You are on page 1of 136

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

BI TP IN T TNG T
Ti liu dn !"# " $i "%! & C'# ()n nn"
in & in *+ , in *+ & Vi-n *".n
Bi/n 0#$n1 T"02 34 5C T6N
H N7I 899:
2

3;i n<i (=u
Cun ny c dng gip sinh vin hc mn in t tng t!"# $y % cun
ti %iu th&m 'h() *+ ,ch ch) sinh vin ngnh in t - .i/n thng v in - in t#
01)ng 2u3 t14nh *in s)5n t3c gi( 6 t14nh *y n7i dung th8) t14nh t! c3c chng c9&
cun *i gi(ng in t tng t!"#
:7i dung cun s3ch c chi& %m ; ph<n=
>h<n ? 0@m tAt ngAn gn %B thuyCt th8) thD t! c3c chng#
>h<n 2 Ei tFp c@ %Gi gi(i gip sinh vin %m 2u8n vHi c3ch gi(i#
>h<n ; Ei tFp ch) sinh vin t! gi(i#
01)ng 2u3 t14nh *in s)5n mIc d 6 c@ nhiJu c gAngK nhng 'hng th t13nh
c s&i s@tK t3c gi( m)ng nhFn c s! g@p B c9& *5n c s& chL& v *+ sung
thm#
T>! i?
;
PH@N I TAB TCT 3D THUEFT
C"GHn I IHUFCH JI V CKC IHKI NIB C BLN TM6NG
IHUFCH JI
I2 C>! *"'N 0O !H P?n !Q' NR* *=n S"uT!" ($i
MhuCch 5i % 2u3 t14nh *iCn +i nNng %ng c@ iJu 'hinK O @ nNng %ng m7t
chiJu c9& nguPn cung cQp R'hng chD& thng tinS c *iCn +i thnh nNng %ng
T)&y chiJu th8) t,n hiu iJu 'hin <u v) RchD& thng tinS %m ch) t,n hiu 1& %Hn
%n nhiJu %<n v 'hng mU)#
U2 H 0O S"uT!" ($i
- MhuCch 5i in 3p t& c@ M
V
#
- MhuCch 5i dWng in t& c@ M
X
#
- MhuCch 5i cng suQt t& c@ M
>
#
.4 t<ng 'huCch 5i c@ chD& c3c ph<n t in 'h3ng nn M % m7t s phDc#
K = K exp(j.
k
)
>h<n m un YMY th hin 2u&n h vJ cGng 7 R*in 7S giL& c3c 5i %ng <u 1&
v <u v)K ph<n g@c
'
th hin 7 dZch ph& giL& chng# :h4n chung 7 %Hn c9& YMY v

'
ph[ thu7c v) t<n s c9& t,n hiu v)#
P thZ hm\MY ] ^RS gi % Ic tuyCn *in 7 - t<n s c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i# P
thZ hm
'
]^RS gi % Ic tuyCn ph& - t<n s c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i#
C@ th t,nh \MY th8) n vZ dE th8) cng thDc=
\MY RdES ] 2_%g\MY
:Cu c@ n t<ng 'huCch 5i mAc %in tiCp th4 h s 'huCch 5i s` %=
M
0>
] M
?
#M
2
a##M
n
.Hi n vZ dE s` %=
M
0>
RdES ] M
?
RdES b M
2
RdES baa#b M
n
RdES
82 TVW S">n lOi ,# , lOi V'
01O 'h3ng %i v)K %i 1& c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i c Znh nghc&=

V
V
V
I
U
Z =
#
r
r
r
I
U
Z =
#
d
5i %ng <u 1&
5i %ng tng Dng <u v)
M ]

X2 BY# *=n 0O
eU) t<n s % mU) d) 7 'huCch 5i c9& m5ch 'huCch 5i *Z gi(m O vng h&i <u
gi(i t<n# O vng t<n s thQp c@ mU) thQp e
t
K O vng t<n s c&) c@ mU) t<n s c&) e
C
#
Chng c T3c Znh th8) *iu thDc=
C
_
C
t
_
t
M
M
e f
M
M
e = =
01)ng @= M
_
% h s 'huCch 5i O vng t<n s t1ung *4nh#
M
C
% h s 'huCch 5i O vng t<n s c&)#
M
t
% h s 'huCch 5i O vng t<n s thQp#
Z2 NY# ["i *u\Tn
eU) phi tuyCn % 'hi V
.
chg c@ thnh ph<n t<n s m <u 1& ng)i thnh ph<n hi c)
*(n cWn TuQt hin c3c thnh ph<n hi *Fc c&) n Rn ] 2K ;K d###S vHi *in 7 tng
Dng
h h h
;
2
K K###### n U U U
gi(m d<n# eU) phi tuyCn % d) t,nh chQt phi tuyCn c9& c3c ph<n t
nh t1&niit) g$y 1&#
j s mU) phi tuyCn c t,nh=
2 2 2
2 ;
?
###
k
n
U U U
U

+ + +
=
) ) )
)
]2 Hiu 0u^* !Q' *=n S"uT!" ($i
jiu suQt c9& m7t t<ng 'huCch 5i % 5i %ng c t,nh *lng tm s giL& cng
suQt t,n hiu T)&y chiJu & 1& t(i P
r
vHi cng suQt m7t chiJu c9& nguPn cung cQp P
0
#
_
k
r
P
P
=
II. P"_n !`! , !"T (R lN ,i! NR* !"iau !Q' TV'nbi*# lGcn !`!
U2 Nu\/n *d! !"un ["_n !`! *V'nbi*# lGcn !`!
C@ h&i c3ch ph$n 3p ch) 01&niit) % phng ph3p Znh dWng v Znh 3p E&i nh
h4nh v`=
n
+ U c c
Ur
Uv
+
Cr
+
Cv
RB
Rc
j4nh ?-?= Znh dWng E&i
+ U c c
R2
Ur
Uv
+
Cr
+
Cv
R1
Rc
j4nh ?-2= Znh 3p E&i
X
E_
X
>
j4nh ?#? % phng ph3p Znh dWng E&iK to s P t& c@=
_
_
CC BE CC
B
B B
U U U
I
R R

=
Rv4 V
Ep_
nhqS#
j4nh ?#2 % phng ph3p Znh 3p E&iK th!c tC th4 X
E_
rr X
>
nn t& c@=
_ 2
? 2
#
CC
BE
U
U R
R R

+
82 Hin *Gen *V.i (ifN lN ,i! , !>! ["GHn [">[ gn (hn"
01)ng 2u3 t4nh %m vic c9& 01&niit) im %m vic tcnh c@ th *Z dZch chuyn d)
nhit h&y t5p t3n c9& n@# giL im %m vic c9& 01&niit) +n Znh ngGi t& dng c3c
phng ph3p +n Znh im %m vic#
C@ h&i phng ph3p +n Znh=
&# sn Znh tuyCn t,nh= dng hPi tiCp $m m7t
chiJu %m th&y +i thin 3p m5ch v) c9&
01&niit) h5n chC s! di chuyn c9& im %m
vic#
j4nh ?-; % s P +n Znh im %m vic
*lng hPi tiCp $m in 3p# t $y u
E
vo& %m
nhim v[ & in 3p v) c!c gc *lng phng
ph3p Znh dWng E&iK vo& dvn in 3p hPi tiCp
vJ m5ch v)# :Cu c@ m7t nguyn nh$n mQt +n
Znh n) @ %m ch) dWng m7t chiJu X
C_
tNng %n
th4 in thC V
Cp_
gi(m Rd) V
Cp
V
CC
w X
C_
#u
C
S
%m V
Ep_
gi(mK 'U) th8) dWng X
E_
gi(m %m ch)
X
C_
gi(m Rv4 X
C_
] #
_ B
I
SK nghc& % dWng X
C_
*&n
<u c giL +n Znh tng i#
j4nh ?-d % s P +n Znh im %m vic
*lng hPi tiCp $m dWng in# 01)ng s P ny u
p
%m nhim v[ hPi tiCp $m dWng in m7t chiJu#
Mhi X
C_
tNng d) nhit 7 tNng h&y d) 7 t5p t3n
th&m s c9& t1&niit) th4 in 3p h5 t1n u
p
RV
p_
] X
p_
#u
p
S tNng# .4 in 3p V
u2
%Qy t1n in t1O
u
2
h<u nh 'hng +i nn in 3p V
Ep_
]
V
u2
- V
p_
gi(mK %m ch) X
E_
gi(mK d) @ X
C_
'hng tNng %n cK tDc % X
C_
c giL +n Znh
tng i#
*# sn Znh phi tuyCn= dng phng ph3p *
nhit nhG c3c ph<n t c@ th&m s ph[ thu7c v)
nhit 7 nh t1&niit)K itK in t1O nhit#
III. P"_n !`! , !"T (R lN ,i! NR* !"iau !Q' TV'nbi*# *VG;n
.J nguyn tAcK vic cung cQp v +n Znh im %m vic c9& 01&niit) t1Gng cxng
ging nh vHi 01&niit) %yng c!c# i vHi 01&niit) t1Gng T3c Znh im %m vic
z
R B
U r
+
Cv
+
Cr
Uv
+12V
Rc
j4nh ?-;
U r
R 1
R 2 R E
+
Cv
+
Cr
Uv
+12V
Rc
j4nh ?-d

thng 2u& X
{
K V
|}
K v V
{}
# ~p0 %m vic t1)ng miJn 'huCch 5i ph(i c@ c3c iJu
'in s&u=
1. _ r |X
{
| r |X
{}}
|
2# in 3p c!c c& w c!c nguPn= V
>
r V
|}
vHi 'nh n
V
>
V
|}
vHi 'nh p

>hng t14nh hm t1uyJn 5t c9& ~p0=
2
R? S
GS
D DSS
P
U
I I
U
=
R?S
.4 dWng 2u& u
|
g<n nh *lng 'hng nn t& c@=
V
|}
] - X
{
#u
}
R2S
im %m vic tcnh % gi&) im c9& phng t14nh R?S v R2S#
e5ch +n Znh im %m vic dng hPi tiCp $m thng 2u& u
}
# :Cu 'hng mun hPi
tiCp $m T)&y chiJu t& thm C
}
nh t1n m5ch in# .Hi m7t s m5ch c@ th thm u
?
Rit
dngS#
u im %Hn nhQt c9& 01&niit) t1Gng % t1O 'h3ng v) 1Qt %HnK nn u
|
,t (nh
hOng tHi t1O 'h3ng v) c9& m5ch ngGi t& chn u
|
1Qt %Hn Rcy eS#
IV2 Hii *iT[ *V#n N$!" S"uT!" ($i
jPi tiCp % ghUp m7t ph<n t,n hiu 1& Rin 3p h)Ic dWng inS c9& *7 'huCch 5i vJ
<u v) thng 2u& m5ch hPi tiCp#
>h$n %)5i hPi tiCp=
- jPi tiCp dng= t,n hiu hPi tiCp cng ph& vHi t,n v)K hPi tiCp dng s` %m *7
'huCch 5i mQt +n ZnhK d) @ n@ 'hng c s d[ng t1)ng m5ch 'huCch 5iK hPi tiCp
dng c s d[ng t1)ng m5ch t5) d&) 7ng#

Uv
+UD
Ur
+
Cs
Cv
Cr
RD
Rs R2
R1
Q1 Uv
+UD
Ur
+
Cs
Cv
Cr
RD
Rs RG
Q1
*#
j4nh ?-n# } P cung cQp v +n Znh im %m vic ch) ~p0
- jPi tiCp $m= t,n hiu hPi tiCp ngc ph& vHi t,n hiu v)K hPi tiCp $m @ng v&i t1W 1Qt
2u&n t1ng t1)ng m5ch 'huCch 5i# :@ c(i thin c3c t,nh chQt c9& m5ch 'huCch 5i#
- 01)ng hPi tiCp $m c@ hPi tiCp $m m7t chiJu v hPi tiCp $m T)&y chiJu#
b jPi tiCp $m m7t chiJu c dng +n Znh im %m vic tcnh#
b jPi tiCp $m T)&y chiJu c dng +n Znh c3c th&m s c9& *7 'huCch 5i#
- e5ch in *7 'huCch 5i c@ hPi tiCp c ph$n %m d %)5i=
b jPi tiCp ni tiCp in 3p= 0,n hiu & vJ <u v) ni tiCp vHi nguPn t,n hiu
v) v tm % vHi in 3p <u 1&#
b jPi tiCp ni tiCp dWng in= 0,n hiu & vJ <u v) ni tiCp vHi nguPn t,n
hiu v) v tm % vHi dWng in 1&#
b jPi tiCp s)ng s)ng in 3p= 0,n hiu & vJ <u v) s)ng s)ng vHi nguPn t,n
hiu v) v tm % vHi in 3p <u 1&#
b jPi tiCp s)ng s)ng dWng in= 0,n hiu & vJ <u v) s)ng s)ng vHi nguPn
t,n hiu v) v tm % vHi dWng in 1&#
U2 C>! ["GHn *Vjn" !Q' N$n Z !`! S"uT!" ($i !< "ii *iT[
0o s P t& c@=

u
] M#
h
f
ht
] M
ht
#
u
f
h
]
v
w
ht
#
0o ; phng t14nh t1n t& 1t 1& c=

? #
ht
K
K
K K
=
+
RS


ht

u
ht
K


.
j4nh ?-z= } P 'hi *7 'huCch 5i c@ hPi tiCp#
K

M

h

ht

u
ht
K


.
j4nh ?-1 } P 'hi *7 'huCch 5i c@ hPi tiCp#
K


01)ng @=
M % h s 'huCch 5i c9& m5ng d c!c 'huCch 5i c@ hPi tiCp $m#
M
.
] M#M
ht
gi % h s 'huCch 5i vWng#
g ] ? b M#M
ht
gi % 7 s$u hPi tiCp#
Mhi M#M
ht
? th8) *iu thDc RS t& c@=
?

#
ht
K
K
=
0o *iu thDc ny t& c@ nhFn TUt= m7t *7 'huCch 5i c@ hPi tiCp c@ h s 'huCch 5i
vWng 1Qt %Hn th4 hm t1uyJn 5t c9& n@ RMS h<u nh 'hng ph[ thu7c v) t,nh chQt c9&
*7 'huCch 5i m chg ph[ thu7c v) t,nh chQt c9& m5ch hPi tiCp# 0Dc % c3c th&m s
c9& *7 'huCch 5i 'hng (nh hOng Cn hm t1uyJn 5t c9& *7 'huCch 5i c@ hPi tiCp
m chg ph[ thu7c v) c3c th&m s c9& m5ch hPi tiCp#
82 Ln" "GWn !Q' "ii *iT[ _N (Tn *=n S"uT!" ($i
82U2 3N i?N " 0O S"uT!" ($i2
jPi tiCp $m %m h s 'huCch 5i c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i c@ hPi tiCp gi(m g %<n

K
K
g
=
g ] ? b M#M
ht
% 7 s$u hPi tiCp#
8282 3N *"'\ (gi *VW S">n ,#k *VW S">n V' !Q' N$!"2
- jPi tiCp $m s)ng s)ng %m gi(m t1O 'h3ng v) c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i c@ hPi tiCp g %<n#

.
]
v
g
- jPi tiCp $m ni tiCp %m tNng t1O 'h3ng v) c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i c@ hPi tiCp g %<n#

.
]
.
#g
- jPi tiCp $m in 3p %m gi(m t1O 'h3ng 1& c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i c@ hPi tiCp g %<n#

u
]
u
g
- jPi tiCp $m dWng in %m tNng t1O 'h3ng 1& c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i c@ hPi tiCp g %<n#

u
]
u
#g
01)ng @
v
K
u
% t1O 'h3ng v) 1& c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i#
v
K
u
% t1O 'h3ng v)
1& c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i c@ hPi tiCp $m#
82X2 Tln (R VRn d?i *".n
01n h4nh ?- Gng nUt %iJn % Ic tuyCn *in 7 t<n s c9& *7 'huCch 5i 'hng
c@ hPi tiCp $m# :Ut Dt % Ic tuyCn *in 7 t<n s c9& *7 'huCch 5i c@ hPi tiCp $m#
0& c@ th nhFn thQy 'hi c@ hPi tiCp $m h s 'huCch 5i c9& t)n t<ng gi(m nhng gi(i
thng c9& n@ c tNng %n R^ ^S#

:g)i 1& hPi tiCp $m cWn c@ t3c d[ng 2u&n t1ng t1)ng 'huCch 5i nh=
- |i(m nhi/u#
- |i(m mU) phi tuyCn#
- |i(m mU) t<n s#
- m +n Znh h s 'huCch 5i#
C"GHn II CKC m n C BLN Cop T@NG IHUFCH JI
?_

^
M

^
^
_
M
M
2 K
2 K
j4nh ?-# Ic tuyCn *in 7 t<n s c9& *7 'huCch 5i

TN HIU NHq
I2 mH (i dn TV'nbi*# lGcn !`!
U2 mH (i rNi*H !"un srCt

01O 'h3ng v) c9& m5ch

.
] 1
Ep
01O 'h3ng 1&

u
] 1
Cp
u
C
u
C
j s 'huCch 5i dWng
M
i
]
j s 'huCch 5i in 3p
M
V
] - }#u
C
] -
BE
r

#u
C
|@c ph&
0,n hiu 1& ngc ph& t,n hiu v)#
82 mH (i C#lu!*H !"un sCCt
01O 'h3ng v) c9& m5ch

.
] 1
Ep
b Rb?Su
p
#
01O 'h3ng 1&

u
] u
p

R S
?
BE
r
+
#
j s 'huCch 5i dWng
??
U v U r
B
C
E
Rc
1
Ep 1
Cp
X
E
X
E
R E R 2
R 1
U r
+
CE
+
Cv
+
Cr
Uv
+12V
Rc
bV
CC
j4nh 2-?# } P pmit chung j4nh 2-2# } P tng ng pmit chung
cung
U r
R 1
R 2
R E
+ U c c
+
Cv
+
Cr
Uv
r B E
U v
U r
R E
R C E
X
E
j4nh 2-;# } P C)%8ct chung
j4nh 2-d# } P tng ng C)%8ct chung

M
i
] b ?
j s 'huCch 5i in 3p
M
V
] ?#
|@c ph&
0,n hiu 1& cng ph& t,n hiu v)#
X2 B'bH !"un sBCt
01O 'h3ng v) c9& m5ch

.
]

BE
E
r
R

01O 'h3ng 1&

u
] 1
Cp
u
C
u
C
j s 'huCch 5i dWng
?2
U r
R 1
R 2
R E
+ U c c
+
CB
+
Cv +
Cr
Uv
Rc
U r U v
r B E RE
Rc
1
Cp
X
E
j4nh 2-n# } P E&i chung j4nh 2-z# } P tng ng E&i chung

M
i
] ?
j s 'huCch 5i in 3p
M
V
] }#u
C
]
BE
r

#u
C

|@c ph&
0,n hiu 1& cng ph& t,n hiu v)#
II2 mH (i dn TV'nbi*# *VG;n
U2 mH (i !`! nuin !"un smCt
01O 'h3ng v) c9& m5ch

.
] u
|
u
|}
] u
|
01O 'h3ng 1&

u
] u
{
u
{}
j s 'huCch 5i in 3p
M
V
] -g
m
#Ru
{
u
{}
S
|@c ph&
0,n hiu 1& ngc ph& t,n hiu v)#
82 mH (i !`! N>n !"un svCt
01O 'h3ng v) c9& m5ch

.
] u
|#
01O 'h3ng 1&
?

R S
m
Z R
g
=
#
?;
RD
Rds Rgs RG
Uv
+UD
Ur
+
Cs
Cv
Cr
RD
Rs
RG
Q1
j4nh 2-#} P c!c nguPn chung R}CS

j4nh 2-# } P tng ng }C
V
.
V
u
g
m
V
|}
j s 'huCch 5i in 3p
M
V
] ?
|@c ph&
0,n hiu 1& cng ph& t,n hiu v)#
X2 mH (i !`! !gn !"un sGCt
01O 'h3ng v) c9& m5ch
?

V S
m
Z R
g
=
01O 'h3ng 1&
R D
Z R =
j s 'huCch 5i in 3p
M
V
] g
m
u
{
|@c ph&
0,n hiu 1& cng ph& t,n hiu v)#
III2 Ln" "GWn !Q' nRi *VW nuin *wn "iu , (in *VW *?i (Tn N$!" S"uT!" ($i
?d
Ur
+UD
Uv
Q1
RD
Rs
Cr
Cv
Uv
Ur
RD Rs
Rds
Rgs
g
m
V
|}
j4nh 2-??#} P c!c nguPn chung R}CS

j4nh 2-?2# } P tng ng }C
Ur
+UD
Uv
Q1
RG
Rs
Cr
Cv
Uv
Ur
Rs
Rds Rgs
RG
g
m
V
|}
j4nh 2-?_# } P tng ng }C
j4nh 2-#} P c!c nguPn chung R}CS


|i( s t& c@ t<ng 'huCch 5i h4nh 2-?;# 01)ng @ M % h s 'huCch 5iK
.
v
u
%
t1O 'h3ng v) 1& c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i#
0o s P t& c@ h s 'huCch 5i t)n ph<n c9& m5ch %=
u
Utp
n
U
K
U
=
R?S
0& c@=
#
#
V
R t
R t
KU
U R
Z R
=
+
v
R S
V V n
n
V
U Z R
U
Z
+
=
0h&y v) *iu thDc R?S t& c@=
# #
V t
Utp
V n t R
Z R
K K
Z R R Z
=
+ +
R2S
:h vFy 'hi c@ n7i t1O nguPn v in t1O t(i th4 h s 'huCch 5i in 3p *Z gi(m#
0o *iu thDc R2S t& cxng c@ nhFn TUt t1O 'h3ng v) c9& m5ch cng %Hn cng ttK t1O
'h3ng 1& c9& m5ch cng nhq cng tt#
C"GHn III T@NG IHUFCH JI CNG mUxT
?n
Ur
Ir Iv
Uv
Un
K.Uv
Rt
Zr
Zv
Rn

j4nh 2-?;# } P tng ng m5ng d c!c 'huCch 5i


I2 C"T (R !.n *>! , (ifN lN ,i! !Q' *=n S"uT!" ($i !.n 0u^* sICmt
0<ng 'huCch 5i cng suQt % t<ng 'huCch 5i cui cng c9& *7 'huCch 5iK c@ t,n
hiu v) %Hn# :@ c@ nhim v[ 'huCch 5i ch) 1& t(i m7t cng suQt %Hn nhQt c@ th
cK vHi 7 mU) ch) phUp v) *() (m hiu suQt c&)#
C3c th&m s c *(n c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i cng suQt %=
- j s 'huCch 5i cng suQt M
p
% tm s giL& cng suQt 1& v cng suQt v)#
.
1
p
>
>
M =
- jiu suQt % tm s cng suQt 1& v cng suQt cung cQp m7t chiJu >
_
#
_
1
>
>
=
#k
jiu suQt cng %Hn th4 cng suQt t+n h&) t1n c!c g@p c9& t1&niit) cng nhq#
0u thu7c v) im % vic tcnh c9& t1&niit) m t<ng 'huCch 5i cng suQt c@ th
%m vic O c3c chC 7 K EK E v C#


ChC 7 % chC 7 m im %m vic tcnh c9& 01&niit) nlm giL& Gng t(i m7t
chiJuK O chC 7 ny t,n hiu c 'huCch 5i c( h&i *3n chu '# t chC 7 ny dWng
tcnh %un %Hn hn *in 7 dWng in 1& nn mU) nhq nhng hiu suQt 1Qt thQp Rrn_kSK
chC 7 ny chg dng 'hi yu c<u cng suQt 1& nhq#
ChC 7 E % chC 7 m im %m vic tcnh c9& 01&niit) % im chuyn tiCp giL&
vng tAt v vng 'huCch 5i c9& n@# t chC 7 ny t,n hiu c 'huCch 5i m7t n&
chu '# :h vFy chC 7 E c@ dWng tcnh *lng 'hng nn hiu suQt c&) Rt1n dHi kS#
?z
Mhu v!c tAt
X
C
V
CC
V
Cp
X
E
]_

E
E
_
>
Cm&
T
Mhu v!c
*6) hW&
*S
j4nh ;-?# im %m vic c9& c3c chC 7 'huCch 5i
>
Cm&T

ChC 7 E % chC 7 m im %m vic tcnh c9& 01&niit) % im giL& chC 7 v
chC 7 E# t chC 7 ny t,n hiu c 'huCch 5i hn m7t n& chu '# c ny dWng
tcnh *U hn chC 7 nn hiu suQt c&) hn Rr_kS# ChC 7 E v E c@ hiu suQt
c&) nhng mU) %Hn# gi(m mU) ngGi t& dng m5ch 'huCch 5i 'iu y 'U)#
ChC 7 C % chC 7 m im %m vic tcnh c9& 01&niit) nlm t1)ng vng tAt# t chC
d7 ny t,n hiu c 'huCch 5i nhq hn m7t n9& chu '# :@ c dng t1)ng c3c
m5ch 'huCch 5i c&) t<n c@ t(i % 'hung c7ng hOng chn %c s@ng hi m)ng mun
v c@ hiu suQt c&)#
II2 T=n S"uT!" ($i !.n 0u^* !"T (R p
U2 mH (i r !"un
h h

#
2 2
R R
R
U I
P =
:Cu *q 2u& vng tAt v vng *6) hW& c9& 01&niit) to P thZ h4nh ;#d t& thQy=
h
&T
_
h
&T
_
2
CC
Rm
CE
Rm
C
U
U U
I I
=

?
+ U c c
Ur
Uv
+
Cr
+
Cv
RB
Rc
j4nh ;-;#0<ng cng suQt mAc p chung
_ t
X
C
X
C_
RS
X
C
t
X
C_
RES
t
X
C
RES
t
RCS
X
C
cS
_ _ _
j4nh ;-2# {5ng dWng in 1& Dng vHi c3c chC 7 cng t3c c9& 01&niit)#
Cng suQt 1& %Hn nhQt=
_
&T
#
d
CC C
R m
U I
P =
Cng suQt nguPn cung cQp ch) m5ch=
_ _
#
CC C
P U I =
0& c@ hiu suQt c!c 5i c9& m5ch %=
&T
_
?
#?__k #?__k 2nk#
> d
R m
P
= = =
jiu suQt ny % 6 *q 2u& vng tAt v vng *6) hW&K t1n th!c tC hiu suQt c!c 5i
c9& m5ch nhq hn 2nk#
:Cu <u 1& ghUp in dung vHi t(i th4 hiu suQt 1& cWn nhq hn nL& v4 t,n hiu *Z t+n
h&) t1n u
C
#
tNng hiu suQt ch) m5ch ngGi t& thGng ghUp *iCn 3p vHi t(i# Mhi @ vo& phi
hp c t1O 'h3ng vHi t(i vo& 'hng *Z t+n h&) cng suQt nguPn t1n u
C
#
82 mH (i r !"un "Y[ PiTn >[ ,yi *?i
C@ th nhFn thQy Gng t(i ? Rh4nh ;-zS chiJu g<n nh s)ng s)ng vHi t1[c tung d)
in t1O thu<n c9& cu7n
?
% 1Qt *U#
?
C
V

X
C
V
CC
V
Cp
X
E_


>
_
C
C
u
p
X
C_

t
V
Cp
V
Cp_
X
E
] _
j4nh ;-d# {5ng t,n hiu t1n Ic tuyCn 1&


Eq 2u& vng tAt v vng *6) hW& c9& 01&niit) t& c@ cng suQt 1&=
h h

#
2# 2
R R
R
U I
P =
0o P thZ t& thQy=
h
&T
_
h
&T
_
Rm
CE CC
Rm
C
U U U
I I
=

?
+ U c c
U v
W 1 W 2
+
C
R1
Rt
Q
j4nh ;-n# 0<ng cng suQt ghUp *iCn 3p
X
Emin
V
Cp
X
C
Gng t(i ? chiJu
h
C
U
E

