- transcriptome analysis of pectoralis muscle tissue aimed to identify functional genes and biological pathways likely contributing to the extreme differences in the TG content of broiler chickens.. - This RNA sequencing analysis was performed on pectoralis muscle samples from the higher TG content group (HTG) and the lower TG content group (LTG) chickens. - Conclusions: This study showed that increased TG deposition accompanying an increase in steroid synthesis in pectoralis muscle tissue. - Our findings of changes in gene expression of steroid biosynthesis and PPAR signaling pathway in HTG and LTG chickens provide insight into genetic mechanisms involved in different lipid deposition patterns in pectoralis muscle tissue.. - As a major factor in the regulation of energy metabolism, the synthesis and de- position of TG appear to be extremely important for en- ergy metabolism and lipid deposition in muscle tissue [11]. - Presently, although several studies have been re- ported on TG metabolism in chickens [12–14], little is known about the key genes and molecular mechanisms of TG metabolism in chicken pectoralis muscle tissue. - In this study, 18 Jingxing-Huang female chickens with extremely different TG content were chosen for transcriptomic study aimed at identifying DEGs and investigating the under- lying molecular mechanisms involved in alterations of lipid metabolism in pectoralis muscle tissue.. - Different lipid metabolism in pectoralis muscle tissue of HTG and LTG chickens. - To study lipid metabolism in pectoralis muscle tissue from HTG and LTG chickens, the relative and absolute content of TG and TCHO in pectoralis muscle tissue samples were measured. - The results revealed significant differences in the TG content between chickens from the HTG and LTG groups, as shown in Fig. - The TG content in the HTG group was extremely signifi- cantly (p <. - 0.05) between the two groups in the relative TCHO content, while the absolute TCHO content in the HTG group was significantly higher (p <. - 0.01) than that in the LTG group (Fig. - The contents of TG and TCHO in pectoralis muscle tissue samples, whether the relative or absolute content, were correlated (relative content correlation, r = 0.54, p <. - A total of 1200 known DEGs were identified, of which 1142 were upregulated and 58 were downregulated, in the HTG group compared with the LTG group (log2 FC ≥ 1 and FDR <. - One (odd-one-out) extreme individual with abnormal gene expression in the HTG group was excluded from the ana- lysis. - Compared with the LTG group, 58 upregulated and 1 downregulated DEGs re- lated to lipid metabolism were identified in the HTG group (Additional file 2), and were found to be involved in many biological processes: fatty acid binding and transport, fatty acid elongation, adipocyte differentiation, cholesterol metabolism and steroid biosynthesis. - Also, almost all DEGs related to lipid deposition were signifi- cantly upregulated in the HTG group, indicating a greater capacity in lipid deposition than the LTG group.. - The expres- sion of 7 genes (ADIPOQ, CD36, FABP4, FABP5, LPL, SCD and PLIN1) in the PPAR signaling pathway was sig- nificantly higher in the HTG group (p <. - CIDEC, which plays an important role in controlling lipid droplet (LD) fusion and lipid storage, was signifi- cantly upregulated in the HTG group (p <. - Add- itionally, ELOVL7, which participates in fatty acid elongation, also was significantly increased in the HTG group (p <. - In addition, the expression of DHCR24, LSS, MSMO1, NSDHL and CH25H, which are related to steroid metabolism, was significantly higher than that in the LTG group (Fig. - These findings sug- gested that these genes are likely responsible for the higher lipid deposition in the HTG group compared with that in the LTG group.. - Functional classification and pathway enrichment of DEGs in the HTG and LTG chickens. - Liu et al. - Therefore, studying the gen- etic mechanism of IMF deposition in muscle tissue may contribute to improving the meat quality of chicken.. - Given the composition and limita- tion of measurement accuracy, TG content was chosen as the major phenotype instead of conventional IMF to explore the hub genes involved in lipid deposition of pectoralis muscle tissue. - In this study, broiler chickens with extremely high and low TG content were used to identify the important candidate genes and pathways af- fecting lipid metabolism in pectoralis muscle tissue by RNA sequencing analysis.. - a The relative content of TG in pectoralis muscle tissue (mg/g). - b The absolute content of TG in pectoralis muscle tissue (mg). - c The relative content of TCHO in pectoralis muscle tissue (mg/g). - d The absolute content of TCHO in pectoralis muscle tissue (mg). - e The correlation between the relative content of TG and TCHO in pectoralis muscle tissue (mg/g) was analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient