ti chu u: Mt bn ca di c chu u i thoi
http://www.migpolgroup.com/multiattachments/2961/DocumentName/EMD_Czech_2005.pdf
[34] B Ni v ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha nm 2005
[35] Miroslav Kostic (2007/06/26) B Gio dc, Thanh nin v Th thao ca Cng ha
Schttp://www.msmt.cz/index.php?lchan=1&lred=1
[36] Cng ha Sc Ch tch Hi ng ca Lin minh chu u. Hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi ti Sc Cng ha (2009:6)
Bi c thm www.eu2009.cz
http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/kapitola/ciz_pocet_cizincu
http://www.mpsv.cz/search.php


[37] Sc Ch tch Hi ng ca Lin minh chu u. Hi nhp ca ngi nc ngoi ti Sc Cng ha (2009:8)
Bi c thm www.eu2009.cz
http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/kapitola/ciz_pocet_cizincu
http://www.mpsv.cz/search.php
http://cordis.europa.eu/erawatch/index.cfm?fuseaction=org.document&uuid=7D87CA63-
9A0B-D253-2FA9CB9EB0C9A070
[38] Jitka Dvorkov (2005:77) H thng tch hp trong Czech Republic, an Mch v H Lan. Tp ch khoa hc sc
khe, qun l v y t cng cng
http://www.healthministry.ge/eml/publichealth/2005/n1/9.pdf
[39] T nn Lut (sa i ca o lut s 325/1999 Sb., V t nn v sa i b lut s 283/1991 Sb., Lng
Cnh st Cng ha Sc, c sa i bi o lut s 2/2002 Sb., Lut s 217/2002 Sb., lut s 320/2002 Sb. v
lut s 519/2002) [Cng ha Sc]. 1 thng 1 nm 2003, c sn trc tuyn trong UNHCR Refworld ti:
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b6100.html [truy cp ngy 01 thng nm nm 2009]

[40] Dng Heather (2007:246) chnh sch vn ho ca EU v Vic to ra mt chung European Bn
sc Contemporary EuropeanStudies Griffith University
http://www.eusanz. org/pdf/conf98/Field.pdf
[41] Torbisco Neus Casals, Chng trnh Lut Quc t phn. (2006:143) Nhm quyn nh quyn con ngi:
mt cch tip cn t do a vn ha . c xut bn bi Springer.
[42] Elika Tomalov (thng 2006:4) Cc hi nhp vn ha ca cc nc CEE. Tc ng ca cc chng trnh
vn ha chu u v mng li vn ha v hp tc vn ha trong cc nc thnh vin
mihttp://www.ceeisaconf.ut.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=166494/tomalova.doc
[43] (ibid: 4)

[44] D n bin th: S mnh 2009-03-30
Url: http://www.varianty.cz/indexEn.php
http://www.varianty.cz/english/activities.php
[45] . (Ibid)
[46] (Ibid)
Lin Hp Quc quc t Human Rights C HRI/CORE/1/Add.71/Rev.2 18 thng 7 nm 2003
[47] Cc thn thin s dng lao ng dn tc (29/05/2008)
[48] Cc Sc Mobility Trung tm (CMC) (27/04/2009)
http://www.avcr.cz/en/ostatni.php?ID=126&m=4
Bi c thm http://www.euraxess.cz
[49] T chc vin tr cho ngi t nn, Nhm chu u Lin h v Sofia (2005)
http://www.opu.cz/index.php?option=com_content&task = blogcategory & id = 2 & Itemid25 & ng = en .
[50] OPU ( 2005) tch hp ca cc nhm thit thi ca ngi di c
http://www.opu.cz/index.php?option=com_content&tas k = view & id = 183 & Itemid = 25
& lang = vi
[51] Broov Lucie 03 thng 1 2008. Vin nc ngoi ti Sc Republic .
Lucie Broov, (Th nm 03. January 2008). Vin nc ngoi ti Sc Republic
http://www.czech.cz/en/current-affairs/work-and-study/foreign-institutes-in-the-czech-republic
c thm. www.britishcouncil.org / czechrepublic . (Truy cp ngy 20 thng 3 nm 2009).
[52] (ibid)
[53] Broov Lucie Th nm 03. Thng 1 nm 2008 nc ngoi vin trong Cng ha Sc Republic
http://www.czech.cz/en/current-affairs/work-and-study/foreign-institutes-in-the-czech-republic
c thm. www.ifp.cz .
[54] (ibid)
http://www.czech.cz/en/current-affairs/work-and-study/foreign-institutes-in-the-czech-republic
c thm. www.britishcouncil.org / czechrepublic .
[55] Dominik Lukes 28 thng 1 2009 Hu ht ngi Sc cm thy lng trung thnh ca EU
http://bohemica.com/czechupdate/2009 / jan/3142
[56] (ibid) ngy 02 thng 1 nm 2008 Mt na s ngi Sc t ho l ngi Sc

