- Casting was published in 1988 as Volume 15 of the 9th Edition Metals Handbook. - The Volume was prepared under the direction of the ASM Handbook Committee.. - Dooley, III United States Department of the Interior. - The subject of metal casting was covered--along with forging--in Volume 5 of the 8th Edition of Metals Handbook.. - Volume 15 of the 9th Edition, a stand-alone volume on the subject, is evidence of the strong commitment of ASM International to the advancement of casting technology.. - Coverage of the depth and scope provided in Volume 15 is made possible only by the collective efforts of many individuals. - Stefanescu of the University of Alabama, who along with his section chairmen recruited more than 200 of the leading experts in the world to author articles for this Handbook. - We are indebted to all of them, as well as to the members of the ASM Handbook Committee and the Handbook editorial staff.. - It is a great pleasure to acknowledge the collective effort of the many contributors to this Handbook. - The chairmen of the ten Sections and the authors of the articles are easily acknowledged, since their names are duly listed throughout the Volume. - Less obvious but of tremendous importance in maintaining a uniform, high-quality text is the contribution of the reviewers. - Langer Managing Director ASM International Members of the ASM Handbook Committee . - Previous Chairmen of the ASM Handbook Committee. - ASM International staff who contributed to the development of the Volume included Kathleen M. - No substantive changes were made to the content of the Volume, but some minor corrections and clarifications were made as needed.. - At first, it did not include smelting, for the metal of the earliest castings appears to have been native.. - 1735 Great Bell of the Kremlin cast Russia. - The tradition of stone carving was longer than any of the pyrotechnologies, and the level of skill allowed very finely detailed work. - One is that of the so-called natural alloy, that is, metal smelted from a mixed ore of copper and tin. - The bronze alloy faithfully renders the texture of the surface as well as the form of the sculptor's model.. - These edges are often harder than the body of the object, evidence of deliberate work hardening. - excellent fluidity of the alloy.. - Although there is abundant evidence from such objects that lost wax casting was employed early in the Bronze Age, the remnants of the process, such as broken investment and master molds, have eluded researchers. - Wax may well have been the material of the model. - In the 1920s, however, a number of mold fragments were unearthed at Anyang, prompting reevaluation of the lost wax hypothesis. - The bronze founder had been buried with a piece of the mold in each hand.. - They were of the same alloy as the vessel but can clearly be seen in radiographs. - They have occasionally become visible on the surface because their patina appears slightly different from that of the rest of the vessel.. - Handles and legs might be cast first, the finished parts set in the mold, and the body of the vessel then poured (Fig. - Part of this core was excavated to allow a mechanical as well as a metallurgical joint when the leg was placed in the mold and the bowl of the vessel cast on. - By using a leaded tin bronze, the founder increased the fluidity of the melt and consequently the soundness of the casting even in the usual thin sections. - However, such a fluid melt also has a greater tendency to penetrate the joints between the pieces of the mold so as to produce flash. - If the surface of the bronze is meant to be smooth, the flash must be trimmed away. - There is some dispute concerning the date of the introduction of cast iron into Europe and the route by which it came.. - (b) Detail of the Iron Bridge showing the date, 1779. - the Capitol dome is painted to resemble the masonry of the rest of the building. - There is no evidence of smelting among the native population of what is now the United States until the arrival of the Europeans.. - Africa, where sculpture is often the province of the blacksmith, presents several interesting traditions of casting. - 8 A Benin bronze plaque depicting a Portuguese trader of the time. - A reproduction of the Liberty Bell was recently cast by the same foundry that cast the original. - A clayey loam was shaped over bricks by a strickle rotating about the axis of the bell to shape the core, and another molding board was used to shape the cavity in the cope. - Traditionally, the pouring rate was controlled by the sound of the liquid metal in the mold. - It was made in several sections and is part of a group that includes a smaller figure of the pharaoh's son. - Cast statuary of the late third millennium B.C. - Most surviving large classical sculpture is in stone, but a few of the life-size bronzes known to have been cast in antiquity have survived. - (b) Assembly diagram for the precast pieces of the Lady From the Sea. - None of the molds has been found. - The work, including heating of the amalgam to sublime the mercury, takes place in the open air on the roof of the workshop.. - 12 Overall view (a) of the Great Buddha at Kamakura, Japan, cast in high-lead tin bronze in 1252. - (b) View of the face of the Kamakura Buddha showing metal losses at the joints between separate casts.. - 13 View of the interior of the Kamakura Buddha showing the interlocking joints between the casts.. - Simpson, Development of the Metal Castings, Industry, American Foundrymen's Association, Chicago, 1948. - Muhly, The Coming