Ngy nay, c th ta tnh c nghe mt vi vn no hoc mt sn phm no c lin quan n hai ch nano.

no. khong na th k trc, y thc s l mt vn mang nhiu s hoi nghi v tnh kh thi, nhng trong thi i ngy nay ta c th thy c cng ngh nano tr thnh mt vn ht sc thi s v c s quan tm nhiu hn ca cc nh khoa hc. Cc nc trn th gii hin nay ang bc vo mt cuc chy ua mi v pht trin v ng dng cng ngh nano. Nu th k 20 c coi l cuc cch mng v cng ngh thong tin th th k 21 s thuc v cng ngh nano. I. MT VI KHI NIM V CNG NGH NANO. Nano c ngun gc t ting Hy Lp (nanos) c ngha l rt nh b.Tin t nano xut hin trong ti liu khoa hc ln u tin vao nm 1908, khi Lohmann s dng n ch nhng sinh vt rt nh vi ng knh 200nm tng c bn v cng ngh nano c a ra bi nh vt l hc ngi M Richard Feynman vo nm 1959, ng cho rng khoa hc i vo chiu su ca cu trc vt cht n tng phn t, nguyn t vo su hn na..Vo nm 1974, Tanigushi ln u tin s dng thut ng cng ngh nanoham y s lin kt cc vt liu cho k thut chnh xc trong tng lai.Hin ti theo s tha nhn ca cc ng o cc nh khoa hc th kch kch thc nano c la chn trong khong t 0,1nm 100nm.Nanomet (k hiu: nm) bng m phn t met (1/1.000.000.000 m), mt n v o lng o kch thc cc nh.C cu nh nht ca vt cht l nguyn t c kch thc 0,1nm, phn t l tp hp ca nhiu nguyn t:1 nm,vi khun: 50nm,hng huyt cu: 10.000nm; tinh trng: 25.000nm; si tc:100.000nm; chiu cao con ngi:gn 2 t nm.

Khoa hc nano l ngnh khoa hc nghin cu v cc hin tng v can thip vo vt liu cc m nguyn t, phn t, v cc i phn t.Ti cc quy m tnh cht ca vt liu khc hn so vi cc quy m ln hn. T chc Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) trc thuc chnh ph M nh ngha cng ngh Nano l bt c th g c lin quan n cu trc c kch thc nh hn 100 nm.nh ngha ny loi b mt cch c on ch th nghin cu lin quan khc tp trung vo cc thit b vi lng v cc vt liu ang c tin hnh quy m micromet. Trong cun Bionanotechnology: lesons from nature,Gdsell nh ngha cng ngh nano la thao tc v ch to quy m nano vi chnh xc nguyn t. Ni tm li cng ngh nano l khoa hc, k thut v thao tc lin quan n cc h thng c kch thc nano, cc h thng ny thc hin nhim v in, c, sinh, ha hoc tnh ton c bit.Nn tng ca cng ngh ny l hin tng cc cu trc, thit b v h thng tnh cht v chc nng mi khi kch thc siu nh. Cu trc c bn ca cng ngh nano bao gm cc ht hay tinh th nano, lp nano v ng nanno. Cc cu trc nano ny khc nhau ch chng c to thnh nh th no v cc nguyn t, phn t ca chng c sp xp ra sao II.VT LIU NANO Vt liu nano ( nano materials ) l i tng nghin cu ca khoa hc v cng ngh nano, n l mt trong nhng lnh vc nghin cu nh cao si ng nht trong thi gian gn y. Vt liu nano l vt liu trong c t nht mt chiu c kch thc nanomet.Vt liu nano l i tng ca hai lnh vc khoa hc nano v cng ngh nano, n lin kt hai lnh vc ny li vi nhau. Kch thc ca vt liu nano tri di trong mt khong rng, t vai nanome n vi trm nanomet. Cc tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca cc vt liu u c mt gii hn v kch thc.Nu vt liu m nh hn kch thc ny th cc tnh cht ca n hon ton b thay i.Ngi ta gi l kch thc ti hn v tnh cht c bit ca vt liu nano bt ngun t kch thc ca n rt nh