C
I
X
E_
X
C_
X
Em&T
min CE
U
&T CEm
U
CC
U
_ CE
U
j4nh ;-z# {5ng t,n hiu t1n Ic tuyCn 1&
Cng suQt 1& %Hn nhQt=
_
&T
#
2
CC C
R m
U I
P =
Cng suQt nguPn cung cQp ch) m5ch=
_ _
#
CC C
P U I =
0& c@ hiu suQt c!c 5i c9& m5ch %=
&T
_
?
#?__k #?__k n_k#
> 2
R m
P
= = =
X2 mH (i C !"un
h h

#
2 2
R R
R
U I
P =
:Cu *q 2u& vng tAt v vng
*6) hW& c9& 01&niit) to P thZ t&
thQy=
h
&T
_
h
&T
_
2
CC
Rm
CE
Rm
E
U
U U
I I
=

Cng suQt 1& %Hn nhQt=


_
&T
#
d
CC E
R m
U I
P =
Cng suQt nguPn cung cQp ch) m5ch=
_ _
#
CC E
P U I =
2_
X
Emin
V
Cp
X
p
h
R
U
E

E
I
X
E_
X
p_
X
Em&T
min CE
U
&T CEm
U
_ CE
U
j4nh ;-# {5ng t,n hiu t1n Ic tuyCn 1&
+ U c c
U v
U r Rt
+
Cv
RB
j4nh ;-# 0<ng cng suQt mAc
C)%8ct)1 chung

0& c@ hiu suQt c!c 5i c9& m5ch %=
&T
_
?
#?__k #?__k 2nk#
> d
R m
P
= = =
:Cu <u 1& ghUp in dung vHi t(i th4 hiu suQt 1& cWn nhq hn nL& v4 t,n hiu *Z t+n
h&) t1n u
p
#
tNng hiu suQt ch) m5ch ngGi t& th&y u
p
*lng m7t nguPn dWng Rh4nh ;-?_S 'hi
@ dWng t,n hiu s` h)n t)n i 2u& u
t
K d) @ s` 5t c hiu suQt g<n 2nk# 0
2
K u
?
K {
t5) thnh nguPn dWng#
III2 T=n S"uT!" ($i !.n 0u^* (z\ SY#
Mhi mun tNng hiu suQt v cng suQt 1& ngGi t& dng t<ng 'huCch 5i y 'U)#
0<ng 'huCch 5i y 'U) gPm ,t nhQt % h&i 01&niit) mAc chung t(iK chng s` th&y
nh&u 'huCch 5i h&i n& chu ' t,n hiu#
0<ng y 'U) c@ h&i c3ch mAc % y 'U) ni tiCp v y 'U) s)ng s)ng# y 'U)
s)ng s)ng ph(i ghUp *iCn 3p vHi t(i#
y 'U) c@ th dng 01&niit) cng %)5i h)Ic 'h3c %)5i Rm7t 01&niit) thuFn m7t
t1&niit) ngcS# :Cu dng 01&niit) 'h3c %)5i th4 t,n hiu & v) h&i t1&niit) % cng
ph&K nCu dng 01&niit) cng %)5i th4 t,n hiu & v) h&i t1&niit) % ngc ph&K d) @
t1Hc t<ng y 'U) dng 01&niit) cng %)5i ph(i c@ t<ng () ph& t,n hiu#
0<ng y 'U) thGng %m vic O chC 7 E h)Ic E cxng c@ th %m vic O chC 7
nhng ,t gIp# ChC 7 E ch) cng suQt v hiu suQt 1& %Hn hn nhng mU) %Hn hn chC
7 E# jiu suQt v Cng suQt 1& c9& h&i chC 7 ny % g<n *lng nh&uK d) @ 'hi t,nh
t)3n n gi(n ngGi t& t,nh c3c thng s ny O chC 7 E#
U2 T=n S"uT!" ($i !.n 0u^* (z\ SY# "Y[ PiTn >[
e5ch gPm h&i 01&niit) ? v 2 th&y nh&u 'huCch 5i h&i n& chu ' t,n hiu#
E2 % *iCn 3p ghUp 2 n& chu ' t,n hiu & 1& t(i# Cu7n s cQp c9& E2 *&)
gPm h&i cu7n c@ s vWng %
?
2uQn cng chiJuK cu7n s cQp c@ s vWng %
2
#
2?
+ U c c
U v
+
Cr
Rt
RE
+
Cv
RB
j4nh ;-# 0<ng cng suQt mAc C)%8ct)1

chung ghUp in dung vHi t(i
+ U c c
U v
T 1
T 2
R1
D
+
Cr
Rt
+
Cv
RB
j4nh ;-?_# 0h&y u
p
*lng nguPn dWng
U v
+ U c c
U r
W 1
W 1
W 2
R1
R2
Q2
Q1
Rt
j4nh ;-??# 0<ng y 'U) ghUp *iCn 3p
E? E2

E? % *iCn 3p () ph& & h&i n& chu ' t,n hiu v) ? v 2K cu7n thD cQp
*&) gPm h&i cu7n c@ s vWng *lng nh&u v 2uQn cng chiJu#
e5ch c@ th %m vic O chC 7 E h)Ic E# :Cu chn u
?
v u
2
gi3 t1Z in 3p
m7t chiJu t1n c!c E&i c9&
?
v
2
thq& m6n th4 m5ch %m vic O chC 7 E# :Cu
mun m5ch %m vic O chC 7 E tDc % in 3p m7t chiJu t1n c!c E&i c9&
?
v
2
*lng 'hngK 'hi @ chg vic *q u
?
v ni tAt u
2
#
:guyn %B %m vic c9& m5ch=
b .Hi n& chu ' dng c9& t,n hiu 2u& E? c!c E&i c9& ? dng nn ? s`
'huCch 5iK c!c E&i c9& 2 $m nn 2 tAt # 01n cu7n
?
ni vHi c!c C)%%8ct c9&

?
s` c@ dWng X
C?
]
?
#X
E?
K dWng ny s` 2u& E2 & 1& t(iK cWn t1n cu7n
?
ni vHi
c!c C)%%8ct c9&
2
'hng c@ dWng d)
2
tAt#
b .Hi n& chu ' $m c9& t,n hiu 2u& E? c!c E&i c9&
2
dng nn
2
s`
'huCch 5iK c!c E&i c9&
?
$m nn
?
tAt # 01n cu7n
?
ni vHi c!c C)%%8ct c9&
2
s` c@ dWng X
C2
]
2
#X
E2
K dWng ny s` 2u& E2 & 1& t(iK cWn t1n cu7n
?
ni vHi c!c
C)%%8ct c9&
?
'hng c@ dWng d)
?
tAt#
:h vFy t1n t(i s` c@ 9 h&i n& chu ' t,n hiu 6 c 'huCch 5i#
t,nh cng suQt v hiu suQt c9& m5ch th4 chg c<n t,nh t1)ng m7t n& chu ' t,n
hiu# .4 hiu suQt v cng suQt c9& h&i chC 7 E v E % g<n *lng nh&u nn n
gi(n t& t,nh cng suQt v hiu suQt 1& O chC 7 E#
Mhi c@ t,n hiu t1n C)%%8ct c9&
?
v
2
s` c@ in t1O t(i

t
R
d) u
t
ph(n 3nh 2u&
E
2
#

t
R
c t,nh nh s&u=

t
R
] n
2
#u
t
01)ng @=
?
2

n =
% tg s E
2
#
0& c@ phng t14nh Gng t(i T)&y chiJu ch)
?
=


#
CE CC C t
U U I R =
22

Gng t(i T)&y chiJu c v` t1n h4nh ;-?2# Gng t(i ? chiJu g<n nh thng
Dng d) in t1O thu<n c9& cu7n
?
1Qt *U#
Cng suQt 1& c9& m5ch c t,nh=
h h

#
2
R R
R
U I
P =
Cng suQt 1& c!c 5i=
h h
&T &T
&T
#
2
R m R m
R m
U I
P =
CNn cD v) P thZ t& thQy=
h
&T
&T min
h h
&T &T

R m
CEm CE CC
CC
R m C m
t
U U U U
U
I I
R
=
=
:h vFy cng suQt 1& c!c 5i c9& m5ch %=
2
&T

2#
CC
R m
t
U
P
R
=
Cng suQt c9& nguPn cung cQp=
2;
_
C
X

X
C
V
Cpmin
X
C_
V
Cp
V
Cpm&T
V
CC
h
C
U
Gng t(i ? chiJu
j4nh ;-?2# Gng t(i ? chiJuK T)&y chiJu v
d5ng t,n hiu 1&#
Gng t(i T)&y chiJu
+ U c c
- U c c
U v
Rt
RE
RC
+
Cv
R2
R1
T2
T1
T3
V
u
j4nh ;-?;# 0<ng y 'U) dng 01&niit) cng %)5i
_
h
h
&T
&T
_
h
2
&T
_

#
? 2#
sinR S# R S
2# 2#
#
#
TB CC
C m
C m
TB
C m
CC
CC
t
P U
I
I t ! t
U I
P U
R




=
= =
= =

jiu suQt %Hn nhQt c9& m5ch=


&T
_
#?__k #?__k K nk
> d
R m
P
= = =
82 T=n S"uT!" ($i !.n 0u^* (z\ SY# nOi *iT[
82U2 T=n S"uT!" ($i !.n 0u^* (z\ SY# nOi *iT[ dn TV'nbi*# !n l#$i
.4 t<ng 1& % y 'U) dng 01&niit) cng %)5i nn t1Hc n@ % t<ng () ph&K t<ng
() ph& % 0
;
n@ c@ nhim v[ () ph& t,n hiu & tHi <u v) 0
?
v 0
2
# >h(i chn
u
C
v u
p
thq& m6n t,n hiu t& 'hng *Z mU)K Png thGi ph(i Znh thin s&) ch) 'hi
'hng c@ t,n hiu v) in 3p m7t chiJu t1n c)%%8t c9& 0
2
v 8mit c9& 0
?
*lng
'hng 'hng c@ dWng m7t chiJu 2u& t(i#
.Hi n& chu ' dng t,n hiu t5i c)%%8ct c9& 0
;
ngc ph& t,n hiu v) nn t1O
thnh n& chu ' $m d) @ 0
?
tAt cWn t,n hiu t1n 8mit Png ph& t,n hiu v) nn
vvn % n& chu ' dng d) @ 0
2
thngK %c ny t1n t(i c@ dWng in tm % vHi n&
chu ' dng c9& t,n hiu# {Wng in ch5y to QtK 2u& u
t
K 2u& 0
2
vJ -V
CC
#
.Hi n& chu ' $m t,n hiu t5i c)%%8ct c9& 0
;
ngc ph& t,n hiu v) nn t1O
thnh n& chu ' dng d) @ 0
?
thng cWn t,n hiu t1n 8mit Png ph& t,n hiu v)
nn vvn % n& chu ' $m d) @ 0
2
tAtK %c ny t1n t(i c@ dWng in tm % vHi n& chu
' $m c9& t,n hiu# {Wng in ch5y to bV
CC
K 2u& 0
?
K 2u& u
t
vJ Qt#
2d

0& c@ th t,nh cng suQt 1&
v hiu suQt %Hn nhQt c9& m5ch nh s&u=
Cng suQt 1& c9& m5ch=
h h

#
2
R R
R
U I
P =
Cng suQt 1& c!c 5i=
h h
&T &T
&T
#
2
R m R m
R m
U I
P =
CNn cD v) P thZ t& thQy=
h
&T
&T min
h h
&T &T
R m
CEm CE CC
CC
R m C m
t
U U U U
U
I I
R
=
=
:h vFy cng suQt 1& c!c 5i c9& m5ch %=
2
&T
2#
CC
R m
t
U
P
R
=
Cng suQt c9& nguPn cung cQp=
2n
_

R
I
X
C
V
Cpmin
X
C_
V
Cp
V
Cpm&T
V
CC
h
R
U
j4nh ;-?d# Gng t(i T)&y chiJu v d5ng t,n hiu 1&#
Gng t(i T)&y chiJu
_
h
h
&T
&T
_
h
2
&T
_
#
? 2#
sinR S# R S
2# 2#
#
#
TB CC
C m
C m
TB
C m
CC
CC
t
P U
I
I t ! t
U I
P U
R




=
= =
= =

jiu suQt %Hn nhQt c9& m5ch=


&T
_
#?__k #?__k K nk
> d
R m
P
= = =
8282 T=n S"uT!" ($i !.n 0u^* (z\ SY# nOi *iT[ dn TV'nbi*# S">! l#$i
2z
+ U c c
- U c c
U v
T2
Rt
+
Cv
T1
V
u
j4nh ;-?n# 0<ng y 'U) dng
t1&niit) 'h3c %)5i
V
Ep
X
E
X
E?
X
E2
_
0
2
0
?
t
X
E
0
?
0
2
X
E?
X
E2
X
E_
X
E_
V
Ep_
V
Ep_
*#
j4nh ;-?z# {5ng t,n hiu 'hi t<ng y 'U) %m vic O chC 7
ER&S v chC 7 ER*S

0
?
v 0
2
%m vic O chC 7 E v th&y nh&u 'huCch 5i h&i n& chu ' t,n hiu nh
m5ch dy 'U) dng t1&niit) cng %)5i# .Hi m5ch ny s` Ty 1& mU) t,n hiu 1& Rh4nh
;-?z#&S vng chuyn tiCp c9& n& chu ' dng v $m d) t,nh phi tuyCn c9& Ic tuyCn
v)K g<n gc t)5 7 'hng thng# t13nh vng mU) ngGi t& & t,n hiu v) vng
tuyCn t,nh c9& Ic tuyCnK *lng c3ch dZch n& chu ' dng s&ng ph(i m7t )5n %
V
Ep_
K v dich n& chu ' $m s&ng t13i m7t )5n % V
Ep_
RtDc % cung cQp ch) V
Ep_
c9&
0
?
v 0
2
in 3p *&n <uS# j&y % dZch Ic tuyCn v) c9& 0
?
s&ng t13i m7t )5n % V
Ep_
K
v dZch Ic tuyCn c9& 0
2
s&ng ph(i m7t )5n % V
Ep_
nCu giL c Znh t,n hiu v) Rh4nh
;-?z#*S# Mhi @ m5ch s` %m vic O chC 7 E#
t<ng 'huCch 5i %m vic O chC 7 E m5ch in s` nh h4nh ;-?#&K th8)
m5ch in t& c@ 2V
{0
] V
Ep_?
b V
pE_2
K tDc % V
Ep
mi t1&niit) 6 c cQp in 3p *&n
<u % V
{0
# e5ch c@ th dng nguPn n nh h4nh ;-?#*K 'hi @ <u 1& ph(i c@ C
u

ngNn dWng m7t chiJu 2u& t(i Png thGi n5p in O n& chu ' dng cQp ch) 0
2
O
n& chu ' $m#
C@ th tNng cng suQt 1& c9& m5ch *lng c3ch th&y 0
?
v 0
2
*lng c3c cIp {&1%ingt)n
nh h4nh ;-?K 'hi @ ph(i c@ d it mAc ni tiCp nh&u v4 %c ny c@ dV
Ep_
#
2
+ U c c
- U c c
R t
T 1
T 2
T 3
R c
R 1
R 2
U v
D2
D1
+
Cv
+ U c c
R t
T 1
T 2
T 3
R c
R 1
R 2
U v
+
CR
D2
D1
+
Cv
&# *#
j4nh ;-?# 0<ng y 'U) %m vic O chC 7 E
+ U c c
R t
T 1
T 2
T 3
R c
R 1
R 2
U v
- U c c
D4
D3
D2
D1
+
Cv
j4nh ;-?# 0<ng cng suQt y 'U) dng {&1%ingt)n
C"GHn IV B7 IHUFCH JI THUT T6KN
I2 Twn" !"^* , *"'N 0O !H P?n
U2 C>! *wn" !"^* !H P?n
E7 'huCch 5i thuFt t)3n RM00S % XC 'huCch 5i c@ h s 'huCch 5i 1Qt %HnK t1O
'h3ng v) %HnK t1O 'h3ng 1& nhq# E7 'huCch 5i thuFt t)3n @ng v&i t1W 2u&n t1ng v
c dng 17ng 16i t1)ng 'huCch 5iK t5) t,n hiu sinK TungK t1)ng m5ch +n 3pK *7 %c
t,ch c!ca
MB hiu c9& *7 'huCch 5i thuFt t)3n nh h4nh 2#?#
b V
:
in 3p v) c& ()
b V
>
in 3p v) c& thuFn
b V
u
in 3p %i 1&
b E7 'huCch 5i thuFt t)3n c cQp nguPn i TDng p#
b V
d
% in 3p v) hiu= V
d
] V
>
- V
:
Mhi & t,n v) c& thuFn th4 t,n hiu 1& Png ph& vHi t,n hiu v)# Mhi & t,n
hiu v) c& () th4 t,n hiu 1& ngc ph& t,n hiu v)#
- E7 'huCch 5i thuFt t)3n %B tOng c@ c3c t,nh chQt s&u=
b 01O 'h3ng v)
.
] #
b 01O 'h3ng 1&
u
] _#
b j s 'huCch 5i M
_
] #
82 H 0O S"uT!" ($i "iu
M
_
% h s 'huCch 5i 'hng t(i
_
R R
! P "
U U
K
U U U
= =

0h!c tC O t<n s thQp M


_
thGng c@ gi3 t1Z to ?_
;
?_
z
#
Ic tuyCn t1uyJn 5t c9& *7 'huCch 5i thuFt t)3n h4nh d-2#
2
+E
-E
U
R
U
P
U
N
U
d
j4nh d-?# MB hiu c9& *7 M00

0o Ic tuyCn t1uyJn 5t c9& *7 M00 thQy 1lng t1)ng miJn tuyCn t,nh 'hi V
d
tNng
th4 V
u
tNng v ngc %5iK cWn O h&i miJn *6) hW& 'hi V
d
th&y +i th4 V
u
%un 'hng +i
v *lng c3c t1Z s -V
um&T
Rgi % in 3p *6) hW& $mSK bV
um&T
Rgi % in 3p *6) hW&
dngS# C3c gi3 t1Z ny 'hng ph[ thu7c in 3p v) v nhq hn in 3p nguPn to ?.
Cn ;.#
0h!c tC th4 miJn tuyCn t,nh 1Qt hpK tDc % V
d
chg *iCn +i t1)ng 'h)(ng to -vi m.
Cn bvi m.# 01)ng 2u3 t14nh t,nh t)3n vHi *7 M00 %B tOng th4 V
d
c)i nh *lng
'hng#
X2 {! *u\Tn Pi/n (R *=n 0O , ({! *u\Tn ["'
2
j4nh d#2# Ic tuyCn t1uyJn 5t c9& *7 M00
j4nh d-;. Ic tuyCn *in 7 t<n s v Ic tuyCn ph&
c9& *7 M00
j4nh d-d# e5ch 'huCch 5i ()
X
ht
X
?
j4nh d-; % Ic tuyCn *in 7 t<n s v Ic tuyCn ph& c9& *7 M00# 0<n s giHi
h5n dHi ^
d
] _K tDc % 'huCch 5i c( in 3p m7t chiJuK t<n s giHi h5n t1n % ^
t
% t5
t<n s m h s 'huCch 5i gi(m 2 %<n R;dES# 05i t<n s ^
_
h s 'huCch 5i *At <u
gi(m v TuQt hin g@c %ch ph& giL& V
d
v V
u
# :Cu t<n s tiCp t[c tNng th4 h s
'huCch 5i cng gi(m v g@c %ch ph& cng %Hn#
Z2 H 0O nYn (in ["'
:Cu It v) c& thuFn v c& () c9& *7 M00 m7t in 3p Png ph& tDc %=
V
>
] V
:
] V
Ce
_ RV
Ce
gi % in 3p Png ph&SK th8) %B thuyCt th4 %c @ V
u
] _.K
nhng th!c tC th4 'hng nh vFy= V
u
] M
Ce
# V
Ce
#
M
Ce
gi % h s 'huCch 5i Png ph&# :Cu %B tOng th4 M
Ce
] _# 3nh gi3 *7
M00 th!c tC vHi %B tOng ngGi t& & 1& h s nUn Png ph&=
_
C#
K
G
K
=
|i3 t1Z ny cng %Hn th4 *7 M00 cng g<n vHi %B tOngK thGng | ] ?_
;
?_
n
#
II2 C>! N$!" S"uT!" ($i
U2 B$!" S"uT!" ($i (?#
.4 t1O 'h3ng v) c9& *7 M00 *lng v cng nn dWng v) c& () c9& n@ *lng
'hng#
05i nt : t& c@= X
?
b X
ht
] _ R?S
0& %5i c@= V
d
] V
>
- V
:
] _.#
e V
>
] _. nn V
:
] _.#
?
? ?
V " V
U U U
I
R R

= =
R2S
R " R
ht
ht ht
U U U
I
R R

= =
R;S
0h&y R2SK R;S v) R?S t& c@=
;_

? ?
_
V ht R
R V
ht
U R U
U U
R R R
+ = =
d
?
ht
R
K
R
=
:h vFy 'hi c@ hPi tiCp $m h s 'huCch 5i c9& m5ch nhq hn M
_
v chg ph[
thu7c v) %inh 'in ng)i# :Cu chn u
?
*lng u
ht
th4 V
u
] V
.
m5ch c@ t,nh chQt ()
in 3p#
01O 'h3ng v) c9& m5ch=
?
? ?
R S
V V
V
V !
U U
Z R
I U U R
= = =

#
82 B$!" S"uT!" ($i S".n (?#
.4 dWng v) c9& *7 'huCch 5i thuFt t)3n 1Qt nhq v V
d
]_. nn=
?
?
R
V "
ht
U
U U R
R R
= =
+
?
?
ht R
t
V
R U
K
U R
= = +
01O 'h3ng v) c9& m5ch=
?
R S #
V ! ht
Z r R R = + =
R1
d
% t1O 'h3ng v) c9& *7 M00S#
X2 Hin *Gen *V.i , P (in >[ l!" S".n
Mhi s d[ng *7 M00 %m m5ch 'huCch 5i th4 ph(i mAc thm c3c in t1O ng)i#
{Wng tcnh t1n c3c c& v) s` g$y s[t 3p t1n c3c in t1OK d) in t1O c3c c& v) %
'h3c nh&u nn c3c s[t 3p ny s` 'h3c nh&uK hiu in thC ny % in 3p %ch 'hng#
in 3p %ch 'hng ny s` c 'huCch 5i & tHi <u 1&#
'h in 3p %ch 'hng th4 ngGi t& s` mAc s&) ch) in t1O t1n c3c c& % *lng
nh&u 'hi @ in 3p %ch 'hng s` *lng 'hng#
:h vFy t1)ng m5ch 'huCch 5i () Rh4nh d-zS c& thuFn 'hng ni t1!c tiCp Tung
Qt m thng 2u& m7t in t1O u c@ t1Z s=
u ] u
?
u
ht
#
;?
U r U v N
R1
Rt
j4nh d-n# e5ch 'huCch 5i thuFn
U 1
U 2
U n
U r
N
P
I 1
I 2
I n
I t
Rt
Rn
R2
R1
j4nh d-# e5ch c7ng ()#
i vHi m5ch 'huCch 5i thuFn Rh4nh d-S in 3p v) 'hng & t1!c tiCp tHi c9&
thuFn m thng 2u& m7t in t1O u c@ t1Z s=
u ] u
?
u
ht
#
III2 C>! N$!" (in |n d}n PR ITT
U2 B$!" !Rn
U2U2 B$!" !Rn (?#
.4 V
:
] V
>
] _. nn 3p d[ng 2uy tAc dWng in nt t5i :=
? 2
? 2
? 2
? 2
? 2
###### _
##### _
R # # ##### # S
n ht
n R
n ht
ht ht ht
R n
n
I I I I
U U U U
R R R R
R R R
U U U U
R R R
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
= + + +
:Cu chn u
?
] u
2
] #####] u
n
] u
ht

? 2
R ##### S
R n
U U U U = + + +
#
;2
U r U v
R
R1
Rt
j4nh d-# e5ch 'h in 3p %ch 'hng j4nh d-z# e5ch 'h in 3p %ch 'hng
Uv
Ur
Rt
R1
R
U 1
U 2 U r
N
I 1
I 2
P
R4
R3
R2
R1
j4nh d-?_# e5ch t1o

U282 B$!" !Rn S".n (?#
.4 dWng v) c9& *7 M00 TQp Tg *lng 'hng nn t& c@ th t,nh in 3p t5i : nh
s&u=
?
?
R
"
ht
U
U R
R R
=
+
R?S
p d[ng 2uy tAc dWng in nt t5i > t& c@=
? 2
2
?
#### _
##### _
n
p n p
P
I I I
U U U U
U U
R R R
+ + + =

+ + + =
R2S
{) V
:
] V
>
th&y R?S v) R2S=
? 2 ?
?
?
? 2
?
#### #
R #### S
R
n
ht
ht
R n
U
U U U n R
R R
R R
U U U U
nR
+ + + =
+
+
= + + +
82 B$!" *V~
;;
U 1
U 2
U n
U r
N
I 1
I 2
I n
P
R1
Rt
R
R
R
j4nh d-# e5ch c7ng thuFn
U r
U v
I c
I v
C
R
j4nh d-??# e5ch t,ch ph$n
05i nt >=
2
d
; d
P
U
U R
R R
=
+
R?S
05i nt :=
? 2
?
? 2
_
_
" R "
I I
U U U U
R R
+ =

+ =
R2S
.4 V
:
] V
>
nn th&y R?S v) R2S t& c@=
2 2
? d d
; d ; d
? 2
_
R
U U
U R U R
R R R R
R R

+ +
+ =
d ? 2 2
2 ?
? ; d ?
R S
R S
R
R R R R
U U U
R R R R
+
=
+
:Cu chn u
2
] u
?
K u
d
] u
;
t& c@=
V
u
] RV
2
w V
?
S
X2 B$!" *w!" ["_n
e5ch t,ch ph$n % m5ch c@ t,n hiu 1& tg % vHi t,ch ph$n t,n hiu v)#
_
t
R $
U K U !t =

.4 V
:
] V
>
] _. nn V
u
] V
C
05i c& :=
_
_
_
_
_
?
V C
V C
V R
t
R V R
I I
U !U
C
R !t
U !U
C
R !t
U U !t U
RC
+ =
+ =
+ =
= +

;d
U r
U v
I c
I R
C
R
j4nh d-?2# e5ch vi ph$n
U v
U r
I R
I D
R
D
j4nh d-?;# e5ch t5) hm %)g&1it

05i thGi im t ] _ thGng V
u_
] _ nn=
_ _
? ?
t t
R V V
U U !t U !t
RC
= =

] uC gi % hlng s t,ch ph$n#
Z2 B$!" ,i ["_n
e5ch vi ph$n % m5ch c@ t,n hiu 1& tg % vHi vi ph$n t,n hiu v)#
V
R
!U
U K
!t
=
05i c& :=
_
_
C R
C R
I I
!U U
C
!t R
+ =
+ =
e V
C
] V
.
Rd) V
:
] V
p
] _.S nn=
_
V R
V V
R
!U U
C
!t R
!U !U
U RC
!t !t

