- early somatic embryogenesis in Dimocarpus longan Lour. - Background: Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process of somatic cells that dedifferentiate to totipotent embryonic stem cells and generate embryos in vitro. - The transcripts of flavonoid biosynthesis related genes were mainly expressed in NEC, while fatty acid biosynthesis related genes mainly accumulated in early SE. - Conclusion: This study provides new insights into the role of the transcriptome during early SE in longan.. - Differentially expressed genes reveal that plant hormones signalling, flavonoid and fatty acid biosynthesis, and extracelluar protein related genes were involved in longan early SE. - Numerous genes and proteins that playing an import- ant role in somatic embryogenesis have been reported, such as Somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (SERK) [34–36], Leafy Cotyledon [36–38], BABYBOOM WUSCHEL [41, 42], WUSCHEL homeobox AGAMOUS-like and late embryogenesis abun- dant (LEA) protein [26].. - RNA-Seq analysis of longan early SE aligned with the Dimocarpus longan draft genome. - 1 The synchronized cultures during longan SE. - ‘respond to stimulus’ and ‘localization’, the term with. - and ‘cell part’, followed by ‘organelle’ and ‘membrane’, the term with the largest proportion in “molecular. - 3 Statistical analysis of differentially expressed unigenes in NEC and early SE stages. - Three YUCCAs, three AAO1, one NIT, CYP71A13 and three ST5a were up-regulated in EC and remained high during early SE, and YUCCA_Dlo_013505.1 kept up-regulated during early SE (Fig. - During early SE, IPT1,4 family, five CYP735A, two CKX, four UGT76C were up-regulated during early SE with minimal FPKM.. - 13 CRE1, seven B_ARR and all A_ARR showed up-regulated expression during early SE, two B_ARR and five CRE1 were down- regulated during early SE (Fig. - 4 Heatmap of the differentially expressed genes in auxin and cytokinin signaling pathway during longan SE. - 005144.2 were up-regulated in EC, but down-regulated during early SE. - Besides, most of the FLS and F3’H fam- ily were mainly expressed in NEC, significantly down- regulated in EC and kept low FPKM during early SE, especially, 15 F3’H and 9 FLS belonged to NEC-specific genes. - Only four FLS and six F3’H were up-regulated from NEC to EC and then down-regulated or kept low expression level during early SE (Additional file 6:. - During longan SE, MYB12 and MYB111 were barely expressed in NEC, significant up-regulated from NEC to EC and remained high during early SE.. - MYB75, MYB113, MYB4 and MYB123 were significant down-regulated in EC, and kept relative low expression during early SE.. - During early SE, most of the DEGs remained high expression, part of them with slightly up/down-regulated expression. - For example, ACCase (Dlo_023270.1) and SAD (Dlo_019646.1) were up-regulated from NEC to EC, and highly expressed during early SE. - Our results indicated that flavonoids were mainly expressed in NEC, while fatty acid were mainly ac- cumulated in early SE stages, especially in EC.. - marker during early SE [58]. - In our study, 16 CHIs were differentially expressed, and most of them were preferen- tial expressed in NEC, and remarkable down-regulated in EC, only seven CHIs were up-regulated during early SE with low FPKM. - Meanwhile, 12 GLPs and two secreted glycoprotein genes (EP1-like) were mainly expressed in NEC and kept very low FPKM during early SE. - Except AGP10 was first up- regulated in EC and down-regulated during early SE, most of the AGPs were down-regulated in EC, and kept relative low expression level during early SE (Additional file 8:. - The results indicated that most of the extracel- lular protein encoding genes were mainly expressed in NEC, they were predicted to involve in the transition from NEC to EC.. - Characterization of molecular markers for longan SE Several genes have been reported to molecular marker of SE, such as somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (SERK), leafy cotyledon1 (LEC1), BABYBOOM (BBM), wuschel (WUS), WUS-homeobox (WOX). - In addition, the level of IAA higher than CTK at the same stage during early SE. - The increase of IAA level may due to these differentially expressed genes during early SE. - TIR1 mediated Aux/IAA proteins degradation and auxin-regulated transcription in the present of auxin [76], while TIR1 genes were down- regulated in EC and remained low during longan early SE.. - AUX1, which mediated influx of IAA into cells, were mainly expressed in NEC, and down-regulated during early SE. - 6 qRT-PCR verification of the selected molecular markers during longan SE. - During early SE, a total of 32 DEGs involved in cytokinin signal- ing pathway, most of them were up-regulated during early SE. - In zeatin synthesis pathway, TRIT1 was up- regulated from NEC to ICpEC, most of CisZOG, IPT1,4, CYP735A, CKX, UGT76C were down-regulated in EC and remained low during early SE. - DlPIN1 and DlGH3.6 were specific expressed in early SE and down-regulated during SE.. - A comparative analysis of global gene expression patterns during early SE stages provided subsets of DEGs that regulated SE in longan.. - To obtained.the synchro- nized cultures of NEC, EC, ICpEC, GE and TE, embryogenic calli was transferred to MS basal medium (2% sucrose and 6 g/L agar, pH 5.8) supplemented with 0.2% activated carbon and 1.0 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 0.05 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), re- spectively. - Heatmap of the differentially expressed genes in plant hormone signal transduction during longan SE. - Differentially expressed genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis during longan SE. - SE: Somatic embryogenesis. - Somatic embryogenesis in longan [Dimocarpus longan Lour. - Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants: Volume 6. - Molecular Biology and Proteomics during Somatic Embryogenesis in Dimocarpus longan Lour. - Changes of endogenous phytohormones in the process of somatic embryogenesis in longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour. - Zygotic embryogenesis versus somatic embryogenesis. - Somatic embryogenesis: a model for early development in higher plants. - Somatic embryogenesis of high frequency from longan embryogenic calli. - Transcript profiling reveals complex auxin signalling