in the HTG and LTG groups ( r = 0.54, p <. - f The correlation between the absolute content of TG and TCHO in pectoralis muscle tissue (mg) was analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient in the HTG and LTG groups ( r = 0.81, p <. - In the present study, TG and TCHO content were correlated in both relative and absolute content. - to infer that increased lipid deposition in pectoralis muscle tissue is affected by TG and TCHO content. - To investigate the molecular regulation of TG and steroid lipid metabolism in chicken pectoralis muscle tissue, 59 DEGs related to lipid deposition were further analyzed.. - b-c Expression level of representative genes involved in TG and steroid metabolism by qRT-PCR in the HTG and LTG chickens. - All genes were significantly upregulated in the HTG group compared with LTG group. - Previous studies revealed that fe- male chickens exhibited increased SCD expression in pectoralis muscle tissue than male chickens [27]. - The expression of SCD and ELOVL7 in the HTG group was higher than that in the LTG group, indicating that increased synthesis of fatty acids might promote the synthesis and deposition of TGs. - FABP5 was found to be involved in the transport of large amounts of intracel- lular FAs into the nucleus to activate PPARG [28, 29].. - Compared with the LTG group, the mRNA level of FABP5 and PPARG was elevated in the HTG group. - addition, the upregulated expression of certain adipocyte differentiation markers, including ADIPOQ, FABP4, LPL and CD36 [31–36] may be associated with increased lipid accumulation in the HTG group. - In this study, CIDEC and PLIN1 were all upregulated in the HTG group, which is consistent with their increased TG content. - The upregulation of all these genes indicated a higher lipid biosynthesis in the HTG group. - Most of the intracellular cholesterol is positively corre- lated with LDs and cholesterol homeostasis may play a key role in the regulation of adipocytes size and function [44]. - The x-axis represents rich factor (rich factor = number of DEGs enriched in the pathway/. - number of all genes in the background gene set). - Color represents enrichment significance, and the size of the bubble represents the number of DEGs enriched in the pathway. - upregulated in the HTG group compared with the LTG group. - The expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis in liver and hypothalamus tis- sues, such as LSS, NSDHL and DHCR24, was higher in the fast-growing chickens than that in the slow-growing chickens [50]. - Based on the identified DEGs, KEGG pathway analysis was conducted to investigate the regulatory network underlying differential lipid deposition in chicken pec- toralis muscle tissue. - Among the DEGs associated with lipid metabolism, six DEGs (ADIPOQ, CD36, LPL, SCD, PPARG and PLIN1) were significantly enriched in the PPAR signaling pathway (p <. - Several DEGs (DHCR24, LSS, MSMO1, NSDHL and CH25H) that par- ticipate in cholesterol synthesis were significantly enriched in the steroid biosynthesis pathway (p <. - These results indicated that the above pathways might be the key pathways for lipid deposition in chicken pectoralis muscle tissue and a. - After activating the transcription factor PPARG in the PPAR signaling pathway, lipogenesis genes (ADI- POQ, CD36, LPL and SCD) may be upregulated to pro- mote TG synthesis. - At the same time, the upregulated expression of cholesterol synthesis genes (DHCR24, LSS, MSMO1, NSDHL and CH25H) in the steroid biosynthesis pathway may increase steroid ester synthesis. - In this study, the active net- work, including PPAR signaling pathway and steroid biosynthesis pathway, might lead to an increase in lipid deposition in chicken pectoralis muscle tissue. - In the fu- ture, much effort is still needed to further insight into the genetic regulation of IMF deposition in chickens.. - In summary, chickens from the higher TG content group (HTG) and lower triglyceride (TG) content group (HTG) were used to identify candidate genes and path- ways related to differential lipid metabolism in pectoralis muscle tissue. - underlying differential lipid deposition in chicken pec- toralis muscle tissue.. - After slaughtering, the pectoralis major muscle was dissected in the same area in all chickens.. - The TG and TCHO contents in pectoralis muscle tissue samples were measured using TG and TCHO assay kits (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China). - Pectoralis muscle tissue samples (about 2 g) from each chicken were homogenized with absolute ethanol at room temperature and centrifuged (1000×g, 20 min). - Pectoralis muscle tissue samples from the. - The detection of RNA quality was referred to in Resnyk et al. - We used the methodology of cDNA library construction previously described by Chen et al. - 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