b c th so snh c vi kch thc ti hn ca cc tnh cht ca vt liu. v vy vi kch thc nh b ca mnh th vt liu nano nm gia tnh lng t ca nguyn t v tnh cht khi ca vt liu. i vi vt liu khi th di ti hn ca cc tnh cht rt nh so vi ln ca vt liu, nhng vi vt liu nano th iu ny hon ton khng ng, bi v di ti hn ca cc tnh cht vt liu khi v ln ca vt liu l tng ng nhau. V cc tnh cht l cng bt u t nguyn nhn ny.Cc tnh cht khc nh tnh cht in, tnh cht t, tnh cht quang v ccas tnh cht ha hc khc cng u c di ti hn trong khong nanomet. V trng thi ngi ta phn loi vt liu nano rn, lng, kh.Vt liu nano tp trung nghin cu hin nay ch yu l vt liu rn, sau mi dn lng v kh V tnh cht vt liu, ngi ta phn loi nh sau: vt liu nano kim loi, bn dn, t tnh, sinh hc.. V hnh dng vt liu, ngi ta phn ra thnh cc loi sau:vt liu nano khng chiu:c ba chiu u c kch thc nano, khng cn chiu t do no c in t ( v d :m nano, ht nano ); vt liu nano mt chiu:hai chiu c kch thc nano, in t c t do mt chiu ( v d: dy nano, ng nano ); vt liu nano hai chiu l vt liu trong c mt chiu c kch thc nano, hai chiu t do ( v d : mang nano ) III.NG DNG CA VT LIU NANO Trong khoa hc vt liu, hiu ng l sen ch s khng thm nc ca mt s l cy, in hnh l l sen. Nc b y li khoi b mt ca l nh cc si lng nh mn trn b mt. Sen l loi ni ting v s sch s, d mc trong mi trng bun ly.Khi tri ma to hay nh ch thy trn b mt l sen c nhng git nc trn ln xung, l khng bao gi t , hn na sau ma l cn xanh, sch hn. Dng knh hin vi in t qut quan st k thy b mt l sen khng phi phng phiu m tri li c rt nhiu ct nh nh ln, kch thc mi ct nh c nanomet, u ct li x x. Cc ct cach nhau c micromet, gia cc ct b mt l sen li rt bng phng.Vy l y c cu trc hai ln g gh, g gh tng u ct v g gh do c nhiu ct.Cha chc chn l cht liu ca l sen l quan trng cho tnh khng thm t, t lm sch. Tht vy ngi ta th lm mt b mt ng rt trn tru, trn b mt cho ni ln cc ct cng

bng ng nhng u ct li rp. Kt qu b mt khng thm t tht, gc t ln n 150 , nu c cc ht nc li ti trn b mt chng d dng co cum li thnh nhng ht nc to, hnh cu v ln xung cun i bi bn v vi trng. Vy c ch khng thm t, t lm sch l do cu trc ca b mt.Ch cn thay i mt cht l c th chuyn t khng thm t sang thm t hon ton. Kt qu nghin cu chng t c s lin quan cht ch gia cu trc micro ca cc hp cht ha hc trn b mt l sen vi kh nng chng b t v t lm sch khi cht lm nhim.Ngi ta m phng cc hiu ng ny to ra cc vt liu t lm sch siu k nc da trn hiu ng ny ca t nhin. Chng c ng dng ch to sn, ngi lp mi nh, vi hay cc b mt khc cn t lm sch Nhng nm ti c d on l thi gian bng n ng dng nhng cng ngh hu ch phc v i sng.Hin nay cng ngh nano ang l mt thch thc i vi chin lc pht trin cng ngh khoa hc nhiu nc c bit l nhng nc c nn khoa hc pht trin nh M, c, Php, Nht Bn.Cng ngh nano ang to ra nhiu k diu n ni ngi ta xem n nh mt cc cch mng trong th k 21.Bng cng ngh nano ngi ta c th nht tt c thng tin cua 27 cun t in Bch khoa ton th ca Anh nm gn trong mt thit b ch bng si tc.Nm 2007 internet tung ra th trng th gii mt transistor mi vi kch c 45 nanomet dng mt nguyn t gi l hafnium thay th sillicon. Transistor nh n mc m ngi ta c th xp 2000 transistor trong mt khong khng gian dy bng si tc. Hng t transistor cng c tp kch trong mt con chp vi tnh cung ch to vi centimet vung. Mun nhn thy transistor ny ngi ta dung knh hin vi in t vi phng i hng trm nghn ln.Ngi ta cung c th ch to ra nhng con robot m mt thng khng nhn thy c v cn v s iu k diu khc na m con ngi c th khai thc nh cng ngh nano. Cng ngh nano ang pht trin vi tc chng mt v lm thay i din mo ca ngnh khoa hc.Di y l mt s lnh vc ang hng n ng dng mnh m cng ngh nano My tnh nano c thit k bng vic sp xp nhng nguyn t mi c kh nng lu tr x l thng tin vi tc lhown hin nay rt nhiu v t bit gi thnh r

Cc ng nano cng c th lm si tc thp sng bng n, do vy m chng ta ang pht trin thay th cc bng in cc bng hin th thng tin, mn hnh my tnh, in thoi di ng. Cc ng nano cc k vng chc, c sc mnh gp mi ln thp v c bit l khng nhit, iu ny c th gip con ngi sn xut ra hng lot thit b cho ngnh sn xut xe hi, my bay va tu v tr Robot nanocos th dng chin u chng vi rt, vi trng. Chng c th m nhim l mt nh phu thut hon ho c huy ng thc hin kim sot h mao mch v tiu dit cc t bo gy bnh. Li ch chnh ca loi robot trong y hc ny l c th pht hin nhng d dng ca t bo v sa cha n. Trong cng ngh dc phm v ha sinh, ng dung cng ngh nano, ngi ta c th bo ch ra nhiu loi thuc trn c s cu trc nano c th tp trung chnh xc vo khu vc c th cn dng n thuc c bit cng ngh nano trong tng lai cn c th cho php to ra nhng vt cht gn ging vi c th con ngi nhm dung thay th nhng c th b hng ca con ngi Nh cng ngh nano, nhng loi pin mi c kh nng quang hp nhn to s gip con ngi sn xut nng lng sch. Hn na cc mng nano ( vi chi ph sn xut rt thp ) ha hn c th hp th c nhiu nng lng mt tri hn quang in ngy nay. Vic ny c th khi ng cho mt cuc cch mng trong vic s dng nng lng mt tri. gii quyt nhng vn mi sinh, ngi ta c th ch to ra nhng mng lc cc phn t gy nhim nh b nht.Cng ngh nano ny gi y ang c p dng kh ph bin lc nc thi. Nhng ng dng gn hn vi i sng hng ngy l hin nay mt s cng ty bt tay vo sn xut ht nano dng trong sn, knh che nng , ng nano carbon s dng trong nhiu mt hng thng dng nh: transistor, in thoi di ng, xe hi. Quc phng l mt lnh vc ang c bit ch n nghin cu cng ngh nano. V nhng thit b siu nh c th tr thnh nhng v kh nguy him hn c bom nguyn t.