of the Age of Iron, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1980. - Wertime, Early Pyrotechnology: the Evolution of the First Fire-Using Industries, Washington DC, 1982. - Shaw, The Making of the Igbo Vase, Ibadan, No 25, Feb 1968, p 15-20. - Sekino, Restoration of the Great Buddha Statue at Kamakura, Studies Conserv., Vol 10, 1965, p 30-46. - Oshima, Photogrammetry in the Precision Measurements of the Great Buddha at Kamakura, Studies Conserv., Vol 10, 1965, p 53-63. - Toishi, Radiography of the Great Buddha at Kamakura, Studies Conserv., Vol 10, 1965, p 47-52. - Before the colonization of the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States and Canada by the English, Dutch, and French in the 16th and 17th centuries, castings were not produced in North America. - Undoubtedly, the same methods were employed as those used by the prehistoric peoples of the Middle East. - Simpson, Development of the Metal Casting Industry, American Foundrymen's Association, 1948.. - Because there were no survivors, details of the project are missing.. - It fell to Massachusetts to have the honor in 1642, of becoming the birthplace of the first American casting. - Some details of this operation provide a picture of the typical iron foundry of that period.. - Members of the company could even refrain from attending church without losing their voting privileges.. - It is interesting to note that the first metal of the new plant was made into a shaped casting. - This Saugus pot casting has been preserved and is now the property of the city of Lynn, Massachusetts.. - Jenks, the first molder, obtained the first patent granted in the colonies for his invention of the two-handed scythe, a tool that is still made in the same original shape.. - Jenks was also responsible for coining the first American money, the Pine Tree coinage of the Colony of Massachusetts.. - In 1658, Joseph Jenks, Jr., son of the first molder at the Saugus Iron Works, erected a plant in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. - Of the iron furnaces that were constructed in the Delaware/Maryland/Virginia area (Fig. - 1), one of the most interesting is the Principio Furnace and Forge because its founders included Augustine Washington, father of George Washington.. - George Washington's father, Augustine, was one of the founders of this company.. - In 1860, the name of the plant was changed to Taylor and Lange. - This foundry, which was burned by the British in 1777, served as the encampment of the American army during the winter of 1777-1778. - No history of the American foundry industry would be complete without a description of the iron plantations, great estates that existed principally in eastern Pennsylvania in the 18th century. - Most of the inhabitants were woodcutters and charcoal. - Toward the end of the 18th century, the furnaces and foundries of America began to move westward. - The first ferrous foundry established west of the Alleghenies was built in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, in 1792 by William Turnbull. - were the primary causes of the American Revolution. - In 1750, the English Parliament, envious of the growth of ironworking in the colonies, passed an act prohibiting the refining of pig iron or the casting of iron. - The production of war material was the principal task of the American foundries during the War for Independence. - As always in time of war, foundries were military objectives, and the British directed their raids toward the destruction of the foundries. - The Liberty Bell was cast by Thomas Lister of Whitechapel, London, to mark the 50th anniversary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. - 4 Wheeled ladle for one-man operation used in the latter part of the 19th century.. - In this device, the pattern was backed out of the sand by lead screws of the same pitch. - Jarvis Adams Company, the forerunner of the Pittsburg Iron and Steel Foundries Company and later known as the Mackintosh-Hemphill Company. - The first high-production molding possibility came with the introduction of the drop machine, which was made for farm machinery. - The first machines functioned mechanically with levers and cams, but compressed air soon became the source of the jolt power.. - The molds were not very hard, because of the tight (Albany) naturally bonded sands that were used. - Another notable improvement in small casting work was the development of the match plate. - The centrifugal force of the rotating headstock threw sand into the flask with enough force to be solidly compacted. - This was the beginning of the well-known sandslinger.. - Sandslingers have been automated and hydraulically controlled to remove much of the manual effort required in their operation.. - Since the beginnings of sand molding, the art of making metal using green sand depended on the skill of the molders. - Because of the success of core blowers in the high production of cores, several attempts were made in 1940 to blow green sand molds, but the results were unsatisfactory. - Gray iron is a true illustration of the chemistry of metals as applied to the science of casting and is described in detail in the article "Gray Iron". - Karsten was also one of the first to observe the effects of sulfur. - Perhaps the greatest single step in this direction was the development of the cupola.. - Merchant pig iron producers, relieved of the duties of casting metals, went on the achieve the highly specialized skill that today is theirs
Xem thử không khả dụng, vui lòng xem tại trang nguồn hoặc xem
Tóm tắt