- Origin, clonal diversity, and evolution of the parthenogenetic lizard Darevskia unisexualis. - A previously identified genetic polymorphism in the species consisted of one common and two allozyme clones. - unisexualis were compared with those of the parental species. - Microsatellites detect higher clonal diversity in D. - Among vertebrates, parthenogenesis was first described in the lizard genus Darevskia (Lacertidae) [11]. - The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. - If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. - 1 Laboratory of Genome Organization, Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 34/5, Moscow 119334, Russia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article. - hybridization, size of the area the ancestral species occu- pied, and ecological conditions [23–25].. - Accordingly, this species is classified as “Near Threatened” by the IUCN and listed as “Vul- nerable” in the Red Book of Armenia [30].. - raddei is widespread throughout central Armenia, with isolated populations in the north and in south-central portions of the coun- try. - Darevskia raddei has been suggested to be a species-complex, containing the forms “raddei” and. - the four populations of D. - raddei nairensis . - Analyses provide direct information about in- terspecific hybridization founder events, and about pos- sible mutations in the initial hybrid clones.. - Both length and structure of the al- leles differed within individuals. - Further, the flanking regions of the alleles had single nucleotide polymor- phisms (SNPs) in fixed positions (Fig. - In the paternal parent, Du215(val. - raddei nairensis ) in the maternal parent. - Six of the 14 alleles in D. - The absence of these al- leles in the parental species may have owed to sampling artifacts or genetic recombination in D. - Clones C5–C12 occurred in one or two populations and were found in 1–3 individuals ( n = 16;. - 1 Composition of the 12 clones in 109 individuals of Darevskia unisexualis. - How- ever, the polymorphic loci of the parental species often had greater allelic richness than D. - Allelic richness of Du281 in populations of D. - unisexualis as was allelic richness of Du47G in D .valentini versus D. - 0.05) due to homozygosity of some loci of the parental species.. - and are presented in the Table S3.. - unisexualis , the two rare allozyme clones were hypothesized to have resulted via post-formation muta- tion of the preexisting common clone [26]. - 2 A statistical parsimony (TCS) network showing the geographic associations of the 12 clones in parthenogenetic Darevskia unisexualis.. - Analyses used differences in the number of repeats, but not indels. - unisexualis due to identical SNPs in flanking regions of the microsatellite loci and a single mitochondrial haplotype. - Variation in clone frequency could result from independent origins of a unisexual species because of geographic variation in the ancestors. - Identification of the original area of hybridization can lead to insights and assessments of dispersal, especially Table 2 Microsatellite diversity for seven populations of D.. - Kuchak 2 2.00. - Hrazdan 2 3.00. - Total 3 3.00. - Hrazdan 3 2.00. - Total 6 6.00. - Hrazdan 2 2.00. - Kuchak 3 2.00. - First, the initial C1 arose in the Kuchak region, and then these lizards dispersed eastwardly to other regions (Artavaz, Lchap, Noratus, and other populations). - rostombekowi , which origi- nated via a single hybridization event, owes to mutations in the initial clones. - Assessments confirm that formation of the parthenospe- cies resulted from the hybridization of female D. - Clonal diversity in D. - unisexualis appears to result from microsatellite mutations in the initial clone. - raddei nairensis ( n = 45), and four populations of D.. - We used the tips of tails of museum specimens in the herpetological collection of Yerevan State University, as well as a few blood samples collected in 2018 (Table 3).. - (2) Hrazdan 40.503493 N 44.748097 E 5 0 5. - (3) Kuchak 40.530503 N 44.284286 E 2 10 12. - (4) Lchap 40.467333 N 