Ph t ting Anh v vn dch thut ng tin hc

t ting Anh sang ting Vit

1.1.Trong vn t c ngun gc nc ngoi trong ting Vit, chng ta c th chia lm hai loi ln l:
t ng vay mn v t ng nc ngoi. Trong , t ng vay mn bao gm mt b phn t c cch
c Hn Vit, cc t ng dch v mt b phn ca cc t ng phin chuyn. Cn cc t ng nc ngoi
bao gm b phn cn li ca cc t c cch c Hn Vit, cc t ng nguyn dng, cc t ng chuyn
t, v phn cn li ca cc t ng phin chuyn.
Xt v gc vay mn, c th thy, cc t ng ny c th l:

Cc t ng dch (cn ke, sao phng ng ngha).

Cc t ng phin chuyn;
Cc t ng chuyn t (v d: i vi ting Nga);
Cc t ng nc ngoi (gi nguyn dng cch vit).

Trong nhng phng thc vay mn trn, dch l mt phng thc ti u nht, hp l nht, m bo
cao nht tnh thng nht cho h thng hin ti. Tuy nhin, c mt thc t l khng phi vi bt k t
no chng ta cng c th dch sang ting Vit bng mt yu t tng ng sn c. Bi v yu cu cho
bn dch l tnh chnh xc v tnh t ho . Bn cnh , hin nay ang tn ti mt xu hng tit
kim , mang tnh li l nguyn dng vi ci l l cho c tnh quc t, cho d dng hn trong vic
hi nhp v cp nht kin thc ca nhn loi. Song r rng y ch l mt xu hng chu s tc ng v
mt tm l. Ci quan trng v quyt nh y phi l quy lut bn ng ho ca ngn ng. V vy, dch l
mt con ng sng sa nht cho vic xm nhp ca cc t ng nc ngoi vo trong ting Vit. Tuy
nhin, l mt con ng khng h bng phng, d i.
Trong bi vit ny, chng ti cp n vic vay mn cc thut ng ting Anh v vic chuyn dch
cc thut ng ny sang ting Vit. iu ny xut pht t hin trng l ting Anh ang c mt cuc xm
lng rt mnh m vo trong ting Vit trn nhiu bnh din ca i sng: kinh t, khoa hc, cng ngh,
th thao Trong cc lnh vc , do thi gian c hn, chng ti ch chn lnh vc cng ngh thng tin
lm i tng kho st, hn na, y cng l lnh vc c s tip xc su sc v mnh m nht.
1.2. C mt thc t l tc pht trin ca ngnh khoa hc cng ngh thng tin l rt nhanh. Trong
vng t su thng n mt nm l cng ngh hin ti c th b lc hu. Trong khi , Vit Nam khng
phi l mt quc gia pht trin mnh v lnh vc ny v chng ta lun trong tnh trng ui theo cng
ngh. Trong khi , c mt quy tc khng thnh vn l ting Anh l ngn ng ca cng ngh thng tin.
iu ny c th hin r nht trong cc ngn ng lp trnh (programming languages) v nhng quc
gia c nn cng ngh thng tin pht trin mnh nht l M v n li l nhng quc gia ni ting Anh.
V vy, khi mun hc tp v tip nhn cng ngh mi, ngi ta phi bit ting Anh.
Trong khi , gia cc thut ng ting Anh v cc bn dch ting Vit ca n lun c mt khc
x nht nh v cu to v ng ngha. l mt s cn tr cho vic tip nhn cng ngh mi nu ngi
tip nhn khng tht s gii ting Anh v qu quen vi h thut ng ting Vit.
V vy, xy ra tnh trng li nh ni trn.
Nh th, yu cu c t ra y l cn phi dch nh th no va m bo tnh chnh xc li
va tin li cho vic lin tng, i chiu gia cc thut ng tng ng trong hai ngn ng.
Nhn li thc t nhng thut ng dch, chng ta thy nhng cch dch nh sau:
1 S dng nhng t ng sn c v tng ng. V d:
account ti khon;
paste dn
mouse con chut
net mng
hang treo