Trong ngnh cng nghip hin nay, cc tp on sn xut in t bt u a cng ngh nano vo ng dng, to ra cc sn phm c tnh cnh tranh t chic my nghe nhc iPod nano n cc con chip c dung lng ln vi tc x l cc nhanh Trong y hc, cha bnh ung th ngi ta tm cch a cc phn t thuc n ng cc t bo ung th qua cc ht nano ng vai tr l xe ti ko, trnh c hiu ng ph gy ra cho cc t bo lnh. Y t nano ngy nay ang nhm vo nhng mc tiu bc xc nht i vi sc khe con ngi, l cc bnh do di truyn c nguyn nhn t gien, cc bnh hin nay nh: HIV/AIDS, ung th, tim mch, cc bnh ang lan rng hin nay nh bo ph, tiu ng, lit rung (Parkison), mt tr nh (Alzheimer), r rng y hc l lnh vc c li nhiu nht t cng ngh ny. i vi vic sa sang sc p c s hnh thnh nano phu thut thm m,nhiu lai thuc thm m c cha cc loi ht nano lm thm m v bo v da. y l mt th trng c sc hp dn mnh, nht l i vi cng ngh kit xut mi ra i nh cng ngh nano. Ngoi ra, cc nh khoa hc tm cch a cng ngh nano vo vic gii quyt cc vn mang tnh ton cu nh thc trng nhim mi trng ngy cng gia tng. Vic ci tin cc thit b qun s bng cc trang thit b, v kh nano rt ti tn m sc cng ph khin ta khng th hnh dung ni. * Vt liu nano composite polymer c cc ng dng tiu biu nh sau:

ng nano carbon

Composite si carbon trc y rt ni ting v nh, bn, t b tc dng ha hc nu thay si carbon bng ng nanocarbon chc chn s lm vt liu nh hn nhiu, c s dng trn cc phng tin cn gim trng lng nh my bay Hin nay, si carbon v cc b ng carbon a lp c dng gia cng cho polymer iu khin v nng cao tnh dn, dng lm bao b chng tnh in hay lm vt liu cy vo c th v carbon d tng hp vi xng, m, lm cc mng lc cng nh linh kin quang phi tuyn.

Mt hng mi hin nay l dng ng nano carbon gia cng cho polymer nhng khng phi to ra cu trc nanocomposite m thay i tnh cht quang in ca polymer. V d nh PPV (m-phenylenevinylene-co-dioctoxy-p-phenylenevinylene) sau khi c gia cng vi ng nano carbon, dn in tng ln 8 ln, bn c l hn PMMA/ng carbon nano c dng lm knh hin vi quang hc di in trng mt chiu p vo l 0.3kV/mm.

ht nano:

t st cha cc ht nano l loi vt liu xy dng lu i. Hin nay, polymer gia cng bng t st (nanoclay) c ng dng kh nhiu nh dng trong b phn hm xe hi. Ngoi ra c th s dng ht carbon en c kch thc 10 n 100 nm gia cng cho v xe hi. Polymer/t st c th lm vt liu chng chy, v d nh mt s loi nanocomposite ca Nylon 6/silicate, PS/layered silicatehay vt liu dn in nh nanocomposite PEO/Li-MMT (MMT = Montmorillonite) dng trong pin, vt liu phn hy sinh hc nh PCL/MMT hay PLA/MMT. Ngoi ra, khi cc polymer nh ABS, PS, PVAc gia cng ht t st khc nhau s ci thin ng k tnh cht c l ca polymer v c nhng ng dng khc nhau nh ABS/MMT lm khung xe hi hay khung my bay, PMMA/MMT lm knh chn gi, PVA/MMT lm bao b Cc ht nano c s dng trong sn c th ci thin ng k tnh cht nh lm cho lp sn mng hn, nh hn, s dng trong my bay nhm gim trng lng my bay. Ngoi t st ra th trong vt liu nanocomposite polymer cn s dng cc ht kch thc nanomet nh ht CuS, CdS, CdSeV d nh PVA vi hm lng ht CuS (~20nm-12nm) l 15-20% th tch cho dn in cao nht, trong khi nu cc ht CuS kch thc 10m, mun t c dn in tng ng th hm lng CuS phi l 40%. Nanocomposite polymer nano CdS, CdSe, ZnO,ZnS cn

