Sex- and tissue-specific transcriptome analyses and expression profiling of olfactory-related genes in Ceracris nigricornis Walker (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

- Among these antennae-enriched genes, some were sex-biased, indicating their different roles in the olfactory system of C..
- However, long- term application of pesticides may lead to pesticide resist- ance, pesticide residues, environmental pollution, and a decrease in the natural enemies of C.
- for example, plant volatiles from Trifolium repens L., Castanea mollissima Blume, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Kigelia afri- cana (Lam.) and Myrica rubra (Lour.) have been used to interfere with the orientation and selection of plant vola- tiles of tea leaves in the olfactory system of Empoasca vitis,.
- OBPs and CSPs are highly concentrated in the lymph of chemosen- silla and are regarded as carriers of pheromones and odorants in insect chemoreception [13–15].
- OBPs can bind and transport external odorant molecules to the olfactory receptors in the olfactory neuronal mem- brane, which is often considered the first step in olfac- tory recognition [18, 19].
- CSPs are also present in nonchemosen- sory organs and play a role in the transmission of phero- mones, the solubility of nutrients, and the development of insecticide resistance [23–25]..
- Insect ORs were first identified in the D.
- IR is a newly discovered gene family that was first studied in the olfactory system of D.
- Currently, there are data for more than 100 genomes of Orthoptera species in the Genome Size Database (www.genomesize.com)..
- transcriptomic approaches can generate almost all transcripts of a specific organ or tissue of a certain species in a comprehensive and rapid manner, and most molecular mechanisms of different biological processes are also elucidated in the transcriptome [36]..
- Based on functional annotation and tBLASTn results, a total of 20 candidate OBP genes (CnigOBP1–20) were identified in the transcriptome of C.
- In the transcriptomes of C.
- In the bio- logical process category, significantly enriched GO terms were mainly associated with chemosensory perception, such as sensory perception of chemical stimulus, sensory perception of smell, detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell, detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception and sensory perception (Fig.
- CnigOR1 MN odorant receptor 115 Locusta migratoria KP E- 180.
- CnigOR9 MN odorant receptor 129 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR11 MN odorant receptor 22 Locusta migratoria KP E- 179.
- CnigOR12 MN odorant receptor 94 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR14 MN odorant receptor 46 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR15 MN odorant receptor 8 Schistocerca gregaria.
- CnigOR16 MN odorant receptor 57 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR18 MN odorant receptor 70 Locusta migratoria KP E- 101.
- CnigOR21 MN odorant receptor 92 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR22 MN odorant receptor 112 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR23 MN odorant receptor 59 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR24 MN odorant receptor 140 Locusta migratoria KP E+.
- CnigOR27 MN odorant receptor 63 Locusta migratoria KP E- 165.
- CnigOR29 MN odorant receptor 15 Locusta migratoria KP E- 165.
- CnigOR31 MN odorant receptor 3 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR34 MN odorant receptor 85 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR37 MN odorant receptor 49 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR43 MN odorant receptor 89 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR47 MN odorant receptor 102 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR49 MN odorant receptor 96 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR59 MN005028 Y odorant receptor 1 Locusta migratoria KP .
- In Clus- ter II, the expression detected in the head was higher than that detected in the antennae, legs, wings and abdomen- thorax..
- Based on the expression levels in different tissues, most of the differentially expressed OBP genes were highly expressed in the.
- The expression analysis showed that except for CnigCSP5 and CnigCSP8, all of the differen- tially expressed CSP genes were highly expressed in the antennae.
- Among those genes highly expressed in the antennae, CnigCSP6 and CnigCSP9 were also highly expressed in the legs, CnigCSP1 and CnigCSP10 were also highly expressed in the wings, and CnigCSP7 was also highly expressed in the abdomen-thorax.
- CnigCSP5 was relatively highly expressed in the legs and wings, Table 3 Summary of odorant receptors (ORs) identified in C.
- CnigOR66 MN odorant receptor 107 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR67 MN odorant receptor 58 Locusta migratoria KP .
- CnigOR68 MN odorant receptor 44 Locusta migratoria KP E- 140.
- and CnigCSP8 was highly expressed in the head (Fig.
- Except for CnigOR69 that showed relatively high expres- sion levels in the legs, all differentially expressed ORs showed antennal-specific or antennal-biased expression (Fig.
- The IRs showed a similar expression profile to the ORs, but more IRs than ORs were detected in the legs and wings (Fig.
- All SNMPs were highly expressed in the antennae (Fig.
- Based on the results of qRT-PCR assays, six OBP genes (CnigOBP had significantly in- creased expressed in the antennae, and CnigOBP3 and CnigOBP20 were predominantly expressed in the male antennae (P <.
- CnigOBP1, CnigOBP12 and CnigOBP19 were predominantly expressed in the head, and CnigOBP1 was significantly more highly expressed in the male head than in the female head among the three head-biased OBPs (Fig.
- In addition, CnigOBP15 was highly expressed in the legs, CnigOBP11 was highly expressed in the antennae and legs, CnigOBP13 was highly expressed in three tissues (antennae, head and leg), and all 12 OBPs had no or little expression in the wings and abdomen-thorax (Fig.