Thc cht, trong ting Anh, y l nhng t ng c thm ngha mi, phn nh nhng khi nim
mi. Nguyn tc chn la t ng ca n l mi lin h gn gi v mt kha cnh no . V d nh gia
con chut my tnh l mt thit b tr vi con chut l mt ng vt gm nhm c s ging nhau v hnh
thc bn ngoi V khi nhng khi nim ny i vo ting Vit th ngi Vit cng cung cp ngha mi
(l ni hm ca khi nim) cho nhng t tng ng sn c cng vi cng mt phng thc nh vy.
Song, khng phi thut ng no, khi nim no cng c th s dng nhng t sn c nh vy c.
Nu nh vy s xy ra hin tng ng m mc khng th kim sot. V phng thc ghp l mt
gii php.
2 Cu to t/cm t mi da trn s lin tng v khi nim. V d:
server ~ ngi phc v server = my ch;
client ~ khch hng client = my khch;
path ~ ng i path = ng dn;
cursor ~ mi tn cursor = con tr;

(Ghi ch: phn in nghing l cc thut ng)

C th thy, ngay trong ngn ng gc c mt s lin tng gia khi nim mi v khi nim c
do t biu t, ngha l c mt ln khc x. n khi dch sang ting Vit th li c mt s lin
tng na. Nh vy l c ti hai ln khc x trong cch dch ny. Nh th, s rt kh cho ngi hc
trong vic nh t.
3 Cu to t/cm t mi da trn s tng ng 11 v thnh phn cu to t/ cm t. V d:
(data = d liu) + (base = c s) data base = c s d liu;
(command = lnh) + (line = dng) commandline= dng lnh;
(down = xung) + (load = ti) download = ti xung;
(scan = qut) + (-er = my) scanner = my qut;
(browse = duyt) + (-er = trnh-) browser = trnh duyt;
(inter- = giao-) + (face = -din) interface = giao din;

Ngoi ra cn c mt s thut ng c dch theo phng thc c c yu t tng ng (cch 1) ln

mt cht yu t lin tng (cch 2), kh phn nh: field = trng; command = cu lnh;.. Nhng phc
tp hn l cch dch kt hp cch 2 v cch 3: hacker = tin tc; clipboard = b nh m Tuy nhin c
hai trng hp ny u khng nhiu.
Cch dch ng ch nht l cch dch th ba. y c mt s tng ng gn nh 11 v c cu
hnh v cu to t. Mt cu hi c t ra l: y l mt s trng hp ngu nhin hay l nhng s
tng ng mang tnh quy lut? tr li cu hi ny, chng ti s tp trung vo vic i chiu h thng
hnh v ca hai ngn ng Anh-Vit.
2.1. Nh chng ta bit, ting Anh l mt ngn ng thuc loi hnh khut chit nhng li c xp
vo nhm phn tch. Ngha l vic cu to t ting Anh bt phn bin hnh v c thm phng thc
h t, trt t t Cn ting Vit l mt ngn ng n lp in hnh, khng c hin tng bin hnh v
ch c cn t. Nh vy, c th d dng nhn ra l v mt cu to t, gia ting Vit v ting Anh cng
c mt im chung l phng thc h t, trt t t mc d, nh ni trn, phng thc h t v
trt t t khng phi l mt phng thc in hnh ca Anh ng.
Trong cun Ng php ting Vit, GS. Nguyn Ti Cn chia cc hnh v ting Vit thnh 4 loi:
Ting c lp
Ting khng c lp
Thc H

quc (quc k)
Ting c ngha hc s
gi (hc gi)

di (d di)
Ting v ngha - -
c (xe c)

(Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni, 1999, trang 37)

Hay nh mt cch din t khc ca TS. Nguyn Hng Cn:
Gi tr
C gi tr ng ngha C gi tr ng php
Hot ng
c lp hon ton hc, p s, d

c lp khng hon ton thu, quc b (b nhn) bt, v

2.2. Trong khi trnh by v thnh t cu to t, GS. Nguyn Thin Gip a ra khi nim bn ph
t. l nhng yu t khng mt hon ton ngha s vt ca mnh, nhng li c lp li trong nhiu
t, c tnh cht ca nhng ph t cu to t. Tiu ch c bn ca bn ph t l tnh cht ph tr ca n,
th hin trong nhng c im v ngha, phn b v chc nng. Trong khi hon thnh chc nng cu
to t, chng vn gi mi lin h v ngha v hnh thc vi nhng t gc hot ng c lp, cho nn
chng khng chuyn hon ton thnh cc ph t (Dn lun ngn ng hc. Nxb Gio dc, H., 1998,
trang 67). V khi i chiu vi ting Vit, tc gi Nguyn Thin Gip nhn nh: Trong ting Vit, nhng
yu t nh vin, gi, s, ho cng c tnh cht ca cc bn ph t (sd, trang 68). i chiu vi cc
phn loi ca TS. Nguyn Hng Cn th chng ta thy cc hnh v c gi tr ng php nhng khng c
lp hon ton v c ngun gc Hn Vit l nhng hnh v c tnh cht ca cc bn ph t. Sau y l
mt vi v d:
-s : ngh s, ho s, nhc s, vin s, nha s
-hc : dn tc hc, tm l hc, x hi hc, sinh hc
tin- : tin , tin l, tin s, tin t, tin nhim
bt- : bt bin, bt cn, bt chnh, bt cng, bt nh, bt nhn, bt ngha, bt ng

