HI NGH KHOA HC TON QUC V SINH THI V TI NGUYN SINH VT LN TH 5

TRI THC S DNG CC LOI CY THUC

CA CNG NG DN TC C TU V VN KIU
TI VNG M VN QUC GIA BCH M
NINH KHC BN, V HNG GIANG,
TRN M LINH, L QUNH LIN
i n a inh bi n
i n n
Kh a h v C ng ngh i
a
NGUYN QUC BNH
ng Thin nhin i
a
i n n
Kh a h v C ng ngh i
a
TRN THIN N, HUNH VN KO
n Q
gia
h M Tha Thin
JACINTO REGALADO
n Th v Mi
ri
a K
Bch M l phn cui ca dy Trng Sn Bc, c nhiu dy ni cao chia ct v thp dn
ra bin, l ni chuyn tip ca hai lung kh hu Bc v Nam, nn h ng thc vt khu vc
Bch M rt a dng v phong ph. Theo thng k h thc vt Vn Quc gia (VQG) Bch M
gm 332 loi nm thuc 132 chi, 1648 loi thc vt bc cao c mch thuc 6 ngnh thc vt
trong c khong 585 loi cy thuc thuc 135 h, 378 chi [1].
Sinh sng quanh khu vc vng m VQG Bch M c khong 6.500 ngi, trong
khong 2.000 ngi dn tc thiu s thuc nhm Vn Kiu v C Tu. Trong nhng nm gn
y, mt lng ln cc loi cy thuc thuc khu vc Bch M c cng ng ngi C Tu,
Vn Kiu khai thc s dng cha tr bnh trong cng ng. Tuy nhin, nhng hiu bit v
kinh nghim s dng thc vt lm thuc ca cng ng ngi Vn Kiu mang nhiu nt c
o v c sc ring.
Cho ti nay, c mt s nghin cu s b v s dng thc vt lm thuc [2, 3], nhng
nhng kinh nghim c o v s dng cy thuc cha bnh ca ngi C Tu v Vn Kiu ti
Bch M t c quan tm. gn gi nhng kinh nghim qu gi, cng nh xut cc
phng thc s dng hp l ngun ti nguyn cy thuc, chng ti tin hnh iu tra v kinh
nghim v tri thc truyn thng trong s dng cy c lm thuc ca ng bo dn tc C Tu v
Vn Kiu ang sinh sng ti vng m VQG Bch M, nhm t liu ha v s dng cy thuc
ca cc nhm dn tc ny v gp phn duy tr, bo tn tri thc bn a Vit Nam.
I. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
Xy dng cc tuyn kho st, iu tra nhn dng cc loi cy thuc ngoi thc a v thu
thp mu tiu bn thc vt. Gim nh tn khoa hc bng phng php hnh thi so snh. iu
tra kinh nghim v tri thc bn a v s dng cc loi cy thuc ca ng bo Vn Kiu, C Tu
thng qua vic thu thp ti liu, phng vn trc tip ngi C Tu v Vn Kiu.
II. KT QU NGHIN CU
1. a dng v thnh phn loi, dng sng v b phn s dng cy thuc
Khai thc v s dng cy thuc ngoi t nhin cha bnh trong gia nh v chm sc sc
khe cho cng ng l tp qun nhiu i ca cng ng cc dn tc t ngi khu vc vng
m VQG Bch M. Trong mi cng ng ngi C Tu v Vn Kiu sinh sng thng c 2-3
950

HI NGH KHOA HC TON QUC V SINH THI V TI NGUYN SINH VT LN TH 5

lang y trong bn. Phn ng cc h gia nh s dng cc loi cy thuc thu hi t t nhin
iu tr mt s bnh thng thng hoc s dng lm thuc phc v bi b c th v phc hi
sc khe. Kt qu iu tra ca chng ti ghi nhn c 249 loi cy thuc thuc 82 h, 178
chi c ngi C Tu s dng. Nhng h c nhiu loi c s dng lm thuc nh: H C
ph (Rubiaceae), h Thu du (Euphorbiaceae), h u (Fabaceae), h Cc (Asteraceae).
Ngi Vn Kiu chim t l thp trong cc cng ng v kinh nghim s dng cy thuc cng
thp hn so vi ngi C Tu, vi 27 loi cy thuc thuc 21 h.
So snh thnh phn loi cy thuc c dn tc Vn Kiu ang sinh sng x T Long vng
m Khu Bo tn thin nhin k Rng, Qung Tr s dng cho thy, s lng loi cy thuc
(214 loi, 70 h) c ngi Vn Kiu vng m Khu Bo tn thin nhin k Rng s dng
phong ph hn s lng loi cy thuc do dn tc Vn Kiu x Xun Lc vng m VQG Bch
M s dng (27 loi) (bng 1). Trong thi k chin tranh chng M, khu vc k Rng l gianh
gii gia vng t do v vng b chim ng, nhiu b i c ngi Vn Kiu cu sng bng
cy thuc t nhin. Kinh nghim s dng thc vt lm thuc ca ngi Vn Kiu k Rng,
Qung Tr phong ph v a dng hn kinh nghim s dng cy thuc ca ngi Vn Kiu
nhng khu vc khc ca min Trung. Mt khc, thnh phn dn tc chnh k Rng l ngi
Vn Kiu (82,0% T Long) cn Bch M ch chim 21,3%. iu ny chng t t l dn s
cao ca ngi Vn Kiu sinh sng trong cng ng cng l yu t quyt nh nhiu n kinh
nghim s dng cy thuc c truyn ca cc dng h ngi Vn Kiu.
ng 1
S loi cy thuc c s dng bi ngi Vn Kiu Xun Lc Ph Lc Tha Thin Hu
v T Long, k Rng, Qung Tr
T l ngi
Vn iu (%)

