Chng trnh 12: Qun l tng hp h sinh thi

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t vn 1. Cc h sinh thi hoc vit tt l ecosystems c trch nhim cung cp cc dch v mi trng h tr cuc sng, nh cc chu trnh thu vn, nit v cc bon trn quy m ton cu . Cc h sinh thi c ngha quan trng i vi s sng ca loi ngi bi l cc h sinh thi cung cp cc hng ha v cc dch v t nhin, nh nc, lng thc v thuc cha bnh. Tuy nhin, cc mi tng tc ca con ngi c th c nhng nh hng su sc n cc qu trnh sinh, ha v vt l c ngha ht sc quan trng trong vic duy tr cu trc v cc chc nng ca cc h sinh thi (c t nhin ln nhn to). 2. Trn ton th gii, cc h sinh thi ang ngy cng b l thuc vo nhng nh hng do con ngi gy ra, nh khai thc qua mc rng, khai khn t ai phc v nng nghip, pht trin c s h tng, t nhin liu ha thch cng nh t sinh khi, gy ra mt a dng sinh hc, suy thoi t, xo trn cc ch dng chy v cht lng nc tr nn ti tn, v lm tng nng cc kh nh knh trong kh quyn. Nhng nh hng ny thng gy ra nhng tc ng su sc n sc kho v phc li cng nh pht trin kinh t ca con ngi . 3. Nhng c gng c tnh truyn thng nhm gii quyt nhng nh hng v nhng thch thc v mt qun l m nhng c gng p t thng cng nhc da trn cc cch tip cn theo ngnh, gy ra hu qu manh mn v cc chnh sch, cc th ch v cc bin php can thip. Nhng cch tip cn cha t c cc kt qu ti u bi l cc mi lin kt v cc mi tng tc gia cc h t nhin cng nh vi con ngi b sao lng hay b phng hi . Chnh v l , cp thit phi a vo p dng cc h qun l bao trm cch tip cn ton din v lin ngnh. Mt h thng pht huy tc dng thc s l h qun l tng hp h sinh thi . 4. Kinh nghim c c t cc chng trnh qun l ti nguyn thin nhin v cc hot ng khc trn ton th gii gip chng ta cc cch hiu bit su sc rt tc dng vic p dng qun l tng hp h sinh thi ti u ha nhng li ch tch cc v mt sinh thi, kinh t v x hi ca cc hot ng nhm mc tiu duy tr v phc hi cu trc v chc nng cc h sinh thi . Nhng bi hc cho thy c th cn phi xc nh quy m qun l vt ra ngoi ranh gii ca mt loi hnh ni c tr duy nht, mt khu bo tn, mt n v chnh tr hay hnh chnh bao qut ton b mt h sinh thi . Th hai, bi l cc nhu cu ca loi ngi c vai tr ch yu trong vic gy xo trn cc h sinh thi, cho nn cc chng trnh qun l ti nguyn thin nhin cn phi lng ghp cc yu t kinh t v x hi vi cc mc ch qun l h sinh thi . Th ba, do cc h sinh thi mang tnh ng, cho nn cng tc quy hoch qun l cn phi mm do v thch ng cc chin lc qun l c th iu chnh p ng c vi cc thng tin v kinh nghim mi . 5. Chng trnh tc nghip v qun l tng hp h sinh thi ca Qu Mi trng ton cu (GEF) (OP# 12) to ra mt khung ton din qun l cc h thng thin nhin, xuyn sut cc ngnh cng nh cc ranh gii chnh tr hay hnh chnh trong khung cnh pht trin bn vng. Chng trnh tc nghip ny s to iu kin p dng cc cch tip cn lin ngnh v c s tham gia rng ri trong cng tc quy hoch qun l ti nguyn thin nhin v thc hin trn quy m mt h sinh thi . Chng trnh tc nghip s 12 cn to iu kin d dng sp xp u tin v th t c tnh chin lc v cc ci cch chnh sch, cc k hoch u t, cng nh cc bin php can thip khc cn thit. 6. Chng trnh tc nghip ny khng nhm mc ch gii quyt cc vn qun l ti nguyn thin nhin c lin quan n lnh vc trng tm duy nht ca GEF, nhng chng trnh tc

