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1 nh ngha o 1.1 Cc khi nim khc nhau o 1.2 Hiu theo ngha hp o 1.3 Hiu theo ngha rng 2 Phng tin ca thng mi in t 3 Hnh thc giao dch o 3.1 Cch giao tip o 3.2 Cch giao dch 4 Tiu chun k thut 5 Li ch ca thng mi in t 6 Cc loi th trng in t o 6.1 Phn loi thng mi in t 7 Cc i hi ca thng mi in t o 7.1 H tng c s cng ngh o 7.2 H tng c s nhn lc o 7.3 Bo mt, an ton o 7.4 H thng thanh ton t ng o 7.5 Bo v s hu tr tu o 7.6 Bo v ngi tiu dng o 7.7 Mi trng kinh t v php l o 7.8 Tc ng vn ho x hi o 7.9 L thuc cng ngh 8 Quy nh php lut ca mt s quc gia o 8.1 Quy nh ca o o 8.2 Quy nh ca c o 8.3 Quy nh ca Vit Nam o 8.4 Phng din xuyn bin gii 9 Xem thm 10 Tham kho 11 Lin kt ngoi
Thng mi in t xut hin cng vi s ph cp mng Internet v my tnh t cui nhng nm 1990 u nhng nm 2000. Thng mi in t c bit n vi kh nhiu tn gi, ph bin nht l Thng mi in t, bn cnh l cc tn gi nh kinh doanh in t, thng mi phi giy t, marketing in t. Ti Vit Nam, thng mi in t thng c hiu theo c ngha hp v ngha rng. Theo ngha hp, thng mi in t l vic mua bn hng ha v dch v
thng qua cc phng tin in t v mng vin thng. Theo ngha rng, thng mi iin t l vic ng dng cc thnh tu ca cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng vo cc hot ng qun l v kinh doanh. Thng mi in t cng chnh thc c a vo trong chng trnh o to cc bc i hc, cao ng v sau i hc, in hnh l ti trng i hc Ngoi thng (2004), i hc Thng mi (2005) v i hc Kinh t Quc dn. C quan qun l cao nht v Thng mi in t l Cc Thng mi in t v Cng ngh thng tin, B Cng thng.
[sa] nh ngha
Thng mi in t (cn gi l E-Commerce hay E-Business) l quy trnh mua bn hng ha v dch v thng qua cc phng tin in t v mng vin thng, c bit l qua my tnh v mng Internet. Thng mi in t (Electronic Commerce), mt yu t hp thnh ca nn "Kinh t s ha", l hnh thi hot ng thng mi bng cc phng php in t; l vic trao i thng tin thng mi thng qua cc phng tin cng ngh in t m ni chung l khng cn phi in ra giy trong bt c cng on no ca qu trnh giao dch (nn cn gi l "Thng mi khng c giy t"). "Thng tin" trong khi nim trn c hiu l bt c g c th truyn ti bng k thut in t, bao gm c th t, cc tp vn bn, cc c s d liu, cc bn tnh, cc bn v thit k bng my tnh in t, cc hnh ha, qung co, hi hng, n hng, ha n, biu gi, hp ng, cc mu n, cc biu mu, hnh nh ng, m thanh, v.v... "Thng mi" (commerce) trong khi nim thng mi in t c hiu (nh quy nh trong "o lut mu v thng mi in t" ca Lin hip quc) l mi vn ny sinh ra t mi mi quan h mang tnh cht thng mi (commercial), d c hay khng c hp ng. Cc mi quan h mang tnh thng mi bao gm bt c giao dch thng mi no v cung cp hoc trao i hng ha, dch v; tho thun phn phi, i din hoc i l thng mi; y thc hoa hng, cho thu di hn; xy dng cc cng trnh; t vn; k thut cng trnh; u t; cp vn; ngn hng; bo him; tha thun khai thc hoc t nhng; lin doanh v cc hnh thc khc v hp tc cng nghip hoc kinh doanh; chuyn ch hng ha hay hnh khch bng ng bin, ng khng, ng st, ng b; v v.v... Nh vy, phm vi ca thng mi in t (E-commerce) rt rng, bao qut hu nh mi hnh thi hot ng kinh t, m khng ch bao gm bun bn hng ha v dch v; bun bn hng ho v dch v ch l mt trong hng nghn lnh vc p dng ca thng mi in t.