c s dng nh nhng vt liu cm quang trong phim, giy nh, mc in, bt photocopy, mc in mu. Nhn chung, vt liu nanocomposite c tnh cht tt hn so vi composite thng thng nn c nhiu ng dng c bit v hiu qu hn. y s l lai vt liu m ra nhiu hng nghin cu mi v ha hn nhiu tim nng ng dng cao. Nhiu ng dng c tin hnh trong nhiu lnh vc t ai ng v nhng tng mi v l nht ang hnh thnh khp mi cng ty ln trn th gii. Chng hn, nhng phn t polyme siu nh v siu bn, c dng ch to vn trt tuyt, gip trt d hn. Qun o ca cc vn ng vin hay nh thm him cng c dt t cc loi si NANO siu kn v siu mng, chng chi tt vi ci lnh khc nghit ca vng cc hay nh Everest. Mt qu bng tennis c ch to t k thut NANO s c sc chu ng gp i so vi bng hin nay. Du hay kem dng da t NANO s gip da chng li tia cc tm mt cc hu hiu. My in Xerox vo nm 2015 c kch thc ch bng vin xc xc. Nhng tm pin mt tri hay trm in mt tri ch to bng hn ty. Mt lot cng ty nhy vo cuc: Mitsubishi, Motorola, Lucent, Hitachi, Nec, Sony, Microsoft, IBM. Ring Mitsubishi u t hn 100 triu Euro cho NANO n nm 2007. Cng ty ny s to ra nhng loi si carbone nh chc hn thp 100 ln v nh hn thp 6 ln. Hewlett - Packard cng khng mun chm chn: nh nghin cu Stanley Williams dang ch huy h thng phng th nghim th nghim nhiu loi cht liu NANO. Theo tp ch Forber, gio s ny l mt trong nhng cao th v NANO ca th gii. Hin nay, Williams thnh cng trong vic nht mt bng bn dn vo mt phn t. Mt khon ngn sch, ch ring nm 2003, c 3 t Euro c chi ra cho nhng nh nghin cu NANO thng thng. Tp ch Asiaweek nhn nh rng th trng NANO cha bng n sm ti Chu , nhng Trung Quc khng mun thua km Nht Bn v n M l quc gia rt quan tm n NANO. Tng thng Bill Clinton khi cn ng nhim thnh lp Vin nghin cu k thut NANO quc gia. ng Bush nm 2003 chi 710 triu la, so vi nm 2002 ch 604 triu la cho nghin cu NANO. Ngi M hy vng NANO s c nhiu ng dng trit cho cc ngnh y t, gio dc, nng lng, giao thng v c t php. Hng lot thit k cc my NANO bc

u t c mt s kt qu kh quan trong ngnh y t. Ngay c quan NASA cng ang ngh n vic gim bt khi lng hnh l cho phi cng v tr, v hin nay mi ngi phi mang n 150 kg. Nh khoa hc Mayya Meyyappan cn cho rng mt "hnh lang i li" gia tri t v sao ho s hnh thnh trc nm 2020, vi trm dng l mt trng. Thi gian i li ch 5 gi. Mun vy, phi cn loi vt cht NANO xy cc trm v hnh lang. Nhng d sao, vi M qun s vn l mc tiu u tin. V vy, B quc phng M kt hp vi MIT thnh lp Vin nghin cu k thut NANO cho qun nhn. Nhim v ca k thut NANO trong vin ny l to ra nhng loi vi c bit, gip nhng binh on ho hc thot khi hi c ca i phng. Bn hp ng cho qun o khng thi tr gi 50 triu la (n nm 2013).

IV. CUC CHY UA THC S TRONG THI I CNG NGH NANO Do cc ng dng k diu ca cng ngh nano, tim nng kinh t cng nh to ra sc mnh v qun s. V l hin nay trn th gii ang xy ra cuc chy ua si ng v pht trin v ng dng cng ngh nano. C th k n mt s cng quc ang chim lnh th trng cng ngh ny hin nay l: Hoa K, Nht Bn, Trung Quc, c, Nga v mt s nc Chu uc th ni nhng quc gia trn chnh ph dnh mt khon ngn sch ng k h tr cho vic nghin cu v ng dng thc tin ca ngnh cng ngh nano. Khng ch cc trng i hc c cc phng th nghim vi cc thit b nghin cu quy m m cc tp on sn xut cng tin hnh nghin cu v pht trin cng ngh nano vi cc phng th nghim vi tng chi ph nghin cu tng ng vi ngn sch chnh ph dnh cho cng ngh nano. Vit Nam, tuy ch mi tip cn vi cng ngh nano trong nhng nm gn y nhng cng c nhng bc chuyn to ra sc ht mi i vi lnh vc y cam go, th thch ny. Nh nc cng dnh mt khon ngn sch kh ln cho chng trnh nghin cu cng ngh nano cp quc gia vi s tham gia ca nhiu trng i hc v Vin nghin cu..