a im

Thc v t lm thuc
S loi

S h

Xun Lc, Ph Lc,

Tha Thin Hu

21,3

27

21

T Long, k Rng, Qung Tr

82,0

214

70

H c nhiu loi
Fabaceae (15 loi)
Euphorbiaceae (14 loi)
Asteraceae (12 loi)
Rubiaceae (10 loi)

Mt khc, do bi cnh pht trin chung ca ton x hi v tc ng ca nn kinh t th

trng khng ch th m cn c nhng vng su, vng xa nh cc x trong khu vc vng
m VQG Bch M, sn phm thuc tn dc a dng v chng loi, phong ph v thnh phn,
tin s dng, tc dng nhanh, gi thnh r c nhiu ngi a chung, c bit l lp tr, do
vy h gn nh khng s dng cy thuc Nam. Cc ng lang, b m nhng ngi nm kin
thc v c nhiu kinh nghim v thuc cha bnh ngy mt gi i, trong khi lp tr con chu
li khng mun hc ngh. Nhng kin thc, nhng kinh nghim, nhng bi thuc gia truyn c
th mt dn theo thi gian. Nhng bi thuc hay, nhng phng thuc tt b tht truyn cn
c khi phc v bo tn.
ng 2
a dng v b phn c s dng lm thuc
B ph n dng

TT

S loi c dng bi nhm dn tc

C Tu

T l (%)

Cnh, l

77

31

C cy

73

R, c

68

Hoa, qu, ht, bo t

Khc (dch thn, nha, g, v ...)

Vn

iu

T l (%)

42

30

26

28

13

16

15

13

951

HI NGH KHOA HC TON QUC V SINH THI V TI NGUYN SINH VT LN TH 5

ng 3
a dng v dng sng v cch s dng cy thuc ca ngi C Tu
mc

Dng ng

Cch dng

G, bi

Tho

T i

Sc, nu

Ngm ru

S loi

98

151

216

126

19

T l (%)