Nhn mt cch tng qut, cc nh ngha thng mi in t c chia thnh hai nhm ty thuc vo quan im:
dch v cung cp thng tin, dch v php l, ti chnh); cc hot ng truyn thng (nh chm sc sc kho, gio dc) v cc hot ng mi (nh siu th o) Theo quan im th hai nu trn, "thng mi" (commerce) trong "thng mi in t" khng ch l bun bn hng ho v dch v (trade) theo cc hiu thng thng, m bao qut mt phm vi rng ln hn nhiu, do vic p dng thng mi in t s lm thay i hnh thi hot ng ca hu ht nn kinh t. Theo c tnh n nay, thng mi in t c ti trn 1.300 lnh vc ng dng, trong , bun bn hng ho v dch v ch l mt lnh vc ng dng. Cc im c bit ca thng mi in t so vi cc knh phn phi truyn thng l tnh linh hot cao v mt cung ng v gim thiu ln ph tn vn ti vi cc i tc kinh doanh. Cc ph tn khc th d nh ph tn in thoi v i li thu nhp khc hng hay ph tn trnh by gii thiu cng c gim xung. Mc du vy, ti cc dch v vt cht c th, khong cch khng gian vn cn phi c khc phc v v th i hi mt kh nng tip vn ph hp nht nh. Ngy nay ngi ta hiu khi nim thng mi in t thng thng l tt c cc phng php tin hnh kinh doanh v cc quy trnh qun tr thng qua cc knh in t m trong Internet hay t nht l cc k thut v giao thc c s dng trong Internet ng mt vai tr c bn v cng ngh thng tin c coi l iu kin tin quyt. Mt kha cnh quan trng khc l khng cn phi thay i phng tin truyn thng, mt c trng cho vic tin hnh kinh doanh truyn thng. Thm vo l tc ng ca con ngi vo quy trnh kinh doanh c gim xung n mc ti thiu. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta gi l Thng n gia cng (Straight Through Processing). lm c iu ny i hi phi tch hp rng ln cc cc tnh nng kinh doanh.
4. Giao gi s ha cc d liu (digital delivery of content), tc vic mua bn, trao i cc sn phm m ngi ta cn ni dung (chnh ni dung l hng ho), m khng cn ti vt mang hng ho (nh: phim nh, m nhc, cc chng trnh truyn hnh, phn mm my tnh, v.v...); 5. Bn l hng ho hu hnh (retail of tangible goods). Trong cc hnh thc trn, trao i d liu in t (di dng cc d liu c cu trc) l hnh thc ch yu.
Trong cc quan h giao dch ni trn, giao dch gia cc doanh nghip vi nhau l quan h ch yu.
eBXML XML cho quy trnh kinh doanh in t XBEL XML dng trong k ton BMECat XML dng trong trao i d liu danh mc hng ha, thng tin gi c,... WClass H thng nhm hng ha ca cng nghip in UNSPSC - Tiu chun phn loi hng ha shopinfo.xml Cung cp d liu sn phm v ca hng
[sa] Li ch ca thng mi in t
Gim chi ph sn xut Gim chi ph bn hng v tip th Thng qua Internet gip ngi tiu dng v cc doanh nghip gim ng k thi gian v ch ph giao dch Thit lp v cng c mi quan h gia cc thnh phn tham gia vo qu trnh thng mi. To iu kin sm tip cn nn kinh t s ha. [1]
Ngi tiu dng o C2C (Consumer-To-Comsumer) Ngi tiu dng vi ngi tiu dng o C2B (Consumer-To-Business) Ngi tiu dng vi doanh nghip o C2G (Consumer-To-Government) Ngi tiu dng vi chnh ph Doanh nghip o B2C (Business-To-Consumer) Doanh nghip vi ngi tiu dng o B2B (Business-To-Business) Doanh nghip vi doanh nghip o B2G (Business-To-Government) Doanh nghip vi chnh ph o B2E (Business-To-Employee) Doanh nghip vi nhn vin Chnh ph o G2C (Government-To-Consumer) Chnh ph vi ngi tiu dng o G2B (Government-To-Business) Chnh ph vi doanh nghip o G2G (Government-To-Government) Chnh ph vi chnh ph