pathway and transcription regulation involved in dedifferentiation and redifferentiation during somatic embryogenesis in cotton. - Transcriptome profiling reveals Auxin and Cytokinin regulating somatic embryogenesis in different sister lines of cotton cultivar CCRI24. - Extensive modulation of the transcription factor transcriptome during somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. - Whole transcriptome profiling of maize during early somatic embryogenesis reveals altered expression of stress factors and embryogenesis-related genes. - Transcriptome profiling and digital gene expression by deep sequencing in early somatic embryogenesis of endangered medicinal Eleutherococcus senticosus maxim. - De novo comparative transcriptome analysis provides new insights into sucrose induced somatic embryogenesis in camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora L. - RNA-Seq screening of differentially expressed genes during somatic embryogenesis in Fragaria×ananassa Duch 'Benihopp'. - Decoding regulatory landscape of somatic embryogenesis reveals differential regulatory networks between japonica and indica rice subspecies. - Small RNA and Transcriptome sequencing reveal a potential miRNA-mediated interaction network that functions during somatic embryogenesis in Lilium pumilum DC. - New insight into early somatic embryogenesis of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) through de novo and comparative Transcriptome analyses. - Comparative proteomics analysis of the effect of combined red and blue lights on sugarcane somatic embryogenesis. - Differential proteome analysis during early somatic embryogenesis in Musa spp. - iTRAQ- based comparative proteomic analysis provides insights into somatic embryogenesis in Gossypium hirsutum L. - Identification of putative homologs of Larix decidua to BABYBOOM (BBM), LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1), WUSCHEL-related HOMEOBOX2 (WOX2) and SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-like KINASE (SERK) during somatic embryogenesis.. - Leafy cotyledon genes are essential for induction of somatic embryogenesis of Arabidopsis. - New insights into somatic embryogenesis:. - Enhanced somatic embryogenesis in Theobroma cacao using the homologous BABY BOOM transcription factor. - The BABY BOOM transcription factor activates the LEC1-ABI3- FUS3-LEC2 network to induce somatic embryogenesis. - Wuschel overexpression promotes somatic embryogenesis and induces organogenesis in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) tissues cultured in vitro. - AGAMOUS-Like15 promotes somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis and soybean in part by the control of ethylene biosynthesis and response. - Analysis of the global transcriptome of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) embryogenic callus using Illumina paired-end sequencing.. - Comparative analysis reveals dynamic changes in miRNAs and their targets and expression during somatic embryogenesis in longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour. - Changing fatty acid composition during somatic embryogenesis in cultures of Daucus carota. - Protein Markers for Somatic Embryogenesis. - Somatic Embryogenesis. - The Role of the Auxins During Somatic Embryogenesis. - Somatic Embryogenesis: Fundamental Aspects and Applications. - The role of auxins in somatic embryogenesis of Abies alba. - Comparison of NAA and 2,4-D induced somatic embryogenesis in cassava. - Role of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in somatic embryogenesis on cultured zygotic embryos of Arabidopsis: cell expansion, cell cycling, and morphogenesis during continuous exposure of embryos to 2,4-D. - Auxin and nutritional stress coupled somatic embryogenesis in Oldenlandia umbellata L. - Desiccation treatment and endogenous IAA levels are key factors influencing high frequency somatic embryogenesis in Cunninghamia lanceolata (lamb.) hook. - Immuno-cytochemical localization of indole-3-acetic acid during induction of somatic embryogenesis in cultured sunflower embryos. - Synchronization control of somatic embryogenesis from Embryogenic Calli and Extraction of DNA and RNA in Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour. - Developmental regulation of Ran 3'untranslated region during somatic embryogenesis in Dimocarpus longan Lour. - Tryptophan enhancement of somatic embryogenesis in rice. - Dynamics of the concentration of IAA and some of its conjugates during the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Coffea canephora. - Functional genomic analysis of the AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID gene family members in Arabidopsis thaliana.. - Expression profiling of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR genes during somatic embryogenesis induction in Arabidopsis. - Cytokinin induced somatic embryogenesis from immature embryos of Abies nordmanniana Lk. - Cytokinin-induced somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Corydalis yanhusuo (Fumariaceae)- a medicinal plant. - Effect of exogenous cytokinins on growth and somatic embryogenesis in anise cells (Pimpinella anisum L. - Induced expression of AtLEC1 and AtLEC2 differentially promotes somatic embryogenesis in transgenic tobacco plants. - Characterization of VvSERK1, VvSERK2, VvSERK3 and VvL1L genes and their expression during somatic embryogenesis of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.).. - Epigenetic regulation and gene markers as signals of early somatic embryogenesis. - Evidence of WUSCHEL (WOX2) gene expression during induction of somatic embryogenesis from apical shoot buds of mature trees of Pinus roxburghii. - Auxin-induced WUS expression is essential for embryonic stem cell renewal during somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. - The Arabidopsis SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 1 gene is expressed in developing ovules and embryos and enhances embryogenic competence in culture. - Characterization of a ZmSERK gene and its relationship to somatic embryogenesis in a maize culture. - Characterization of three somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase genes from wheat, Triticum aestivum. - Gene expression during induction of somatic embryogenesis in carrot cell suspensions
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