+ =
= =
01)ng @ ] uC gi % hlng s vi ph$n#
]2 B$!" *$# "N l#'Vi*
Eiu thDc dWng t1n it=
;n
R ?S
%K
T
U
mU
D S
I I e =
01)ng @=
X
{
{Wng thFn t1n it
X
}
{Wng ngc *6) hW&
V
0
in 3p nhit R2zm.2n
_
CS
V
M
in 3p thuFn t1n it
m j s hiu chgnh giL& %B thuyCt v th!c tC
01)ng miJn %m vic X
{
X
}
nn t& c@ th viCt
#
%K
T
U
mU
D S
I I e =
05i c& () c9& *7 M00=
#
%K
T
D R
V
D
U
mU V
S
I I
U
I
R
U
I e
R
=
=
=
t $y V
M
] -V
u
%nR S
V
R %K T
S
U
U U mU
I R
= =
2 B$!" *$# "N (Oi l#'Vi*
0ng t! nh t1n Rm[c nS t& c@=

#
%K
T
U
mU
D S
I I e =
{) V
d
] _. nn V
.
] V
M
05i c& () c9& *7 M00=
;z
U v
U r
I R
I D
R
D
j4nh d-?d# e5ch t5) hm i %)g&1it

#
# #
%K
T
%K
T
R D
U
mU R
D S
U
mU
R S
I I
U
I I e
R
U R I e
=
= =
=
2 B$!" n"_n
0o s P t+ng 2u3t t& c@=
8TpR%n %n S
#
Z & '
Z & '
U U U
U U U
= +
=
01)ng th!c tC 2u& mi m5ch s` c@ m7t h s t1uyJn 5t n) @ nn t+ng 2u3t =
# #
Z & '
U KU U =
NCu chFp h&i <u v) vHi nh&u RV

] V

S t& c@ m5ch *4nh phng=



2
#
Z &
U KU =
2 B$!" !"i'

;
j4nh d-?n# e5ch nh$n
j4nh d-?z# e5ch chi&
j4nh d-?# Ic tuyCn t1uyJn 5t c9& *7 M00
0o s P t& c@=
8TpR%n - %n S
Z & '
&
Z
'
U U U
U
U
U
=
=
0+ng 2u3t =
#
&
Z
'
U
U K
U
=
:2 B$!" 0# 0>n"
e5ch s) s3nh %i d[ng h s 'huCch 5i M
_
1Qt %Hn c9& *7 M00# Ic tuyCn t1uyJn
5t c9& *7 M00 gPm h&i miJn *6) hW& v m7t miJn tuyCn t,nh# .4 M
_
1Qt %Hn nn Ic
tuyCn t1)ng miJn tuyCn t,nh g<n nh thng DngK nCu %B tOng th4 Ic tuyCn t1ng vHi
t1[c V
u
#

0& c@ V
u
] M
_
RV
>
w V
:
SK v4 M
_
] R%B tOngS nn 'hi V
>
V
:
th4 V
u
6 *6) hW&
dng v 'hi V
>
r V
:
th4 V
u
6 *6) hW& $m#
e5ch s) s3nh s d[ng *7 M00 & V
ch
Rin 3p chunS v) m7t c&K c& 'i& &
in 3p c<n s) s3nh# 0y thu7c v) gi3 t1Z in 3p c<n s) s3nh %Hn h&y nhq hn V
ch
m
V
u
s` *6) hW& dng h&y *6) hW& $m#
.Hi m5ch h4nh d-? t& c@=
Mhi V
.
r V
ch
Rh&y V
:
r V
>
S th4 V
u
] bV
um&T
R*6) hW& dngS#
Mhi V
.
V
ch
Rh&y V
:
V
>
S th4 V
u
] -V
um&T
R*6) hW& $mS#
;

.Hi m5ch h4nh d-2_ t& c@=
Mhi V
.
r V
ch
Rh&y V
:
V
>
S th4 V
u
] -V
um&T
R*6) hW& $mS#
Mhi V
.
V
ch
Rh&y V
:
r V
>
S th4 V
u
] bV
um&T
R*6) hW& dngS#
;
U v
U r
V
ch
j4nh d-?# e5ch s) s3nh j4nh d-?# Ic tuyCn t1uyJn 5t
U v
U r
V
ch
j4nh d-2_# e5ch s) s3nh j4nh d-2?# Ic tuyCn t1uyJn 5t
+ U c c
!
!
U r
C
" " 1
Cr
C1
CE
R1
R2
RE
j4nh n-2# e5ch d&) 7ng ghUp *iCn 3p
C"GHn V BJCH TJ6 vp6 7NG IU Hp
I2 I">i niN !"un ,a d'# (Rn
e5ch t5) d&) 7ng c s d[ng 17ng 16i t1)ng c3c thiCt *Z in t# m5ch t5) d&)
7ng % m5ch 'hi c cQp nguPn th4 n@ s` t5) 1& t,n hiu# 0,n hiu O $y c@ th % d&)
7ng sin h&y c3c d5ng Tung vungK t&m gi3cK 1Nng c&a01)ng chng ny chg nghin
cDu d&) 7ng iJu hW& Rt,n hiu sinS#
} P 'hi c9& m7t m5ch d&) 7ng iJu hW& th8) nguyn %B hPi tiCp t1n h4nh n-?
gPm h&i 'hi % 'hi 'huCch 5i c@ h s 'huCch 5i M v 'hi hPi tiCp c@ h s t1uyJn
5t M
ht
# jPi tiCp t1)ng m5ch d&) 7ng iJu hW& % hPi tiCp dng#
c@ d&) 7ng th4 ph(i thq& m6n iJu 'in=
b M#M
ht
] ? gi % iJu 'in c$n *lng *in 7#
b
M
b
ht
] 2n gi % iJu 'in c$n *lng ph&
R$y % iJu 'in hPi tiCp dngS#
0h!c tC m5ch c@ th ph3t sinh d&) 7ng
th4 M#M
ht
?K d) @ *in 7 1& s` *Z mU) d5ng
d) *Z giHi h5n *Oi nguPn nui# c@ *in 7 1&
+n Znh v 'hng mU) th4 t1)ng m&ch d&) 7ng
ph(i c@ m7t 'h$u iJu chgnh s&u 'hi ph3t
sinh d&) 7ng n@ s` iJu chgnh ch) M#M
ht
] ?
*in 7 d&) 7ng % 'hng +i#
II2 B$!" d'# (Rn 3C
e5ch t5) d&) 7ng C s d[ng 'hung c7ng hOng C t5) d&) 7ngK t<n s d&)
7ng c9& m5ch ch,nh % t<n s c9& 'hung c7ng hOng#
U2 B$!" d'# (Rn "Y[ PiTn >[

e5ch s d[ng *iCn 3p & t,n hiu hPi tiCp t1O vJ# e5ch 'huCch 5i mAc pmit81
chung nn
M
] K thq& m6n iJu 'in c$n *lng ph& th4
ht
] K d) @ cu7n s cQp
d_
j4nh n-?#} P 'hi m5ch t5)
d&) 7ng iJu hW&
Z3
Z2
Z1
j4nh n-;# } P 'hi m5ch t5)
d&) d&) 7ng *& im

v cu7n thD cQp ph(i 2uQn ngc chiJu# Mhi thq& m6n c( iJu 'in c$n *lng *in 7
RtDc % M#M
ht
]?S th4 m5ch s` ph3t sinh d&) 7ng t5i t<n s= dd
?
2
(
)C
=
#
82 B$!" *$# d'# (Rn P' (ifN
} P 'hi m5ch t5) d&) d&) 7ng *& im h4nh n-;#
thq& m6n iJu 'in c$n *lng ph& ph(i c@ iJu 'in=
b
?
K
2
_ v
;
r _# 0& c@ m5ch d&) 7ng *& im in c(m#
b
?
K
2
r _ v
;
_# 0& c@ m5ch d&) 7ng *& im in dung#
Mhi thq& m6n thm iJu 'in c$n *lng *in 7 RtDc % M#M
ht
]?S th4 m5ch s` ph3t
sinh d&) 7ngK v t<n s d&) 7ng c9& m5ch % nghim c9& phng t14nh=

?
b
2
b
;
] _
.{= e5ch d&) 7ng *& im in c(m h4nh n-d v m5ch d&) 7ng *& im in dung
h4nh n-n#
e5ch in h4nh n-d ch) t<n s d&) 7ng dd
? 2
?
2 R S
(
) ) C
=
+
e5ch in h4nh n-n ch) t<n s d&) 7ng
dd
?
2
(
)C
=

{) chn C rr C
?
K C
2
nn C C
td
#
d?
+Ucc
+
C1
"2
"1
+
C2
+
CE
C
R2
R1
RE
Rc
+Ucc
C1
C2
+
Cv
"
+
CE
C
R2
R1
RE
Rc
jinh n-d# e5ch d&) 7ng *& im
in c(m#
jinh n-n# e5ch d&) 7ng *& im
in dung#
R R
U r
+ U c c
Cr
CE RE
R2
R1
Rc
C C C
&# *
j4nh n-z# e5ch d&) 7ng ; mAt uC dng *7 M00 R&SK dng 01&niit) R*S
R R
R U r U t
C C C
j4nh n-# Mh$u ; mAt uC
III2 B$!" d'# (Rn MC
e5ch t5) d&) 7ng uC thGng c s d[ng t5) d&) 7ng O t<n s thQp# e5ch
s d[ng uC t1)ng 'h$u hPi tiCp#
U2 B$!" d'# (Rn dn X Nd* MC *V#n S"_u "ii *iT[
e5ch s d[ng *& mAt uC t1)ng 'h$u hPi tiCpK ph<n t 'huCch 5i c@ th dng
01&niit) h)Ic *7 M00 nh h4nh n-z#
Mh$u hPi tiCp gPm ; mAt uC c t3ch 1& nh h4nh n-#
d2
U r
+ E
- E
P
R
R
C
C
+
R2
R1
j4nh n-# e5ch d&) 7ng c<u .in

2 2 2
?
? n Rz S
ht
ht
R
U
K
j U
= =

2
.Hi
?
RC

=
2
.Hi
ht
] 'hi
2
z = v
?
2
ht
K =
m5ch c@ th d&) 7ng th4 ph(i thq& m6n iJu 'in c$n *lng ph& v c$n *lng
*in 7K nn m5ch 'huCch 5i ph(i c@=
M ] 2 v
M
] #
Mhi @ t<n s d&) 7ng c9& m5ch %=
dd
? ?
z z
z
?
2 z
RC
RC
(
RC

= = =
=
.Hi m5ch s d[ng *7 M00
M
] th4 t,n hiu hPi tiCp ph(i & vJ c& ()#
e5ch dng *7 M00 u
?
vo& th&m gi& t1)ng 'h$u hPi tiCp v& th&m gi& t1)ng 'h$u
'huCch 5i d) @=
u
?
] u v
?
?
2 2
ht
ht
R
K R R
R
= = =
#
e5ch dng t1&niit) ph(i chn s&) ch) u ] u
?
u
2
1
*8
v ph(i c@
K
]2 cWn
M
*lng v4 m5ch 'huCch 5i mAc pmit81 chung#
82 B$!" d'# (Rn dn N$!" !=u Vi/n *V#n S"_u "ii *iT[
?
#
?
; R S
ht P
ht
R R
U U
K
U U
j RC
RC

= = =
+
d;
j4nh n-# MB hiu c9& 0h5ch &nh j4nh n-?_# } P tng ng c9& 0h5ch
&nh
j4nh n-??#
Mhi
?
RC
RC

_ th4
ht
] _ v
?
;
ht
K =
m5ch c@ th d&) 7ng th4 ph(i thq& m6n iJu 'in c$n *lng ph& v c$n *lng *in
7K nn m5ch 'huCch 5i ph(i c@=

M
] _ tDc % t,n hiu hPi tiCp c & vJ c& thuFn#
v M ] ; ]
2
2 ?
?
? 2
R
R R
R
+ =
#
IV2 B$!" d'# (Rn dn *"$!" 'n"
Mhi yu c<u m5ch d&) 7ng c@ t<n s +n Znh c&) th4 dng m5ch d&) 7ng th5ch
&nh# 0h5ch &nh c@ nhLng t,nh chQt tt nh= 7 *Jn c hc c&)K ,t chZu (nh hOng *Oi
nhit 7K 7 m v t3c d[ng h@& hc#
0h5ch &nh c@ t,nh chQt 3p inK tDc % dHi t3c d[ng c9& in t1Gngth4 sinh 1& d&)
7ng c hc v ngc %5i 'hi c@ d&) 7ng c hc th4 sinh 1& in t,chK d) @ c@ th
dng th5ch &nh nh m7t 'hung c7ng hOng# } P tng ng c9& th5ch &nh nh
h4nh n-?_#

01)ng @= C
p
% in dung gi3 y#

2
K C
2
K 1
2
ph[ thu7c v) ',ch thHc th5ch &nh v c3ch cAt n@# 0h5ch &nh c@ ',ch
thHc cng nhq th4
2
K C
2
K 1
2
cng nhq v t<n s d&) 7ng cng c&)#
th&y +i t<n s c7ng hOng 1ing c9& th5ch &nh ngGi t& mAc ni tiCp n@ vHi
m7t t[ in nh h4nh n-??#
0h5ch &nh c@ h&i t<n s c7ng hOng= e7t t<n s c7ng hOng s)ng s)ng ^
p
v m7t
t<n s c7ng hOng ni tiCp ^
2
# 0y th8) c3ch mAc m m5ch s` ch) t<n s d&) 7ng % ^
p
h&y ^
2
#
',ch th,ch ph<n t th5ch &nh h)5t 7ng t1)ng m5ch c7ng hOng ni tiCp Rh4nh
n-?2SK ngGi t& mAc n@ ni tiCp vHi ph<n t hPi tiCp# 05i t<n s c7ng hOng ni tiCp t1O
'h3ng c9& th5ch &nh % nhq nhQt v 'hi @ hPi tiCp dng % %Hn nhQt#
dd

Mhi th5ch &nh c7ng hOng s)ng s)ng Rh4nh n-?;S th4 t1O 'h3ng c9& n@ % %Hn nhQt#
05i t<n s c7ng hOng s)ng s)ng th5ch &nh c c)i nh m7t ph<n t in 'h3ng %Hn
nhQt# . m5ch in %c ny % m5ch d&) 7ng ; im in dung#
e7t s m5ch d&) 7ng dng th5ch &nh=
dn
j4nh n-?2# e5ch ch) t<n s d&)
7ng ni tiCp R^
2
S
j4nh n-?;# e5ch ch) t<n s d&)
7ng s)ng s)ng R^
p
S
t
T
0
V
t
_
0
t
2
t
2n
V
t
_
0
t
T

V
t
_
j4nh z-?# C3c d5ng t,n hiu Tung
C"GHn VI BJCH UNG
I2 I">i niN !"un
0,n hiu Tung % t,n hiu 1Gi 15c th8) thGi gi&n# 0,n hiu Tung thGng c gi th8)
h4nh d5ng c9& n@= Tung vungK Tung t&m gi3cK Tung 1Nng c&K Tung nhna

C3c th&m s c9& t,n hiu Tung
C3c th&m s c *(n c9& t,n hiu# Tung % *in 7K 7 17ng TungK 7 17ng sGn
t1HcK sGn s&uK 7 s[t gnh Rh4nh z-2S#
- Ein 7 Tung T3c Znh *lng gi3 t1Z %Hn nhQt c9& t,n hiu Tung K 'B hiu #
- 7 17ng sGn t1Hc v sGn s&u T3c Znh 'h)(ng thGi gi&n tNngK gi(m c9& *in 7
Tung t1)ng 'h)(ng _K? Cn _K #
- 7 17ng Tung t
T
% 'h)(ng thGi gi&n tPn t5i c9& t,n hiu Tung#
- 7 s[t gnh Tung V th hin mDc gi(m *in 7 O )5n gnh Tung#
.Hi d6y Tung tu<n h)n c@ c3c th&m s Ic t1ng s&u=
- Chu ' %Ip %5i 0K t<n s Tung ^ ] ?0#
- j s %Qp <y ] t
T
0#
01)ng m5ch t5) Tung 01&niit) v *7 M00 %m vic O chC 7 'h@&#
- ChC 7 'h@& c9& t1&niit) gPm h&i t15ng th3i tAt v thng *6) hW& d) in 3p It O <u
v) iJu 'hin#
- .Hi *7 M00 im %m vic nlm t1)ng vng *6) hW&K in 3p 1& chg O h&i mDc *6)
hW& $m h)Ic *6) hW& dng#
dz
V
t

_
t
t1
t
s
t
T

V
V
j4nh z-2# C3c th&m s c9& t,n hiu Tung
0
1&
U v
U r
R2
R1
>
V
>
RbS
V
>
R-S
j4nh z-;# 01ig () j4nh z-d# {5ng t,n hiu v) v 1&


II2 TViH
01ig % m5ch c@ h&i t15ng th3i +n Znh# Mhi c@ nguPn m5ch O m7t t15ng th3i +n
Znh n) @# Mhi c@ m7t Tung v) m5ch chuyn +i t15ng th3i m7t %<n #
U2 TViH (?#



0o d5ng s@ng t& thQy 'hi Vv c@ gi3 t1Z $m %Hn K m5ch O t15ng th3i *6) h) dng
V
1
bV
1m&T
K t1n %i v) thuFn c@=

m&T
R S 2
? 2
#
r
P
U
U R
R R
+
+
=
+
2
Vv tNng d<nK t15ng th3i ny vvn 'hng +i ch) tHi 'hi Vv V
P(+)
in p vo
hai u IC i du nn u ra t bin san tr!n thi b"o ho
#$% &
ra
' (&
r$a)
*+p t,- .ua $!-h ph#n p /a v0 -1a thu+n in
p2
m&T
R S 2
? 2
#
r
P
U
U R
R R

=
+
2
d
U v
U r
R2
R1
j4nh z-n# 01ig thuFn j4nh z-z# {5ng t,n hiu v) 1&
in 3p v) tNng %n 1Pi gi(m Tung# Mhi V
.
r V
>R-S
K in 3p <u v) XC +i dQu %m
<u 1& XC %Ft t15ng th3i s&ng *6) h) dng V
1
] bV
1m&T
# . cD nh vFyK 'hi t3c d[ng
in 3p sin v) c& ()K <u 1& t& nhFn c d6y Tung vung c@ 7 17ng Tung=
t
T
]0
Tv)
2#
0
T1&
] 0
Tv)
#

82 TViH *"un
05i c& thuFn c9& *7 M00 t& c@=
? 2
2 ?
? 2
_
# #
V P R P
V R
P
U U U U
R R
U R U R
U
R R

+ =
+
=
+
V
>
_ 'hi
?
2
#
V R
R
U U
R
>
R?S
V
>
r _ 'hi
?
2
#
V R
R
U U
R
<
R2S
?
&T
2
ng Rm
R
U U
R
=
Mhi Vv c@ gi3 t1Z $m %Hn K m5ch O t15ng th3i *6) h) $m V
u
&V
um&T
K %c ny
?
&T
2
ng Rm
R
U U
R
=
%Vv tNng d<nK t15ng th3i ny vvn 'hng +i ch) tHi 'hi Vv V
n
% t3 (4) ta
th5 &
P
6 7 nn u ra *+t tr!n thi san b"o ho d/8n &
9
'
+&
9$a)
% *:- n5
?
&T
2
ng Rm
R
U U
R
=
.
d

V
1&2

V
1&?
+Ucc

u
?

u
2

u
;

u
d
C
2


C
?

0
?

0
2
j4nh z-# e5ch d&) 7ng d& hi dng 01&niit)


in 3p v) tNng %n 1Pi gi(m Tung# Mhi V
.
r V
ng
K to R2S t& thQy V
>
r _ nn <u 1&
%Ft t15ng th3i s&ng *6) h) $m V
1
] -V
1m&T
# . cD nh vFyK 'hi t3c d[ng in 3p sin v)
c& thuFnK <u 1& t& nhFn c d6y Tung vung#
III2 B$!" d'# (Rn (' "i
U2 B$!" d'# (Rn (' "i dn *V'nbi*#
- :guyn %B h)5t 7ng=
C)i nh/ $!-h " b;nh th/<n% )un ra -= bin n >nh% )?t t!i
th<i i@$ $!-h an A tr!n thi B
4
tCt% B
D
thEn (b"o ho). F:-
n5 tG C
D
(tr/H- = n!p in) an ph=n in t3 +C
D
.ua B
D
%
nuIn nuEi% .ua in trA 9
J
n (C
D
Kt in p #$ *n -L- M- B
4
*$ -ho &
N4
O 7 iP B4 tCt tron $t QhoRn th<i gi&n# Png thGi vHi
2u3 t14nh @K t[ C
?
n5p in to bV
CC
2u& u
?
Cn bC
?
K -C
?
2u& 1
Ep02
Cn Qt nh&nh ch@ng
Cn in 3p *lng V
CC
Rd) t1)ng m5ch c@ u
?
rru
;
S %m ch) V
1&?
nh&nh ch@ng tNng %n
*lng V
CC
RV
1&?
] V
CC
S#
{) C
2
ph@ng %m ch) V
E?
tNng d<nK
'hi V
E?
_ 0
?
thng TuQt hin dWng
X
E?
K X
C?
v tNng %n %m ch) V
1&?
gi(mK
2u& t[ C
?
dvn Cn V
E2
gi(mK dWng 0
2
gi(m v V
1&2
tNng# u& C
2
%ng tNng
& v) c!c gc 0
?
%m ch) V
E?
tiCp
t[c tNngK dWng 2u& 0
?
tiCp t[c tNng# jPi
tiCp dng Ty 1& nh&nh ch@ng RT8m
nh tDc thGiS %m ch) 0
?
thng R*6)
h)SK 0
2
tAt#
0iCp th8) t[ C
?
%5i ph@ng in 2u& 0
?
K
nguPn nui v in t1O u
2
giL ch) 0
2
tAt
t1)ng m7t 'h)(ng thGi gi&n# 0[ C
2
n5p
in to nguPn bV
CC
2u& u
d
v in t1O
1
Ep0?
K nh&nh ch@ng Cn in 3p *lng
V
CC
d) c@ u
d
rru
2
%m ch) V
1&2
tNng
nh&nh %n mDc V
1&2
] V
CC
#
d
j4nh z-# {5ng Tung 1&
U r
R
C
R2
R1
>
j4nh z-# e5ch d&) 7ng & hi dng *7 M00
{Wng ph@ng gi(m %m ch) V
E2
tNng %n # Mhi V
E2
_ 0
2
thng t1O %5iK 0
?
tAt m5ch
chuyn s&ng t15ng th3i *&n <u#
C3c th&m s Tung 1&=
Ein 7 Tung 1&=

r CC
U U
7 17ng Tung t
T?
% thGi gi&n 0
?
tAtK t[ C
2
ph@ng in 2u& u
;
nn t
T?
c t,nh=
t
T?
] u
;
#C
2
%n2 _K u
;
#C
2
#
0ng t! t
T2
% thGi gi&n 0
2
tAtK t[ C
?
ph@ng in 2u& u
2
nn t
T2
c t,nh=
t
T2
] u
2
#C
?
%n2

_Ku
2
#C
?

Chu ' d&) 7ng c9& m5ch=
0 ] t
T?
b t
T2
] _KRu
;
#C
2
bu
2
#C
?
S
0<n s d&) 7ng c9& m5ch=

; 2 2 ?
? ?
_K R # # S
(
T R C R C
= =
+

.Hi m5ch i TDng t& c@=
u
?
] u
d
] u
C
f u
2
] u
;
] u
Ef
C
?
] C
2
] Cf c3c t1&niit) 0
?
K 0
2
cng %)5i=
t
T?
] t
T2
] _K#u
E
#C
0 ] 2t
T
] ?Kd#u
E
#C

? ?
?K d# #
B
(
T R C
= =

82 B$!" d'# (Rn (' "i dn PR ITT
e5ch & hi t! d&) 7ng dng *7 M00 h4nh z- v d5ng Tung O c3c c!c th8) thGi
gi&n nh O h4nh z-?_#
>h$n t,ch nguyn %B %m vic c9& m5ch *At <u t5i thGi im m5ch &ng O t15ng
th3i *6) h) dng V
1&
] bV
1m&T
# Fp tDc 2u& m5ch ph$n 3p u
?
u
2
& vJ c& thuFn
m7t in 3p=

n_
j4nh z-?_# {5ng t,n hiu t1n c3c c& *7 M00

m&T
?
? 2
R S
R
P
U
U R
R R
+
+ =
+

0[ C t1Hc @ n5p in 3p $mK ph@ng in 2u& <u 1& XCK in t1O uK 'hi ph@ng hCt
in 3p $m 1Pi n5p tiCp %m ch) V
C
tNng %n# Mhi V
C
V
>
RbS th4 <u 1& %Fp tDc 7t *iCn
vJ -V
um&T
K m5ch chuyn s&ng t15ng th3i *6) h) $m#
u& m5ch ph$n 3p u
?
u
2
& vJ c& thuFn m7t in 3p=

m&T
?
? 2
R S
R
P
U
U R
R R

=
+
#
0[ C &ng n5p th4 ph@ng in Rd) in 3p 1& +i c!c t,nhS 2u& in t1O u %m ch)
V
C
gi(m Tung 'hngK 1Pi n5p tiCp vJ ph,& wV
um&T
# Mhi V
C
r V
>
R-S th4 <u 1& 7t *iCn to
-V
1m&T
vJ bV
1m&T
K m5ch chuyn s&ng t15ng th3i *6) h) dng# CD nh vFy m5ch t!
%m vic chuyn to t15ng th3i ny s&ng t15ng th3i 'h3c ch) d6y Tung vung O <u 1&#
Mhi nguPn nui i TDng c@ bV
1m&T
] Y-V
1m&T
Y th4 7 17ng Tung t
T
c T3c Znh=

?
2
2
#%nR? S
&
R
t RC
R
= +

:Cu chn u
?
] u
2
th4=
t
T
] u#C#%n;

?K?u#C
Chu ' d&) 7ng=
n?
R
Uv
Ur
D
+
E
j4nh z-??# e5ch h5n chC t1n
V
V
.
V
u
t
p
j4nh z-?2# {5ng t,n hiu v) 1&
0 ] 2t
T

2K2 u#C
0<n s d&) 7ng=

C # u 2 K 2
?
0
?
^ = =

IV2 B$!" "$n Pi/n
e5ch h5n chC *in 7 cWn gi % m5ch TUn *inK t1)ng @ t,n hiu 1& u
1
%un tm %
vHi t,n hiu v) Ru
.
S nCu u
.
ch& vt 2u3 m7t gi3 t1Z ngyng ch) t1HcK cWn 'hi u
.
vt 2u3 mDc ngyng th4 t,n hiu 1& u
1
%un giL O m7t gi3 t1Z 'hng +i# C3c %inh 'in
t,ch c!c c s d[ng t1)ng m5ch h5n chC thGng % itK t1&niit) h&y XC#
>h$n %)5i= j5n chC t1n#
j5n chC dHi#
j5n chC h&i ph,&#
C( *& %)5i t1n Ju c@ th mAc m5ch s)ng s)ng h)Ic ni tiCp ty v) c3ch mAc t(i
s)ng s)ng h&y ni tiCp vHi it# }&u $y t& s` TUt c3c m5ch h5n chC dng it %B tOng#
C3c m5ch h5n chC *in 7 chg ch) 'Ct 2u( %B tOng 'hi hO m5ch <u 1& R
u
] S v
it %B tOng
U2 H$n !"T *V/n
j5n chC t1n % m5ch m 'hi V
.
r V
ng
th4 V
u
] V
.
K 'hi V
.
V
ng
th4 V
u
] V
ng
#
.{= e5ch in h4nh z-??#
82 H$n !"T dGyi
j5n chC t1n % m5ch m 'hi V
.
r V
ng
th4 V
u
] V
.
K 'hi V
.
V
ng
th4 V
u
] V
ng
#
.{= e5ch in h4nh z-?;#
n2
V
u
V
V
.
t
p
j4nh z-?d# {5ng t,n hiu v) 1& j4nh z-?;# e5ch h5n chC dHi
V
u
R
Uv
Ur
D
+
E
U v
U r
R
D2 D1
+
E2
+
E1
j4nh z-?n# e5ch h5n chC h&i ph,&
V
p
2
_
p
?
t