Cng ngh nano l mt bc tin b vt bc ca cng ngh, n to ra nhng ng dng v cng k diu to ra nhiu c hi hn, nhng bn cnh cng c nhng thch thc t ra v thm ha mi trng v kh nng pht trin v kh lai mi vi sc tn ph khng g so snh ni. Tuy nhin, con ngi ngy nay hng nhiu hn vi ci thin nn chng ta c th hy vng l cng ngh nano s mang li hnh phc cho nhn loi nhiu hn. NANO vn ti chn tri mi. Ngi Nht Bn tng trng cy rt nhiu vo phn t Fullerene (c hnh dng nh qu bng ), qua bn tay ca k s Sujio Ijima, n tr thnh mt loi phn t NANO mi, c hn 200 ng dng trong mi lnh vc. n nay Nht Bn to c nhng phn t carbone mnh hn si tc 100.000 ln. y l th h th 3 ca ng NANO, s c p dng vo k thut hng khng v d tm y bin. Xe hi - th mnh truyn thng ca Nht Bn, s c NANO h tr nhiu. Th h xe hi chy bng hyro s thng lnh th trng, vi pin sc nng lng c ch t ng NANO. Cc hng in thoi di ng nh Nokia, Motorola hay Ericsson u ang trng ch vo NANO to ra nhng loi pin siu bn, nhng loi in thoi ngm di nc hay chu ni nhit cao. Nhng gi thnh ca 1g vt cht NANO hin nay cn rt t, c khi ln n 1000 la. K thut NANO l c mt quy trnh phc tp, i hi nhiu bi ton v li gii lin hon. Chng hn, khi CNRS (Trung tm nghin cu khoa hc quc gia Php) tuyn b to ra mt loi ng NANO chc v dai hn thp 150 ln, th vn sau l lm sao xon hay tht nt n! V phi hn 2 nm sau CNRS mi gii c bi ton ny, v nu khng lm c th tnh ng dng ca ng ny l s khng. Vi ngnh nng lng, NANO l v cu tinh trong tng lai, v dy cp s cng hn kim cng n 3 ln, nhng li nh hn thp n 7 ln. Mt s cng ty chuyn v cp ngm di bin rt bc bi khi nc bin v c mp thng xuyn gy thit hi cho nhng si cp. V vy, h hy vng gii khoa hc tm ra loi cp ngm cng hn v khng b nc bin n mn. Sau ny, khi gi thi vo mt tm mn ca, n s pht in nh cng ngh NANO. Hoc na, mt phi cng v tr ch cn mc loi qun o si NANO l c nng lng cho c th.

Hng IBM ang to ra nhng phn t NANO c 2 tnh cht: va l kim loi va mang tnh bn dn. Nhng phn t ny s to ra nhng th h my tnh cc kho v bn. Vi ngi Anh, k thut NANO cn c cnh st trng cy, t ra l phng php dng nhng vin bi pht sng. Nhng vin bi siu nh ny, khi gp nhng phn t m hi hay m ca th phm, s t ng pht sng nh ln tinh. iu ny gip cnh st phi ln m ti hin trng nh hin nay... Mt lnh vc mi ang hnh thnh: thnh lp cng ty chuyn NANO, thay v ch l mt phn ban ca mt Trng i hc hay cng ty no , nhm mc tiu: r, nh, bn v t hao nng lng l 4 tiu chun ca sn phm NANO trong tng lai. Thay li kt. Nhu cu pht trin ca cng ngh ni chung v ca cng ngh NANO ni ring lun t cho cc nh khoa hc nhiu vn mi, mang tnh tng hp, lin ngnh. Mt sn phm cng ngh ch c coi l thnh cng hay c nhiu ha hn nu n pht trin c trn nn tng pht trin ca chnh n: c s dng rng ri, em li hiu qu kinh t c th "ly ngn nui di", thc y tr li s pht trin sn xut, a trnh cng ngh ca chnh n ln mt tm cao mi. Vic m rng khi nim v cc c my n mc c th xo i ranh gii phn chia th gii ca s sng v th gii khng c s sng, vn thng gp lnh vc cng ngh NANO, khng phi l chuyn vin tng. Thc t, vic m rng , to nn c hch pht trin, lm phong ph thm cc cch tip cn cng ngh./.

CNG NGH NANO TRONG NGNH DC PHM.

Cng ngh nano, mt trong nhng chin lc cng ngh mi nhn trn th gii ang c ng dng rng ri v c hiu qua trong y hc.Mt trong nhng h sn phm dc ng dng cng ngh nano nhiu trin vng nht l cc ch phm dn thuc dng LIPOSOME. Cc ch phm ny c kh nang tng nng dc cht ti v tr ch, do tng hiu qu iu tr v gim thiu c tnh. Cc ch phm LIPOSOME ang c s dng rng ri nht trn th gii hin nay l cc ch phm cha dc cht chng ung th DOXORUBICIN v chng nm AMPHOTERICIN I. GII THIU CHUNG NanoPharmaceuticals ( dc nano ) l dang dc phm to ra bi cng ngh s dng cc vt liu, thit b, v cc h thng thng qua vic kim sot vt cht phm vi kch thc nanomet. nh ngha v cng ngh nano do vy bao hm hong lot cc lnh vc khoa hc khc nhau t cc lnh vc in n, vt liu ti cc lnh vc c kh, t ng , cng ngh sinh hc v dc phm T nm 1959, khi tm hiu s hot ng ca t nhin phm vi kch thc nano met, Tin s Feynman ( ngi ot gii thng noben v vt l nm 1965 ) kt lun rng con ngi hon ton c th lm c nhng iu nh t nhin. T mt ngnh khoa hc phi thai c sinh ra m ngy nay c bit n rng ri vi cng ngh nano. Nganh khoa hc ny thu ht mnh m mt cng ng ng do cc nh khoa hc c trong lnh vc hc thut cng nh trong lnh vc sn xut, to ra nhng vt liu nh b khng th nhn thy c nhng tc ng ln n ton b i sng ca chng ta. V ngi u tin s dng thut ng cng ngh nano l K.Eric Drexler, ngi sng lp v ch tch danh d Vin Chin lc Hoa K l vo thi im nhng nm 1980. tm quan trng ca cng ngh nano nm 2 vn : th nht n s to ra mt ngnh cng nghip vi doanh thu c tnh 1000 t USD vo nm 2015; th hai n s tc ng n cuc sng ca tt c chng ta. Qu thc chng ta ang s dng rt nhiu cc sn phm c cha cc tiu phn nano m khng h bit l g. II. DC PHM NANO Rt nhiu nghin cu ang c tin hnh nhm ng dng cng ngh nano trong lnh vc iu tr. Vi kch thc rt siu nh, cc tiu phn nano ch c th cu to t mt s rt t cc phn t, khi kch thc ca nguyn liu gim xung dc 100nm, vt cht s th hin cc bn cht ca vt l lng t vi cc c tnh hon ton mi. V d vt cht c