[57] Jane R. Elgass 11 Thng Chn 2000. Hi tho tp trung vo cc vn ton cu
hahttp://www.ur.umich.edu/0001/Sep11_00/9.htm URL: http://www.ur.umich.edu/0001/Sep11_00/9.htm
[58] (ibid)
[59] http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/52/54/39598796.ppt
[60] Barbara A. Misztal (2000) Barbara A. Misztal.2000.Informality: l thuyt v thc hnh x hi hin i
Published by Routledge

c cng b: 2009-04-24

[61] B T php ca Cng ha Sc Cng ha - . w ww ju s tice.cz .
[62] Joellen Perry ngy 28 thng t nm 2009 Cng ha Sc Pays cho ngi nhp c v nh
Ngi lao ng tht nghip v tr em ca h Nhn Tin v mt v mt chiu nh cc trn nh gia
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124087660297361511.html
[63] ABC Prague Statistics.2004-2009 Hu ht mi ngi Sc nh h cng vic ngy 4 thng 9
http://www.abcprague.com/category/statistics/
[64] Smith, MK v Smith, M. (2002) "Ton cu ha" cc bch khoa ton th ca gio dc khng chnh
thc ,www.infed.org / Biblio / globalization.htm .
[65] Karel Dyba ngy 19 thng hai nm 1993
Cp nht tnh hnh t nhn trong Cng ha Sc Cng ha: S bin i kinh t Sau khi chia
Url: http://www.cceia.org/resources/publications/privatization_project

[66] Czech Cng ha: Mt trng hp ch d tho. Bo co c bit ng Kees ZIJLSTRA (H Lan) thng
nm 1995.
Url: http://www.friends-partners.org/oldfriends/economics/czech.rep.case.study.html
[67] Cc c quan thng k Sc (2006) Cc cp gio dc gia nm 1994 -2005
http://www.czso.cz/csu/2008edicniplan.nsf/engkapitola/1413-08--13
[68] Mc sng ti Cng ha Sc tng trng 29 thng 6 nm 2007
http://www.abcprague.com/2007/06/29/the-standard-of-living-in-the-czech-republic-grows
[69] Cc Sc Republic . Sc khe v
[70] Alma Buelva 14 thng 2 nm 2009 Kt ni Scorecard 2009 cng ngh thng tin nhn thy nh mt cng
c chin u vi suy thoi kinh t
http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=440063&publicationSubCategoryId=73 (Truy cp thng
1,2009)
[71] T l vic lm qu 3 Kho st lc lng lao ng nm 2008
http://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo/en/tabdetail.jsp?cislotab=VSPS% 20509_1 (Truy cp 2 thng nm 2009)
[72] http://www.who.int/entity/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_czech_republic_en.pdf .
[73] Vn phng thng k Sc 08 Thng Mi nm 2008. Lng pht thi kh nh knh tim nng ca flo cng
nghip.
http://www.czso.cz/csu/2008edicniplan.nsf/engkapitola/10n1-08-2008-0300

[74] Radka Havlova. Vai tr ca x hi dn s trong Vt qua khc bit vn ha v thc y nng cao nhn
thc lin vn ha v Nhn ti Cng ha Sc. (Sinh Langhammerova) i hc Kinh t Praha, Cng ha
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http://209.85.129.132/search? q = cache: DRy9PJBkLk0J:
www.istr.org/conferences/capetown/volume/havlova.pdf+ cng cng + kin + Kho st, 1990, + + ca cc B
+ + ca + + trang tr ni tht ca + cc + Sc + nc cng ha. & cd = 1 & hl = vi & ct = clnk

[75] (ibid)
[76] (ibid)
[77] Radka Havlova. Vai tr ca x hi dn s trong Vt qua khc bit vn ha v thc y nng cao nhn thc lin
vn ha v khoan dung trong Cng ha Sc P: 5 (sinh Langhammerova) i hc Kinh t Pr ret run,
Cng ha Sc (truy cp ngy 21/03/2009).
http :/ / www.czso.cz:8005/sldbrwin/owa/gt02?xjazyk=CZ xuzemi = 1 xtyp = 1.
Bi c thm. www.mvcr.cz.
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