- of Agricultural Sciences. - Influence of Mastitis and Repeat Breeding Incidence on Participation in the Animal Insurance Program for Dairy Farmers in Ba Vi, Hanoi, Vietnam. - The livestock insurance program for dairy farmers in Vietnam targeting various acute diseases began in 2011 as a pilot project;. - The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mastitis and reproductive failure-which chronically affect the farming economy-on the decision to participate in the insurance program. - A survey involving a questionnaire and milk sampling from apparently healthy animals was conducted on the 38 participating and 59 non-participating dairy farms in the livestock insurance program in Ba Vi, Hanoi, Vietnam, in August 2014. - Microbiological tests were performed to detect sub-clinical mastitis, whereas the questionnaire was administered to collect information regarding farm management and the occurrence of clinical mastitis and reproductive failure over the previous three months. - There were no significant differences in the proportion of farms having cows with clinical mastitis (insured: 8/38 farms, 21.1% vs. - non-insured: 13/58 farms, NA p = 1) and repeat breeders (insured: 16/36 farms, NA. - non-insured: 20/57 farms, NA p = 0.49) over the previous three months. - The proportion of farms having cows with sub-clinical mastitis at the time of the survey was also not significantly different between insured (5/38 farms, 13.2%) and non- insured (7/59 farms, 11.91%) farms (p = 1). - Based on the obtained results, neither endemic disease nor farm management is respectably involved in the decision of farms to participate in the animal insurance program targeting acute animal infectious diseases.. - 462 Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences. - This growth has been attributed to an increase in the domestic demand for dairy products and the government- led importation of highly productive dairy animals for breeding purposes (Garcia et al., 2006). - A comparison with the average milk yield in 1997 indicated that due to genetic improvements in the lactating ability of Vietnamese dairy cows, one Vietnamese cow produces as much milk as four dairy cows in India, the second-largest milk-producing country in the world. - The risk factors for diseases in dairy cows are interconnected (LeBlanc et al., 2006), and rapid changes in dairy productivity are assumed to have increased the incidence of various diseases, including sub-clinical forms of mastitis, ketosis, rumen acidosis, and endometritis.. - In addition to the increased production and consumption of livestock products in Southeast Asia, rapid economic growth has been accompanied by increased risks of infectious disease epidemics such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) (Vu et al., 2017) and avian influenza (Poolkhet et al., 2018), primarily due to increases in the frequency and quantity of trade and travel. - Moreover, under the Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control, the Japanese government compensates farmers for 80% of the value of animals culled due to several important infectious diseases, such as FMD, and the remaining 20% of the value is compensated by. - the insurance program for participating farmers (Kadowaki et al., 2016). - However, except for crude rubber insurance, phase 1 was withdrawn in 1987 due to problems associated with moral hazards and conflicts regarding pay-out value (Kono et al., 2017). - By order of the Vietnamese prime minister, dairy insurance premiums were implemented in 2011 within the phase 2 pilot program for three years, covering rice plants, livestock (buffaloes, cows, pigs, and chickens), and aquatic products (catfish, tiger prawns, and white-leg shrimp) (Kono et al., 2017). - Under the pilot program involving commercial insurance companies, the state-subsidized 100% of the insurance premiums for poor farming households and individuals, initially 80% and later 90% for near-poor, 60% for the remaining, and 20% for relevant farming organizations (Duc, 2017). - Three causes of death were covered by the dairy insurance: FMD, anthrax, and Pasteurella infection, but no treatment costs were covered for endemic and non-infectious production diseases. - As of October 2013, 260 farms in Ba Vi were participating in the insurance program (Kono et al., 2017). - The phase 2 pilot insurance program was successful, with a high proportion (76.8%) of poor households in the target area participating.. - however, the chronic nature of this disease can lead farmers to ignore and/or underestimate the financial effects of decreased milk production and increased culling (Hogeveen et al., 2011). - aureus is reportedly the most problematic udder pathogen in bovine mastitis in many parts of the world (Roberson et al., 1994). - agalactiae, a contagious organism associated with sub-clinical mastitis (Keefe, 1997. - Östensson et al., 2013). - In Ba Vi, a 25% prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis was reported (Suzuki et al., 2006), but much higher prevalences (63.2% at quarter, and 88.6% at cow levels) were reported in southern Vietnam (Lam, 2011).. - Repeat breeders are characterized by a normal estrus cycle length, no abnormalities in vaginal discharge, and no palpable abnormalities in the reproductive tract (Bartlett et al., 1986;. - A repeat breeder cow appears to be normal, and it is, therefore, difficult to diagnose the cause of the failure to conceive. - A study involving Holstein and Lai Sind crossbred cattle in Ho Chi Minh city found that reproductive performance was satisfactory in heifers but poor for cows due to declining body condition scores during the first months of lactation and at insemination (Nguyen-Kien et al., 2017), suggesting the potential for improvement in feed management.. - This study aimed to determine whether the occurrence of chronic and expensive diseases such as mastitis and repeat breeding affected the. - decision-making process regarding participation in the phase 2 dairy insurance scheme among dairy farmers in a dairy-production area of Vietnam.. - This study was conducted in two communes, Yen Bai and Van Hoa, located in Ba Vi, Hanoi (Figure 1). - Summers (May to July) are very hot, with an average temperature over 27°C, whereas winters (November to January) are cold and relatively dry (Garcia et al., 2006). - The average precipitation in August is the highest of the entire year, at over 300 mm.. - Precipitation in winter is low, but these communes are at or near a lake, and extensive irrigation and pumping systems have been established (Garcia et al., 2006).. - Sample size was calculated for a comparison of two proportions, with the confidence level set at 95% and the power set at 80% (Equation 1), in order to primarily compare the prevalence of sub- clinical mastitis at the animal level between insured and non-insured farms (Dohoo et al., 2014). - p is the expected prevalence, 0.25 (Suzuki et al., 2006). - and p2 is