C th nhn thy, trong cc v d trn, mi t u c cu to t hai yu t: mt yu t mang

ngha t vng cho ton t, cn yu t kia li c thin hng v ngha ng php. Cc yu t th hai
chnh l cc hnh v c tnh cht ca cc bn ph t m chng ta ang ni ti. V, khi i chiu vi cc
t ting Anh tng ng, chng ta s nhn thy c nhng s tng ng nht nh gia cc bn ph t
ting Vit vi cc ph t ting Anh v vai tr trong cu to t:
artist, painter, musican, academician, dentist
ethnology, pschology, sociology, biology
premise, precedent, prehistoric, prefix, predecessor
invariable, careless, illegal, injustice, indeterminate, humanless, ungrateful, unexpected

Nh vy, r rng l c mt s tng ng v vai tr trong vic cu to t gia cc bn ph t

ting Vit vi cc ph t ting Anh. Tuy nhin, s tng ng ny khng phi l tng ng 11 hon
ton, ngha l khng phi c ng vi mt bn ph t ting Vit l mt ph t ting Anh. R rng l
ng vi s- trong ting Vit l: -ist, -er, -an trong ting Anh; hay gia bt- vi cc ph t in-, -less, il-
, un-. l khi chng ta ly ting Vit lm ngn ng gc i chiu. Ngc li, khi ngn ng c s
l ting Anh th ta cng nhn thy tnh trng nh vy. V d vi ph t -er trong ting Anh, n lm
thnh t cu to cc t nh: painter, teacher, worker, driver th cc bn ph t ting Vit tng ng
lc ny li l: -s (ho s), -vin (gio vin), -nhn (cng nhn), trnh- (trnh iu khin)
Do vy, s tng ng phi nm mt bc cao hn, v mang tnh khi qut.
Nh chng ta bit, mt trong nhng chc nng ln nht ca t l chc nng nh danh. Ngha l,
t l phng tin dng gi tn cc s vt, hin tng, hot ng, tnh cht Xt v mt logic th c
th coi t tng ng vi cc khi nim (v ch l tng ng m thi). Trong khi , cc dn tc,
cc cng ng lun c nhng phm tr v thi gian, tnh chn thc, v s khng nh hay ph nh
l nhng ci chung. Tuy nhin, gia cc ngn ng khc nhau v ging nhau trong vic nh danh. im
tng ng gia ting Anh v ting Vit trong cu to t c th nhn thy trc nht m hnh theo
kiu cn t+ph t/ bn ph t. Nhng v d trn cho thy iu . Tuy nhin, v tn sut s
dng v bn cht ca m hnh ny mi ngn ng l khc nhau. V chng ta c th khng nh rng
l mt hin tng ph bin trong tng Anh, bi n gin ting Anh l mt ngn ng thuc loi hnh
khut chit.
Mc d khng th c s tng ng 11 mt n v cu to t nhng nu xt mt bnh din khc,
bnh din phm tr ngha m cc hnh v th hin th chng ta c th thy: i vi mi phm tr
(ph nh, ch con ngi, ch ngnh khoa hc) mi ngn ng lun c nhng nhm hnh v nht nh.
V d:
a. Phm tr s ph nh
a1. Ting Anh
dis- : dishonest, disorganize, dislike, disappear, disadvantage
il (+l)- : illegal, illiberal
im (+m or p)- : imposible, impolite
in- : indirect, invisible, injustice
ir (+r)- : irregular, irrelevant
non- : non-alcohobic, non-stop, non-profit
un- : uncomfortable, unusual, undated, uncertain, unpack, unzip
-less : hopeless, powerless

a2. Ting Vit

bt- : bt nh, bn ng, bt bin, bt tn
phi- : phi l, phi ngha
v- : v vi, v o, v tnh, v hnh

b. Phm tr kh nng
b1. Ting Anh
-able : writeable, unable, comfortable
-ible : visible, possible, comprehensible

b2. Ting Vit

kh- : kh dng, kh nng, kh bin
-c : vit c, n c, nhn (thy) c

c. Phm tr ch ngi
c1. Ting Anh
-er/or : driver, editor
-ist : tourist, scientist
-ant/ent : assistant, student
-an/ian : republican, electrician
-ee : employee, examinee