V
.
V
u
j4nh z-?z# {5ng t,n hiu v) 1&

X2 H$n !"T "'i ["w'
j5n chC t1n % m5ch m 'hi V
ng?
r V
.
r V
ng2
th4 V
u
] V
.
K 'hi V
.
V
ng2
th4
V
u
] V
ng2
v 'hiV
.
r V
ng?
th4 V
u
] V
ng?
#
.{= e5ch in h4nh z-?n#
n;
t
2t
t
2n
0

t
j4nh z-?1 0,n hiu Tung 1Nng c&
V
U

_
V2 B$!" *$# un Vln !G'
U2 C>! *"'N 0O !Q' un Vln !G'
0,n hiu Tung 1Nng c& c s d[ng 17ng 16i t1)ng c3c thiCt *Z in tK chng h5n
%m t,n hiu 2uUt t1)ng c3c m3y hin s@ngK %m t,n hiu s) s3nh *iCn +i in 3p h&y
thGi gi&n#v#v###

01n h4nh z-? % m7t t,n hiu Tung 1Nng c& thng thGng# :@ *&) gPm h&i ph<nK
ph<n *iCn thin tuyCn t,nh th8) thGi gi&n gi % thGi gi&n 2uUt thuFn t
2t
v ph<n cWn %5i
% thGi gi&n 2uUt ngc t
2n
# C3c m5ch t5) t,n hiu 1Nng c& ph(i *() (m s&) ch) thGi
gi&n 2uUt thuFn %Hn hn 1Qt nhiJu thGi gi&n 2uUt ngc# Ein 7 c9& Tung 1Nng c& %
h
U
# 0,n hiu 1Nng c& c@ th dng h&y $mK th!c hin 2uUt %n h)Ic 2uUt Tung v
m5ch t5) Tung 1Nng c& c@ th h)5t 7ng O chC 7 i h&y t! d&) 7ng#
01)ng th!c tCK ph<n 2uUt thuFn c9& Tung 1Nng c& 'hng h)n t)n tuyCn t,nh# {) @
3nh gi3 chQt %ng Gng 2uUt c9& Tung 1Nng c&K t& & 1& h s phi tuyCn K Znh
nghc& nh s&u=

R_S R S

R_S
t*t
U U
U


=

t1)ng @=

R_S
U
% 7 dc O im *At <u Gng 2uUt thuFn#

R S t*t
U
% 7 dc O im 'Ct thc Gng 2uUt thuFn#
:g)i 1& m5ch 2uUt cWn c 3nh gi3 th8) hiu suQt s d[ng nguPn cung cQp#

h
C
U
E
=
.Hi
h
U
% *in 7K p
C
% in 3p nguPn# :@i chung t,n hiu 1Nng c& c t5) 1& d!&
t1n 2u3 t14nh n5p v ph@ng c9& t[# C3c m5ch t5) Tung 1Nng c& Ju d!& th8) m7t
t1)ng *& nguyn %B c *(n s&u=
nd
V
v
t
V
v
t
V
1
p
C
t
2t
t
2n
_
_
V
*h
h
R
U
j4nh z-?# {5ng t,n hiu v) 1&
+Ec
Ur
+
C
+
Cv
RB
Rc
j4nh z-?# e5ch t5) Tung 1Nng c&

- :5pK ph@ng ch) t[ *lng m5ch uC n gi(n#
- :5p h)Ic ph@ng ch) t[ 2u& nguPn dWng +n Znh#
- {ng hPi tiCp +n Znh dWng n5p ch) t[#
82 B$!" *$# un Vln !G' dn MC (Hn i?n
01n h4nh z-? % s P nguyn %B t5) Tung 1Nng c& dng m5ch uC n gi(n#
01)ng m5ch t1&niit) h)5t 7ng O chC 7 'h)3# E4nh thGngK 'hi 'hng c@ Tung ',ch
th,chK t1&niit) thng *6) h) d) c cung cQp dWng X
E
'h3 %Hn 2u&K d) @ t,n hiu 1&
0
r
U
# Mhi
m5ch c ',ch th,ch Tung $mK t1&niit) tAtK t[ C n5p in to nguPn p
C
2u& u# in 3p
t1n t[ tNng d<n th8) *iu thDc=

R? S
t RC
R C
U E e

=

Mhi Tung v) 'Ct thc t1&niit) thng v *6) h) t1O %5iK t[ C ph@ng in nh&nh 2u&
t1&niit) tHi gi3 t1Z g<n *lng 'hng# 0hGi gi&n 2uUt thuFn c9& m5ch *lng thGi gi&n tPn
t5i c9& Tung v)K cWn thGi gi&n 2uUt ngc % thGi gi&n ph@ng in c9& t[ C#
:hc im c9& %)5i m5ch ny % chQt %ng tuyCn t,nh c9& ph<n 2uUt thuFn
'hng c&)K d) O cui dWng n5p ch) t[ gi(m d<n# 'hAc ph[c nhc im t1nK ngGi
t& s d[ng nguPn dWng +n Znh n5p ch) t[#
82 B$!" *$# un Vln !G' dn nuin dn
:guyn %B h)5t 7ng c9& m5ch ging m5ch uC n gi(n chg 'h3c O ch t1)ng
m5ch ny u
C
c9& 0
?
c th&y *Oi nguPn dWng +n Znh RgPm 0
2
K u
p
K u
E2
K {iS#
.Hi m5ch uC n gi(n Rh4nh z-?S t& thQy=
C C
n+p
C
E U
I
R

=
nn
V
.
Ur
+Ec
T1
Uv
D#
RB2
T2
RE
RB1
+
Cv
+
C
j4nh z-2_# e5ch t5) Tung 1Nng c& dng nguPn dWng
{) V
u
] V
C
cng %Hn th4 dWng n5p ch) t[ C cng nhq d) @ V
C
'hng tuyCn t,nh#
.Hi m5ch dng nguPn dWng h4nh z-2_ t& thQy 'hi c@ Tung $m v) 0
?
tAtK C c n5p
inK dWng n5p *$y giG % 'hng +i d) nguPn dWng +n Znh#
nz
e5ch %Qy
mvu
{C
ng t
h@&
e6 h@&
V
e
V

V
{

^
m

^
h
j4nh -?# } P 'hi c9& *7 chuyn +i {

C"GHn VII CHUEN I TNG T m V m TNG T
I2 Nu\/n *d! !"u\fn (gi *GHn *` & 0O spvCt
j4nh -? % s P 'hi c9& *7 chuyn +i {#
U2 B$!" 3^\ Nu
0,n hiu tng t! RV

S c & Cn m5ch %Qy mvu#


- 05i c3c thGi im c3ch Ju nh&u R0
m
S m5ch %Qy mvu s` %Qy mvu *in 7 c9& t,n hiu
tng t! RV

S#

?
m
m
(
T
=
c gi % t<n s %Qy mvu#
c@ th 'hi ph[c %5i t,n hiu m7t c3ch t1ung th!c th4 t<n s %Qy mvu ph(i thq&
m6n iJu 'in=
&T
2# 2
m thm
( ( B
01)ng @=
&T thm
(
% t<n s %Hn nhQt c9& t,n hiu#
E % d(i t<n c9& t,n hiu#
- evu t,n hiu ny c giL t1)ng 2u3 t14nh chuyn +i n@ thnh t,n hiu s#
82 B$!" lGen *+ & B "<'
- 0,n hiu 1& c9& m5ch %Qy mvu c & Cn m5ch %ng t %m t1Wn vHi 7 ch,nh
T3c
2
,

#
:Cu t,n hiu s c@ : *,t th4 mDc %ng t c@ gi3 t1Z
&T
:
2 ?
%m
U
, =

01)ng @ = % mDc %ng t


V
m&T
% gi3 t1Z in 3p tng t! %Hn nhQt m *7 chuyn +i c@ th chuyn
+i c#
n
2
,
gi % s&i s %ng t# }&i s ny cng nhq 'hi s *,t cng %Hn#
- 0,n hiu V
e
s&u 'hi c %m t1Wn s` c m5ch %ng t 1Gi 15c vHi nguyn %<n
mDc %ng t#
- }&u m5ch %ng t % m5ch m6 h@&# MCt 2u( %ng t c sAp TCp th8) m7t 2uy %uFt
m6 th8) yu c<u# u3 t14nh %ng t h@& v m6 h@& Ty 1& Png thGi 'hng th t3ch 1Gi
h&i 2u3 t14nh ny#
X2 C>! ["GHn [">[ !"u\fn (gi *GHn *` & 0O
X2U2 BiTn (gi 0#n 0#n
01)ng phng ph3p chuyn +i s)ng s)ngK t,n hiu c s) s3nh cng m7t %c vHi
nhiJu gi3 t1Z chun# {) @ tQt c( c3c *it c T3c Znh Png thGi v & Cn <u 1&#
X282 BiTn (gi nOi *iT[ *"u# N (TN
t $y 2u3 t14nh s) s3nh c th!c hin %<n %t tong *Hc th8) 2uy %uFt c9& m6
Cm# MCt 2u( chuyn +i c T3c Znh *lng c3ch Cm s %ng gi3 t1Z chun c@ th
chD& c t1)ng gi3 t1Z t,n hiu tng t! c<n chuyn +i#
X2X2 BiTn (gi nOi *iT[ *"u# N n"h ["_n
u3 t14nh s) s3nh c th!c hin %<n %t tong *Hc th8) 2uy %uFt m6 nhZ ph$n#
C3c n vZ chun dng s) s3nh %Qy c3c gi3 t1Z gi(m d<n th8) 2uy %uFt m6 nhZ ph$nK
d) @ c3c *it c T3c Znh %<n %t to *it c@ nghc& %Hn nhQt Re}ES Cn *it c@ nghc&
nhq nhQt R}ES
Z2 BiTn (gi 0#n 0#n & nOi *iT[ ST* "e[
01)ng phng ph3p nyK 2u& mi *Hc s) s3nh c@ th T3c Znh c ti thiu % 2
*it Png thGi#
II2 BR* 0O ["GHn [">[ !"u\fn (gi pv
U2 C"u\fn (gi pv *"u# ["GHn [">[ 0#n 0#n
} P c9& phng ph3p ny nh O h4nh -2# 0,n hiu tng t! 6 %Qy mvu V
e
c
Png thGi & Cn c3c *7 s) s3nh }
?
}
m
#
in 3p chun V
ch
c & Cn <u v) thD 2 c9& *7 s) s3nh 2u& th&ng in t1O u#
{) c3c in 3p chun It v) c3c *7 s) s3nh %$n cFn 'h3c nh&u m7t %ng 'hng +i
v gi(m d<n to }
?
Cn }
m
# <u 1& c3c *7 s) s3nh c@ in 3p v) %Hn hn in 3p chun
%Qy t1n th&ng in t1OK c@ mDc %)gic ?K c3c <u 1& cWn %5i c@ mDc %)gic _# 0Qt c(
c3c <u 1& c ni Cn m5ch .K m7t <u m5ch . ni tHi m5ch t5) Tung nhZp#
Chg 'hi c@ Tung nhZp & tHi <u v) . th4 c3c Tung <u 1& *7 s) s3nh mHi & 1&
m5ch nhH R%ip-%)pS# :h vFy cD s&u ? thGi gi&n *lng ? chu ' Tung nhZp %5i c@ ?
t,n hiu c *iCn +i v & Cn <u 1&# ung nhZp *() (m ch) 2u3 t14nh s) s3nh 'Ct
thc mHi & t,n hiu v) *7 nhH# E7 m6 h)3 c@ nhim v[ *iCn +i t,n hiu v) dHi
d5ng m6 Cm thnh m6 nhZ ph$n#
e5ch ny c@ u im % tc 7 *iCn +i nh&nhK v4 2u3 t14nh s) s3nh th!c hin s)ng
s)ng# :hng nhc im % 'Ct cQu m5ch phDc t5p vHi s %inh 'in 2u3 %Hn#
n

}
?
b

e5ch
m6
h@&

}
2
b

}
;
b

}
m
b
:hZp
bV
ch
V
e
u
u
u
2
u
V
{
j4nh -2# } P chuyn +i { th8) phng ph3p s)ng s)ng
}} )gic :hZp
Cm
() {C
b
M
V

V
h
b
-
V
{
V
e
j4nh -;2 } P 'hi { ni tiCp dng vWng hPi tiCp

82 C"u\fn (gi pv nOi *iT[ dn ,n "ii *iT[
in 3p tng t! V

c s) s3nh vHi m7t gi3 t1Z Hc %ng ch) t1Hc V


e
#
Mhi= V

V
e
th4 V
h
_f
V

r V
e
th4 V
h
r _f
01)ng @ V
h
% in 3p s&i s giL& V

v V
e
# in 3p hiu d[ng V
h
c 'huyCch
5i 1Pi & Cn m5ch s) s3nh }}# :Cu V
h
_ th4 <u 1& }} c@ b ] ?# :Cu V
h
r _ th4
<u 1& }} c@ w ] ?
MCt 2u( s) s3nh c & v) m7t m5ch %)gic Png thGi vHi t,n hiu nhZp# 0u
thu7c v) t,n hiu 1& }}K t5i nhLng thGi im c@ Tung nhZp m5ch %)gic s` iJu 'hin *7
Cm s&) ch) Dng vHi b th4 *7 Cm s` Cm thuFn v - th4 *7 Cm s` Cm ngc#
n
05) in 3p
1Nng c&
05)nhZp
}}
?
}}
2
b
-
b
-
V

V
}}?
V
}}2
V
C
V
|
V
{
j4nh -d# } P nguyn tAc c9& { %m vic th8)
phng ph3p Cm n gi(n
Cm
:Cu *7 Cm c 'Ct cQu th8) 2uy %uFt m6 nhZ ph$n th4 t1n <u 1& { s` c@ t,n
hiu s dHi d5ng m6 @# 0,n hiu i c m7t vWng Dng vHi m7t chu ' c9& Tung
nhZp#
0,n hiu s T3c Znh c t1)ng *Hc s) s3nh thD nhQt 2u& { s` dvn 1& c gi3 t1Z
Hc %ng mHi s) s3nh vHi V

t1)ng *Hc tiCp th8)# u3 t14nh ny c %Ip %5i ch)


Cn 'hi
2

Y V Y
h
<
f %c @ b ] - ] _K d) @ m5ch Cm giL nguyn t15ng th3i v t&
nhFn c 'Ct 2u( chuyn +i ch,nh T3c c9& V

vHi : *it yu c<u#


}) s3nh vHi c3c phng ph3p 6 TUtK O $y m5ch n gi(nK c3c %inh 'in s d[ng
%Ip %5i nhiJu %<n# e5ch %m vic vHi tc 7 'hng c&) %Am nhng ch,nh T3c#
X2 C"u\fn (gi pv *"u# ["GHn [">[ (TN (Hn i?n
in 3p v) V

c s) s3nh vHi
in 3p chun d5ng 1Nng c& V
C
nhG
*7 s) s3nh }}?# Mhi V

V
C
th4
}}? ] ?K 'hi V

r V
C
th4 }}? ] _#
E7 s) s3nh }}2 s) s3nh in 3p 1Nng
c& vHi mDc _. RQtS# V
}}?
v V
}}2
c & Cn m7t m5ch .# ung 1&
V
|
c@ 7 17ng tm % vHi 7 %Hn c9& in
3p v) tng t! V

K vHi gi( thiCt Tung


chun d5ng 1Nng c& c@ 7 dc 'hng
+i#
e5ch . thD 2 chg ch) 1& c3c Tung
nhZp 'hi tPn t5i V
|
K nghc& % t1)ng
'h)(ng thGi gi&n t
?
Cn t
2
R_ r V
C
r
V

S# e5ch Cm <u 1& s` Cm s Tung


nhZp @# ng nhinK s Tung ny tm
% vHi 7 %Hn c9& V

#
III2 C"u\fn (gi vp
z_
j4nh -n# 0,n hiu t5i c3c c+ng
2
?
X
?
X
:-?
2
:-?
]
2
_
u
ht
V
e

b
X
_
? :
2
u

2
u
u
M
V
ch
0,n hiu iJu 'hin s
j4nh -# } P nguyn %B *7 chuyn +i
{ th8) phng ph3p th&ng in t1O
E7 %c thng
thQp
E7 chuyn +i
{
V
e
0,n hiu s 0,n hiu
tng t!
j4nh -z# } P 'hi chuyn +i {

} P 'hi chuyn +i { nh h4nh -z#

0,n hiu s c & v) *7 chuyn +i {K <u 1& *7 chuyn +i { % V
e
# V
e
s&u 'hi 2u& *7 %c thng thQp s` ch) t,n hiu tng t! tng Dng#
U2 C"u\fn (gi vp Pn ["GHn [">[ *"'n (in *VW

<u v) *7 'huyCch 5i thuFt t)3n % m7t th&ng in t1OK t1Z s c9& chng ph$n *
th8) m6 nhZ ph$nK c3c in t1O %$n cFn nh&u hn 'Um nh&u 2 %<n# 0,n hiu iJu 'hin %
t,n hiu s c<n chuyn +i# E,t c@ nghc& nhq nhQt R}ES c & Cn iJu 'hin 'h@&
ni vHi in t1O %Hn nhQt uK *it c@ nghc& %Hn hn tiCp @ c & Cn iJu 'hin 'h@&
ni vHi in t1O nhq hn u2### v e}E iJu 'hin 'h@& ni vHi in t1O nhq nhQt
?
2
"
R

# :Cu m7t *,t c@ gi3 t1Z _ th4 'h@& tng Dng ni Qt v nCu m7t *,t c@ gi3 t1Z ? th4
'h@& M tng Dng ni vHi nguPn in 3p chun V
ch
t5) nn m7t dWng in tm %
nghZch vHi t1Z s in t1O c9& nh3nh @K nghc& % X
)
c@ gi3 t1Z *U nhQtK X
:-?
c@ gi3 t1Z %Hn
z?
X
_
2 2 2

b
V
e
u
ht
i
:-?
i
:-2
i
?
i
_
u u 2u
2u
2u 2u
X
_
X
_
X
_
M
0,n hiu
iJu 'hin
j4nh -# } P nguyn %B *7 chuyn +i {
th8) phng ph3p m5ng in t1O
nhQt# {Wng sinh 1& t1)ng c3c nh3nh in t1O c & Cn <u v) *7 'huyCch 5iK <u
1& *7 'huyCch 5i thuFt t)3n c@ in 3p=
#
U =
u
ht
#R*
_
#X
_
b *
?
#X
?
b a b *
:-2
#X
:-2
b *
:-?
#X
:-?
S
01)ng @ *
i
Ri ] _K?K 2a##:-?S s` *lng 'hng nCu *,t c@ gi3 t1Z % _"v s` *lng m7t
nCu *,t c@ gi3 t1Z % ?"#
82 C"u\fn (gi vp Pn ["GHn [">[ N$n (in *VW
0,n hiu c<n chuyn +i c & Cn chuyn m5ch M# Mhi m7t *,t n) @ c9& t,n
hiu iJu 'hin % _ th4 X
_
tng Dng

vHi *,t @ *Z ngAn m5ch 2u& 'h@& Tung Qt#
:gc %5iK nCu t,n hiu iJu 'hin % ? th4 X
_
Dng vHi *,t @ c dvn tHi <u v) *7
'huyCch 5i 2u& m5ng in t1O#
01)ng s P ny m5ng in t1O %m nhim v[ ph$n dWng# .4 in t1O nh3nh ng&ng
*lng m7t n& in t1O nh3nh dcK nn dWng i 2u& mi 'h$u in t1O th4 gi(m i m7t
n&# {Wng in Dng vHi }E i 2u& :-? 'h$u in t1OK dWng in Dng vHi *it c@ nghc&
%Hn hn i 2u& :-2 'h$u#####v dWng Dng vHi e}E c & t1!c tiCp Cn <u *7
'huyCch 5i# MCt 2u( % c3c dWng in O c& v) *7 'huyCch 5i c@ t1Z s tng Dng
vHi *it m n@ 5i din# Chng c@ t1Z s gi(m d<n to e}E Cn }E th8) m6 nhZ ph$n#
in t1O O nh3nh ng&ng cui cng c@ gi3 t1Z s % 2u *lng in t1O nh3nh dc (m
*() s! ph$n dWng ch)
_
2
2
"
I


=
O 'h$u cui cng cxng ging nh c3c 'h$u t1Hc#
|ing nh m5ch chuyn +i { *lng phng ph3p th&ng in t1O t& cxng c@=
#
U =
u
ht
#R*
_
#i
_
b *
?
#i
?
b a b *
:-2
#i
:-2
b *
:-?
#i
:-?
S
01)ng @ *
i
Ri ] _K?K 2a##:-?S s` *lng 'hng nCu *,t c@ gi3 t1Z % _"v s` *lng m7t
nCu *,t c@ gi3 t1Z % ?"#
C"GHn BJCH CUNG CxP NGUnN B7T CHIU
z2

I2 I">i niN !"un
e5ch nguPn cung cQp c@ nhim v[ cung cQp nNng %ng m7t chiJu ch) c3c m5ch
in v thiCt *Z in t h)5t 7ng# :Nng %ng m7t chiJu c9& n@ c %Qy to nguPn
T)&y chiJu c9& %Hi in thng 2u& 2u3 t14nh *iCn +i th!c hin t1)ng *7 nguPn m7t
chiJu# j4nh -? *iu di/n s P 'hi c9& m7t *7 nguPn m7t chiJu h)n chgnh vHi chDc
nNng c3c 'hi nh s&u=
- EiCn 3p *iCn +i in 3p T)&y chiJu V
?
thnh in 3p T)&y chiJu V
2
c@ gi3 t1Z
th,ch hp vHi yu c<u# 01)ng m7t s t1Gng hp c@ th dng t1!c tiCp V
?
'hng c<n
*iCn 3p#
- e5ch chgnh %u c@ nhim v[ chuyn in 3p T)&y chiJu V
2
thnh in 3p m7t chiJu
'hng *lng phng V
;
# }! 'hng *lng phng ny ph[ thu7c c[ th v) tong d5ng m5ch
chgnh %u#
- e5ch %c c@ nhim v[ s&n *lng in 3p m7t chiJu Fp m5ch V
;
thnh in 3p m7t
chiJu V
d
,t nhQp nh hn#
- e5ch +n 3p m7t chiJu R+n dWngS c@ nhim v[ +n Znh in 3p RdWng inS O <u 1&
c9& n@ V
n
RXtS# Mhi V
d
th&y +i th8) s! mQt +n Znh c9& V
?
h&y Xt# 01)ng nhLng t1Gng
hp nCu 'hng c@ yu c<u c&) th4 'hng c<n m5ch +n 3p h&y +n dWng m7t chiJu.
II2 BiTn >[ nuin , N$!" !"n" lGu
EiCn 3p nguPn c@ nhim v[ *iCn +i in 3p T)&y chiJu It v) cu7n s cQp thnh
in 3p T)&y chiJu th8) yu c<u t1n cu7n thD cQp# & s c3c *iCn 3p dng t1)ng thiCt
*Z in t % *iCn thC h5 3p#
U2 C"n" lGu n+' !"u S
j4nh -2 % m5ch in chgnh %u n& chu '#
|i( s n& chu ' <u V
2
dngK it { ph$n c!c thuFnK { thng nn c@ dWng 2u&
itK 2u& R
t
'hUp ',n m5ch#
:& chu ' $m c9& V
2
it { ph$n c!c ngc nn 'h)3K 'hng c@ dWng 2u& t(i#
:Cu *q 2u& s[t 3p thuFn t1n it th4 d5ng s@ng in 3p nguPnK d5ng s@ng in 3p 1&K
nh h4nh -;# :h vFy t1n t(i chg c@ dWng vHi n& chu ' dng#
z;
j4nh -?# } P 'hi c9& m7t *7 nguPn m7t chiJu
82 C"n" lGu "'i n+' !"u S
82U2 C"n" lGu "'i n+' dn PiTn >[
*"| !^[ !< (ifN i'



e5ch chgnh %u h&i n& chu ' % t1)ng
c( h&i n& chu ' c9& in 3p T)&y
chiJu Ju c@ dWng in 2u& t(i# in 3p
v) v in 3p 1& c m t( t1n P thZ
h4nh -n#
8282 C"n" lGu "'i n+' dn N$!"
!"n" lGu !=u
|ing nh m5ch chgnh %u h&i n&
chu ' dng *iCn 3p c@ im giL&K m5ch
chgnh %u h&i n& chu ' dng m5ch c<u
it Rh4nh -zS cxng c@ dWng t1n t(i %in
t[c t1)ng h&i n& chu ' in 3p v)#
in 3p v) v in 3p 1& c minh h&
t1n P thZ h4nh -#
82X2 B$!" !"n" lGu PRi >[
e5ch chgnh %u *7i 3p thGng c s d[ng 'hi yu c<u in 3p 1& %Hn nhng dWng
nhq# e5ch nh$n i in 3p nh h4nh -#

h
2
2
R
U U
#
zd
V
2
t
V
ut
t
h
2 U
h
2 U
j4nh -;# {5ng in 3p v)K 1&
U 2 1
U 2 2
Rt
D2
D1
V
?
j4nh -d# e5ch chgnh %u h&i
n& chu '
V
2
t
h
2
U
V
2?
V
ut
V
22
t
j4nh -n# {5ng t,n hiu v)K 1&
U 1
U 2
Rt
j4nh -z# e5ch chgnh %u c<u
j4nh -2# e5ch in chgnh %u
n& chu '

- |i( s n& chu ' dng {
?
thng
C
?
n5p <y tHi gi3 t1Z
h
2
U
K n& chu '
$m {
2
thng C
2
c n5p <y tHi gi3
t1Z
h
2
U
nh vFy t1n t(i s` c@ in 3p
*lng h&i %<n
h
2
U
#
e5ch nh$n in 3p c@ n t<ng nh
h4nh -#
- |i( s n& chu ' $m {
?
thng C
?
n5p <y tHi gi3 t1Z
h
2
U
K n& chu '
dng {
2
thng C
2
c n5p <y vHi
gi3 t1Z U
C-
= U
C.
b
h
2
U
] 2
h
2
U
K nh vFy
nCu c@ n t<ng th4 t1n t(i s` c@ in 3p
*lng n
h
2
U
#
III2 BR l%! nuin
<u 1& c9& *7 chgnh %u t& thu c in 3p m7t chiJuK tuy nhin in 3p ny
'hng +n Znh d) c@ cWn c3c thnh ph<n T)&y chiJu# .4 vFy c@ in 3p m7t chiJu
+n Znh hn ph(i ch) 2u& *7 %c#
0,n hiu s&u 'hi 2u& *7 %c gPm thnh ph<n m7t chiJu c@ gi3 t1Z V
{C
v thnh ph<n
th&y +i c@ gi3 t1Z V
1
K thnh ph<n th&y +i ny c@ gi3 t1Z nhq#
zn
V
2
t
h
2
U
V
2?
V
ut
V
22
t
j4nh -# {5ng in 3p v)K 1&
U 1
U 2
D 1
D 2
U r Rt
+
C2
+
C1
j4nh -# e5ch nh$n i in 3p
U 1
U 2
D 1 D 2
U r
U 2
C n - 1
C n + 1
+
+ +
C2
+
C1
j4nh -# e5ch nh$n in 3p c@ n t<ng
0& T3c Znh 7 gn s@ng th8) cng thDc=
#?__k
r
DC
U
r
U
=
- in 3p 1& c9& nguPn 'hi 'hng t(i v 'hi c@ t(i % 'h3c nh&u R'hi c@ t(i s` nhq hnS#
ng chnh %ch ny c gi % h s +n Znh in 3p V
u
=
#?__k
kt /t
R
/t
U U
U
U

