Quy tắc hợp thì – Ngữ pháp Tiếng anh

QUY TẮC HỢP THÌ

(Sequence of Tenses)

I. SƠ ĐỒ TỔNG QUÁT CÁCH DÙNG CÁC THÌ Ở THỨC CHỈ ĐỊNH (Indicative mood)

1. Ôn lại: 3 nhóm

2. Sơ đồ tổng quát cách dùng

Bài tập

1. Chia các động từ trong ngoặc đơn:

1. When I (to call) at his house, they told me that he (to leave) an hour before.
2. When he (to grow) old he often (to think) of all the things he (to do) when he (to be) young.
3. I (to leave) home at 9 o’clock but I (not to go) far when I remembered that I (to forget to) lock the door.
4. I’ll come to your office as soon as I (to obtain) their consensus to the plan.
5. After we (to finish) our dinner, I shall wash up the dishes.
6. When I (to finish) my work, I (to take) the children out for a walk.
7. It is Friday afternoon. Mr. X (to work) in the garden. He usually (to do) his gardening on Saturday, but this Saturday his old friend, Mr. L. whom he (not to see) for five years (to come) to visit him.
8. When 1 (to come) home last night, I (to notice) that the lights (to be) on in my room. I (to be puzzled) because 1 (to be) certain that I (to turn) them off when I (to leave) the house.
9. He (to be) so good to me when I (to be) a boy that to this day I (not to forget) his kindness and I (to hope) that I never (to forget).
10. Mr.X (to be) a newspaper man for over twenty years. He (to start) out as a reporter for a paper in a small town. After he (to work) there for two or three years he (to get) a job as a reporter of a big city paper. Since then he (to liv?) and (to travel) in many parts of the world as a foreign correspondent.
11. On April 12, 1961 Yuri Gagarin successfully (to carry out) the first space flight around the earth. This (to be) the first in man’s conquest of space. Since then April 12 (to be celebrated) as Cosmonauts’ Day.
12. By the end of last year he (to read) four Shakespeare
13. plays, and by next year he (to read) two more. I (not to see) him since last Sunday, but I (t.0 believe) he (to write) an essay on Hamlet at present.

II. QUY TẮC HỢP THÌ (Sequence of Tenses)

Lời ghi:

      Trong một câu phức hợp, những thì của động từ trong mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề phụ phải theo quy tắc hợp thì. Có hai quy tắc chính:

      Qui tắc 1:

      Nếu ở mệnh đề chính dùng thì quá khứ thì mệnh đề phụ phải dùng thì quá khứ.

      Quy tắc 2:

      Nếu ở mệnh đề chính dùng thì hiện tại (hoặc hiện tại hoàn thành), hay tương lai thì ở mệnh đề phụ có thể dùng bất cứ thì nào tùy theo tình huống.

Thí dụ:

Chú ý: Những trường hợp đặc biệt

a. Trái với quy tắc 1, nếu mệnh đề phụ diễn tả một sự việc bất biến, thì bao giò cũng có thể dùng thì hiện tại thường (simple present).

Thí dụ:

      I learnt at school that the earth moves round the sun.

      (simple past)                       (simple present)

b. Trong trường hợp mệnh đề phụ là một mệnh đề trạng ngữ so sánh (dùng liên từ as, than…), động từ có thể dùng ở bất cứ thì nào cũng có thể có nghĩa tùy theo tình huống.

Thí dụ:

      He likes you better than he liked me.

      He liked you better than he likes me.

      He will like you better than he has liked me.

      He has liked you better than he liked me.

      Nếu ở mệnh đề phụ, động từ được ẩn thì thì của động từ ẩn theo với thì của động từ ở mệnh đề chính.

      He liked you better than (he liked) me.

      He likes you better than (he likes) me.

Bài tập

2. Xét những động từ ở những câu dưới đây có đúng không, chữa lại nếu sai.

1. He did not say when he will come.
2. No one knew whether he intended to come or not.
3. He concealed from me what his plans are.
4. I fear that you were displeased with me yesterday.
5. I shall soon find out why you were so displeased.
6. His face was so changed that I can’t recognize him.
7. The teacher gave me a prize that I may work hard.
8. He asked me why I wish to go away so soon.
9. No one understood how he can do so much work.
10. He told me that he is going to be an engineer.
11. I was sorry to find that I have displeased you.
12. I hope that he will become a good worker.
13. We shall soon know what progress he has made.
14. We learnt at school that water boils at 100 centigrade.
15. I didn’t know why you give me this order.