th mnh hn, nh hn v c ha tan cao, t ht m ni chung l th hin c tnh l ha hon ton mi. Trong nganh dc cc sn phm ng dng cng ngh nano c th c phn thnh 2 lnh vc chnh: cc thuc to ra bi cng ngh nano ( NanoEngineered Drugs ) v h dn thuc nano ( NanoCarriers ) NANOENGINEERED DRUGS Cc nh khoa hc dc iu khin cc phn t thuc to ra nhng c tnh vt l mong mun thng qua cc qu trnh kt tinh, mui ha hoc s dng cc phn t nc ca dng kt tinh. Nh vy cc phn t thuc tr nn bn vng hn v mt ha hc, c nhieeuf u vit hn cho mc ch ch dc hc, tng sinh kh dung hoc tng hiu qu iu tr. Tng t vic thit k cc phn t thuc di dng nanocrystals ( tinh th nano ), nanoprecipitas ( kt ta nano ), nanosupensions ( hm dch nano ) v nanoparticles ( tiu phn nano ) c cc tc dung sau: - Tng ha tan v tng sinh kh dng ca cc phn t thuc (cc vt liu di dng tinh th nano tng sinh kh dng ng ung ). - Pht trin cc dang thuc khc nhau (v d hn dch nano dung cho ng tim ). - Khai thc cc ng dng thc khc nhau (v d vn chuyn thuc qua mi v mt to ra nhiu tin li xho bnh nhn ). NANOCARRIERS v h vn chuyn thuc LIPOSOMES Cng ngh nano to ra hng lot h vt chaats vi kch thc vai nanomet ti 250 nanomet c s dng vn chuyn dc cht n cc b phn mong mun trong c th vi liu lng thch hp v ng thi gian mong mun, ni tm li m bo c ba yu t gp phn to nn tnh an ton va hiu qu ca thuc: ng ni, ng lc, ng liu. Cc h vn chuyn thuc c nhiu trin vng l polymer-micelles, dendrimers, cc tiu phn nano c ngun gc kim loi polymer, ceramic, protein, virut, v cc tiu phn liposome.Cc dc cht hoc cc tc nhn chun on s c a vo bn trong, lin kt ha hc gn vo b mt ca cc tiu phn ny. H vn chuyn thuc tiu biu c nhiu trin vng nht l dng thuc LIPOSOME. LIPOSOME l nhng tiu phn nhn to hnh cu c kch thc nano c cu to c bn t cc thnh phn phosphopid t nhin v cholesterol. Liposome c xem l h vn chuyn thuc l tng , mt vin n k diu c kh nng nh v v ph hy cc m bnh m khng

gy hi cho cc m khe mnh nh c m ca nh vi khun hc ni ting ca th k 19 ngi c Paul Ehrlich LIPOSOME c ba kh nng c trng: - C th vn chuyn c cc cht ha tan trong nc ( c gi khoang nc bn trong ) cng nh cc dc cht ha tan trong du ( c cu to trong cc lp mng kp phospholipid ).Cc tiu phn liposome ng thi cn c tc dng bo v v phng thch mt cch c kim sot cc hot cht. do vy liposome c th thay i hon ton cc c im dc ng hc ca hot cht - Cu trc mng phospholipid ca liposome ng thi cng l cu trc mng sinh hc ca c th sng, do vy liposome s l ch phm y hc c tnh an ton cao. - Liposome c kh nng c thit k tng nng thuc nhng m c bit, c coi l dng thuc ch l tng (targeting drugs ). Liposome to ra nhiu h vn chuyn thuc chon lc ( selective drug delivery ) nh cc h liposome min dch (lmmunoliposome ) v liposome nhy cm vi s thay i ca nhit hoc PH. Da theo cu trc mng phospholipid, liposome c th phn laoij thnh: - Multilarmellar liposomes ( liposome a lp ): c cu trc gm nhiu lp mng kp phospholipid hnh cu ng tm - Unilamellar liposome ( liposome n lp ): c cu trc ch gm mt lp mng kp phospholipid hnh cu c im cu to ca cc tiu phn liposome to ra nhiu u im v ch dc nh sau: - C cu trc n nh khi b pha long - C th d dng thay i tnh thm ca lp mng kp vi cc phn t phospholipid khc nahu - C kh nng kt hp tt c cc cht tan hay khng tan trong nc v vn chuyn chng n mi trng mong mun. Trong c th sng, sau khi c a vo tun hon mu bng cch tim, truyn tnh mch, khc vi cc dng thuc thng thng, cc tiu phn liposome khng khuchs tn c qua thnh mch mu