=
j s ny cng tiCn tHi g<n 'hng th4 *7 nguPn cng %B tOng#
.{=
- e5ch chgnh %u n& chu ' c@ in 3p 1& nh s&u=
h
2
h
2
_K ;?
_K ;n
DC
r
U U
U U
=
=
0& c@ 7 gn s@ng c9& m5ch %=
h
2
h
2
_K ;n
#?__k #?__k ?2?k
_K ;?
r
DC
U U
r
U
U
= = =
- e5ch chgnh %u h&i n& chu ' c@ in 3p 1& nh s&u=
h
2
h
2
_K z;z
_K ;_
DC
r
U U
U U
=
=
0& c@ 7 gn s@ng c9& m5ch %=
h
2
h
2
_K z_
#?__k #?__k dk
_K z;z
r
DC
U U
r
U
U
= = =
U2 BR l%! dn *} (in
e5ch %c thng d[ng hin n&y % dng t[ in nh h4nh -?2# 0[ s` ngAn m5ch
thnh ph<n T)&y chiJu %m 7 gn s@ng t1n t(i ,t nhq hn nhng vvn cWn nhQp nh#
j4nh -?? % d5ng in 3p s&u nAnK in 3p c@ 7 mQp m %Hn#
zz
U 2 1
U 2 2
Rt
D2
D1
j4nh -?_# e5ch chgnh %u
'hng c@ %c nguPn

V
ut
t
j4nh -??# {5ng in 3p 1& 'hi ch&

c@ *7 %c nguPn

j4nh -?; % in 3p 'hi c@ t[ %c nguPn# Mhi in 3p tNng t[ n5pK 'hi in 3p gi(m
t[ ph@ng 2u& u
t
# :Cu u
t
th4 V
C
s` %un *lng
h
2
U
#
- in 3p gn s@ng V
C
s&u %c c t,nh th8) cng thDc=
d ;# #
DC
r
I
U
( C
=
- in 3p V
{C
s&u %c c t,nh th8) cng thDc=
C (
I
U U
DC
DC
# # d
2
h
=
01)ng @=
2
h
U
- Ein 7 in 3p s&u chgnh %u#
I
DC
w {Wng t1n t(iK n vZ m#
C w in dung *7 %cK n vZ #
w 0<n s c9& m5ng inK n vZ 'ji#
82 BR l%! MC
gi(m nhq 7 gn s@ngK O <u 1& *7 %c t[ in t& mAc thm 'h$u %c uC nh
h4nh -?d#.Hi m5ch ny 7 gn s@ng s&u u % 'h3 nhqK tuy nhin m5ch ny
z
U1
U2
D1
D2
U2
Rt
+
C
j4nh -?2# e5ch chgnh %u c@
t[ %c nguPn
h
2
U
V
C

t
V
C
j4nh -?;# {5ng in 3p 1& 'hi

c@ t[ %c nguPn
U1
U2
D1
D2
U2
+
C2
R
Rt
+
C1
j4nh -?d# e5ch chgnh %u c@ 'h$u %c uC
in 3p m7t chiJu t1Hc v s&u in t1O u %
DC
U
v

DC
U
c t,nh nh s&u=
DC
t
t
DC
U
R R
R
U #

+
=
.Hi m5ch %c uCK gn s@ng s&u u % 'h3 nhqK tuy nhin m5ch ny chg dng 'hi
dWng t(i nhqK 'hi dWng t(i %Hn cng suQt t+n h&) t1n u % %HnK t13nh iJu ny ngGi
t& th&y in t1O u *lng cu7n c(m Rh4nh -?nS# in t1O thu<n cu7n c(m % 1Qt nhq nn
t+n h&) cng suQt t1n n@ % nhqK cWn in 3p T)&y chiJu s` *Z chIn %5i 'hng ch) 1&
t(i#
IV2 B$!" gn >[
e5ch +n 3p c@ nhim v[ +n Znh in 3p 1& 'hi in 3p t1n V
2
th&y +i h)Ic 'hi t(i
th&y +i#
U2 n >[ dn (iO* unuV
} P m5ch +n 3p dng it 8n81
t1n h4nh -?z#
it i8n81 'hi c ph$n c!c ngc v %m vic O vng 3nh th9ng Ic im %
dWng ngc 2u& it th&y +i %Hn nhng in 3p ngc h&i <u it th&y +i 1Qt ,t# :Cu
it c@ Ic tuyCn ngc cng dc h&y Ic tuyCn cng g<n s)ng s)ng vHi t1[c tung th4
7 +n Znh in 3p cng tt#
0o m5ch in t& c@=
S #R
Rt Z V Z Rt
I I R U U U + = =
0o cng thDc t1n t& thQy 'hi V
.
tNng h)Ic gi(m th4 dWng 2u& it s` tNng h&y
gi(m th8) nn s[t 3p t1n u cung tNng h)Ic gi(m %m ch) in 3p 1& +n Znh# +n
z
U1
U2
D1
D2
U2
"
+
C2
Rt
+
C1
j4nh -?n# e5ch chgnh %u c@ 'h$u %c C
Uv
Rt Z
R
j4nh -?z# } P m5ch
+n 3p dng it 8n81
I
Zmn
I
ZTB
I
Z#+x
U
Z#+x
U
Z#n
U
Z
A
B
U
I
.ng +n 3p
j4nh -?# Ic tuyCn .- c9& it 8n81
Uv
Ur
T
Rt
Z
R
j4nh -?# sn 3p vAng 'huCch 5i


Znh in 3p c$n *lng vJ h&i ph,& RtNng v gi(mS t& ph(i chn u s&) ch) im %m vic
nlm giL& Ic tuyCn vng 3nh th9ng c9& it#
82 n >[ dn *V'nbi*#
C@ h&i %)5i +n 3p dng t1&niit) % +n 3p ni tiCp v +n 3p s)ng s)ng# sn 3p ni tiCp
% t1&niit) c mAc ni tiCp vHi t(iK +n 3p s)ng s)ng % t1&niit) c mAc s)ng s)ng
vHi t(i#
82U2 n >[ nOi *iT[
} P 'hi m5ch +n 3p ni tiCp h4nh -?#
- e5ch %Qy mvu= Qy mvu in 3p 1&#
- :guPn chun= in 3p c@ gi3 t1Z chun#
- e5ch s) s3nh= }) s3nh in 3p %Qy mvu v in 3p chun#
- Mh$u 'huCch 5i= MhuCch 5i in 3p s&i %ch giL& nguPn chun v in 3p mvu#
- >0jC= 01&niit) cng suQt %m vic O chC 7 'huCch 5i# Mhi in 3p v) h&y t(i
th&y +iK in 3p mvu s` th&y +i d) @ in 3p s&i %ch d) m5ch s) s3nh & 1& s` th&y
+i %m ch) 01&niit) s` thng nhiJu h&y thng ,t nn in 3p 1& s` c +n Znh#
82U2U2 n >[ ,dn S"uT!" ($i
e5ch ch) in 3p 1&=
V
u
] V

- V
Ep

|i( s V
u
tNng tDc % V
p
tNng nn V
Ep
gi(m Rd) in 3p V
E
c giL c Znh *Oi S
%m ch) 01&niit) thng yCu hn %m ch) V
u
gi(mK d) @ V
u
c duy t14 +n Znh#
:gc %5i nCu V
u
gi(m tDc % V
p
gi(m nn V
Ep
tNng Rd) in 3p V
E
c giL c
Znh *Oi S %m ch) 01&niit) thng m5nh hn %m ch) V
u
tNngK d) @ V
u
c duy t14
+n Znh#
z
U
r
Qy mvu
0(i
:guPn
chun

>0jC
MhuCch 5i
}) s3nh
U
V
j4nh -?# } P 'hi m5ch +n 3p ni tiCp
T1
Z
Ur
Uv
T2
R
R2
R1
j4nh -2_# sn 3p c@ 'huCch 5i
Z
Uv
Ur
R3
R2
R1
T
j4nh -2?# e5ch +n 3p dng *7 M00
82U282 n >[ !< S"uT!" ($i
sn 3p c@ 'huCch 5i h4nh -2_#
:guyn %B +n 3p nh s&u=
|i( s V
u
tNng %n V
E2
tNng %nK d) @ V
Ep2
] V
E2
- V

tNng %n 0
2
thng
m5nh hn %m ch) V
Cp2
gi(m tDc % V
E?
gi(m %m ch) 0
?
gi(m thngK d) @ V
u
gi(m
Tung nn duy t14 +n Znh V
u
# :Cu V
u
gi(m chng t& gi(i th,ch ngc %5i#
.4 dWng X
E2
nhq nn to m5ch in t& c@=
S #R
#
2
2
2 ?
2 2
2 ?
Z BE R
Z BE
R
U U
R
R R
U
U U R
R R
U
+
+
=
+ =
+
82U2X2 B$!" gn >[ dn PR ITT
j4nh -2? % m5ch +n 3p dng *7 M00#
0& c@ th t,nh in 3p 1& th8) cng thDc =
; 2
;
R S#
R Z
R R
U U
R
+
=
_
U
r
Qy mvu
:guPn
chun

>0jC
MhuCch
5i
}) s3nh
U
V
j4nh -2;# } P 'hi m5ch +n 3p s)ng
s)ng
ut
u

|i( s V
u
tNng %m ch) in 3p t5i c& () c9& *7 M00 tNng th8) nn in 3p 1&
s` gi(m TungK d) @ duy t14 +n Znh in 3p 1&# :Cu V
u
gi(m t& gi(i th,ch ngc %5i#
82U2Z2 B$!" "$n !"T dn
*() v m5ch +n 3p 'hi *Z 2u3 t(i h)Ic ngAn m5ch t& dng s P h4nh -22#
Mhi dWng t(i tNng 2u3 giHi h5n th4 s[t 3p t1n u
d
tNng %nK %m ch) 0
2
thngK %m gi(m
dWng X
E?
d) @ gi(m dWng 2u& 0
?
t13ng 2u3 dWng t1n t(i#
8282 n >[ 0#n 0#n
j4nh -2; % s P 'hi m5ch +n 3p s)ng s)ng# C3c 'hi chDc nNng c9& n@ cxng
ging vHi s P 'hi m5ch +n 3p ni tiCp# e5ch +n 3p s)ng s)ng chg 'h3c vHi m5ch +n
3p ni tiCp O ch ph<n t hiu chgnh c mAc s)ng s)ng vHi t(iK n@ c@ t3c d[ng tNng
h)Ic gi(m dWng 'hi in 3p v) tNng h)Ic gi(m d) @ %m ch) s[t 3p t1n u tNng h)Ic
gi(m th8) nn V
u
c +n Znh #
8282U2 n >[ ,dn S"uT!" ($i
in 3p 1& c9& m5ch h4nh -2d c t,nh th8) cng thDc =
BE Z R
U U U + =
|i( s V
u
tNng %n s` %m ch)
?
T2
T1
Z
Ur
Uv
R4
R3
R2
R1
j4nh -22# e5ch +n 3p c@ h5n dWng
T2
T1
Z
Ur Uv
Rt
R2
R1
j4nh -2n# sn 3p s)ng s)ng c@ 'huCch 5i
Z
Ur
Uv
R2
R4
R3
R1
j4nh -2z# e5ch +n 3p dng *7 M00

V
Ep
] V
u
-V

tNng %nK d) @ 0 s` thng m5nh hnK dWng 2u& 0 s` tNng %m ch) s[t 3p
t1n u tNngK 'U) V
u
gi(m TungK nn V
u
c duy t14 +n Znh# :Cu V
u
gi(m t& gi(i
th,ch ngc %5i#
828282 n >[ !< S"uT!" ($i

in 3p 1& c9& m5ch c t,nh th8) cng thDc =

2 ? BE BE Z R
U U U U + + =
|i( s V
u
tNng %n s` %m ch) V
E2
tNng %nK d) @ 0
2
s` thng m5nh hnK dWng 2u&
0
2
s` tNngtDc % dWng X
E?
tNngK %m ch) dWng 2u& 0
?
tNngK d) @ s[t 3p t1n 0 tNngK 'U)
V
u
gi(m TungK nn V
u
c duy t14 +n Znh# :Cu V
u
gi(m t& gi(i th,ch ngc %5i#
8282X2 n >[ dn ITT
in 3p V

+n Znh c s) s3nh vHi in 3p hPi tiCp to *7 ph$n 3p u


;
v u
d

iJu 'hin 01&niit)#
|i( s V
u
tNng %m ch) in 3p t5i c& thuFn c9& *7 M00 tNng th8) nn in 3p 1&
c9& *7 M00 tNng %nK d) @ 01&niit) thng m5nh hn %m ch) s[t 3p t1n u
2
tNng
V
u
gi(m TungK d) @ duy t14 +n Znh in 3p 1&# :Cu V
u
gi(m t& gi(i th,ch ngc %5i#
2
Uv
Ur
T Rt
Z
R
j4nh -2d# sn 3p s)ng s)ng vAng 'huCch 5i
Uv Ur
$%&&
T
R
j4nh -2# 0Nng dWng 1& ch) h TT
Uv Ur
$%&&
+
C2
+
C1
j4nh -2# j XC +n 3p TT

X2 n >[ dn IC
C3c m5ch +n 3p ni tiCp h&y s)ng s)ng hin n&y c t,ch hp thnh XC +n 3pK mIc
d cQu t5) *n t1)ng XC c@ th 'h3c nh&u nhng t3c d[ng c9& chng % nh nh&u# in
3p 1& +n Znh c@ th th&y +i c *lng c3ch ni thm %inh 'in *n ng)i#
X2U2 IC gn >[ !O (hn"
j XC TT cung cQp in 3p 1& to bn. Cn b2d.# 'B hiu TT chg in 3p 1&#
.{= _n ch) in 3p 1& % n.K ?2 ch) in 3p 1& ?2.# j XC TT cung cQp dWng
ch) t(i ti & % ?#
j TT c@ ; ch$n m7t ch$n v)K m7t ch$n 1& v m7t ch$n ni Qt Rh4nh -2S
j XC TT tng t! h TT chg 'h3c % n@ cung cQp in 3p 1& c Znh to -n.
Cn -2d.#
tNng dWng v 3p 1& ch) %)5i XC ny ngGi t& ni m5ch nh h4nh -2 v h4nh -2#
.Hi m5ch in h4nh -2 t& c@=
V
u
] V

b V
uTT
#
e5ch h4nh -2K in 3p 1& *lng in 3p c9& TT nhng dWng 1& c tNng %n d)
c@ 01&niit) 0#
X282 IC gn >[ !< *"f (iau !"n" (in >[ V'
;
Uv Ur
$%&&
D#
R
j4nh -2# 0Nng in 3p 1& ch) h TT
e7t s %)5i XC +n 3p c@ th iJu chgnh c in 3p 1& th8) yu c<u nh XC e;?K
n@ c@ th iJu chgnh in 3p 1& to ?K2. Cn ;. ty th8) c3c %inh 'in Qu *n ng)i
Rh4nh -;_S# Mhi iJu chgnh chiCt 3p .u th4 in 3p 1& th&y +i th8) cng thDc=
?K 2n#R? S #R S
R +!j
VR
U I VR
R
= + +

PH@N II BI TP CA 3I GILI
Bi U2U Ch) m5ch in h4nh ?# V
CC
] b?2.f uc ] ;K;'f u
p
] ?'f u
?
] 22'f
u
2
] nKz'f u
t
] 'f ] # EiCt V
Ep_
O chC d7 % _Kz.#
d
j4nh -;_# sn 3p dng e;?
Uv
Ur
"'31$
VR
R
X
&d
+
CE
+
Cv
Rt
+
Cr
Uv
+12V
RE
R2
R1
Rc
u
p
C
p
bV
CC
j4nh ?
X
C_
X
p_
X
E_
+
CE
+
Cv
Rt
+
Cr
Uv
+12V
RE
R2
R1
Rc
u
p
C
p
X
u?
X
u2
bV
cc
j4nh 2

&# 3c Znh chC 7 dWng in v in 3p m7t chiJu t1n c3c c!c c9& 01&niit)# .`
Gng t(i m7t chiJu v T3c Znh im %m vic

#
*# 3c Znh t(i m7t chiJu v T)&y chiJu c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i#
c# 3c Znh c3c th&m s
.
K
u
K M
V
K M
X
c9& m5ch#
Bi i?i1
&# 0,nh c3c gi3 t1Z dWng v 3p t1n c3c c!c c9& t1&niit)
- Chn chiJu dWng in nh h4nh 2

& .4 X
E_
1Qt nhq s) vHi X
u?
v X
u2
nn X
u?
X
u2
d) @ t& c@=
_ 2
? 2
?2
# #nK z 2K d;
22 nK z
//
B
U V
U R k V
R R k k
= = =
+ +
{) @=
n
X
C
V
Cp

X
E_
] ?K;
_
?K?m
2Km
dK22. b?2.
j4nh ;
_ _ _
2K d; _K z ?K ;
E B BE
U U U V V V = = =
}uy 1&=
{Wng in m7t chiJu t1n c3c c!c c9& t1&niit)
; _
_
?K;
?K;#?_ ?K;
?
E
E
E
U V
I % m%
R k

= = = =

_
_
?K ;
_K _?; ?K ;
? ?
E
B
I m%
I m% %

= = = =
+ +
_ _
#_K _?; ?K ?
C B
I I m% m% = = =
}uy 1&=
_ _
# ?2 ?K? #;K ; zK _;
C CC C C
U U I R V m% k V = = =
- >hng t14nh Gng t(i m7t chiJu=
R S
CE CC C C E
U U I R R = +
?2 R;K ; ? S
CE C
U V I k k = +
- Mhi I
C0
= 0 th4 U
CE0
=U
CC
= 0.-V#
- Mhi U
CE0
= 0 th4 _
?2
2K #
;K ; ?
CC
C
C E
U V
I m%
R R k k
= = =
+ +
>hng t14nh Gng t(i c v` nh s&u=
- 05i im %m vic=
_ _ _
?K ? K R S ?2 ?K ? R;K ; ? S dK 22
C CE // C C E
I m% U U I R R V m% k k V = = + = + =
- im %m vic c@ t)5 7

RdK22.f ?K?mS#
*# 0(i m7t chiJu % t(i c@ dWng m7t chiJu <u 1& i 2u&K nh vFy n@ *&) gPm u
C
v u
p
=
? ;K ; dK ;
t C E
R R R k k k

= + = + =
0(i T)&y chiJu % t(i c@ dWng T)&y chiJu <u 1& i 2u&K nh vFy n@ *&) gPm u
C
u
t
=
z

# ;K ; #
2K ;d
;K ;
C t
t C t
C t
R R k k
R R R k
R R k k

= = = =
+ +
c# 0,nh c3c th&m s
.
K
u
K M
V
K M
X
c9& m5ch#
0& c@=
? 2
_
22 nK z R # S
2z
22 nK z R# S ?K _
?K?
T
V 1e
C
U
Z R R r k k
I
mV
k k k
m%
= =
= =
;K ;
R C CE C
Z R R R k = =
_#
R S ?K ? #R;K ; S
?z2K zd
2z
C / t
U
T
I R R m% k k
K
U mV

= = =
23n
- {Qu t1o th hin s! ngc ph& giL& t,n hiu 1& v t,n hiu v)#
#R S #R;K ; S
2K ?

C t
I
t
R R k k
K
R k

= = =

23n.
Bi U282 Ch) m5ch in h4nh d# EiCt V
CC
] b?2.f u
E
] 22_'f u
p
] 2K'f
u
t
] 2K'f ch) V
Ep_
O chC 7 % _Kz.f ] #
&# 3c Znh c3c gi3 t1Z dWng in v in 3p m7t chiJu t1n c3c c!c c9& 01&niit)# .`
Gng t(i m7t chiJu v T3c Znh im %m vic

#
*# 3c Znh t(i m7t chiJu v T)&y chiJu c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i#
c# 3c Znh c3c th&m s
.
K
u
K M
V
K M
X
c9& m5ch#
Bi i?i
&# Chn chiJu dWng in nh h4nh n

+
Cv
+
Cr
Uv
+12V
Rt
RE
u
E
j4nh d
X
C_
+
Cv
+
Cr
Uv
+12V
Rt
RE
u
E
X
E_
X
p_
j4nh n
0& c@=
_ _ _
_ _ _
_ _ _
#
# #
# R ?S#
CC B B BE E
CC B B BE E E
CC B B BE B E
U I R U U
U I R U I R
U I R U I R
= + +
= + +
= + + +
0o $y t& c@=
_ _
# #2; 2K 2
C B
I I m% = = =
_ _
R ?S# R ?S#2; 2K ;
E B
I I m% = + = + =
_ _
# 2K ; #2K zK 2?
E E E
U I R m% k V = = =
_ _ _
zK 2? _K z zK ?
B E BE
U U U V V V = + = + =
- >hng t14nh Gng t(i m7t chiJu=
#
CE CC E E
U U I R =
?2 #2K
CE E
U V I k =
- Mhi I
E
= 0 th4 U
CE
=U
CC
= 0.-V#
- Mhi U
CE
= 0 th4 _
?2
dK dd #
2K
CC
E
E
U V
I m%
R k
= = =

>hng t14nh Gng t(i c v` h4nh z#


- 05i im %m vic=
_ _ _
2K ; K ?2 2K ; #2K nK #
E CE CC E E
I m% U U I R V m% k V = = = =
im %m vic c@ t)5 7

RnK.f 2K;mS#
*# 0(i m7t chiJu % t(i c@ dWng m7t chiJu <u 1& i 2u&K nh vFy n@ ch,nh % u
p
=
2K
t E
R R k

= =
0(i T)&y chiJu % t(i c@ dWng T)&y chiJu <u 1& i 2u&K nh vFy n@ *&) gPm u
p
u
t
=

# 2K #2K
?K ;n
2K 2K
E t
t E t
E t
R R k k
R R R k
R R k k

= = = =
+ +
c# 3c Znh c3c th&m s
.
K
u
K M
V
K M
X
[ ]
2K #2K
R ?SR S 22_ R ?SR S
2K 2K
T
V B 1e E t
C
U k k
Z R r R R k
I k k


= + + = + +

+


2z 2K #2K
22_ R ?SR S d
2K 2 2K 2K
mV k k
k k
m% k k

= + + =

+

_
2z
2K ??K ;n
R ?S 2K 2
1e T
R E E
C
r U mV
Z R R k
I m%
= = =
+

_
_
R ?S
?2 _K z
2;
22_ R ?S#2K
CC BE
B
B E
U U
I
R R
V V
%
k k

=
+ +

= =
+ +
C
p
u
p
+
+
Cv
+
Cr
Uv
+12V
R2
R1
Rc
bV
cc
V
u
j4nh
_ _ _ _
# _K z
?Kd #? _K z 2K dd
B E BE E E
U U U I R V
m% k V V
= + = +
= + =

K
U
.
2K #2K

2K 2K
R ?S R ?SR S n_
2K
E t
I
t
k k
R R
k k
K
R k


+
= + = + =

23n
Bi U2X2 Ch) m5ch in nh h4nh # Ch) V
CC
] b?2.f u
C
] ;K;'f u
p
] ?'f
] f V
Ep_
O chC d7 % _Kz.#
3c Znh gi3 t1Z u
?
v u
2
in 3p m7t chiJu t5i c!c C c9& 01&niit) % z.#
Bi i?i
.4 V
C_
] z. nn t& c@=
_
_
?2 z
?K2
;K ;
CC C
C
C
U U V V
I m%
R k

= = =

_ _
R ?S R ?S
# #?K 2

?Kd
E C
I I m%
m%

+ +
= =
=
0& t,nh c V
E_
=
{) X
E_
1Qt nhq hn X
u?
v X
u2
nn=

X
p
V
Cp

X
E_
] 2;
_
2K;m
dKddm
nK. b?2.
j4nh z
_ 2 2
? 2 ? 2
?2
# # 2K dd
CC
B
U
U R R V
R R R R
= = =
+ +
Chn m7t gi3 t1Z in t1O v s` t,nh c gi3 t1Z cWn %5i=
0& chn u
2
] nKz' u
?
] 2?Kd'#
Bi U2Z2 Ch) m5ch in nh h4nh # Ch) V
{
] b?2.f u
{
] ?Kn'f u
}
] ?'K
u
|
] ?eK V
>
] - d.K X
{}}
] m# 3c Znh im %m vic tcnh c9& m5ch#

Bi i?i
.4 dWng 2u& u
|
1Qt nhqRc)i nh *lng _S nn=
#
GS D S
U I R =
R?S
0& c@ phng t14nh c9& Ic tuyCn t1uyJn 5t nh s&u=
2
#R? S
GS
D DSS
P
U
I I
U
=
R2S
0h&y R?S v) R2S v th&y s t& c@ phng t14nh=
z 2 d
?_ # ?_ ?z _
D D
I I + =
:ghim c9& phng t14nh ch,nh % dWng tcnh X
{_
# |i(i phng t14nh t& c@ 2 nghim= X
{
*lng 2m v m# .4 nghim ph(i nhq hn X
{}}
nn chg c@ nghim X
{
] 2m % th)(
m6n#
:h vFy=
_
_ _
; ; ;
_ _
2 #
# 2 #? 2 #
R S ?2 2#?_ R?K n#?_ ?#?_ S #
D
GS D S
DS D D D S
I m%
U I R m% k V
U U I R R V

=
= = =
= + = + =

>hng t14nh Gng t(i ? chiJu=
R S
DS D D D S
U U I R R = +
_
Cr
Cv
Ur
Uv
UD
+
Cs
RG R(
RD
j4nh

- Mhi X
{
] _K V
{}
] V
{
] ?2.#
- Mhi V
{}
] _K X
{
] dKm#
.Fy im %m vic c9& m5ch % RV
{}_
] .f X
{_
] 2mS#
Bi U2]2 Ch) m5ch in nh h4nh ?_# Ch) V
{
] b?2.f u
{
] ?Kn'f u
}
] ?'K u
|?
]
n_'K u
|2
] ?_'K V
p
] - d.K X
{}}
] m# 3c Znh im %m vic tcnh c9& m5ch#
Bi i?i
{) X
|
_ nn=
2
? 2
?2
?_ 2
n_ ?_
D
G G
G G
S D S
U V
U R k V
R R k k
U I R
= = =
+ +
=

;
2 #?_
GS G S D
U U U V I = =
R?S
0& c@ phng t14nh c9& Ic tuyCn t1uyJn 5t nh s&u=
2
#R? S
GS
D DSS
P
U
I I
U
=
R2S
0h&y R?S v) R2S t& c@ phng t14nh *Fc 2 i vHi X
{
=
?
X
{
V
{}

V
|}
] -2.
_
2m
dKm
. ?2.
j4nh
RG1
Cr
Cv
Ur
Uv
UD
+
Cs
RG2 R(
RD
j4nh ?_
;
; 2
2 ?_
#?_ R? S
d
D
D
I
I


