Genomic insights into mite phylogeny, fitness, development, and reproduction

- However, the genomes of mites are far less well understood than those of insects and the evolutionary relationships among mite and other chelicerate orders are contested, with the enigmatic origin of mites at one of the centres in discussion of the evolution of Arachnida..
- (6981) of the genes are unique to N.
- While the phylogeny of insects and allies of the Madibulata are relatively well known [8], the evolutionary relationships of the chelicerate orders are contested, with the enigmatic origin of mites at one of the centers in dis- cussion of the evolution of Arachnida [9, 10]..
- 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.
- Full list of author information is available at the end of the article.
- Here we present the genomic analyses of the 173 Mb nuclear genome of an important biocontrol agent.
- Assembly, annotation and content of the N.
- The results revealed that 95.22% of the arthropod BUSCOs were present in the assembly (89.96% complete single copy and 5.25% duplicated BUS- COs).
- moreover, the percentage of the matched transcripts with length of >.
- Comparison of the genome assemblies of the sequenced species within the Acari showed that: i) in general, the assemblies and the estimated genome sizes of the species belonging to the superorder Parasi- tiformes are larger than those belonging to the superorder Acariformes, except Hypochthonius rufulus;.
- According to our transcriptome data of the identified genes exhibited transcriptional activities across process of development .
- [53], Blobplot [54] was used to assess the potential contamination of the genome as- sembly and only 0.71% reads were identified as putative contaminants (Additional file 2: Figure S1)—this level is very low, or about 21.5% of that in the Colorado potato.
- iv) Members of the superfamily DIRS, encoding tyrosine recombinase frequently involved in site-specific recombination, were found in this genome (483 members, 0.11%) but not in both D.
- v) The dominant class II TEs were TIR (terminal inverted Table 1 Summary of the N.
- Average sequencing depth and coverage of the assembly 287 X and 98.14%.
- In accordance with a high abundance of the TEs in the N.
- Add- itionally, 3 genes of the retrotransposon gag protein fam- ily were found.
- So many copies of them might infer their important roles in activities of the high aboundant transposons, retrotransposons and genome architecture evolution of this predatory mite..
- The results indicated that of the 9352 N.
- According to the homologous gene family clustering of the nine species listed above, 619.
- To emphasize orthology and evolution of the Subclass Acari, we further compared the gene families of five.
- 1 Comparative genomics, phylogenesis, and evolution of the Acari species.
- Comparison of the gene families of five sequenced species within the Subclass Acari.
- occidentalis scaffolds, spanning 137.85 Mb and 123.58 Mb of the N.
- The relatively low proportion of the conserved core gene families suggests a significant difference in gain and loss property of gene families across the Subclass Acari.
- and ~ 64.73% (total 18,338) of the gene families and genes in the two genomes, respectively.
- 58.79) of the family.
- 2 Life cycle, reproduction, and genetic system of the predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris.
- Development, reproduction and sex determination of the Phytoseiid predatory mite.
- Overview of the developmental transcriptomes.
- The transcriptomes of the five developmental stages, namely 12 h eggs (early embryonic development), 36 h eggs (late embryonic development), larvae, nymphs and adults, were determined by the RNA-seq technique.
- According to our transcriptome data, a total of of the predicted genes exhibited transcriptional activities.
- the gene transcription percentage of the five developmental stages was and respectively (Additional file 1: Table S13).
- The results demonstrated that the larvae and nymphs of the mite N.
- In the N.
- cucu- meris genome (Additional file 1: Table S14), which could play important roles in reproduction and development of the mite N.
- In the predatory mite M.
- The transcriptomics data revealed that i) among these 53 histone-methylation modification related genes, 47 genes (88.7%) were all expressed in the mite eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults, and only one histone-arginine methyltransferase gene (Gglean013613) was not expressed at any of the four developmental stages.
- Thus, DNA methylation of the N.
- ii) the expression level of the HDAC gene Sirt1 (Gglean008244) was the highest at the all four developmental stages, implying its functional im- portance.
- Although genetic systems for sex determination in ar- thropods show a high diversity in different species, the signal cascade genes of the sex-determining pathway is remarkably well conserved [39, 88], with more conserved at the bottom but more diverse primary signals at the top [89].
- At the top of the sex-determining signal cascade, the expression of Sxl is transcriptionally regulated by several transcrip- tion factors such as sisterless-B (sisB), deadpan (dpn), and the segmentation gene runt [92, 93], to respond to the relative number of X chromosomes and sets of auto- somes (X:A ratio).
- The adult chelicerate body plan is composed of the an- terior prosoma bearing the chelicerae, pedipalps, and the four pairs of walking legs and the posterior opisthosoma..
- In Acari, however, the development of the fourth pair of walking legs is suppressed during embryogenesis and larval stages, with the fully developed fourth pair of walking legs appearing in the nymphal stages [97].
- These imply that the expression of the limb gap genes is controlled under spatio-temporal regulation..