45.062083 E 2 11 13. - (5) Noratus 40.377694 N 45.211667 E 0 17 17. - (6) Sevan 40.564171 N 45.010575 E 3 0 3. - (7) Tsovak 40.179167 N 45.622972 E 15 10 25. - (3) Kuchak 40.530503 N 44.284286 E 0 2 2. - (9) Lchashen 40.512756 N 44.900894 E 0 5 5. - raddei nairensis (11) Ayrivank 40.433972 N 45.107556 E 0 2 2 45. - (12) Bjni 40.461833 N 44.652056 E 0 1 1. - (9) Lchashen 40.512756 N 44.900894 E 0 14 14. - (4) Lchap 40.467333 N 45.062083 E 0 5 5. - (14) Yerevan 40.176944 N 44.602583 E 0 6 6. - raddei nairensis (yellow). - raddei nairensis.. - R S : Allelic richness. - This funding supported the experimental work, data analyses, and preparation of the manuscript. - The work was conducted on the base of the Center for Collective Use, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences (GK . - The funding bodies played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.. - We used tail- tips of lizards preserved as museum specimens at Yerevan State University, which were collected in with capture permit Code issued by the Ministry of Nature Protection of the Republic of Armenia for scientific studies. - We also used blood samples of lizards, collected in 2018 and then these lizards were released in the site of collection, which pre- cluded needing a collecting permit. - 1 4A/9A 10A/9A 7A/2A 5A/3A – A. - 2 4A/10A 9A/9A 7A/2A 5A/3A A. - 3 4A/9A 10A/10A 7A/2A 5A/3A – A. - 4 4A/9A 12A/9A 7A/2A 5A/3A – A A A. - 5 4A/10A 10A/9A 7A/2A 5A/3A A A. - 6 4A/9A 10A/9A 7A/2A 5A/4A – A. - 7 4A/9A 9A/10A 7A/2A 5A/3A. - 8 4A/10A 9A/9A 7A/2A 5A/4A A. - 9 4A/9A 9A/9A 7A/2A 5A/3A. - 10 4A/9A 10A/10A 7A/2A 5A/4A – A. - 11 4A/9A 11A/9A 7A/2A 5A/3A – A A. - 12 4A/9A 12A/9A 7A/2A 5A/4A – A A A – A. - 1 Laboratory of Genome Organization, Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 34/5, Moscow 119334, Russia.. - Rock lizards of the Caucasus: systematics, ecology and phylogenesis of the polymorphic groups of Caucasian rock lizards of the subgenus Archaeolacerta. - Biochemical evidence for the hybrid origin of the parthenogenetic species of the Lacerta saxicola complex (Sauria, Lacertidae), with a discussion of some ecological and evolutionary implications. - Phylogenetic relationships of whiptail lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae): a test of monophyly, reevaluation of karyotypic evolution, and review of hybrid origins. - Genetic variation and origin of parthenogenesis in the Aspidoscelis cozumela complex: evidence from mitochondrial genes. - Anchoring genome sequence to chromosomes of the central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) enables reconstruction of ancestral squamate macrochromosomes and identifies sequence content of the Z chromosome. - Ecological implications of clonal diversity in parthenogenetic morphospecies. - Clonal diversity in Cnemidophorus:. - Molecular genetic diversification of the lizard complex Darevskia raddei (Sauria: Lacertidae): early stages of speciation. - Bobyn ML, Darevsky IS, Kupriyanova LA, MacCulloch RD, Upton DE, Danielyan FD, et al. - Clonal diversity and clone formation in the. - The origin of multiple clones in the parthenogenetic lizard species Darevskia rostombekowi. - Multiple interspecific hybridization and microsatellite mutations provide clonal diversity in the parthenogenetic rock lizard Darevskia armeniaca. - Old age, multiple formations or genetic plasticity? Clonal diversity in the uniparental Caucasian rock lizard, Lacerta dahli. - Genetic evidence for species status of some Caucasian rock lizards in the Darevskia saxicola group.. - Low clonal diversity in the parthenogenetic lizard Cnemidophorus neomexicanus (Sauria: Teiidae). - Genetic variation and de novo mutations in the parthenogenetic Caucasian rock lizard Darevskia unisexualis. - Proceedings of the Scientific Conference, Dedicated to 75th Anniversary of the Department of Zoology of YSU. - Divergence of the cytochrome b gene in the Lacerta raddei complex and its parthenogenetic daughter species: evidence for recent multiple origins
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