c2. Ting Vit

-s : nhc s, ho s, gio s, nha s, bc s, vin s
-vin : gio vin, sinh vin, nhn vin, din vin
-gi : hc gi, tc gi, k gi
-nhn : thi nhn, qun nhn, cng nhn, nn nhn, bnh nhn
nh- : nh vn, nh th, nh bo, nh gio

v.v v v.v
Trong cc v d cho cch 3 (phn 1.2), chng ti ch sp xp theo hng gim dn tnh c lp
ca cc thnh t tham gia cu to thut ng: t nhng cn t ting Anh v t ghp trong ting Vit n
cc ph t trong ting Anh v cc hnh v c ngha khng c lp trong ting Vit. Trong s 82 thut ng
(bao gm c thut ng tin hc v mt s thut ng bng ) m chng ti tm ly lm t liu (xem
phn Ph lc) th c ti 42 trng hp s dng cch 3. Tt nhin, t l ny c th thay i khi c thng
k y cc thut ng c dch, nhng chc chn cch 3 s l cch ph bin nht, bi v n s
va m bo vic tit kim (s dng nhng yu t c sn) va m bo kh nng d lin tng, nht
l s lin tng gia cc ph t ting Anh vi cc hnh v c ngha khng c lp (bao gm c cc bn
ph t) trong ting Vit. Hn na, nh chng ta bit, cc hnh v ting Vit loi ny c sc sn sinh
t rt cao do ni dung ng ngha ca mi hnh v u mang tnh phm tr, ch khng n thun l mt
khi nim n l. V s tn ti ca nhng nhm ph t bn ph t tng ng gia ting Anh v
ting Vit nh trnh by l mt thun li rt ln cho cng tc dch thut.
Do iu kin thi gian cng nh nhng i hi khch quan khc m trong bi vit ny chng ti cha
th a ra mt bng i chiu cc ph t ting Anh vi cc bn ph t ting Vit v cc yu t tng
ng. Trong khi , trn thc t, mt hn ch ca cc t in i chiu (k c t in ph t) hin nay
l mi ch a ra cc i chiu mt cch ri rc (word-by-word). Nu chng ta xy dng c mt bng
i chiu da trn cc phm tr th s tng kh nng lin tng cng nh tng kh nng chn la t
ng hn trong khi thc hin cng tc dch thut, c bit l dch cc thut ng mi.

PH LC
Mt s thut ng tin hc v bng ( so snh) trong ting Anh c dch/Vit ho v
c dng ph bin trong ting Vit

Ting Anh Quan h Ting Vit

access = truy cp
access = truy nhp
access = truy xut
active = kch hot
address bar thanh a ch
backup # sao lu
browser trnh duyt
chat P cht
chat = tn gu
chip P chp
click # nhy
client # my khch
clipboard #\ b nh m
cluster # cung
command #\ = cu lnh
command line dng lnh
computer my tnh
computer my tnh/ my vi tnh
configuration cu hnh
cursor # con tr
data base c s d liu
dialog box hp thoi
digital technology k thut s
driver trnh iu khin
directory #\ = th mc (2)
download ti xung
download h ti
editor = bin tp vin
editor trnh son tho
e-mail (electronic mail) th in t
emulator trnh m phng
field #\ = trng
file # tp tin
file # tp
filter # b lc
floppy (device) mm
floppy disk a mm
folder #\ = th mc (1), h s
format # nh dng/ khun dng
goal # cu mn khung thnh
hacker #\ tin tc
hard disk a cng
hard disk device cng
hardware phn cng
homepage # trang ch
homepage trang nh
hot line ng dy nng
input u vo
insert #\ = chn
interface giao din
key word t kho
keyboard bn phm
mobile phone in thoi di ng
monitor # mn hnh
mouse = con chut
multi-tasks a nhim
multi-users a ngi dng
net = mng
operating system h iu hnh
output u ra
paste = dn
path # ng dn
penalty # pht n
printer my in
processor trnh son tho
programmer lp trnh vin
programming lp trnh
programming language ngn ng lp trnh
reading head u c
red card th
redo chuyn tc
resolution phn gii
scanner my qut
server # my ch
software phn mm
status bar thanh trng thi
toolbar thanh cng c
undo hon tc
 upload ti ln
utility #\= tin ch
web page trang web
yellow card th vng
Ch thch:
= : tng ng (cch 1)
# : lin tng (cch 2)
: cn ke 11 (cch 3)
P : phin m
\ : kt hp