- A., Mohamad, R., &. - Context ontology in mobile applications.. - CONTEXT ONTOLOGY IN MOBILE APPLICATIONS. - Since context can be considered as knowledge, a formal method is needed to capture this knowledge. - There is less work on ontology model that could be reused to model a new context ontology for Android mobile application. - METHONTOLOGY method was used to create COCCC ontology as it offers intermediate representation in the form of concepts. - The concepts from the context ontology were extracted from various resources, sorted and categorized based on types and functions for standardization purposes. - Data from these experts were analyzed and the results have confirmed that the proposed context ontology is usable to Android mobile application developers.. - The context involved in mobile application development can be further categorized in order to better assist mobile application developers during the development phase.. - Ontology can be referred as ideas abstraction that represents concepts inside some body of knowledge (Mohd-Hamka &. - The structure of knowledge in a particular domain can be shared, reused, and merged with other ontology models in different domains (Lee, Lee, &. - One of the famous mobile application ontologies is mIO! Ontology Network. - mIO! Ontology has managed to cover many subdomains in mobile applications. - Context ontology allows representation of multiple context knowledge and also provides a formal language and logic to context knowledge, which assist in integration and sharing of information between contexts.. - CONtext ONtology (CONON) provides an extensible context modeling for pervasive computing environments (Wang et al., 2004). - These entities can be extended hierarchically by adding domain specific concepts. - Delivery context ontology gives a formal model of environment characteristics in which different devices communicate with physical services (Fonseca &. - mIO! Ontology reuses knowledge from other context ontologies such as CODAMOS, SOUPA, and Delivery context ontology.. - Based on the existing context ontologies, there is no specific model that can be reused for modeling a new context ontology that caters specifically for Android mobile applications. - The proposed context ontology however, focuses more on the environment surrounding mobile devices especially on location and speech. - CONTEXT ONTOLOGY MODELING. - Modeling context ontology is possible since context can be considered as a specific kind of knowledge (Poveda Villalon et al., 2010). - Concepts in ontology construction can be modeled as classes or sub-classes, depending on the hierarchy. - Since ontology describes the sharing of comprehension of specific domains, it can be used as a basic structure to solve problems in knowledge sharing (Uschold &. - These activities can be further described as follows:. - Conceptualization - In this stage, we tried to organize the domain col- lected by tabulating them in a way that can be easily understood by ontology experts and developers. - However, this research has found that the concepts in mobile environments can be categorized into five classes:. - Application An android application can be interpreted as an application that is run on mobile devices with Android operating system.. - Context Context refers to any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity which includes lighting, level of noise, network connectivity, location, speech, bandwidth, et cetera.. - The Application Manifest comes from the Android Manifest.. - The hardware can be called into use by declaring them inside the application manifest. - The declaration from the application manifest enables the application to use hardware such as sensors.. - Concept can be perceived differently depending on the main classes. - Table 3 lists all the concepts involved during context ontology development and Table 4 lists the glossary of lower level concepts and their corresponding descriptions.. - As COCCC is a developing ontology, new concepts can be added from time to time, forming a more detailed knowledge tree.. - Some of the concepts from Table. - Content Provider A content provider handles a shared set of application data that can be stored in the file system, in a SQLite database, on the web, or on any other non-volatile storage location that can be accessed by the application.. - Foundation A context that influences existing resources in mobile devices.. - Ambient Temperature Sensor A sensor that is used to detect only surrounding temperature.. - Relative Humidity Sensor A sensor that is used to detect humidity.. - Light Sensor A sensor that is used to detect light.. - Gyroscope Sensor A sensor that is used to detect motion.. - Accelerometer Sensor A sensor that is used to detect gravity.. - Proximity Sensor A sensor that is used to detect nearby objects.. - Pressure Sensor A sensor that is used to detect location.. - GPS A system that is used to detect location.. - uses-feature Nodes that can be used to specify which hardware features are required.. - The references used for designing the Application Manifest’s branch in COCCC ontology comes directly from the Android Developer website.. - Figure 6 shows the Application Manifest class.. - The application manifest file offers necessary information about the application to the Android operating system. - The information declared in the manifest is important in order to determine which components will be used to run the application. - Components inside the application manifest.. - Hardware tools present in mobile devices.. - The sensors can be further categorized into three types: motion, environment, and position.. - GPS is used for location detection. - The sensors can be further categorized into three types: motion, environment, and position. - For example, “sensor is an element of mobile devices and is used for detection”, would have satisfied the axiom. - Another example of axiom is: Ambient Temperature Sensor is used for detecting only surrounding temperature and cannot be used to detect light or other contexts. - The axioms for the context ontology are presented in Table 6.. - A sensor that is used to detect only surrounding temperature. - A sensor that is used to detect only humidity. - Light Sensor A sensor that is used to. - Sensor A sensor that is used to. - Sensor A sensor that is used to detect only gravity. - Sensor A sensor that is used to detect only nearby object(s). - NearbyObject Pressure Sensor A sensor that is used to. - Location GPS A system that is used to. - Location uses-feature Nodes that can be used to. - Figure 10 and 11 show examples of class query that can be performed on the context ontology. - First, it can be useful to see which things are classified “under” this expression.. - Q: “What type of sensor is used to detect nearby object(s)?”. - First, it can be useful to see which things are classified "under". - Hardware tools present in mobile devices. - Pellet reasoner was used to check for any inconsistencies since it can handle growing OWL ontologies.. - Figure 12 shows the results of validation of context ontology using Pellet.. - Therefore, it is assumed that the context ontology is free from redundancy since no error is shown in the message results.. - background in mobile apps. - awareness embedded in mobile application 1 Less than 3. - Descriptive analytics was used to better understand data obtained from the questionnaires. - The proposed context ontology is clear and easy to follow.. - The proposed context ontology is comprehensive and easy to understand.. - Assuming the context ontology is realized in a sophisticated tool, I would prefer to use it as it helps me in developing and testing context-aware mobile applications.. - Assuming the context ontology in a sophisticated tool is available. - Most respondents agreed that the proposed context ontology was clear and easy to follow and understand.. - Future work could consider the extension of more domain knowledge such as touch and visuals in the context ontology. - This can be achieved by adding iOS API in the context ontology.. - Also, other possible methods of developing the ontology could be considered as the METHONTOLOGY method has already been used to lay the founda- tion for creating COCCC ontology.. - Chen, H., Finin, T., &. - Fernández-López, M., Gómez-Pérez, A., &. - Delivery context ontology. - Mohd-Hamka, N., &. - Lee, K., Lee, J., &. - A Context Ontology for Mobile Environments.. - Towards an extensible context ontology for ambient intelligence.. - Püschel, G., Seiger, R., &. - Subhashini, R., &. - S., Nordin, S., &. - Uschold, M., &. - Q., Gu, T., &. - Zeshan, F., &
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