nghip mang li s cng nng gia ba lnh vc trng tm ca GEF ( l a dng sinh hc, Thay i kh hu v cc vng nc quc t) v suy thoi t, nhm ti u ha a li ch. Chng trnh tc nghip ny p ng cc mi quan tm ngy cng tng ca cc Bn lin quan i vi vic gii quyt mang tnh ton b nhiu mc tiu ca cc cng c, theo cc u tin quc gia . Chng trnh s tip tc cng c v b sung cho cc chng trnh tc nghip hin c ca GEF, bng cch to ra cc c hi gii quyt cc vn lin quan n cng tc bo tn v s dng bn vng a dng sinh hc, suy thoi t, qun l cc thu vc, v/hoc n nh cc kh nh knh trong kh quyn thng qua cch tip cn theo chng trnh v theo khung cnh pht trin bn vng.[1] Hng dn theo cc cng c 7. Qun l tng hp h sinh thi, nh lu trn, s to ra mt cch tip cn ton din v lin ngnh i vi vic gii quyt nhiu mc ch ca cc cng c mi trng ton cu v to ra nhiu li ch. Cch tip cn ny nht qun vi 3 cng c chnh v mi trng v pht trin ti Rio . 8. Ti Hi ngh ln th hai cc Bn tham gia Cng c a dng sinh hc (CBD), cc nh nc l cc bn tham gia khng nh li cng tc bo tn v s dng bn vng a dng sinh hc v cc thnh phn ca a dng sinh hc phi c thc hin mt cch tng th, c cn nhc n 3 mc a dng sinh hc v cn nhc y cc yu t kinh t- x hi v vn ha . Tuy nhin, cch tip cn h sinh thi cn phi l c s khung ch yu[2]. 9. Tm quam trng ca cc yu t kinh t v x hi li c nhc n trong Cng c khung LHQ v Thay i kh hu . Trong s cc vn khc, Cng c khung nhn mnh n nhu cu phi c cc chnh sch v cc bin php ton din gii quyt cc vn c lin quan n cc ngun, cc b hp th v cc h cha cc kh nh knh, c cn nhc n cc bi cnh kinh t v x hi khc nhau[3]. 10. Cui cng, Cng c LHQ v chng Hoang mc ha (CDD) lu n cc hnh ng chng hoang mc ha (hoc suy thoi t cc cng kh hn, bn kh hn, cng nh kh bn m) cn c thc hin trong khun kh cch tip cn tng hp c th ng gp vo pht trin bn vng[4]. Cc mc tiu chng trnh 11. Chng trnh tc nghip ny nhm mc ch xc tc vic p dng rng ri cc bin php can thip qun l ton din h sinh thi nhm lng ghp cc mc ch sinh thi, kinh t v x hi t c nhiu li ch an xen cc cp a phng, quc gia v ton cu . Nhng li ch c th bao gm hai hay nhiu vn di y[5]: (a) Bo tn v s dng bn vng a dng sinh hc, cng nh chia s bnh ng cc li ch c c t vic s dng a dng sinh hc; (b) Gim bt cc mc pht tn thc t v tng mc tch lu cc kh nh knh trong cc h sinh thi trn cn v di nc; (c) Bo tn v s dng bn vng cc thu vc, k c cc lu vc u ngun v cc lu vc sng, cng nh cc vng ven bin; v (d) Ngn nga nhim cc h sinh thi trn cn v di nc c tm quan trng ton cu .