- The qRT-PCR results revealed that all 10 CSPs had significant differences in the expression levels among different tissues.
- Four CSP genes (CnigCSP1/2/3/4) were expressed more highly in the antennae than in other tis- sues (P <.
- 0.05), and except for CnigCSP3, all antennae- biased CSPs were significantly more highly expressed in the male antennae than in the female antennae (Fig.
- CnigCSP8 was predominantly expressed in the head, while CnigCSP5 was highly expressed in the legs.
- Mean- while, there were significant differences in the expression.
- levels of CnigCSP8 in the head and CnigCSP5 in the legs between males and females, and CnigCSP8 and CnigCSP5 were highly expressed in the female head and leg tissues, respectively (Fig.
- among them, CnigCSP6, CnigCSP7 and CnigCSP9 were more highly expressed in the anten- nae and legs than in other tissues, and CnigCSP10 was more highly expressed in the antennae, head and legs than in the wings and abdomen-thorax (Fig.
- All randomly selected OR genes were strongly expressed in the antennae, whereas they were not or were more faintly expressed in other tissues (Fig.
- R37/70) were more highly expressed in the male anten- nae than in the female antennae, four CnigOR genes (CnigOR were more highly expressed in the female antennae than in the male antennae (P <.
- Furthermore, we also identified 112 candi- date olfactory-related genes in the transcriptomes of C..
- The numbers of candidate olfactory-related genes identified in the transcriptomes of C.
- nigricornis were similar to the num- bers of candidate olfactory-related genes identified in the transcriptomes of O.
- However, the sequencing method or depth used in the.
- This may reflect that different insects evolved different physiological behaviors in the process.
- b GO enrichment analysis in the top 25 DEGs of biological process category.
- However, this reduced number of OBPs seems to be balanced by the expansion of the CSP family, of which a large number of CSPs (70) were reported in the oriental locust L.
- nigricornis were higher expressed in antennae than in other tissues, indicating that these OBPs might play roles in the recognition of sex phero- mones and host volatile compounds, as in other insect species (Figs.
- Moreover, the expres- sion profiles of most OBPs in the antennae showed male-biased expression, suggesting their possible crucial roles in detecting female pheromone and mating behavior.
- However, we also found that several OBPs were more highly expressed in the head and legs, suggest- ing that these OBPs might participate in other physiological functions [43].
- indicates significant difference between both sexes in the same tissue (P <.
- An interesting example of the diverse roles of CSPs was observed in the locust L.
- Our results show that CnigCSP1, CnigCSP2, CnigCSP3 and CnigCSP4 were antennae-enriched, and these four CSPs might be in- volved in the chemosensory process (Fig.
- CnigCSP6/7/9 showed higher expression in both antennae and legs, CnigCSP5 was mainly expressed in the legs, CnigCSP8 was predominantly expressed in the head and CnigCSP10.
- was highly expressed in the antennae, head and legs.
- ORs are usually expressed in the dendrites of antennal sensilla and act as biotransducers to convert chemical signals of odorant molecules into electrical signals [64]..
- In this study, we identified 70 specific ORs and a conserved ORco, and the RNA-Seq results showed that all ORs were highly expressed in the antennae, except CnigOR69, which were relatively highly expressed in nonolfactory leg tissues (Fig.
- The antennae-biased ORs may play an important role in odorant reception in antennae or be involved in the olfactory sensing process [67], and the nonolfactory tissues highly expressed ORs, which suggests that they may participate in other physiological processes in addition to olfaction [53]..
- The expression profiles showed that all 12 randomly selected ORs were strongly expressed in the antennae, which was consistent with the results of RNA-Seq.
- We also identified three SNMPs, and the FPKM-value showed that all SNMPs were strongly expressed in antennae, indicating that they may be involved in the process of olfaction.
- Sex- and tissue-specific expression profiling revealed that most of the candidate olfactory-related genes were antennae-enriched, but some were nonantennae-enriched, and some were sex-biased, indi- cating their different roles in the olfactory system of C..
- KOBAS2.0 was used to obtain KEGG Orthology results of unigenes in the KEGG annotation.
- The specific primers used in the qRT-PCR analysis were designed online (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/.
- A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s test were performed for the comparative analyses of each gene among different tissues, and Stu- dent’s t-test was used to analyze each gene in the same tissue from females and males.
- OR: Odorant receptor.
- The authors declare that the data supporting the finding of this study are available in the article and its supplementary information files.
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- Differential interactions of sex pheromone and plant odour in the olfactory pathway of a male moth.
- Modulation of reproductive behaviors by non-host volatiles in the polyphagous Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis.
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- Identification and expression profiling of candidate chemosensory membrane proteins in the band- winged grasshopper, Oedaleus asiaticus.
- Identification and functional analysis of olfactory receptor family reveal unusual characteristics of the olfactory system in the migratory locust.
- Identification and comparison of candidate odorant receptor genes in the olfactory and non- olfactory organs of Holotrichia oblita Faldermann by transcriptome analysis..
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- RNAi-induced phenotypes suggest a novel role for a chemosensory protein CSP5 in the development of embryonic integument in the honeybee (Apis mellifera).
- Differential expression of olfactory genes in the southern house mosquito and insights into unique odorant receptor gene isoforms

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