=

; 2 ;
?_ ?d ;z#?_ _
D D
I I

+ =
|i(i phng t14nh t& thu c 2 nghim % ;K;m v ?_KzmK nhFn thQy chg c@ gi3 t1Z
;K;m % th,ch hp nn=
_
;
_ _ _
; ;
_ _
;K ;
# 2 ;K ; #?_ ?K ;
R S ?2 ;K ; R?_ ?K n#?_ S ;K n
D
GS G D S
DS D D 4 D
I m%
U U I R m% V
U U I R R m% V
=
= = =
= + = + =
>hng t14nh Gng t(i ? chiJu=
R S
DS D D 4 D
U U I R R = +
- Mhi X
{
] _K V
{}
] V
{
] ?2.#
- Mhi V
{}
] _K X
{
] dKm#
.Fy im %m vic c9& m5ch % RV
{}_
] ;Kn.f X
{_
] ;K;mS#
Bi U22 Ch) m5ch in h4nh ?2#
EiCt V
CC
] b2d.K u
t
] dK h s *iCn 3p %
n ]
2

?
] _K2#
&# 0,nh cng suQt T)&y chiJu %Hn nhQt 1& t1n t(i
v hiu suQt c9& m5ch#
*# Ch) ] n_K t,nh u
?
c@ cng suQt T)&y
chiJu 1& %Hn nhQt#
Bi i?i
&# 0,nh cng suQt T)&y chiJu
2
h h h
&T

#
2#
2 2
C C C
R m
t
U I U
P
R
= =
RS
0o h4nh ?#?; t& c@=
2
X
{
V
{}

V
|}
] -?K;.
_

;K;m
dKm
;Kn. ?2.
j4nh ??
+ U c c
U v
W 1 W 2
+
C
R1
Rt
Q
j4nh ?2

h
&T min

2 2
2d #
2
d
?__
_K 2
CEm CE
C CC
t
t
U U
U U V
R
R
n

=
= = =
0h&y v) RS t& c@=
2
h
2
&T

2d
2K
2__ 2#
C
R m
t
U
P
R
= = =
- 0,nh cng suQt nguPn cung cQp v hiu suQt c9& m5ch
2
h
_ _

2d
# # # nK z
?__
CC
C CC CC CC
t
U
P I U I U U
R
= = = = =

&T
_
2K
n_k
> nK z
R m
P
= = =
*# Cng suQt 1& %Hn nhQt 'hi
h
_

2d
_K 2d
?__
CC
C C
t
U V
I I %
R
= = = =


_
_
_K 2d
dK
n_
C
B
I
I m%

= = =
0o $y t& c@=
;
X
Emin
V
Cp
X
C
Gng t(i ? chiJu
h
C
U
e

C
I
X
E_
X
C_
X
Em&T
min CE
U
&T CEm
U
CC
U
_ CE
U
j4nh ?;
_
?
_
2d _K z
dK
dK
CC BE
B
U U V V
R k
I m%

= = =
#
Bi U22 Ch) m5ch in h4nh ?d# EiCt bV
CC
] b?2.K -V
CC
] -?2.f
V
{
] V
Ep_
] _Kd.# C)i 01&niit) % %B tOng# {Wng ph$n c!c *lng ?m# 0,nh u
?
K u
2
K
>
um&T
v hiu suQt c9& t<ng 'huCch 5iK *iCt u
t
] #
Bi i?i
$y % t<ng 'huCch 5i cng suQt y 'U) chC 7 E 'hng *iCn 3p# 0& c)i dWng X
E_
c9&
?
v
2
% 1Qt nhq hn dWng ph$n c!c X
p
K nn m5ch %m vic i TDng t& c@=
? 2
?2 _K n
??K n #
?
CC D
P
U U V V
R R k
I m%

= = = =
- {) 01&niit) % %B tOng nn *in 7 in 3p 1& *lng V
CC
d) @ t& c@=
2
2
&T
?2
R S
2
# #

h!
R m h! h!
t
U
P U I
R
= = = =
- Eq 2u& dWng X
C_
t& c@ cng suQt c9& nguPn cung cQp=
_
#
CC TB
P U I =
R?S
- {Wng t1ung *4nh t1)ng m7t n& chu ' c t,nh th8) cng thDc s&u
&T
&T
_
2 ?
#sinR S R S
Cm
TB Cm
I
I I t ! t



= =

R2S
0& %5i c@=
d
+ U c c
- U c c
U v
+
C
D2
D1
R2
R1
Rt
Q2
Q1
j4nh ?d

&T
?2
?K n #

CC
Cm
t
U
I %
R
= = =
R;S
0h&y R2SK R;S v) R?S t& c@=
P
0
= ..5678.

&T
_

k k K nk#
> ??K dz
R m
P
= = =
Bi U22 Ch) m5ch in h4nh ?n
Eit V
CC
] bd.K u
2
] ?__K u
t
] dK h s *iCn 3p % n ]
2

?
] _K2#
&# 3c Znh u
?
m5ch %m vic O chC 7 E#
*# 0,nh cng suQt 1& %Hn nhQt t1n t(i v hiu suQt c9& m5ch#
c# m5ch %m vic O chC 7 E th4 ph(i ni m5ch nh thC n)
Bi i?i
&# m5ch %m vic O chC 7 E th4 V
Ep_
] _Kd. t& c@=
2
? 2
# _K d
CC
U
R V
R R
=
+

?
??K R k =
#
*# t,nh cng suQt 1& %Hn nhQt v hiu suQt c9& m5ch t& chg c<n t,nh n& chu '
dng R
?
thngS# 0& c@ P thZ Gng t(i nh h4nh ?z#
- 0(i u
t
ph(n 3nh t1n c!c C c9& 01&niit)=

2 2
d
?__ #
_K 2
t
t
R
R
n
= = =
- Cng suQt 1& %Hn nhQt=
n
U v
+ U c c
U r
W 1
W 1
W 2
R1
R2
Q2
Q1
Rt
j4nh ?n
h h
2 2
&T

d
# ??K n2
2#?__ 2
2 2
CE C CC
m
t
U I U
P
R
= = =
- Cng suQt c9& nguPn cung cQp=
h
h
_
_
? z
# # #sinR S R S
C
C
CC TB CC
I
P U I U I t ! t



= = =

d
_K d
?__
CC
C
t
U
I %
R
= = =

_
z#_K d
?dK z# P

= =

&T
_
#?__k K nk#
>
m
P
= =

c# m5ch %m vic O
chC 7 E yu c<u
V
Ep_
] _.K d) @ ph(i ngAn m5ch u
2
v )(n m5ch u
?
#
Bi U2:2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh ?# EiCt
V
um&T
] ?2.f u
?
] 2K2'f u
2
] ;K;'f
.u ] 2__'#
&# 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh V
u
th8) V
.
K u
?
K
u
2
v .u#
z
_
C
X

X
C
.
Cpmin
X
C_
V
Cp
V
Cpm&T
.
CC
h
C
U
Gng t(i ? chiJu
j4nh ?z
+ E
- E
U v
U r
V R
R2
R1
+
j4nh ?

*# Ch) V
.
] - _K2.K t,nh gi(i in 3p V
u
'hi .u th&y +i to _ 2__'# 3c Znh gi3
t1Z .u %Hn nhQt m *7 M00 vvn %m vic t1)ng miJn tuyCn t,nh#
Bi i?i
&# Chn dWng in ch5y nh h4nh ?#
0& c@=
?
?
u
2
u
V "
"
ht
U U
I
U U
I
R VR

=
+
.Hi *7 M00 %B tOng th4 dWng v) % *lng _
nn=
u
?
? 2
_
u
V " "
ht
U U U U
I I
R VR

+ = + =
+
0& %5i c@ V
:
] V
>
] _ R*7 M00 %B tOngS d) @=
u
? 2
_
u
V
U U
R VR
+ =
+

2
u
?
R S
#
V
R VR
U U
R
+
=
*# Mhi .u ] _ th&y s t& c@=
u
R;K ; _S
#R _K 2 S _K ;
2K 2
k
U V V
k
+
= =

Mhi .u ] 2__' t& c@=


u
R;K ; 2__ S
#R _K 2 S ?K d
2K 2
k k
U V V
k
+
= =

.4 V
um&T
] ?2. nn 'hi .u th&y +i d(i in 3p V
u
to _K;. Cn ?2.#
- *7 M00 vvn %m vic t1)ng miJn tuyCn t,nh th4 V
u
?2.K tDc %=
u
R;K ; S
#R _K 2 S ?2
2K 2
?2K
k VR
U V V
k
VR k
+
=


Bi U2U92 Ch) m5ch in h4nh ?# EiCt V
um&T
] ?2.f u
?
] 2K'f u
2
] nKz'f
.u ] 2__'#
&# 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh V
u
th8) V
.
K u
?
K u
2
v .u#
*# Ch) V
.
] - _K2.K t,nh gi(i in 3p V
u
'hi .u th&y +i to _ 2__'# 3c Znh gi3
t1Z .u %Hn nhQt m EM00 vvn %m vic t1)ng miJn tuyCn t,nh#

+ E
- E
U v
U r
V R
R2
R1
+
X
?
X
ht
:
>

j4nh ?
Bi i?i
.4 dWng v) *7 M00 *lng _ nn t& c@=
u
u? ?
? 2
#
R.ubu bu S
U
U R =

? 2
u u?
?
R.ubu bu S
# U U
R
=
0& %5i c@ V
.
] V
>
] V
:
] V
u?
R*7 M00 %B tOngS d) @=
? 2 2
u
? ?
R.ubu bu S .ubu
# R? S#
V V
U U U
R R
= = +
*# Mhi .u ] _ th&y s t& c@=
u
nK z _
R? S#R _K 2 S _K z?
2K
k
U V V
k
+
= + =

Mhi .u ] 2__' t& c@=


u
nK z 2__ S
R? #R _K 2 S ?nK d;
2K
k k
U V V
k
+
= + =

.4 V
um&T
] ?2. nn 'hi .u th&y +i d(i in 3p V
u
to -_Kz?. Cn -?2.#
- *7 M00 vvn %m vic t1)ng miJn tuyCn t,nh th4 V
u
?2.K tDc %=
u
nK z
R? S#R _K 2 S ?2
2K
?n;K
k VR
U V V
k
VR k
+
= +


Bi U2UU2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh 2_#
EiCt V
um&T
] ?2.f

+ E
- E
U v
U r
V R
R2
R1
+
j4nh ?
U 1
U 2
U r
+ E
- E
R3
R4
R1
R2
+
j4nh 2_
U 1
U 2
U r
+ E
- E
R3
R4
R1
R2
+
:
>
X
2
X
?
j4nh 2?

& 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh V
u
th8) V
?
K V
2
K u
?
K u
2
K u
;
v u
d
#
*# EiCt u
?
] u
2
] uf u
;
] ;_'f u
d
] _'#
0,nh V
u
t1)ng c3c t1Gng hp s&u=
b V
?
] _Kdvf V
2
] _K2.#
b V
?
] ;.f V
2
] d.#
b V
?
] -;.f V
2
] -d.#
Bi i?i
Chn chiJu dWng in nh h4nh 2?#
0& c@=
?
?
?
2
2
2
p
P
U U
I
R
U U
I
R

=
.4 dWng v) *7 M00 % 1Qt nhq nn=
? 2
_ I I + =

? 2
? 2
_
P P
U U U U
R R

+ =
R?S
;
; d
#
R
"
U
U R
R R
=
+
R2S
{) V
:
] V
>
nn th&y R2S v) R?S t& c@=
? ; 2 ;
; d ; d
? 2
# #
_
R R
U U
U R U R
R R R R
R R

+ +
+ =

; d 2 ? ? 2
; ? 2 ? 2
# #
R S#R S
R
R R R U R U
U
R R R R R
+
= +
+ +
R;S
*# 0h&y s v) R;S t& c@=
? 2
? 2
_
R? SR S 2R S
;_ 2 2
R
U U
U U U = + + = +
b 01Gng hp V
?
] _Kdvf V
2
] _K2.#
2R_K d _K 2 S ?K z
R
U V V V = + =
b 01Gng hp V
?
] ;.f V
2
] d.#
2R; d S ?d
R
U V V V = + =
.4 V
um&T
] ?2. nn t& %Qy V
u
] ?2.#

X
?
X
2
>
:
X
ht
-E
U1
U2
Ur
+E
R4
R3
R1
R2
+
j4nh 2;
b 01Gng hp V
?
] -;.f V
2
] -d.#
2R ; d S ?d
R
U V V V = =
.4 V
um&T
] ?2. nn t& %Qy V
u
] -?2.#
Bi U2U82 Ch) m5ch in h4nh 22#
EiCt V
um&T
] ?2.f
& 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh V
u
th8) V
?
K V
2
K u
?
K u
2
K
u
;
#
*# Ch) *iCt t3c d[ng c9& u
d
v t4m gi3 t1Z ti u
c9& u
d
K *iCt u
?
] 2n'f u
2
] ?n'f
u
;
] ?n_'f
Bi i?i
&# Chn chiJu dWng in nh h4nh 2;
{) dWng v) *7 M00 % *lng _ nn t5i nt > t& c@=
? 2
_
ht
I I I + + =
h&y
? 2
? 2 ;
_
P P R P
U U U U U U
R R R

+ + =
.4 V
:
] V
>
] _.

? 2
;
? 2
R S
R
U U
U R
R R
= +
*# u
d
% in t1O * %ch _ c9& in 3p <u 1&K * %ch _ tt nhQt th4 gi3 t1Z u
d
%=
d ? 2 ;
K2 R R R R k = =
#
_
j4nh 22
U1
U2
Ur
+E
-E
R4
R3 R1
R2
+

Bi U2UX2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh 2d#
EiCt p ] ?n.f
&# 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh V
u
th8) V
?
K V
2
K u
?
K
u
2
K u
;
K u
d
#
*# 04m u
d
in 3p %ch 'hng O <u 1& *lng
'hngK *iCt u
?
] n'f u
2
] n'f u
;
] ;'#
Bi i?i
&# Chn chiJu dWng in nh h4nh 2n#
0& c@=
?
?
?
p
U U
I
R

=
2
2
2
P
U U
I
R

=
.4 dWng v) *7 M00 % 1Qt nhq nn=
? 2
_ I I + =

? 2
? 2
_
P P
U U U U
R R

+ =
R?S
.4 dWng v) *7 M00 % 1Qt nhq nn t& %5i c@=
?
U 1
U 2
U r
+ E
- E
R3
R4
R1
R2
+
j4nh 2d
U 1
U 2
U r
+ E
- E
R3
R4
R1
R2
+
:
>
X
2
X
?
j4nh 2n
;
; d
#
R
"
U
U R
R R
=
+
R2S
{) V
:
] V
>
nn th&y R2S v) R?S t& c@=
? ; 2 ;
; d ; d
? 2
# #
_
R R
U U
U R U R
R R R R
R R

+ +
+ =

; d 2 ? ? 2
; ? 2 ? 2
# #
R S#R S
R
R R R U R U
U
R R R R R
+
= +
+ +
*# in 3p %ch 'hng O <u 1& *lng 'hng th4 ph(i c@=
; d ? 2
; d ? 2
d

? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?
n n ;
R R R R
R R R R
R k k k
=
+ = +
= +


d
?n R k =
Bi U2UZ2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh 2z#
EiCt p ] ?2.f
&# 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh V
u
th8) V
?
K V
2
K V
;
K
u
?
K u
2
K u
;
K u
d
K u
n
#
*# |i( s *7 M00 c@ dWng dWK ch)
u
?
] ?_'K u
2
] ?_'K u
;
] 2_'K
u
n
] ?__'K 04m u
d
in 3p %ch 'hng O
<u 1& *lng 'hng# 0,nh V
u
vHi u
d
vo& t4m
cf *iCt V
?
] _K?.K V
2
] _K2.K V
;
] _K;. #
Bi i?i
&# Chn chiJu dWng in nh h4nh 2
05i : t& c@=
? 2 _
_
ht
I I I I

+ + = =


? 2
? 2 n
_
" " R "
U U U U U U
R R R

+ + =
R?S
2
- E
+ E
U3
U2
U1
R)
R3
Ur
+
R4
R2
R1
j4nh 2z
- E
+ E
U3
U2
U1
R)
R3
Ur
+
R4
R2
R1
X
?
X
2
X
ht
X
;
X
d
:
>
j4nh 2

05i >=
;
d
; d
#
P
U
U R
R R
=
+
R2S
0& %5i c@ V
:
] V
>
RE7 M00 % %B tOngS nn th&y R2S v) R?S t& c@=
d n n n
; 2 ?
; d ? 2 n 2 ?
# ? ? ?
# R S # #
R
R R R R
U U U U
R R R R R R R
= + +
+
*# in 3p %ch 'hng O <u 1& *lng 'hng th4 ph(i c@=
; d ? 2 n
; d ? 2 n
d

? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
?_ ?_ ?__ 2_
R R R R R
R R R R R
R k k k k
=
+ = + +
= + +


d
zK 2n R k =
#
0h&y s t& c@=
;
zK 2n#?__ ? ? ? ?__ ?__
_K ;# R S _K 2# _K?#
2_ zK 2n ?_ ?_ ?__ ?_ ?_
?K n #
R
R
U
U V
= + +
+
=
Bi U2U]2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh 2#
EiCt p ] ?2.K C ] 2K2K u
?
] ?_'K
u
2
] ?n'K u
;
] 2_'# E&n <u in 3p t1n t[ *lng _.#
&# 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh V
u
RtS th8) V
.?
K V
.2
K V
.;
#
*# Ch)

?
2
;
? )s2 #n_#t .f
2 )s2 #n_# f
; )s2 #n_t f
U /
U / t V
U / V

=
=
=
0,nh V
u
RtS t5i thGi im t ] nms#
Bi i?i
&# Chn chiJu dWng in nh h4nh 2
d
U v 1
U v 2
U v 3
+ E
- E
C
Ur
R3
R2
R1
+
j4nh 2
X
2
U v 1
U v 2
U v 3
+ E
- E
C
Ur
R3
R2
R1
+
X
?
X
;
X
ht
j4nh 2

05i c& () c9& *7 M00 t& c@=
? 2 ;
_
ht
I I I I + + + =
? 2 ;
? 2 ;
R S
_f
V " V " V " C
U U U U U U ! U
C
R R R !t

+ + + =
? 2 ;
? 2 ;
R S
_f
V " V " V " R "
U U U U U U ! U U
C
R R R !t

+ + + =
.4 *7 M00 % %B tOng nn V
:
] V
>
] _. Kd) @ t& c@=
? 2 ;
? 2 ;
R S
_f
V V V R
U U U ! U
C
R R R !t
+ + + =

? 2 ;
? 2 ; _ _ _
? ? ?
R S
t t t
R V V V
U t U !t U !t U !t
R C R C R C
=

? 2 ;
? 2 ;
sin?__ sin?__ sin?__
?__ # ?__ ?__
R
U t t t
R C R C R C


=
RS
*# 0h&y s c3c gi3 t1Z 6 ch) v) RS t& c@
R S _K?dsin 2 #n_ _K?sin 2 #n_ _K 2?sin 2 #n_ R S
R
U t t t t V =
05i thGi im t ] nms th&y v) t& c@=
R n S _K nd #
R
U t m4 V = =
Bi U2U2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh ;_# EiCt
V
um&T
] ?2.K C ] 2K2K u ] ?_'#
E&n <u in 3p t1n t[ *lng _.#
&# 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh V
u
RtS th8) V
.?
K
V
.2
#
*# Ch) V
.2
] _KnK V
.?
] - _Kn.f 0,nh V
u
RtS
t5i thGi im t ] ?ms#
c# 0inh v v` V
u
RtS 'hi t
Bi i?i
&# Chn chiJu dWng in nh h4nh ;?#
05i c& > t& c@=
2
2
_
_ R?S
C
V P P
I I
U U !U
C
R !t
=

=
05i c& : t& c@=
n
U v 1
U v 2
+ E
- E
C
C
Ur
R
R
+
j4nh ;_
U v 1
U v 2
+ E
- E
C
C
Ur
R
R
+
X
?
X
C
X
ht
X
2
j4nh ;?
?
?
_
R S
_ R2S
ht
V " R "
I I
U U ! U U
C
R !t
+ =

+ =
Qy phng t14nh R2S t1o i phng t14nh R?S v ch B V
:
] V
>
t& c@=
? 2
_
V V R
U U !U
C
R !t

+ =

2 ?
_
?
R S R S#
t
R V V
U t U U !t
RC
=

RS
*# 0h&y c3c gi3 t1Z 6 ch) v) RS t& c@=
_
?
R S R_K n _K nS
?_ #2K 2
R S dnK dn# R S RS
t
R
R
U t !t
k 9
U t t V

= +

- 05i thGi im t ] ?ms t& c@=


;
R ? S dnK dn#?_ _K _dndn R S
R
U t m4 V

= = =
c# CNn cD v) *iu thDc RS t& thQy 'hi t th4 V
u
cxng b# :hng in 3p 1& %Hn
nhQt chg % bV
um&T
] b?2.# }&u thGi im Rt ] t
?
S V
u
] bV
um&T
th4 V
u
'hng tNng nL&#
0& t4m t
?
*lng c3ch gi(i phng t14nh s&u=
? &T
?
R S
dnK dn# ?2
R Rm
U t U
t
= +
=


?
_#2z # t 4 =
- P thZ in 3p 1&=
z
V
u
t
b?2.
_K2zs
_
j4nh ;2

Bi U2U2 Ch) m5ch in d&) 7ng ; mAt
uC h4nh ;;# u ] ?'K C ] ?_d# Mhi m5ch
h)5t 7ng O chC 7 T3c %Fp=
&#.` d5ng in 3p 1&#
*# 0,nh u
?
K u
:
K t<n s c9& in 3p V
u
#
Bi i?i
&# e5ch d&) 7ng ; mAt uC ch) 1& t,n hiu sinK d5ng in 3p nh s&u
*# .4 c& () c9& EM00 % im Qt () nn u
?
% in t1O thD ; c9& *& mAt uC d)
@=
R
.
= R = .k.
:g)i 1& u
?
cWn th&m gi& v) m5ch 'huCch 5i#
.4 m5ch d&) 7ng 'hi ; mAt uC c@ M
ht
] ?2K m5ch c@ th d&) 7ng O chC 7
T3c %Fp ph(i th)( m6n iJu 'in c$n *lng *in 7=
?
ht
K K =

- E
+ E
U r
C C C
+
RN
R R
R1
j4nh ;;
V
u
RtS
t
_
j4nh ;d
V
u
RtS
t
_
j4nh ;z
?
?
# ?
2
"
R
R
=
R
"
= -:R
.
= -:k.
0,nh t<n s=
dd
;
? ?
zn_ #
2 z 2 z#?_ #?_
( ;<
RC

= = =
Bi U2U2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh ;n# u ] ?_'K u
:
] n_'K C ] ?_n ?__n# Mhi
m5ch h)5t 7ng O chC 7 T3c %Fp=
&#.` d5ng in 3p 1&#
*# 0,nh u
?
K {(i t<n c9& in 3p V
u
'hi t[ C th&y +i t1)ng 'h)(ng 6 ch)#
c# |i(i th,ch t3c d[ng c9& *7 M00 ni giL& 'h$u hPi tiCp v 'h$u 'huCch 5i#
Bi i?i
&# e5ch in % m5ch d&) 7ng iJu h) nn d5ng in 3p 1& % h4nh sin Rh4nh ;zS#
*# .4 m5ch d&) 7ng ; mAt uC c@ h s hPi tiCp M
ht
] ?2K nn m5ch d&) 7ng O
chC 7 T3c %Fp th4 'h$u 'huCch 5i ph(i c@ h s 'huCch 5i M ] 2 R.4 yu c<u
m5ch d&) 7ng O chC 7 T3c %Fp ph(i c@ M#M
ht
] ?S
?
?
n_
2 2_ #
2 2
" "
R R k
K R k
R

= = = = =

U r
+ E
- E
+ E
- E
+
+
R1
RN
C C C
R R R
j4nh ;n
U r
+ E
- E
P
R
R
C
C
+
R2
R1
j4nh ;

- e5ch c@ t<n s d&) 7ng c t,nh th8) cng thDc=
?
2 z
(
RC
=
RS
0h&y c3c gi3 t1Z 6 ch) v) RS t& c@=
min
;
&T
;
?
zn #
2 z#?_#?_ #?__#?_
?
zn_ #
2 z#?_#?_ #?_#?_
m
( ;<
( ;<

= =
= =
- .Fy 'hi C th&y +i t1)ng 'h)(ng 6 ch) th4 d(i t<n c9& V
u
th&y +i t1)ng 'h)(ng to
znji Cn zn_ji#
c# j s t1uyJn 5t v g@c dZch ph& c9& ; mAt uC c t,nh 'hi hO m5ch t(i# Mhi ni
t1!c tiCp ; mAt uC v) 'h$u 'huCch 5i tDc % 'h$u hPi tiCp c@ t(i % t1O 'h3ng v) c9&
'h$u 'huCch 5iK d) @ n@ s` %m ch) M
ht
v
ht
*Z s&i %ch# 'hAc ph[c h&i iJu ny
ngGi t& mAc thm *7 m v) giL& h&i 'h$u %i d[ng t1O 'h3ng v) R
.
] S v
t1O 'h3ng 1& R
u
]_S %B tOng c9& *7 M00K d) @ 'h$u 'huCch 5i v 'h$u hPi tiCp
'hng (nh hOng %vn nh&u#
Bi U2U:2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh ;# u ] ?_'K u
2
] ?__'K C ] ?_n ?__n# Mhi
m5ch h)5t 7ng O chC 7 T3c %Fp=
&# 0,nh d(i t<n c9& in 3p V
u
'hi t[ C th&y +i t1)ng 'h)(ng 6 ch)#
*# 0,nh u
?
#
Bi i?i
&# $y % m5ch d&) 7ng c<u .inK 'hi O chC 7 T3c %Fp m5ch ch) 1& in 3p c@ t<n s=
?
2
(
RC
=
RS
0h&y c3c gi3 t1Z 6 ch) v) RS t& c@=

min
;
&T
;
?
?n #
2 #?_#?_ #?__#?_
?
?n2 #
2 #?_#?_ #?_#?_
m
( ;<
( ;<

= =
= =
*# e5ch d&) 7ng c<u .in c@ h s hPi tiCp M
ht
] ?;K d) iJu 'in c9& m5ch d&)
7ng O chC 7 T3c %Fp % M#M
ht
] ?K nn M ] ;# t $y 'h$u 'huCch 5i % 'huCch 5i
thuFn nn t& c@=
2 2
?
?
? ; n_ #
2
R R
K R k
R
= + = = =
Bi U2892 Ch) m5ch d&) 7ng iJu h) h4nh ;# u
?
] u
2
] u
;
] ?K2'# j s phm
chQt c9& 'hung c7ng hOng ] ?__# 0<n s c7ng hOng ^
ch
] ?__'ji#
&# 04m iJu 'in u
t
c9& 'hung c7ng hOng K C m5ch d&) 7ng O chC 7 T3c %Fp#
*# 0,nh gi3 t1Z K C v in t1O thu<n 1 c9& cu7n c(m#
Bi i?i
&# e5ch d&) 7ng gPm h&i 'h$u
Mh$u 'huCch 5i *&) gPm u
?
K u
2
v *7 M00#
Mh$u hPi tiCp dng gPm u
;
v 'hung K C#
Mh$u 'huCch 5i c@ h s 'huCch 5i=
2
?
? 2
R
K
R
= + =
#
Mh$u hPi tiCp dng c@ h s hPi tiCp=
;
t!
ht
t!
R
K
R R
=
+
#
t $y u
t
% t1O 'h3ng c9& 'hung K C t5i t<n s c7ng hOng#
m5ch d&) 7ng T3c %Fp th4 iJu 'in K.K
ht
= . ph(i th)( m6n nn t& c@=
2
? ;
# R? S#R S ?
t!
ht
t!
R R
K K
R R R
= + =
+
?__
U r
+ E
- E
C
"
R3
+
R2
R1
j4nh ;