12. Ph hp vi nguyn tc chi ph gia tng v cch tip cn rng theo chng trnh ca Chng trnh tc nghip ny, vic cp qu ca GEF s h tr c bit cc bin php can thip t c cc li ch ton cu ca mt chng trnh, v s nhn mnh n ng ti tr v chia s kinh ph. Cc kt qu mong i ca chng trnh Cc kt qu mong i ca mt bin php can thip do GEF h tr, s phi: (a) To ra mt mi trng c kh nng: xy dng c cc chnh sch, cc quy nh, cc c cu kch thch thch hp, h tr cng tc qun l tng hp h sinh thi; (b) Tng cng th ch: tng cng nng lc ca cc c quan thc hin cc cch tip cn qun l tng hp h sinh thi thng qua o to v h tr v hu cn; v (c) Cc khon u t: Thc hin cc khon u t, trn c s cc cch tip cn tng hp h sinh thi v cc mi cng tc ca cc bn lin quan, nhm ng thi gii quyt cc vn mi trng a phng/ quc gia, v ton cu trong khung cnh pht trin bn vng. Nhng hot ng GEF t cch 13. GEF s to iu kin d dng cho cc qu trnh chuyn dch bn vng t cch tip cn qun l truyn thng sang cch tip cn qun l tng hp h sinh thi bng cch cung cp ti chnh trn c s chi ph gia tng h tr k thut, cc khon u t, cc dch v ti chnh, cng nh nghin cu c xc nh l mc tiu, gii quyt cc mt hn ch cn tr vic p dng cc cch tip cn tng hp. Nhng mt hn ch bao gm: (a) Thiu thng tin cp nht hoc ton din v sinh thi, x hi v kinh t, k c tri thc truyn thng, hng dn cho cng tc quy hoch tng hp v lin ngnh; (b) Thiu khung chnh sch v bin php kch thch thch hp, k c khim khuyt th trng tnh gp vo gi cc chi ph ca cc phng thc qun l khng bn vng; (c) Khng c cc chnh sch khuyn khch cc mu hnh nh c ngi dn thch hp, c bit ti cc khu vc mng manh hoc d b tn thng v mt sinh thi; (d) Hn ch v nng lc con ngi pht trin v thc hin cc cch tip cn tng hp trong qun l cc h sinh thi; (e) Thiu cc th ch to iu kin trin khai d dng cc phng thc qun l tng hp v lin ngnh, nh cc trng hp chuyn giao cc ngun ti nguyn t cc cng ng c th hng cc dch v ca h sinh thi sang cho nhng ngi gip duy tr cc ngun ti nguyn ; v (f) B hn ch v kh nng sn c cc cng c ti tr thch hp trang tri cc chi ph vn v giao dch c lin quan n cng tc qun l tng hp h sinh thi v gim thiu cc ri ro thc s hay ri ro thy trc c v mt kinh t, c lin quan c th n cc cch tip cn v cc cng ngh ci tin.

Cc hot ng in hnh ca GEF c thc hin trong khung cnh pht trin bn vng c th bao gm cc hot ng di y: H tr k thut: (a) Cc nghin cu iu tra sinh thi, kinh t v x hi hc cung cp thng tin, bao gm tri thc bn a, hng dn cng tc quy hoch v thc hin qun l tng hp h sinh thi; (b) Xy dng v ci tin cc chnh sch, cc quy nh, cc bin php kch thch thch hp v th trng nhm h tr cng tc qun l tng hp h sinh thi, k c nhng chnh sch, quy nh, bin php kch thch gii quyt nh c ti cc khu vc mng manh v d b tn thng; (c) Pht trin ngun nhn lc trong qun l tng hp h sinh thi; (d) Xy dng cc c ch gii quyt tranh chp gia nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn v cc bn lin quan khc; v (e) Pht trin cc mi cng tc gia cc khu vc nh nc/cng ng/t nhn phc v cng tc quy hoch v thc hin qun l tng hp h sinh thi; v Cc khon u t: (a) Phc hi