bnh thng i n cc m trong ton c th. Mt du c cu to lp mng kp tng t cc t bo c th, cc tiu phn liposome vn c th b c th coi l ngoi lai v t nhiu s b o thi theo c ch min dch, ch yu thng qua tc dng thc bo ca h thng li ni m hoc b ph v trong huyt tng.Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta khai thc tc dng thc bo a thuc n t chc RES.Mt v d tiu biu l ph phm liposome cha Amphotericin B, mt hot cht chng nm hot ph rng. Mt du cc t bo l nhng t bo ch yu m nhim chc nng bo v c th chng li cc tc nhn gy bnh vi sinh vt.Theo c ch thc bo tiu phn liposome cng s thm nhp vo bn trong t bo b bnh, gii phng hot cht v tiu dit vi sinh vt.Ngoi tc dung tng cng nng thuc bn trong cc t bo b bnh, ph phm liposome cn c tc dung gim c tnh i vi thn v gim tit cytokin. Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy ph phm liposome cha amphotericin b ch vi liu 1 mg/kg/ngy mang li hiu qu iu tr thnh cng trn 91,1% bnh nhn b nm h thng hoc leishmaniasis so vi hiu qu 46% khi s dng 4-6 mg/kg/ngy ch phm amphotericin B thng thng. Ch c n2 trong tng s 109 bnh nhan phi tm thi ngng s dng ch phm liposome nhng sau tip tc iu tr thnh cng trong khi 34-60% bnh nhn s dung ph phm amphotericin B thng thng phi chiu cc c tnh i vi thn Cc nh khoa hc nhn thy rng cc tiu phn c b ngoi than nc c th trnh c tc dng thc bo RES v tn ti lu trong tun hon mu.Cc tiu phn tn ti ko di trong mu ny c xem l nhng cht vn chuyn thuc l tng n cc t chc m v d nh ccc m ung th v cc t chc vim theo c ch tng tnh thm v tng thi gian lu tr.Cc sn phm tiu biu cho liposome th h hai ny l cc ch phm c cha doxorubicin, mt cht chng ung th truyn thng c hot ph cao. Cc tiu phn liposome ny c kch thc trung bnh 100 nanomet v c cu to bn ngoi bi lp polyethylene glycol. Lp polymer ny c tc dng ngn cn s tip xc gia tiu phn liposome v cc thnh phn huyt tng c tc dng opsonin, nh gim tc dng thc bo. Do vy cc ch phm liposome ny c na i sinh hc (l thi gian o thi hoc phn hu 1/2 lng thuc) ko di ti 71.5 gi so vi thi gian 10 pht cho dng thuc Doxorubicin thng

thng. Cc kt qu nghin cu trn bnh nhn Kaposi's sarcoma ghi nhn p ng lm sng tch cc 43.2% bnh nhn, so vi t l p ng 24,5% khi iu tr kt hp ABV (Doxorubicin-Bleomycin-Vincristin). ng lu l trong s 928 bnh nhn th nghim s dng ch phm ny ch c 100 ngi (10.8%) xut hn cc phn ng khng mong mun, t l bnh nhn ngng iu tr vnh vin l 2%. Cc c tnh ch yu thng xut hin i vi dng thuc Doxorubicin thng thng nh c tnh tim, suy tu v rng tc c gim i rt nhiu. Theo mt bo co th nghim lm sng pha III, ch c 10/254 bnh nhn s dng ch phm Doxorubicin dng liposome c biu hin c tnh tim v khng ai trong s bnh nhn ny c din bin suy tim xung huyt (congestive heart failure), trong khi c 48/255 bnh nhn s dng dng thuc Doxorubicin thng thng b c tnh tim v 10 trong s ny c triu chng suy tim xung huyt. Do vy ch phm dng liposome c ch nh iu tr c trong ung th di cn c nguy c cao v tim. Cc tc dng khng mong mun v mt huyt hc do tc dng c ch tu ca doxorubicin trong ch phm liposome t c bo co hn v hu ht mc nh hoc va phi v c th kim sot c, ch c di 1% bnh nhn b ng c huyt mc 4. Cc trng hp rng tc ch c quan st 7% bnh nhn iu tr dng ch phm liposome so vi 54 % bnh nhn s dng dng thuc doxorubicin thng thng. Ni tm li, ch phm liposome chng minh hiu qu vt tri vi an ton cao hn hn cc dng thuc thng thng. Th h liposome vn chuyn chn lc: th h ny c th coi l th h liposome th ba, hay cn gi l liposome ch, bao gm cc liposome min dch (immunoliposome) v liposome nhy cm vi pH hoc nhit . Ngi ta c th gn vo b mt ca tiu phn liposome nhng phn t peptid hoc cc khng th nh khng th tc dng vi ICAM-1 (Intercellular cell adhesion molecule- 1) hoc PECAM-1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1). Cc phn t ny c kh nng nhn bit v kt hp c hiu vi cc cht dn (surface marker) trn b mt t bo ch, do c tc dng tp trung c bit cc tiu phn liposome