[sa] Cc i hi ca thng mi in t
Song song vi cc li ch r rt, trc mt cng nh lu di; Thng mi in t , ang, v cn tip tc t ra hng lot cc i hi phi p ng, v cc vn cn phi gii quyt, trn tt c cc bnh din bao gm: doanh nghip, quc gia v quc t. Nhng i hi ca thng mi in t l mt tng th ca hng chc vn phc tp an xen vo nhau trong mt mi quan h hu c; v bao gm:
[sa] Bo v s hu tr tu
Gi tr ca sn phm ngy nay tp trung "cht xm"; ti sn ca con ngi, ca quc gia, ang quy dn v "ti sn cht xm", thng tin tr thnh ti sn, v bo v ti sn cui cng s tr thnh bo v s hu tr tu. V th trong vic truyn gi cc d liu qua mng ni ln vn bo v s hu cht xm v bn quyn ca cc thng tin (hnh thc qung co, nhn hiu thng mi, cu trc c s d liu, cc ni dung truyn gi), cc kha cnh phc tp hn nhiu so vi vic bo v s hu tr tu trong nn kinh t vt th.
[sa] Tc ng vn ho x hi
Tc ng vn ha x hi ca thng mi in t xut hin khi s dng Internet lm cng c giao tip, nh khi tin hnh thng mi in t qua bin gii (vi nc khc), hoc nu trong mt quc gia nhng s dng Iternet, Web lm cng c mng. Internet c th tr thnh "hp th" giao dch mua bn dm, ma tu, v bun lu; cc lc lng phn x hi a ln Internet phim con heo, cc tuyn truyn kch dc c mc ch i vi tr em, cc hng dn lm bom th, lm cht n ph hoi, cc loi tuyn truyn kch ng bo lc, phn bit chng tc, k th tn gio, v.v...; Internet cng c th tr thnh mt phng tin thun li cho cc lc lng chng i s dng tuyn truyn, kch ng lt Chnh ph v hoc gy ri lm lon trt t x hi; ngoi ra phi tnh ti tc ng v cun ht thanh nin theo cc li sng khng ph hp vi bn sc vn ho dn tc (nu ch lm thng mi in t trong nc, thng qua ni mng cc doanh nghip, s dng mng quc gia, m khng dng Internet, th khng cn tnh ti tc ng tiu cc ny; nhng nu khng li dng Internet lm cng c giao tip chung, m thit lp cc mng ring th khng c tnh kinh t, v vic lm thng mi in t vi nc ngoi s b hn ch).
[sa] Quy nh ca o
Thng mi in t c iu chnh ti o trc tin l bng Lut Thng mi in t (ECommerce-Gesetz ECG), Lut bn hng t xa (Fernabsatzgesetz), Lut ch k (Signaturgesetz), Lut kim sot nhp hng (Zugangskontrollgesetz) cng nh bng Lut tin in t (E-GeldGesetz), m trong cc quy nh php lut v hp ng v bi thng ca b Lut Dn s o (Allgemeine brgerliche Gesetzbuch - ABGB), nu nh khng c thay i bng nhng quy nh c bit trn, vn c gi tr.
[sa] Quy nh ca c
Nm trong cc iu 312b v sau ca b Lut dn s (Brgerliche Gesetzbuch BGB) (trc y l Lut bn hng t xa) l cc quy nh c bit v nhng ci gi l cc hp ng bn hng t xa. Ngoi nhng vic khc l quy nh v trch nhim thng tin cho ngi bn v quyn bi b hp ng cho ngi tiu dng. Cng trong quan h ny, Lut dch v t xa (Teledienstgesetz) n nh bn cnh nguyn tc nc xut x (iu 4) l ton b cc thng tin m nhng ngi iu hnh cc trang web c tnh cht hnh ngh, mc du ch l doanh nghip nh, c nhim v phi cung cp (iu 6) v iu chnh cc trch nhim ny trong doanh nghip (iu 8 n iu 11).