v/hoc ci thin cng tc qun l cc din tch t chn th khi phc li thm thc vt bn a v ci thin cng tc qun l nc; (b) Phc hi v/hoc ci thin cng tc qun l mt lu vc u ngun c rng hoc cc vng t ngp nc ng bng thng ngp lt, nh cng tc qun l rng bn vng t c nhiu li ch, k c cc li ch ci thin bo tn t nc, bo tn a dng sinh hc di nc, chng l lt, gim thiu bi lng cc thu vc c tm quan trng ton cu v gim cc mc pht tn kh thi thc s hoc ci thin mc lu gi cc kh nh knh; (c) Qun l tng hp cc h sinh thi ven bin v bin ci thin cng tc quy hoch s dng t ven bin v bo v cc ni c tr c tm quan trng ton cu khi b suy thoi; v (d) Xy dng cc bin php kim sot nhim t cc ngun nhim xc nh v khng xc nh nhm ngn nga suy thoi cc ni c tr c tm quan trng ton cu v gim thiu cc ri ro n sc kho cng ng. Nghin cu c mc tiu (a) Xy dng cc h qun l tng hp ti nguyn thin nhin i ph vi cc mu hnh s dng ti nguyn thin nhin vi cc cng tc ng khc nhau ca con ngi, v cc tc ng ca cc mu hnh s dng n cu trc v chc nng ca h sinh thi; v (b) Pht trin cc cch tip cn qun l tng hp h sinh thi c ci tin v chi ph hiu qu i vi cc ngui ti nguyn thin nhin cc h sinh thi khc nhau . Cc hot ng GEF t cch (a) GEF s khng ng h cc hot ng c th gy ra cc bin php kch thch cng nhc trong qun l tng hp h sinh thi hoc c th c cc tc ng tiu cc v mi trng v x hi .

Nhng hot ng c th l: (b) Khai thc g thng mi ti cc cnh rng nguyn thu; (c) Chuyn i cc cnh quan thin nhin thnh cc din tch trng rng hoc cc h c canh khc 6; (d) a vo nhng loi ngoi lai; v (e) Hnh thnh cc h thng nng nghip lm cho cc cng ng b nh hng phi di di sang cc din tch t cn ci . Cc phng thc ti tr 14. Qu GEF s cung cp ti chnh gia tng xc tc xy dng cc khon trn gi ti tr c ci tin i vi cc bin php can thip v thng tin, t vn v xy dng nng lc, cng nh cc khon u t. Cc khon trn gi c th bao gm: (a) Nhng khon ng gp bng tin vin tr khng hon li cho cc qu u thc phi thng mi, nhm gip trang tri cc chi ph hot ng c nh k cho cc n lc qun l tng hp cng tc bo tn hoc gim cc li xut vay tin hin hnh cho cc khon u t t nhn ban u trong cng tc qun l tng hp cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. Ngoi ra, cc hot ng s c ti tr thng qua cc khon tin vin tr cho khng, nu cc khon chi ph ca cc hot ng khng c kh nng hon vn bng cc khon tin thu nhp gia tng7; (b) Cung cp cc khon tin t xut gii quyt cc ri ro c chiu hng gia tng trong thc hin cc khon u t vo cng tc qun l tng hp cc h sinh thi c nng sut8. Cc dch v cung cp ti chnh khng di dng tin vin tr cho khng, s c cn nhc i vi cc trng hp u t mo him mang tnh thng mi v gn nh mang tnh thng mi, cho php thu hi c cc khon chi ph gia tng ban u bng khon thu nhp gia tng theo thi gian; (c) Cp u quyn cam kt ng h bo lnh ri ro tng phn hoc cc chng trnh bo him, gii quyt cc khon chi ph chuyn i gia tng thy trc s xy ra, hoc to iu kin d dng vi ti ngun vn mo him dnh cho cc khon u t trong cng tc qun l tng hp; v (d) Do cc mi tng tc trong Chng trnh tc nghip ny c kh nng gt hi c nhiu li ch c cp ton cu ln