ti cc t bo ny. Nh vy, so vi cc liposome th h hai vi c ch vn chuyn th ng (do tng thi gian tn ti trong mu), cc liposome min dch c c ch vn chuyn tch cc (active targeting). Cc liposome th h ny c nghin cu thnh cng v s sm c a vo thc t iu tr cc bnh ung th phi, ung th hu hng v cc bnh ni m tim. Hn na, ngi ta cn c th kt hp c 2 c ch vn chuyn trn, ngha l to ra cc tiu phn liposome va c cu trc polymer trn b mt ko di thi gian tn ti trong mu va gn vi cc cht dn (ligan) ch ng dn thuc ti cc t bo mong mun. c th vn chuyn dc cht vo trong bo tng ca t bo ch, ngi ta a vo lp mng kp ca tiu phn liposome cc tc nhn nhy cm vi pH (v d polymethylacrylate), cc tiu phn ny s b ph v v dung hp trong mi trng pH acid ca th endosome th cp bn trong t bo ch. Tng t ngi

CCH MNG CNG NGH TRN XE HI

Ngnh cng nghip t nh gi nano s l mt trong nhng lnh vc lm bin i cu trc xe hi trong tng lai. Ngy cng c nhiu sn phm ng dng cng ngh nano ra i v thu ht s quan tm ca nhng hng xe hng u. Vo nhng nm 80 ca th k trc, nh phng php v thit b khoa hc hin i, cc nh khoa hc ch to thnh cng vt cht c kch thc quy m phn t, ngha l ch bng mt phn mt t mt v t tn cho chng l "nano". Trong ting Hy Lp, nano ngha l nh xu v mt si tc ngi cng ln hn 50.000 ln so vi mt nano.

Vt liu nano p dng trong ngnh cng nghip t mt cch hin thc v r rng nht khi Mercedes-Benz gii thiu cng ngh sn mi, cha nhng ht s kch c mt vi nano nm 2004. Sau khi ngm qua dung dch, n giai on sy, loi sn ny to nn lp s cng, mng hn 100 ln so vi si tc. Cc nh nghin cu ti Mercedes th nghim bng cch ra xe hng trm ln, cng vic c cho l gy xc v lm mt sn nhanh nht. Kt qu cho thy, sn nano c kh nng gi mu v bng cao hn 40% so vi sn thng thng. Chuyn gia ca Volkswagen, Stefan Langenfeld, cho bit, hng xe ln nht chu u ny ang tin hnh th nghim loi sn trn v bng n mc bi bn c th trt trn b mt. Thm ch xa hn na, cc nh nghin cu cn ch to ra loi sn t lm lnh vt xc hay t i mu. Bn cnh , tp on ny cng pht trin cng ngh knh nano, c kh nng lc nhit v loi b cc nh hng tia cc tm khi xe ngoi tri, hay knh hu t ng ti i khi n pha xe sau chiu vo.

Cng ngh nano c th gip to nn cc vt liu trit tiu ma st xut hin gia cc phn chuyn ng, gim lng du nhn v tng tui th ng c. Theo Stefan Langenfeld, tng cng an ton, ci thin hiu sut chy v to ra li ch cho khch hng l nguyn nhn m Volkswagen tp trung pht trin cng ngh nano.

bng ca sn nano (tri) v sn thng sau th nghim. Cn General Motors, hng xe ln nht th gii hin thc ho phn no trong s nhng tng v cng ngh nano trong tng lai. Hai mc xe GMC Safari v Chevrolet Astro l nhng sn phm thng mi u tin c ngoi tht s dng nanocomposite. Cc k s GM khng pht trin vt liu nano c lp m ch thm chng vo nha truyn thng nhm gia cng tnh bn v kh nng chu nhit. Cng ngh nano thc s to nn ln sng mi trong chin lc ca cc hng xe hng u. Vin nghin cu cng ngh v tiu chun Hoa K gi cng ngh nano l cuc cch mng to nn nhng sng to mi trong cc sn phm cng nghip v dch v. Hin c khong 1.700 cng ty v 34 quc gia ang tp trung nghin cu ng dng cng ngh nano trn quy m thng mi.

Hummer H2 SUT 2005 trang b v nanocomposite. Khi cc iu lut v mi trng, quy trnh ti sinh hay an ton ngy cng cht ch th cng ngh mi m c bit l nano s ng vai tr quyt nh. Chnh ph cc nc b ra nhng khon tin ln u t vo nghin cu cng ngh mang tnh chin lc ny. T chc nghin khoa hc Hoa K, NSF (National Science Foundation) d on, cng ngh nano s to nn khong 1.000 t USD kinh doanh thng mi trong 10 hay 15 nm na. Nm 2006, cc quc gia s chi khong 2,36 t USD vo cng ngh nano. Nm ngoi, ngn qu lin bang M chi ra 847 triu USD m cu tng thng Bill Clinton duyt nm 2000 nng cao ng dng cng ngh nano trong y t, vt liu, cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh mi trng v tt nhin, khng th thiu ngnh cng nghip xe hi. Sinh vin: Nguyn Th Hin Lp 34k12 Ngy sinh: 1/11/1990