;
;
?
2
?K 2 #
t!
t!
t!
R
R R
R R k
=
+
= =
*# 0& c@ t1O 'h3ng c9& 'hung C=

?
R S#
?
) C
r j )
j C
Z
r j )
j C

+
=
+ +
Rr % in t1O thu<n c9& cu7n c(mS
.4 1 1Qt nhq nn=

?
#
? ?
R S R S
) C
)
j )
j C
C
Z
r j ) r j )
C C



=
+ +
05i t<n s c7ng hOng
?
2
/h
(
)C
=
K tDc %
?
_ )
C

=
ngGi t& gi t1O 'h3ng c9&
'hung C % u
t
=
t! /h
)
C
R Z
r
= =
R?S
j s phm chQt c Znh nghc& *Oi cng thDc=
)
C
,
r
=
R2S
0o R?S v R2S t& c@=
#
t!
)
R ,
C
= R&S
. c@=
?
2
/h
(
)C
=
R*S
0h&y s v gi(i h h&i phng t14nh R&S v R*S c@ 'Ct 2u(
C = _K?;9.
) = ?;.
- 0h&y c3c gi3 t1Z t,nh c v) R2S t4m c 1=
?
_K?;
_K?2
?__
;
)
9
C
r
,

= = =
#
?_?
Bi U28U2 Ch) m5ch in d&) 7ng iJu h) ghUp C h4nh ;# EiCt ] ?njK
C ] _K22K h s phm chQt c9& m5ch c7ng hOng ] ?__# Ch) u
E
1
*8
]2Kn'K
h s 'huCch 5i dWng ] ?__#
&# 3c Znh tg s *iCn 3p n ]
2

?
m5ch c@ th d&) 7ng c#
*# 0,nh t<n s d&) 7ng c9& m5ch#
Bi i?i
&# $y % m5ch d&) 7ng ghUp *iCn 3pK c@ th d&) 7ng c m5ch ph(i th)( m6n
iJu 'in c$n *lng ph& R
2 K ?K 2K ;#####
ht
K K
n n + = =
S v c$n *lng *in 7 R
# ?
ht
K K =
S#
- .4 m5ch 'huCch 5i mAc pC nn in 3p 1& 2u&y ph& ?_
_
s) vHi in 3p v)# in 3p
1& c(m Dng 2u& *in 3p & t,n hiu 2u& vJ d<u v)# {) h&i cu7n c9& *iCn 3p 2uQn
ngc chiJu nn in 3p hPi tiCp 2u&y ph& ?_
_
s) vHi in 3p 1&K d) @ t+ng dZch ph&
c9& m5ch 'huCch 5i v m5ch hPi tiCp th)( m6n iJu 'in ph&#
- m5ch c@ th d&) 7ng c t& TUt iJu 'in c$n *lng *in 7#
01O 'h3ng v) c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i c ph(n 3nh 2u& *iCn 3p %
p&
=
2 2
? ?
#R S #
p+ 1e B 1e
Z r R r
n n
= ;
- 05i t<n s d&) 7ng 'hung c7ng hOng c@ t1O 'h3ng=
z
z
?n#?_
?__ 2n #
_K 22#?_
t!
)
R ,
C

= = =
j s 'huCch 5i=
R S
t! p+
K S R Z =
j s hP tiCp=
?_2
W 1
W 2
Ucc
RE
" C
CE
CB
RB
Q
j4nh ;

ht
K n =
m5ch c@ th d&) 7ng O chC 7 T3c %Fp t& c@ phng t14nh=
# ?
ht
K K =
;+=
2
2
2 2 2
# R S ?
2n#
# R S ?
2n
2n 2n#?_ 2n#?_ _
t! p+
1e
1e
1e
n S R Z
r
n
n
r
r
n
n n

=
=
+
+ =

|i(i phng t14nh t& c@ 2 nghim= n
.
= 050>5 n
-
= .00. Chg c@ n
?
] _K_; % th)( m6n#
.4 vHi m5ch d&) 7ng ghUp *iCn 3p thGng *iCn 3p c ghUp %qngK tDc % n r ?#
.Fy vHi h s *iCn 3p % n ] _K_; th4 m5ch c@ th d&) 7ng O chC 7 T3c %Fp#
*# e5ch ph3t sinh d&) 7ng t5i t<n s c7ng hOng c9& 'hung C
dd
? ?
K znz #
2 2 ?n j#_K22
( k;<
)C
= = =

Bi U2882 Ch) m5ch in & hi t! d&) 7ng h4nh d_# EiCt V
um&T
] ?2.K
u
?
] u
2
] n_'K u ] ?_'K .u ] ?_'K
C ] 2K2f
&# .` d5ng in 3p V
u
v in 3p t5i >K :#
*# 0,nh gi(i t<n c9& V
u
'hi .u th&y +i#
Bi i?i
&# {5ng in 3p t1n h4nh d?#
*# .4 u
?
] u
2
nn t& c@=
dd
?
2K 2R S#
(
R VR C
=
+
0h&y s v) t& c@ d(i t<n c9& t,n hiu 1& th&y +i t1)ng 'h)(ng=
?_;
+ E
U r
N
P
C VR
R
R2
R1
+
- p
j4nh d_
V
:
bz.
_
- z.
V
>

bz.

_

-z.
-V
1m&T
bV
1m&T
t
t
t
V
1&

b?2.

_

-?2.
j4nh d?
min
; ; z
&T
; z
?
?_; #
2K 2#R?_#?_ ?_#?_ S#_K 22#?_
?
2_z #
2K 2R?_#?_ _S#_K 22#?_
m
( ;<
( ;<

= =
+
= =
+
Bi U28X2 Ch) m5ch in & hi t!
d&) 7ng h4nh d2#
Ch) bp ] ?2.K u
;
] ?_'K u
2
th&y
+i to n' Cn ?n'f
C
?
] C
2
] C ] 2#
EiCt u
2
K u
;
u
?
K u
d
#
&# 0,nh t
T?
#
*# 0,nh 'h)(ng th&y +i t
T2
v t<n s
^ c9& m5ch#
Bi i?i
&# 0h8) cng thDc t& c@=
; z 2
? ; 2 ;
%n 2 _K _K #?_#?_ #2#?_ ?K d#?_ #
x
t R C R C 4

= = = =
*# Mhi u
2
th&y +i th4 t
T2
s` th&y +i t1)ng 'h)(ng=
?_d
V
1&2
V
1&?
+E
C
u
?
u
2
u
;
u
d
C
2
C
?
0
?
0
2
j4nh d2
V
v)
V
1&
0
1&
t
U
+12V
+6V
0
-6V
-12V
j4nh dd

; z 2
2 min 2min
; z 2
2 &T 2 &T
# %n 2 n#?_ #2#?_ #_K _K #?_ #
# %n 2 ?n#?_ #2#?_ #_K 2K?#?_ #
x
x m m
t R C 4
t R C 4


= = =
= = =
Mhi u
2
th&y +i t& c@ t<n s c9& m5ch th&y +i t1)ng 'h)(ng=
min 2 2
&T ? 2 &T
&T
2 2
min ? 2min
? ? ?
2K n #
?K d#?_ 2K?#?_
? ? ?
dK z #
?K d#?_ _K #?_
m x x m
m
x x
( ;<
T t t
( ;<
T t t


= = = =
+ +
= = = =
+ +
Bi U28Z2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh d;# EiCt
V
um&T
] ?2.f ch) u
?
] u
2
K z 2 sin?__
$
? t = #
&# .` d5ng in 3p v) v 1& t1n cng m7t P thZ#
*# 04m thGi gi&n t m5ch %Ft t15ng th3i %<n <u
tin#
Bi i?i
&# {5ng d5ng in 3p v) v 1& h4nh dd#
*# t4m 'h)(ng thGi gi&n %Ft t13ng th3i %<n <u tin to mc t)5 7 t& gi(i phng
t14nh s&u=
z 2 sin?__ z
?
sin?__ sin
d
2
2K n #
t
t
t m4

=
= =
=
?_n
+ E
- E
Uv
Ur
R2
R1
+
j4nh d;
U v
U r
R
D2 D1
+
E2
+
E1
j4nh dn
V
bz.
_
-z.
t

V
.
V
u
j4nh dz
V
u
bz.
_
-z.

-z.
bz.
V
.
j4nh d
Bi U28]2 Ch) m5ch h5n *in h4nh dn# Ch) p
?
] p
2
] z.K {it % %B tOng#
&# |i(i th,ch h)5t 7ng c9& m5ch#
*# Ch) z 2 sin
$
? t = K .` d5ng V
.
K V
u
# .` Ic tuyCn t1uyJn 5t c9& m5ch#
Bi i?i
&# :guyn %B h)5t 7ng c9& m5ch=
- Mhi V
.
r p
?
th4 {
?
thngK {
2
tAt nn V
u
] p
?
#
- Mhi V
.
p
2
th4 {
2
thngK {
?
tAt nn V
u
] p
2
#
- Mhi p
?
V
.
p
2
th4 {
?
v {
2
Ju tAt nn V
u
] V
.
#
*# {5ng in 3p v) v 1& h4nh dz#
- Ic tuyCn t1uyJn 5t c9& m5ch=
?_z

Bi U282 Ch) t,n hiu iJu *in c@ h s iJu chC m ] n_kK t<n s tin tDc ^
s
] ?_'jiK
s@ng m&ng c@ *in 7 ?_m. v t<n s ^
t
] ?eji#
&# .iCt *iu thDc t,n hiu iJu *in#
*# 0,nh v v` ph+ c9& t,n hiu iJu *in#
c# 0,n hiu t1n c t17n t<n v 'huCch 5i vHi h s 'huCch 5i n__ %<nK t<n s ng)5i
s&i % ^
ns
] ?dnn'ji# .iCt *iu thDc s&u t17n t<n R %Qy t<n s hiu S #
Bi i?i
&# Eiu thDc iJu *in
h
d* s t
R? # )s S# )s
t
U U m/ t / t = +
0h&y s t& c@=
; d z
?_#?_ R? _K n )s2 #?_ S )s2 ?_
!1
U / t / t

= +
RS
*# 0,nh v v` ph+
0& t1in 'h&i *iu thDc RS=
; ;
; z z d z d
?_#?_ #_K n ?_#?_ #_K n
?_#?_ )s2 ?_ )s2 R?_ -?_ St b )s2 R?_ b?_ St
2 2
!1
U / t / /

= +
:h vFy t& thQy ph+ c9& t,n hiu iJu *in t1n c@ ; thnh ph<n Rh4nh ?#dS
b 0hng ph<n s@ng m&ng ^
t
] ?eji c@ *in 7 % ?_m.#
b Ein t<n dHi c@ t<n s ^
d
] _'jiK *in 7 % 2Knm.#
b Ein t<n t1n c@ t<n s ^
t1
] ?_?_'jiK *in 7 % 2Knm.#
?_
^R'jiS
_ ?___ ?_?_
_
m.

?_


2Kn


_
j4nh d
c# Eiu thDc s&u t17n t<n
; d ; z
d ;
tt
n__#?_#?_ R? _K n# )s2 ?_ S# )s2 R?dnn#?_ -?_ St
nR? _K n# )s2 ?_ S# )s2 #dnn#?_ R S
tt
U / t /
U / t / t V

= +
= +
Bi U282 0c 7 %Qy mvu c9& c& C{ % ddK?'ji# } *,t dng ch) mi mvu % *,t#
&# 3c Znh t<n s c&) nhQt c9& t,n hiu $m th&nh c@ th 'hi ph[c t1ung th!c#
*# 3c Znh s mDc c!c 5i c@ th c m6 h)3#
c# 3c Znh thGi gi&n chuyn +i ti & c9& *7 chuyn +i { v t<n s Tung Png hP#
d# 3c Znh 7 17ng c9& m7t *,t t1)ng t1Gng hp <u 1& % ni tiCp#
Bi i?i
&# 0<n s %Qy mvu th8) %B thuyCt c@ th 'hi ph[c t1ung th!c=
&T
2#
m thm
( (

&T
ddK?
22K _n
2 2
m
thm
( k;<
( k;< = =
- 0h!c tC th4 t<n s %Hn nhQt c9& $m th&nh m c)n ngGi c@ th ngh8 % 2_'ji#
*# } mDc c!c 5i c@ th c m6 h)3
} mDc ] 2
:
] 2

] 2nz RmDcS#
- 01)ng @ : % s *,t c9& t,n hiu s
c# 0hGi gi&n chuyn +i ti & c9& *7 {
? ?
22K z #
ddK?
/!
m
t T 4
( k;<
= = = =
0<n s Tung Png hP
b :Cu <u 1& % ni tiCp=
# #ddK? ;n2K #
!h m
( " ( k;< k;< = = =
b :Cu <u 1& % s)ng s)ng=
ddK? #
!h m
( ( k;< = =
d# 01)ng thGi gi&n chuyn +i Tung Png hP ph(i t5) 1& c *,t nn 7 17ng c9&
m7t *,t s` %=
22K z
2K ; #

x1t
T 4
t 4

= = =
?_
^R'jiS
_ ?___ ?_?_
_

Bi U282 E7 Chuyn +i { *,t c@ in 3p v) %Hn nhQt ch) phUpRin 3p t)n
th&ngS % ?_.# j6y T3c Znh s mDc c!c 5i c@ th c m6 h)3 v gi3 t1Z mDc %ng
t #
Bi i?i
} mDc c!c 5i c@ th m6 h)3 ] 2
:
] 2

]2nzR*HcS#
|i3 t1Z mDc %ng t=
m&T m&T
:
?_
_K _; #
2 ? 2nn 2nn
U U V
, V = = = =

Bi U28:2 e5ch in *iCn +i { th8) phng ph3p th&ng in t1O h4nh d#


Ch) u ] _'K u
:
] ?_'K V
ch
] n.# } *,t c9& t,n hiu s % d *,t R:]dS#
&# 3c Znh in 3p 1& %Hn nhQt Rin 3p t)n th&ngS#
*# 0,nh in 3p 1& tng Dng ch) c3c t,n hiu s= ___?f __?_f ?___f ?__?#
Bi i?i
&# 0o m5ch in t& c@=
; 2 ? _
# #
# " ht "
U R I R I I I I = = + + +
; 2 ? ?
; 2 ? _
#R S
d 2
#
R d 2 S
/h /h /h /h
# "
" /h
#
U U U U
U R 1 1 1 1
R R R R
R U
U 1 1 1 1
R
= + + +
= + + +
- in 3p 1& %Hn nhQt 'hi tQt c( c3c *,t Ju *lng ?K th&y s t& c@=
?_
b
V
ch
2
2
X
?
X
:-?
2
:
2
?
u
:
V
e

b
X
_
?
2
"
R

2
u
u
M
0,n hiu s iJu 'hin
j4nh d
X
ht
*+
*1
*2
*3
Uc
R3
R2
R1
R+
RN
Rc
U'
j4nh n_
;
&T ;
?_#?_ #n
R d 2 ?S K ;n #
_#?_
#m
V
U V = + + + =
*# - in 3p 1& tng Dng t,n hiu s= ___? R*
;
K *
2
K *
?
] _f *
_
] ?S
;
___? ;
?_#?_ #n
R_ _ _ ?S _K z2 #
_#?_
#
V
U V = + + + =
- .Hi t,n hiu __?_R*
;
] _K *
2
] _K *
?
] ?f *
_
] _S
;
__?_ ;
?_#?_ #n
R_ _ 2 _S ?K 2n #
_#?_
#
V
U V = + + + =
- .Hi t,n hiu ?___ R*
;
] ?K *
2
] _K *
?
] _f *
_
] _S
;
?___ ;
?_#?_ #n
R _ _ _S n #
_#?_
#
V
U V = + + + =
- .Hi t,n hiu ?__? R*
;
] ?K *
2
] _K *
?
] _f *
_
] ?S
;
?__? ;
?_#?_ #n
R _ _ ?S nK z2 #
_#?_
#
V
U V = + + + =
Bi U2X92 Ch) e5ch in *iCn +i s tng t! d *,t nh h4nh n_# EiCt
u
_
] 2u
?
] du
2
] u
;
] _'K V
ch
] n.f
&# 3c Znh u
:
V
e
%Hn nhQtRin 3p t)n th&ngS % ?_.#
*#.Hi gi3 t1Z u
:
vo& t4m c h6y t,nh V
e
tng Dng vHi c3c t,n hiu s s&u= ___?K
__?_K _?_?K ?___#
Bi i?i
&# 0o m5ch in t& c@=
??_
X
_
2 2 2

b
V
e
u
ht
i
:-?
i
:-2
i
?
i
_
u u 2u
2u
2u u
X
_
X
_
X
_
M
0,n hiu
iJu 'hin
j4nh n?

; 2 ? _
; 2 ? _
; 2 ? _
_ _ _ _
; 2 ? _
_
R # # # # S
? ? ? ?
R# # d# # 2# # S
R d 2 S RS
/h /h /h /h
# "
# " /h
" /h
#
U U U U
U R 1 1 1 1
R R R R
U R U 1 1 1 1
R R R R
R U
U 1 1 1 1
R
= + + +
= + + +

= + + +
V
e
%Hn nhQt 'hi tQt c( d *,t Ju *lng ?=
&T
_
R#? d#? 2#? ?S
" /h
#m
R U
U
R

= + + +
0h&y s t& c@=
n
?_ R#? d#? 2#? ?S
_
n
?_ R?nS
_
_#?_
?_K z #
n#?n
"
"
"
R V
V
k
R
k
R k

= + + +

= =
*# 0o RS t& c@=
- .Hi ___?=
___?
___?
?_K z #n
R_#? _#? _#? ?#?S
_
_K z #
#
#
k V
U
k
U V

= + + +

=
- .Hi __?_=
__?_
__?_
?_K z #n
R#_ d#_ 2#? ?#_S
_
?K ;; #
#
#
k V
U
k
U V

= + + +

=
- .Hi _?_?=
_?_?
_?_?
?_K z #n
R#_ d#? 2#_ ?#?S
_
;K ;; #
#
#
k V
U
k
U V

= + + +

=
- .Hi ?___=
?___
?___
?_K z #n
R#? d#_ 2#_ ?#_S
_
nK ;; #
#
#
k V
U
k
U V

= + + +

=
Bi U2XU2 Ch) m5ch in *iCn +i { th8) phng ph3p m5ng in t1O nh h4nh n?#
0,n hiu s % d*,tK nguPn dWng c@ gi3 t1Z X
_
] ?mK u
:
] n'# 3c Znh gi3 t1Z V
e
%Hn
nhQt v V
}E
#
???
Bi i?i
3c Znh V
em&T
=
0o m5ch in t& thQy 1lng= X
_
] i
;
] 2i
2
] di
?
] i
_
#
0& c@=
; ; 2 2 ? ? _ _
#
#R S
# " ht
# "
U R I
U R 1 1 1 1
=
= + + +
V
e
% %Hn nhQt 'hi tQt c( c3c *,t Ju *lng ?=
&T ; 2 ? _ _
&T
? ? ?
#R S # R? S
2 d
?n
n #? R S K ;n #

#m " "
#m
U R R I
U k m% V
= + + + = + + +
= =
b |i3 t1Z V
}E
Dng vHi t,n hiu s ___?=
; 2 ? _
#R_# _# _# ?# S
? #
n # _K z2n #

)SB "
)SB
U R
m%
U k V
= + + +
= =
Bi U2X82 Ch) m5ch +n 3p nh h4nh n2# u
?
] ;;_K X
{min
] nmK X
{m&T
] ?nmK
V
{
] n.#
&# 0,nh 'h)(ng *iCn +i c9& V
.
V
u
vvn +n ZnhK t,nh t+n h&) cng suQt %Hn nhQt t1n
u
?
'hi hO t(i Ru
t
] S vHi V
.m&T
#
*# 0,nh 'h)(ng *iCn +i c9& V
.
V
u
vvn +n Znh v t,nh t+n h&) cng suQt %Hn nhQt
t1n u
?
'hi u
t
] ?' vHi V
.m&T
#
??2
U r
I R
I D
I t
Uv
Rt
DZ
R
j4nh n2
u
?

Bi i?i
&# Mhi hO t(i Ru
t
] S t& c@=
?
#
n ;;_#
V R D
V D
U U I R
U V I
= +
= +
- Mhi X
{
] X
{min
] nm
;
min
n ;;_#n#?_ zK zn #
V
U V V

= + =
- Mhi X
{
] X
{m&T
] ?nm
;
&T
n ;;_#?n#?_ K n #
Vm
U V V

= + =
- :h vFy 'hi hO m5ch zKzn. V
.
Kn. th4 V
u
vvn +n Znh#
- Cng suQt t+n h&) %Hn nhQt t1n u
?
%=
&T m&T &T &T
# RK n n S# d#n #?n _K _#
Rm R Rm Dm
P U I V V I V m% = = = =
*# Mhi u
t
] ?' t& c@=
?
R S#
n ;;_#R S
n
n ;;_#R S
?
V R t D
R
V D
t
V D
U U I I R
U
U V I
R
V
U V I
k
= + +
= + +
= + +

- Mhi X
{
] X
{min
] nm
n
n ;;_#R n S K ; #
?
V
V
U V m% V
k
= + + =

- Mhi X
{
] X
{m&T
] ?nm
n
n ;;_#R ?n S ??K z #
?
V
V
U V m% V
k
= + + =

- :h vFy 'hi u
t
] ?' th4 K;. V
.
??Kz. th4 V
u
vvn +n Znh#
- Cng suQt t+n h&) %Hn nhQt t1n u
?
%=
&T m&T &T &T
n
# R??K z n S#R S zK z #R?n S]_K?;#
?
Rm R Rm Dm t
V
P U I V V I I V m%
k
= = + = +

Bi U2XX2 Ch) m5ch in +n 3p s)ng s)ng h4nh n;# EiCt u


?
] ?_K V
{
] dKd.K
01&niit)1 c@ ] d_K u
t
] ?__K dWng X
{m&T
] ?_m#
&# 3c Znh in 3p V
u
#
*#0,nh V
.m&T
K cng suQt chZu !ng %Hn nhQt c9& u
?
#
??;
U r
Uv
Rt
D#
R1
Q
j4nh n;
U r
I t
I D
I c
I R 1
Uv
Rt
D#
R1
Q
j4nh nd
Bi i?i
&# Chn chiJu dWng in nh h4nh nd
0o s P m5ch in t& c@=
dK d _K z n #
R D BE
U U U V V V = + = + =

*#
? &T &T &T &T &T
n
?_ d_#?_
?__
_K dz #
R
R m t Dm Cm Dm Dm
t
U
I I I I I I
R
V
m% m%
%
= + + = + +
= + +

=
&T ? ? &T
# n ?_#_K dz K z #
Vm R R m
U U R I V V V = + = + =
Cng suQt chZu !ng %Hn nhQt c9& u
?
&T ? ? &T
# dK z #_K dz 2K??#
Rm R R m
P U I V % = = =
Bi U2XZ2 Ch) m5ch in +n 3p h4nh nn# EiCt V
.
] ?z.K u
?
b u
2
] 2'K V
u
*iCn thin
to . Cn ?2.K V
{
] n.K V
Ep?
] V
Ep2
] _Kz.#
??d

&# 0,nh u
2
'hi V
u
] . v 'hi V
u
] ?2.#
*# 0,nh u
;
dWng 2u& t(i % 2__mK 'hi V
u
] ?2.K *iCt 'hi @ X
{
] ;m v
?
c@
] #
c# 0,nh cng suQt t+n h&) t1n
?
t1)ng c$u *#
Bi i?i
&# .4 dWng X
E2
1Qt nhq nn t& c)i X
u?
] X
u2
to m5ch in t& c@=
2 2 2
? 2
# n _K z nK z
R
R D BE
U
U R U U V V V
R R
= = + = + =
+

? 2
2
nK z #R S
R
V R R
R
U
+
=
- Mhi V
u
] .=
2
nK z #2
?K d

V k
R k
V

= =
#
- Mhi V
u
] ?2.=
2
nK z #2
;;
?2
V k
R
V

= =
#
*# 0,nh u
;
?
?
2__
2 #
? ? ?
t E
B
I I m%
I m%

= = = =
+ + +
0& c@ I
C-
I
E-
=I
DZ
= >m%#
I
R>
= I
B.
0 I
C-
= >m% 0 -m% =@m%.