the expected prevalence at non-insured farms, 0.15, assuming a 20% difference in the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis. - The sample size was adjusted for a clustering effect assuming an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.1 (Dohoo et al., 2014).. - however, 95 farms were involved in the study.. - 464 Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences. - Milk samples were collected from lactating dairy cows exhibiting no obvious clinical symptoms of mastitis and no visible changes in milk composition. - of the delivered cows at all of the studied farms.. - Samples from each of the four quarters were collected into the same bottle and defined as a single milk sample for this study.. - Occurrences of mastitis and repeat breeding within the previous three months were queried for each individual cow. - The average score of the three parts for all cattle was recorded as the farm’s hygiene score. - Farmers were also asked to rate their level of awareness regarding diseases common in cows, including mastitis and repeat breeding, using a Likert scale, with 0 indicating no problem and 5 indicating a significant problem.. - Informed consent was obtained from all the farmers participating in this study at the time the interview was performed. - This study did not involve invasive treatments in animals or collection of personal information through interviews. - All interviewing and sampling procedures adopted in this study were approved by the ethics committee of Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan (approval number: 16-8).. - Causal organisms of sub-clinical mastitis were isolated from the collected milk samples.. - Cows were categorized as having sub-clinical mastitis if they presented no apparent symptoms but their milk samples were positive for bacterial growth. - (Sasaki et al., 2010).. - These occurrences (0 = negative and 1 = positive) were used as response variables, and the other data collected in the questionnaire were used as explanatory variables. - All of the farms in the study were small scale (1 to 22 cows per farm), and of the farms had less than 10 cows. - Table 1 shows the number of farms, milk samples, and mean herd sizes of the insured and non-insured farms. - Cattle were fed raw grass and purchased concentrate at both insured and non-insured farms. - There were no significant differences between insured and non-insured farms in any of the characteristics examined (Figure 2).. - Cumulative incidence of clinical mastitis and prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis. - In the questionnaire survey, factors related to mastitis were investigated using data from 95 farms, as two farms did not provide information regarding the incidence of mastitis in the interviews. - In addition, at the individual level, the incidence was health information regarding clinical mastitis was not obtained for 85 cows).. - In the laboratory analyses, the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis was at the individual level, and the prevalence at the farm level was . - aureus, and of the 19 isolates, these bacteria accounted for 57.9% (11 isolates) and 21.1% (4 isolates), respectively. - Sub-clinical mastitis was found at 12 farms. - thereby, both clinical mastitis and sub-clinical mastitis were identified in cattle at one farm.. - Clinical and/or sub-clinical mastitic cattle were present on CI of the farms, based on the questionnaire survey and. - 466 Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences. - The proportion of farms with mastitic cattle was not significantly different between insured and non- insured farms p = 1). - also no significant difference in terms of the incidence rates of clinical and/or sub-clinical mastitis between insured and non- insured farms x p = 0.42).. - Farms in Van Hoa. - Non-insured . - awareness of mastitis were not significantly different between insured CI: 3.0-4.5) and non-insured farms CI p. - There was no significant difference between insured and non-insured farms in terms of factors relating to mastitis.. - Incidence and farmers’ awareness of repeat breeding. - Ninety-three farmers answered the questions relating to reproductive difficulties, and the results indicated that repeat breeding occurred at of the studied farms. - The proportion of farms with these reproduction- related problems did not differ between insured and non-insured farms x2 = 0.47, df = 1, p = 0.49). - In addition, the average score of awareness of repeat breeding was not significantly different between insured (3.2, 95% CI: 2.5-4.5) and non-insured farms (2.8, 95% CI p = 0.35). - The main purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that Vietnamese dairy farmers were motivated to participate in an animal insurance program due to experience with chronic production diseases, even though the program targeted acute infectious diseases. - For that reason, two economically important diseases, mastitis and repeat breeding, were examined.. - There were no significant differences in terms of farm size, feed management, vaccination, or disease occurrence between insured and non-insured farms in this study. - greater than 0.30, but the p-value associated with the milking method was relatively lower (p = 0.16), and farms with milking machines tended not to participate in the insurance program.. - Milking by machine is a sign of intensive dairy farming, and economically developed farmers may evaluate the significance of the program carefully. - Another study carried out during the same period but with different farmers (Kono et al., 2017) showed that a farmer’s decision to purchase animal insurance was affected by the absence of a trustworthy person nearby and a low rate of time discounting. - This study found that the incidence of two important production diseases, mastitis and repeat breeding, was not the primary determining factor for the decision to participate in the animal insurance program in Ba Vi, Vietnam. - The risk factors for mastitis and repeat breeding in Vietnam will be published elsewhere.. - This study was supported by KAKENHI Grant Number 25304035, from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan.. - Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration . - 468 Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences Food and Agricultural Organization (2013). - Journal of Animal Science. - Characterisation of the repeat breeding syndrome in Swedish dairy cattle. - Milk production on smallholder dairy cattle farms in southern Vietnam. - Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. - Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics and Sociology. - Journal of Dairy Science. - Prevalence of subclinical mastitis and isolated udder pathogens in dairy cows in Southern Vietnam.. - Journal of Clinical Microbiology. - Poor farmers to be supported with up to 90 per cent of agricultural insurance
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