- Moreover, the orthologues of the transcription factors, the pair-rule genes (hairy, even-skipped (eve), runt (run), odd-skipped (odd, 2 copies), fushi tarazu (ftz) and its partner fushi tarazu transcription factor 1 (ftz-f1), paired (prd) and sloppy-paired (slp)) and the segment-polarity genes (engrailed (en), hedgehog (hh, 2 copies), wingless (wg)) could all be identified in the N.
- cucu- meris genome, we could identify the orthologues of the D.
- Moreover, the expression level of the Hox genes except the gene pb was significantly downregulated at the adult stage com- pared with the immature stages (Additional file 1: Table S13).
- cucumeris genome, we identified the core genes of the Notch pathway, 3 copies of the receptor gene Notch (N), the ligand genes Delta (Dl) and Serrate (Ser).
- two E3 ubiquitin ligase genes for ubiquitylation of the ligands Dl and Ser, Neuralized (Neur) or Mind bomb 1 (Mib1).
- The majority of the Hh signaling components.
- could be found in the N.
- cucumeris, no homolog was matched to any of the seven Drosophila Rhodopsins (Rh1-Rh7) encoding photosensitive G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that initiate the phototransduction cascade [118], but rhodopsin’s chaperone, neither inactivation nor afterpotential A (NinaA) [119], and NinaG involved in biosynthesis of visual pigment chromophore (3-hydroxyretinal) for rhodopsin [120] could be identified.
- The length of the lines does not represent the physical length.
- Members of the GST, CYP and CCE superfamilies in the two predatory mites are both fewer than those in the phytophagous spider mite T.
- Notably, the high level of the lipid peroxidation (LPO) in N.
- Although some components of the Imd signaling pathway could be found (Additional file 1:.
- in the JAK/.
- cucumeris genome, but no homologue of the Drosophila antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are present (Additional file 1: Table S33).
- More importantly, the vast majority of the above-mentioned.
- (2) For the evolutionary relationships of the chelicerate or- ders, our phylogenomic analysis supported the monophyly of Acari.
- The repeat sequences of the N.
- The de novo gene prediction of the repeat-masked genome was per- formed using Genscan Augustus2.4 [151], GlimmerHMM version GeneID version and SNAP version .
- We assigned gene functions based on the best hits of the alignments against databases using BLASTN (E-value = 1e-5), including the National Center for Biotechnology Information non-redundant protein (Nr) [157] database and non-redundant nucleotide se- quence (Nt) database.
- To check the robustness of the phylo- genetic tree, the tree was reconstructed using two strat- egies.
- To test the reliability of the gene predictions, phylo- genetic analysis of each gene was performed.
- Domains of the revised sequences were anno- tated.
- These funding bodies play no role in the design of the study, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript..
- The phylogeny of the extant chelicerate orders..
- The division of the Acarina into orders and their position in the system of the Chelicerata.
- New system of the superclass Chelicerata.
- Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
- A revised classification of the mites (Arachnidea, Acarida) with diagnoses, a key, and notes on phylogeny.
- A new classification of the Chelicerata.
- Phylogenetic position of the acariform mites: sensitivity to homology assessment under total evidence.
- Phylogeny of the Chelicerates:.
- Deep metazoan phylogeny: the backbone of the tree of life.
- Genome sequencing of the phytoseiid predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis reveals completely atomized Hox genes and superdynamic intron evolution.
- Draft genome of the honey bee ectoparasitic mite, Tropilaelaps mercedesae, is shaped by the parasitic life history.
- A critical appraisal of the placement of Xiphosura (Chelicerata) with account of known sources of phylogenetic error.
- Gene-enriched draft genome of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus: assembly by the hybrid Pacific Biosciences/Illumina approach enabled analysis of the highly repetitive genome.
- Genomic survey of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, a major pest of the honey bee Apis mellifera.
- A model species for agricultural pest genomics: the genome of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).
- A novel family of terminal-repeat retrotransposon in miniature (TRIM) in the genome of the red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus.
- Draft genome of the scabies mite.
- Recent advances in genetics and genetic improvement of the Phytoseiidae.
- Suppression of ovarian development and vitellogenin gene expression in the adult diapause of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae.
- Molecular characterization, tissue-specific expression and RNAi knockdown of the first vitellogenin receptor from a tick.
- Phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary dynamics of the sex determination genes doublesex and transformer in insects.
- Transcriptional regulation of the Sex-lethal gene by helix- loop-helix proteins.
- The delineation of the fourth walking leg segment is temporally linked to posterior segmentation in the mite Archegozetes longisetosus (Acari: Oribatida, Trhypochthoniidae).
- Hox genes, evo-devo, and the case of the ftz gene.
- Structure and function of the two tandem WW domains of the pre- mRNA splicing factor FBP21 (formin-binding protein 21).
- Functional genomics identifies regulators of the phototransduction machinery in the Drosophila larval eye and adult ocelli..
- The chemoreceptor genes of the waterflea Daphnia pulex: many Grs but no Ors.
- A burst of ABC genes in the genome of the polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae.
- Effects of thermal stress on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities of the predatory mite, Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae).
- Evolution of the thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) of the arthropoda, revealed by molecular cloning of TEP genes from a spider, Hasarius adansoni.
- Involvement of the Anopheles gambiae Nimrod gene family in mosquito immune responses.
- The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome

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