? ?
;
; ;
R S ?z R_K z ?2 S
z_
n
V B V BE R
R R
U U U U U V V V
R
I I m%
+ +
= = = =
#
c# Cng suQt t+n h&) t1n
?
=
??n
U v
I t
U r
R3
D#
Q2
R2
R1
Rt
Q1
j4nh nn
U r
I B 1
I E
R3
R2
R1
Uv
Rt
Q1
D#
+
j4nh nz
R S# R?z ?2 S#2__ _K#
, V R t
P U U I V V m% = = =
Bi U2X]2 Ch) m5ch in +n 3p nh h4nh nz# Ch) V
.
] ?2.K u
?
] ?'K u
2
] n__K V
{
] n.K dWng 1& c!c 5i c9& *7 M00 % nmK
?
c@ ] #
&# 0,nh in 3p 1& t1n t(i#
*# 0,nh dWng c!c 5i 2u& t(i v cng suQt tiu t3n t1n #
Bi i?i
&# 0,nh in 3p 1& t1n t(i
?
? 2
#
R
" P D
U
R U U U
R R
= = =
+
#

? 2
?
? n__
R S# #n K n
?
R D
R R k
U U V V
R k
+ +
= = =

#
*# 0,nh dWng c!c 5i 2u& t(i v cng suQt tiu t3n t1n #
- {Wng X
E?m&T
ch,nh *lng dWng 1& c!c 5i c9& *7 M00
{) @ dWng c!c 5i 2u& t(i s` %=
&T ? ?
R ?S# R ?S#n _K n
tm E, B,
I I I m% % = = + = + =
#
- Cng suQt tiu h&) t1n
?
%=
?
#R S _K n #R?2 K n S 2K 2n
, t V R
P I U U % V V = = =
#
??z

PH@N III BI TP T GILI
Bi 82U2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh n# V
CC
] b?2.f uc ] 2K'f u
p
] ?K2'f
u
?
] 2_'f u
2
] z'f u
t
] 'f ] # EiCt V
Ep_
O chC d7 % _Kz.f
&# .` s P tng ng T)&y chiJu c9& m5ch in#
*# 3c Znh chC 7 dWng in v in 3p m7t chiJu t1n c3c c!c c9& 01&niit)# .`
Gng t(i m7t chiJu v T3c Znh im %m vic

#
c# 3c Znh t(i m7t chiJu v T)&y chiJu c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i#
d# 3c Znh c3c th&m s
.
K
u
K M
V
K M
X
c9& m5ch#
8# :u t3c d[ng c9& t[ C
p
:Cu *q t[ C
p
th4 h s 'huCch 5i M
V
s` th&y + nh thC
n)
??
+
CE
+
Cv
Rt
+
Cr
Uv
+12V
RE
R2
R1
Rc
u
p
C
p
bV
cc
j4nh n
+
Cv
+
Cr
Uv
+12V
Rt
RE
u
E
j4nh n
Bi 8282 Ch) m5ch in h4nh n# EiCt V
CC
] b?2.f u
E
] 2__'f u
p
] 2K2'f
u
t
] nKz'f ch) V
Ep_
O chC 7 % _Kz.f ] #
&#.` s P tng ng T)&y chiJu c9& m5ch in#
*# 3c Znh c3c gi3 t1Z dWng in v in 3p m7t chiJu t1n c3c c!c c9& 01&niit)# .`
Gng t(i m7t chiJu v T3c Znh im %m vic

#
c# 3c Znh t(i m7t chiJu v T)&y chiJu c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i#
d# 3c Znh c3c th&m s
.
K
u
K M
V
K M
X
c9& m5ch#
Bi 82X2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh n# V
CC
] b?2.f uc ] 2'f u
?
] ?__'f ] # EiCt
V
Ep_
O chC d7 % _Kz.f
&# .` s P tng ng T)&y chiJu c9& m5ch in#
*# 3c Znh chC 7 dWng in v in 3p m7t chiJu t1n c3c c!c c9& 01&niit)# .`
Gng t(i m7t chiJu v T3c Znh im %m vic

#
d# 3c Znh c3c th&m s
.
K
u
K M
V
K M
X
#
Bi 82Z2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh z_# V
CC
] b?2.f uc
?
] 2'f u
p?
] ?'f u
E
] 2n_'f u
C2
] 2K'f u
p2
] ?K2'f u
?
] 2_'f u
2
] z'f u
t
] 'f
?
]
2
] # EiCt V
Ep_
O chC
d7 % _Kz.f
&# .` s P tng ng T)&y chiJu c9& m5ch in#
*# 3c Znh c3c gi3 t1Z dWng in v in 3p m7t chiJu t1n c3c c!c c9&
?
v
2
#
c# 3c Znh c3c th&m s
.
K
u
K M
V
c9& m5ch#
d# :Cu u
2
*Z Dt th4 h s 'huCch 5i M
V
s` th&y + nh thC n)
??
Uv
+Ucc
Ur
+
Cr
+
Cv
R2
R1
Rc
j4nh n
Uv
+Ucc
R2
R1
+
CE2 RE2
Rt
+
Cr
Rc2
Q2
+
Cn
+
CE1
RE1
+
RB Rc1
Q1
j4nh z_

Bi 82]2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh z?# V
CC
] b?2.f uc
?
] 2'f u
p?
] ?'f u
p2
] ?K2'f u
C2
] ?Kn'f u
E
] 2n_'f u
t
] d'f
?
]
2
] # EiCt V
Ep_
O chC d7 % _Kz.f
&# 3c Znh c3c gi3 t1Z dWng in v in 3p m7t chiJu t1n c3c c!c c9&
?
v
2
#
*# 3c Znh c3c th&m s
.
K
u
K M
V
c9& m5ch#

Bi 822 Ch) m5ch in nh h4nh z2# EiCt
V
{
] b?2.f u
{
] 2K2'f u
}
] ?K2'K u
|
] ?eK
V
>
] - n.K X
{}}
] m#
&# 3c Znh im %m vic tcnh c9& m5ch#
*# 0,nh g
m
t5i c3c im c@ V
|}
] -?.f V
|}
] - ;.f
V
|}
] - d.f
??
Cr
Cv
Ur
Uv
UD
+
Cs
RG R(
RD
j4nh z2
Uv
+Ucc
+
CE2 RE2
Rt
+
Cr
Rc2
+
CE1
RE1
+
RB Rc1
Q2
Q1
j4nh z?
+ U c c
U v
W 1 W 2
+
C
R1
Rt
Q
j4nh zd
Bi 822 Ch) m5ch in nh h4nh z;# Ch) V
{
] b?2.f u
{
] ?K2'f u
}
] ?'K
u
|?
] ?__'K u
|2
] 2_'K V
p
] - d.K X
{}}
] m#
&# 3c Znh im %m vic tcnh c9& m5ch#
*# 0,nh g
m
t5i c3c im c@ V
|}
] -?.f V
|}
] - ;.f V
|}
] -;Kn.f
Bi 822 Ch) m5ch in h4nh zd# EiCt V
CC
] b2d.K u
t
] ?zK h s *iCn 3p %
n ]
2

?
] _K;#
&# 0,nh cng suQt T)&y chiJu %Hn nhQt 1& t1n t(i v hiu suQt c9& m5ch#
*# Ch) ] z_K t,nh u
?
c@ cng suQt T)&y chiJu 1& %Hn nhQt#
Bi 82:2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh zn# EiCt V
CC
] b?2.K V
{
] V
Ep_
] _Kn.# C)i 01&niit) %
%B tOng# {Wng ph$n c!c *lng ?m#
?2_
RG1
Cr
Cv
Ur
Uv
UD
+
Cs
RG2 R(
RD
j4nh z;
U v
+ U c c
U r
W 1
W 1
W 2
R1
R2
Q2
Q1
Rt
j4nh zz
Ur
D2
D1
Q2
+
Cv
Rt
+
Cr
+12V
Uv
R1
R2
Q1
j4nh zn

&# |i(i th,ch h)5t 7ng c9& m5ch#
*# 0,nh u
?
K u
2
K >
um&T
v hiu suQt c9& t<ng 'huCch 5iK *iCt u
t
] #
Bi 82U92 Ch) m5ch in h4nh zz# EiCt V
CC
] b2d.K u
?
] nKz'K u
t
] K h s *iCn
3p % n ]
2

?
] _K?#
&# 3c Znh u
2
m5ch %m vic O chC 7 E# m5ch %m vic O chC 7 E th4 ph(i
ni m5ch nh thC n)
*# 0,nh cng suQt 1& %Hn nhQt t1n t(i v hiu suQt c9& m5ch#
?2?
j4nh z
U1
U2
Ur
+E
-E
R4
R3
R1
R2
+
- E
+ E
U3
U2
U1
R)
R3
Ur
+
R4
R2
R1
j4nh z
U 1
U 2
U r
+ E
- E
R3
R4
R1
R2
+
j4nh z
Bi 82UU2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh z# EiCt V
um&T
] ?2.f
& 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh V
u
th8) V
?
K V
2
K u
?
K u
2
K u
;
v u
d
#
*# 0,nh V
u
K *iCt u
?
] u
2
] ?n'f u
;
] ?_'f u
d
] _'#
b V
?
]?.f V
2
] _Kn.#
b V
?
] d.f V
2
] ;.#
V
?
] - ;.f V
2
] - d.#
Bi 82 U82 Ch) m5ch in h4nh z# EiCt p ] ?2.f
& 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh V
u
th8) V
?
K V
2
K u
?
K u
2
K u
;
#
*# 0,nh V
u
K *iCt u
?
] ?n'f u
2
] 2_'f u
;
] 2__'f V
?
] _K?vf V
2
] _K2.#
c# Ch) *iCt t3c d[ng c9& u
d
v t4m gi3 t1Z ti u c9& u
d#
?22
U 1
U 2
R,
R$
R4
R3 R2
R1
R)
j4nh _

Bi 82 UX# Ch) m5ch in h4nh z# EiCt V
um&T
] ?2.f
&# 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh V
u
th8) V
?
K V
2
K V
;
K u
?
K u
2
K u
;
K u
d
K u
n
#
*# Ch) u
?
] ?_'K u
2
] ?_'K u
;
] 2_'K u
d
] n_'K un ] ?__'#
0,nh V
u
K *iCt V
?
] _K?.K V
2
] _K2.K V
;
] _K;.#
Bi 82UZ2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh _# EiCt p ] ?n.K u
?
] ?_MK u
2
]?nMK
u
;
] dnMK u
z
] 2_MK u

]z_M#
&# 04m V1 th8) c3c Vv
*# :u t3c d[ng c9& u
d
K u
n
# 04m gi3 t1Z c9& chng
c# 04m V1 'hi=
V
?
] _K2.f V
2
] - _K;.#
V
?
] - _K;.f V
2
] _Kd.#
?2;
U r
+ E
- E
VR
Uv R1
R4
R3
R2
+
j4nh ;
Bi 82U]2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh ?# EiCt p ] ?n.K u
?
] ?nMK u
2
];_MK
u
;
] z_MK u
n
] ?_MK u
z
] 2_MK u

] ;_M#
&K 04m V1 th8) c3c V&K V*K Vc
*K :u t3c d[ng c9& u
d
K u

# 04m gi3 t1Z c9& chng


cK 04m V1 'hi= V& ] _K?.K V* ] - _K2.K Vc ] _K2.#
V& ] - _K2.K V* ] - _#;.K Vc ] _K;.#
Bi 82U2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh 2# EiCt p ] ?2.# ' v th)( m6n iJu 'in ' 2K _
?f u
?
] u
_
K u
2
] R?-Su
_
K u
;
] R? -
?
k
Su
d
K u
n
] R' - ?Su
d
#
&# 04m *iu thDc t,nh V
u
th8) V
.
v c3c th&m s c9& m5ch#
*#Ch) V
.
] _K2.K ' ] dnf T3c Znh 'h)(ng *iCn +i c9& V
u
'hi _ ?#
Bi 82U2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh ;#EiCt V
um&T
] .f
u
?
] ?_'K u
2
] ??_'K u
;
] ?n'K u
d
] ?'K
.u ] 2'K
&# 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh M
V
th8) c3c th&m s c9&
m5ch#
*# 04m 'h)(ng M
V
'hi .u *iCn +i to _ 2'#
c# 04m 'h)(ng .u m5ch %m vic t1)ng miJn
tuyCn t,nh 'hi ch) V
.
] _K_.#
?2d
R%

U-

U*

R$

R4

R3 R2
R1
R)

Uc

R,

j4nh ?
U r
+ E
- E
Uv
R1
R)
R4
R3
R2
+
j4nh 2
Uv1
Uv2
Ur
C
C
R
R
j4nh d

Bi 82U2 Ch) m5ch t,ch ph$n h4nh d#
&# 3c Znh *iu thDc V
u
th8) V
.?
K V
.2
K u v C#
*# Ch) V
.?
] -_K2.f V
.2
] -_K; b _Kn#c)s2n_t R.Sf u ]n_'f C ] 2# 0,nh V
u

Bi 82U:2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh n#
EiCt p ] ?2.K C ] _K?K u
?
] ?'K
u
2
] n'K u
;
] 2'# E&n <u in 3p t1n t[
*lng _.#
&# 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh V
u
RtS th8) V
.?
K
V
.2
K V
.;
#
*# Ch)

?
2
;
? )s2 #n_#t .f
2 )s2 #n_# f
; )s2 #n_t f
U /
U / t V
U / V

=
=
=
0,nh V
u

?2n
U v 1
U v 2
U v 3
+ E
- E
C
Ur
R3
R2
R1
+
j4nh n
Uv1
Uv2
Uv3
+E
-E
C
Ur
R
R
R
+
j4nh z
Bi 82892 Ch) m5ch in h4nh z# C ] dKK u ] ?_'K XC %B tOng# 05i thGi im t ]
_ in 3p t1n t[ *lng _Kn.#
&# 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh V
u
RtS th8) V
.?
K V
.2
K V
.;
#
*# Ch) V
.?
K V
.2
K V
.;
% Tung in c@ *in 7 bn. TuQt hin t1)ng 'h)(ng
_ t t
?
] nmsK T3c Znh *in 7 in 3p 1& t5i thGi im t
?

Bi 828U2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh # EiCt u


;
] K2n'K u
z
] dK 'K p ] ?2.
&# 3c Znh V
u
th8) V
T
K V
y
K V
i
v c3c th&m s c9& m5ch
*# 3c Znh u
?
K u
2
K u
;
v u
n
m5ch th!c hin hm s=
V
u
] 2KnV
T
w dKV
y
b dK?V
i
#
Bi 82882 Ch) m5ch in h4nh #
&# 04m u
T
K u
y
K u
i
m5ch in th!c hin hm s=
V
u
] &V
T
b *V
y
b cV
i
K
?2z
U&
U.
Ur
U#
R)
R,
R3 R1
R2
R4
j4nh
- E
+ E
U r
C C C
+
RN
R R
R1
j4nh
U&
U.
Ur
U#
R/
R#
RN
R&
R.
j4nh #

t1)ng @ &K *K c % c3c s th!cf u
:
K u
>
% c3c in t1O 6 *iCt#
*# 0,nh u
K
u
yK
u

'hi= V
u
] -V
T
b -dV
y
b R?2SV
i
# Ch) u
:
] 2u
>
] ?z '#
c# 3c Znh *iu thDc t,nh V
u
t1)ng t1Gng hp u

] u

] u
:
f u

] u
>
vHi K %
c3c h s th!c dng#
Bi 828X2 Ch) m5ch in d&) 7ng ; mAt uC h4nh # EiCt t<n s d&) 7ng c9& m5ch
% ^
dd
] ?'jiK C ] _K2
&#.` d5ng in 3p 1&#
*# 0,nh gi3 t1Z c3c %inh 'in cWn %5i c9& m5ch#
Bi 828Z2 Ch) m5ch in d&) 7ng ; mAt uC h4nh _# Ch) u ] ?'f C ] _K?#
&# >h<n t n) th&m gi& v) 'h$u 'huCch 5iK 'h$u hPi tiCp Rdi ph&S
*# 0,nh c3c %inh 'in cWn %5i t1)ng m5ch
c# 0,nh t<n s d&) 7ng c9& m5ch
?2
U r
+ E
- E
C
"
R3
+
R2
R1
j4nh 2
Ur
C
C
R
R
R2
R1
j4nh ?
Ur
RN
R2 R
R3
C C
R
C
R1
j4nh _
d# :u t3c d[ng c9& u
;
v t,nh gi3 t1Z c9& n@
Bi 828]2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh ?#
&# .` d5ng V1 th8) thGi gi&n
*# 04m 'h)(ng *iCn +i c9& *iCn t1O u
m5ch t5) 1& gi(i t<n to ?n_ji - ?n__ji K 'hi
t[ C ] 2n_n#
c# 0,nh gi3 t1Z u
2
'hi u
?
] ;?M#
Bi 8282 Ch) m5ch d&) 7ng iJu h) h4nh 2# u
?
] u
2
] ?K2'# j s phm chQt c9&
'hung c7ng hOng ] ?__K ]2_jK C ] _K2#
&# |i(i th,ch h)5t 7ng c9& m5ch v t,nh t<n s d&) 7ng c9& m5ch#
*# 04m iJu 'in u
;
m5ch c@ th d&) 7ng O chC 7 T3c %Fp#
c# 0,nh gi3 t1Z t1O thu<n 1 c9& cu7n c(m#
?2
+ E
U r
N
P
C VR
R
R2
R1
+
- p
j4nh ;

Bi 8282 Ch) m5ch in & hi t! d&) 7ng
h4nh ;# EiCt V
um&T
] ?2.f u
?
] u
2
] n_'K
u ] ?_'K .u ] ?_'K C ] 2K2f
&# 0,nh *in 7 c9& Tung in 3p 1&#
*# .` d5ng in 3p V
u
v in 3p t5i c3c im >K
:#
c# 0,nh gi(i t<n c9& V
u
'hi .u th&y +i#
Bi 8282 Ch) m5ch in h4nh d#
EiCt V
um&T
] .K u
?
] d_ 'K u
2
] 2_'K
u ] ?'K .u ] ?_'K C ] ?f
&# 0,nh *in 7 c9& Tung in 3p 1&#
*# .` in 3p V
u
v in 3p t5i c3c im >K :#
c# 0,nh gi(i t<n c9& V
u
'hi .u th&y +i#
Bi 828:2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh n#
EiCt V
um&T
] ?2.K u
?
] u
2
] 2_'K u
;
] ?'K
u
d
] 2'K C ] ?f C)i it % %B tOng
&# 0,nh *in 7 c9& Tung in 3p 1&#
*# 0,nh gi(i t<n c9& V
u
#
c# .` d5ng in 3p V
u
v in 3p t5i c3c im >K :#
Bi 82X92 Ch) m5ch in h4nh z#
EiCt V
um&T
] .K u
?
] u
2
] 2_'K u ] ?n'K
.u ] n'K C
?
] _K?K C
2
] _K_?#
&# 0,nh *in 7 c9& Tung in 3p 1&#
?2
+ E
U r
N
P
C VR
R
R2
R1
+
- p
j4nh d
Ur
+
C
D2
D1
R4
R3
R2
R1
j4nh n
+ E
- E
P
N
1 2
K
C2 C1
Ur
VR
R
R2
R1
+
j4nh z
V
1&2
V
1&?
+E
C
u
?
u
2
u
;
u
d
C
2
C
?
0
?
0
2
j4nh
*# .` d5ng in 3p V
u
v in 3p t5i c3c im >K :#
c# 0,nh gi(i t<n c9& V
u
'hi .u th&y +i t1)ng 2 t1Gng hp 'h)3 M O vZ t1, ? v 'h)3 M
O vZ t1, 2#
Bi 82XU2 Ch) m5ch in & hi t! d&) 7ng h4nh # Ch) bp
C
] n.K u
;
] ?_'K u
2
th&y +i to ?_' Cn ?n'f C
?
] C
2
] C ] _K_2# EiCt u
2
K u
;
u
?
K u
d
#
&# 0,nh *in 7 Tung 1& Rc)i t1&niit) % %B tOngS
*# 0,nh t
T?
#
c# 0,nh 'h)(ng th&y +i t
T2
v t<n s ^
dd
c9& m5ch#
Bi 82X82 Ch) m5ch in & hi t! d&) 7ng h4nh # Ch) bp
C
] .K u
2
v u
;
cng
th&y +i to ?_' Cn ?n'f C
?
] C
2
] C ] _K_2# EiCt u
2
K u
;
u
?
K u
d
#
&# 0,nh *in 7 Tung 1& Rc)i t1&niit) % %B tOngS
*# 0,nh 'h)(ng th&y +i t
T?
K t
T2
v t<n s ^
dd
c9& m5ch#
Bi 82 XX2 Ch) m5ch in h4nh #
?;_
+ E
- E
Uv
Ur
R2
R1
+
j4nh
R
1+0
+
)V
Ur
Uv
D1
R
1+0
+
)V
Ur
Uv
D1 D2
U
r
+
1+v
R2
220
R1
10
+
)V
Uv
D1
j4nh j4nh _ j4nh ?
V
u

EiCt V
um&T
] ?2.f u
2
] 2u?K z 2 sin?__
$
? t = #
&# .` d5ng in 3p v) v 1& t1n cng m7t P thZ#
*# 04m thGi gi&n t m5ch %Ft t15ng th3i %<n <u tin#
Bi 82XZ2 |i(i th,ch nguyn %B v v` d5ng in 3p v)K 1& c9& c3c m5ch h4nh K h4nh
_K h4nh ?# EiCt V
.
] ?2sint R.S#
Bi 82X]2 Ch) t,n hiu iJu *in c@ h s iJu chC m ] n_kK t<n s tin tDc % ^
s
] ?'jiK
s@ng m&ng c@ *in 7 ?_m. v t<n s ^
t
] n__'ji#
&# .iCt *iu thDc t,n hiu iJu *in#
*# .` ph+ c9& t,n hiu iJu *in#
Bi 82X2 Ch) t,n hiu iJu *in c@ h s iJu chC m ] nkK t<n s tin tDc % ^
s
K s@ng
m&ng c@ *in 7 ?_m. v t<n s t(i tin % ^
t
#
&# .iCt *iu thDc t,n hiu iJu *in#
*# 0,nh v v` ph+ c9& t,n hiu iJu *in 'hi ^
t
] ?eji v 7 17ng *Nng t<n c9& tin tDc
% to _ ?n'ji#
Bi 82X2 0c 7 %Qy mvu c9& c& C{ % ddK?'ji# } *,t dng ch) mi mvu % ?z *,t#
&# 3c Znh t<n s c&) nhQt c9& t,n hiu $m th&nh c@ th 'hi ph[c t1ung th!c#
*# 3c Znh s mDc c!c 5i c@ th c m6 h)3#
c# 3c Znh thGi gi&n chuyn +i ti & c9& *7 chuyn +i { v t<n s Tung Png hP#
d# 3c Znh 7 17ng c9& m7t *,t t1)ng t1Gng hp <u 1& % ni tiCp#
Bi 82X2 e5ch in *iCn +i { th8) phng ph3p th&ng in t1O h4nh 2#
Ch) u ] ?z_'K u
:
] 2_'K V
ch
] n.# } *,t c9& t,n hiu s % d *,t R:]dS#
&# 3c Znh in 3p 1& %Hn nhQt Rin 3p t)n th&ngS#
*# 0,nh in 3p 1& tng Dng ch) c3c t,n hiu s= ___?f __?_f ?___f ?__?#
?;?
*+
*1
*2
*3
Uc
R3
R2
R1
R+
RN
Rc
U'
j4nh ;
X
_
2 2 2

b
V
e
u
ht
i
:-?
i
:-2
i
?
i
_
u u 2u
2u
2u 2u
X
_
X
_
X
_
M
0,n hiu
iJu 'hin
j4nh d#
Bi 82X:2 Ch) e5ch in *iCn +i s
tng t! d *,t h4nh ;#
EiCt u
_
] 2u
?
] du
2
] u
;
] u ] _'K
V
ch
] n.f
&# Ch) u
:
] 2'# 3c Znh V
e
%Hn nhQt
Rin 3p t)n th&ngS#
*# 0,nh V
e
tng Dng vHi c3c t,n hiu s
s&u= ___?K __?_K _?_?K ?___K ???_#
Bi 82Z92 Ch) m5ch in *iCn +i { th8) phng ph3p m5ng in t1O h4nh d# 0,n
hiu s % d*,tK nguPn dWng c@ gi3 t1Z X
_
] ;mK u
:
] 2K2'#
&# 3c Znh gi3 t1Z V
e
%Hn nhQt v V
}E
#
*# 3c Znh V
e
tng Dng vHi c3c t,n hiu s= __??K _?__K ?___K ??_?#
?;2
b
V
ch
2
2
X
?
X
:-?
2
:
2
?
u
:
V
e

b
X
_
?
2
"
R

2
u
u
M
0,n hiu s iJu 'hin
j4nh 2
X
ht
U r
I R
I D
I t
Uv
Rt
DZ
R
j4nh n

Bi 82ZU2 0,nh t)3n *i 2#d_ vHi t,n hiu s % *,tK X
_
] ?mK u
:
]?M#
Bi 82Z82 Ch) m5ch +n 3p nh h4nh n# EiCt u ] d_K X
{min
] nmK X
{m&T
] ?_mK
V
{
] .#
&# |i(i th,ch h)5t 7ng c9& m5ch 'hi V
.
th&y +i#
*# 0,nh 'h)(ng *iCn +i c9& V
.
V
u
vvn +n Znh v t,nh t+n h&) cng suQt %Hn nhQt
t1n u 'hi hO t(i Ru
t
] S#
c# 0,nh 'h)(ng *iCn +i c9& V
.
V
u
vvn +n Znh v t,nh t+n h&) cng suQt %Hn nhQt
t1n u 'hi u
t
] ?K2'#
Bi 82ZX2 Ch) m5ch in +n 3p h4nh z#
EiCt V
{i
] zKz.K u
t
] ?__K
X
{m&T
] ?_mK u
?
] d_K ] n#
&# |i(i th,ch h)5t 7ng c9& m5ch#
*#0,nh V
.m&T
#
c# 0,nh cng suQt t+n h&) t1n #
Bi 82ZZ2 Ch) m5ch in +n 3p h4nh # EiCt V
.
] ?.K u
?
b u
2
] 2K2'K V
u
*iCn
thin to . Cn ?2.K V
{i
] n.K V
Ep?
] V
Ep2
] _Kz.#
&# |i(i th,ch h)5t 7ng c9& m5ch 'hi V
.
th&y +i#
*# 0,nh u
2
'hi V
u
] . v 'hi V
u
] ?2.#
?;;
U r
Uv
Rt
D#
R1
Q
j4nh z
U v
I t
U r
R3
D#
Q2
R2
R1
Rt
Q1
j4nh
c# 0,nh u
;
dWng 2u& t(i % _#;K 'hi V
u
] ?2.K *iCt 'hi @ X

] ;m v
?
c@
] z_#
d# 0,nh cng suQt t+n h&) t1n
?
t1)ng c$u *#
Ti liu *"'N S"?#
?# u$n 0h[
M thuFt in t
:E |{ ?
2# u$n 0h[ - :guy/n .iCt :guyn
Ei tFp M thuFt in t
:E |{ 2___
;# >h5m einh j
M thuFt m5ch in t
?;d

:E Mh)& hc ' thuFt ?
;# >hi Cn
M thuFt m5ch in t
:E 5i hc E3ch 'h)& 0p jP Ch, einh ?z
d# i%%i&m {#}t&n%8y
E7 MhuCch 5i v T %B XC tuyCn t,nh
:E Mh)& hc ' thuFt ?d
n# {)n&%d # }chi%%ing w Ch&1%8s E8%)v8 w 0uvi& p8%8ici w u&ym)nd ~#
}&cc&1di#
ppC0u:XC CXuCVX0}
{X}Cup0p :{ X:0p|u0p{ ?
BC 3C
3;i n<i (=u
PH@N I TAB TCT 3D THUEFT22222Z
C"GHn U IHUFCH JI V CKC IHKI NIB C BLN TM6NG
IHUFCH JI
X# C3c th&m s c *(n c9& m7t t<ng 'huCch 5iaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa#d
XX. >h$n c!c v chC 7 %m vic m7t chiJu c9& 01&niit) %yng c!caaaaaan
?;n
XXX. >h$n c!c v chC 7 %m vic m7t chiJu c9& 01&niit) t1Gngaaaaa##a##
X.# jPi tiCp t1)ng m5ch 'huCch 5iaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa##
C"GHn II CKC m n C BLN Cop T@NG IHUFCH JI
TN HIU NHq
X# } P dng 01&niit) %yng c!caaaaaaaaaaaaa#aaa##aa??
XX# } P dng 01&niit) t1Gngaaaaaaaaaaaa##aaaaaaa#?;
XXX# nh hOng c9& n7i t1O nguPn t,n hiu v in t1O t(i Cn m5ch 'huCch 5ia?n
C"GHn III T@NG IHUFCH JI CNG mUxT
X# ChC 7 cng t3c v im %m vic c9& t<ng 'huCch 5i cng suQtaa##a##a##?z
XX# 0<ng 'huCch 5i cng suQt chC 7 aaaaaaaaaaaaaa#aa?
XXX# 0<ng 'huCch 5i cng suQt y 'U)aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa#a#2?
C"GHn IV B7 IHUFCH JI THUT T6KN
X# 0,nh chQt v th&m s c *(naaaaaaaaaaaaaaa#aaa#a##2
XX# C3c m5ch 'huCch 5iaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa#aaaaa;_
XXX# C3c m5ch in Dng d[ng *7 M00 #################################################################;2
C"GHn V BJCH TJ6 vp6 7NG IU Hp
X# Mh3i nim chung vJ d&) 7ngaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa###aaa##d_
XX# e5ch d&) 7ng Caaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaad_
XXX# e5ch d&) 7ng uCaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa#aa#aaa#d2
X.# e5ch d&) 7ng dng th5ch &nhaaaaaaaaaaaa#aaaaa###dd
C"GHn VI BJCH UNG
X# Mh3i nim chungaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa#aaaaaa#dz
XX# 01igaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa#aa##aaaad
XXX# e5ch d&) 7ng & hiaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa#aaa##d
X.# e5ch h5n *inaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa###aaaaaaa###n2
.# e5ch t5) Tung 1Nng c&aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa##aa##nd
C"GHn VII CHUEN I TNG T m V m TNG T
X# :guyn tAc chuyn +i tng t! - s R{CSaaaaaaaaaaa#aa#n
XX# e7t s phng ph3p chuyn +i {aaaaaaaaaaaa#a##aa##n
?;z

XXX# Chuyn +i {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa#az?
C"GHn BJCH CUNG CxP NGUnN B7T CHIU
X# Mh3i nim chungaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa##z;
XX# EiCn 3p v chgnh %uaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa###z;
XXX# E7 %c nguPnaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa#azn
X.# e5ch +n 3paaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa#a##z
PH@N II BI TP CA 3I GILI22222]
PH@N III BI TP T GILI222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222UU
?;

You might also like