trong nc, Qu GEF s hng vo bin php chia s chi ph v ri ro mt cch cng bng, bng cch kch thch huy ng nhiu ngun vn hin hnh. Gim st v nh gi 15. Cc hot ng c ti tr theo Chng trnh tc nghip s 12 s phi c cc s ch th c th thm tra c nhm gip nh gi tin thc hin v nh gi mc thc hin s p ng v duy tr chc chn cc kt qu nong i, k c cc li ch mi trng ton cu, n u . Cc thng tin c bn v cc s ch th s phi c bin son trong nm thc hin th nht. Nhn rng 16. Cc bin php can thip c GEF h tr s bao gm cc hot ng, nh t liu ho v ph bin kinh nghim to iu kin nhn rng cc kt qu. Ngoi ra, s phi tin hnh cc cuc

kim im theo ch t liu ho v ph bin rng ri hn nhng bi hc rt ra v cc phng thc hp l khuyn khch nhn rng cc bi hc v phng thc . Thu xp cc mi cng tc v cc mi i tc chin lc 17. Qu GEF s tm kim cc mi i tc chin lc vi cc thc th nh nc v t nhn c quan tm, k c cc t chc ngoi chnh ph (NGO), nhm to ra c ch ng ti tr di hn cho vic thc hin cc bin php can thip bn vng. Nhng mi i tc ny thng thng s h tr cc mc tiu pht trin rng ln nh cc k hoch quc gia, cc chin lc ngnh v cc chng trnh c u tin. Chiu theo cc iu khon quy nh lin quan ca Vn kin GEF ny, cc bn i tc c th bao gm cc thc th ca khu vc nh nc v khu vc t nhn, cp a phng, vng, quc gia, quc t v song phng. S tham gia ca Cng ng 18. S tham gia ca cng ng trong cc d n do GEF ti tr l mt trong nhng nguyn tc ch cht trong vic thit k v thc hin d n do Hi ng GEF ph duyt nm 1996. Vic tham gia ca cng ng bao gm ph bin thng tin, t vn, cng nh s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan. Nguyn tc ny s ch o cng tc thit k v thc hin chng trnh theo chng trnh tc nghip. Cc c ch s c xy dng trong qu trnh xy dng chng trnh to iu kin cho cc bn lin quan tham gia trong thit k, thc hin v gim st chng trnh. Phn b cc ngun lc ca GEF 19. Cc ngun lc ca GEF s c s dng theo phng thc gia tng to ra c ch ng ti tr, chia s chi ph, v.v cho cc hot ng c xut theo Chng trnh tc nghip s 12. Theo c tnh n cui thp k ny, hng nm s cn phi c khong 200 triu USD ti tr cho cc chng trnh v cng ngy kinh nghim xy dng v thc hin cc chng trnh cng c tch ly nhiu hn.

[1] Cc chng trnh tc nghip ca GEF l: Cc h sinh thi kh hn v bn kh hn; cc h sinh thi ven bin, bin v nc ngt; cc h sinh thi rng; cc h sinh thi ni; loi b cc ro cn i vi hiu sut nng lng v bo ton nng lng; khuyn khch p dng nng lng ti to thng qua vic loi b cc ro cn v gim bt chi ph thc hin; gim chi ph di hn i vi cc cng ngh nng lng c mc pht thi kh nh knh thp; chng trnh tc nghip trn c s vng nc; chng trnh tc nghip tng hp a lnh vc trng tm v t v nc; chng trnh tc nghip trn c s cht nhim bn; v khuyn khch giao thng bn vng v mt mi trng. [2] Cng c a dng sinh hc, Quyt nh 11/8. [3] Cng c khung Lin Hip Quc v Thay i kh hu, iu 4, chng on 3. [4] Cng c LHQ v chng Hoang mc ho, iu 2, chng on 1. [5] Cc d n c mc ch gii quyt mt trong cc li ch ny cn s dng chng trnh tc nghip cu GEF theo cc lnh vc trng tm v a dng sinh hc, cc vng nc quc t, hay

thay i kh hu lm im xut pht.