nhng hp ng c k kt trc tuyn thng hay khng r rng l lut no c s dng. Th d nh mt hp ng mua c k kt in t c th l lut ca nc m ngi mua ang c ng, ca nc m ngi bn t tr s hay l nc m my ch c t. Lut php ca kinh doanh in t v th cn c gi l "lut ct ngang". Th nhng nhng iu khng r rng v lut php ny hon ton khng c ngha l lnh vc kinh doanh in t l mt vng khng c lut php. Hn th na, cc quy nh ca Lut dn s quc t (ting Anh: private international law) c p dng ti y. Ti nc c cc quy nh lut l chu u v thng mi c tch hp trong b Lut dn s, trong phn i cng v trong cc quy nh v bo v ngi tiu dng. Mt k thut ca thng mi in t c iu chnh trong Hip nh quc gia v dch v trong cc phng tin truyn thng ca cc tiu bang v trong Lut dch v t xa ca lin bang m tht ra v ni dung th hai b lut ny khng khc bit nhau nhiu.
th hn so vi nhng ngi khc. Trn l thuyt, mi nc u c kh nng thay i lut l mt cch tng ng y mnh nn kinh t quc gia. Tuy c nhng mt bng ti ny, thng mi trong Internet xuyn quc gia tt nhin cng c nhiu u th. Nhiu mn hng ch c bn trong mt s nc nht nh. Ngi mun mua c th tm c sn phm cn dng trong Internet vi s gip ca cc my truy tm c bit v cng c th so snh gi ca nhng ngi bn trong cc nc khc nhau. Mt phn th khng nhng l gi ca tng nhm sn phm khc nhau m thu gi tr thng d cng cn khc nhau, do mc d l tin gi hng cao hn nhng vic t mua nc ngoi c th mang li nhiu li ch hn. Trong phm vi ca EU ngi mua khng phi ng thu nn ph tn tng cng minh bch cho ngi mua. Ni tm li, thng mi in t xuyn bin gii mc du b ghm li do cn c iu khng chc chn trong php lut nhng c tim nng pht trin ln. Mt b lut thng nht cho chu u quan tm nhiu hn na n li ch ca ngi tiu dng v lu di chc chn s mang li thm nhiu tng trng.
Tin in t Schwarz, Peschel-Mehner (Hrsg.) Recht im Internet (Lut trong Internet). Kognos Verlag, Augsburg Daniel Amor: Dynamic Commerce 1. Auflage. Galileo-Press, Bonn 2001 Katja Richter, Holger Nohr: Elektronische Marktpltze. (Th trng in t) Shaker, Aachen 2000 Knut Hildebrand (Hrsg.): Electronic Business dpunkt.verlag, Heidelberg 2000 (HMD 215) Chin tranh tin t
Trang web ca Hip hi Thng mi in t Vit Nam Mt s vn php l trong TMT Khuyn khch pht trin thng mi in t Ch k s v thng mi in t
Thng mi in t Cng ngh thng tin Tip th H thng thng tin qun l Tin hc kinh t
Cng c c nhn
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c Sa Xem lch s
Xem nhanh
Trang Chnh Cng ng Ni dung chn lc Bi vit ngu nhin Thay i gn y Quyn gp
Tng tc
In/xut ra
T ng [F9] Telex (?) VNI (?) VIQR (?) VIQR* Tt [F12] B du kiu c [F7] ng chnh t [F8]
Cng c
Cc lin kt n y Thay i lin quan Cc trang c bit Lin kt thng trc Trch dn trang ny
Ngn ng khc
Azrbaycanca Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu esky Dansk Deutsch Eesti English Espaol Euskara Franais Hrvatski
Italiano Latvieu Ltzebuergesch Lietuvi Magyar Nederlands O'zbek Polski Portugus Romn Shqip Simple English Slovenina Slovenina Svenska Trke Trang ny c sa i ln cui lc 04:15, ngy 20 thng 9 nm 2011. Vn bn c pht hnh theo Giy php Creative Commons Ghi cng/Chia s tng t; c th p dng iu khon b sung. Xem iu khon S dng bit thm chi tit. Wikipedia l thng hiu ng k ca Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., mt t chc phi li nhun. Quy nh quyn ring t Gii thiu Wikipedia Li ph nhn Kiu di ng