39

61

87

50

S liu trong bng 2 v bng 3 ch ra rng, nhng cy thuc c iu tra khng ch phong
ph v thnh phn loi m cn rt a dng v dng sng v b phn s dng. Phn ln b phn
ca cy c ngi C Tu s dng lm thuc vn l cnh, l 77 loi, chim 31%; tip n l c
cy 73 loi chim 30%; r, c 68 loi chim 28%; hoa qu 15 loi chim 7%; cc b phn khc
9 loi chim 4%. Ngi Vn Kiu s dng r c 13 loi chim 42%; cnh l 8 loi chim 26%;
c cy 5 loi chim 16%; cc b phn khc (nha, dch thn,...) 4 loi chim 13% v hoa qu 1
loi chim 3%. Cy thuc c cc nhm dn tc trong khu vc nghin cu khai thc s dng,
khng ch a dng v thnh phn loi, a dng v b phn s dng m cn a dng v dng
sng. S liu thu c bng 3 chng t, phn ln cc cy s dng lm thuc c dng thn
tho (61,0%), dng g, bi (39,0%). Phng thc s dng yu l dng ti (87,0%), sc ung
(50,0%) v ngm ru (19,0%).
Nh vy, vi hnh thc khai thc k trn th phn ln cc loi cy thuc trong khu vc
nghin cu cha b tc ng trc tip t yu t con ngi. Tuy nhin, mt s loi b khai thc c
cy hay r, c vn cn tng i ln (16%, 28%). c bit, cc loi b khai thc c cy, c hoc
r l nhng cy lu nm, c gi tr kinh t cao ng thi cng l cc loi c nguy c e do cao
nh bnh vi vng ng, th phc linh, lan gm... Hnh thc khai thc ny c nh hng trc
tip n duy tr, ti sinh v bo tn ca loi cy thuc. Nu ngi dn ch khai thc cnh, l
lm thuc th hnh thc khai thc ny vn duy tr v m bo c s sinh trng, pht trin ca
cc c th, ngc li khai thc gc, r hay c s l nguy c gy suy gim s lng c th trong
qun th ni ring, a dng sinh hc ni chung.
2. Cc nhm bnh ph bin trong khu vc nghin cu
Kinh nghim, tri thc s dng cy thuc cha bnh v chm sc sc kho ca dn tc
C Tu v Vn Kiu cc x nghin cu kh a dng v phong ph. Kt qu iu tra, phng vn
h gia nh cc x nghin cu ch ra rng, dn tc C Tu v dn tc Vn Kiu vng m
Vn Quc gia Bch M s dng cy thuc ngoi t nhin cha tr nhiu loi bnh khc
nhau, tp trung vo 11 nhm bnh trong bng 4.
Ging nh cc cng ng dn tc thiu s nc ta, do trnh dn tr cn hn ch, iu
kin sinh hot cn kh khn, n thiu v sinh l nguyn nhn gy nn cc bnh lin quan ti
h tiu ha, bnh ngoi da. Bn cnh cc tuyn ng nh ng lin thn, ng lm
nghip cha pht trin nn vic i li kh khn, c bit l ngi dn thng xuyn vo rng
khai thc ti nguyn nn d gp tai nn, nh hng n xng, c bp. Nhng thng k ca
nghin cu cng ch ra rng, s loi cy thuc dng cha tr cc bnh v tiu ha (45 loi),
bnh ngoi da (33 loi) v cc bnh lin quan n h vn ng (34 loi), thn, bi tit (32 loi),
d dy, gan (28 loi), cm mu, mn nht (23 loi) thng chim s lng cao. Ngoi ra, cc
cy thuc c ngi dn thu hi trong t nhin lm ru tng lc, bi b sc khe cng
chim s lng tng i ln (19 loi), iu ny cng d hiu bi trong iu kin v dinh
dng cn thiu thn li phi lao ng nng nhc nn ngi C Tu v Vn Kiu rt quan tm
ti vic phc hi th lc, duy tr sc khe m bo lao ng. Do sinh sng trong khu vc
952

HI NGH KHOA HC TON QUC V SINH THI V TI NGUYN SINH VT LN TH 5

rng t nhin, a dng sinh hc cao, c bit l s loi b st, cn trng ln nn thng b ng
vt v cn trng cn, t nh rn cn, ong t, rt cn. Tri thc s dng cy c cha tr
nhng bnh ny tng i pht trin c cng ng C Tu v Vn Kiu. Tng s loi c s
dng cha bnh trong nhm ny ln ti 21 loi.
ng 4
Cc nhm bnh c iu tr bng cy thuc Nam ca ngi C Tu v Vn Kiu
TT

Nhm bnh

S loi cy thuc c
dng bi ngi
C Tu

Cc bnh v ng
tiu ho

Cc bnh lin quan

ti h hp

45

18

Vn

t cy thuc c dng ph bin

iu

Ageratum conyzoides L., Typhonium divaricatum

Schott., Hopea pierrei Hance, Mallotus floribundus
(Bl.) Muell-Arg., Phyllanthus amarus Schun &
Thonn., Ficus fulva Keinw. Ex Blume, Paederia
lanuginose Wall., ...

Scoparia dulcis L. Eurycoma longifolia Jack,

Stemona tuberosa Lour., Thrixspermum centipeda
Lour., Spiranthes sinensis (pers.) Ames.,
Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC., ...

Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Hook.,

Kopsia harmadiana Pierre. Ex. Pit.,
Chromolaena odorata (L.) King et Robinson,
Pollia thyrsiflora (Bl.) Hassk, ...

Cc bnh ngoi da

Cc bnh lin quan

ti h vn ng
(xng, c, gn,
khp)

34

Antrophyum coriaceum (D. Don.) Wall.,

Phlogacanthus turgidus (Fua ex Hook.) Lind.,
Epipremnum giganteum Schott.,
Homalomena gigantea Engl., ...

Cc bnh v thn,
bi tit

32

Plantago major L., Dischidia mummularia R. Br.,

Fibraurea tinctoria Lour., Stephania longa Lour., ...

Cc bnh cho ph n

Jasminum subtriplinerve Blume.,

Ixora stricta Roxb., Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf.,
Micromelum minutum (Lam.) DC.,...

Cc bnh do ng
vt gy ra

18

Sanveviera trifasciata Prain., Sapium baccatum

Roxb., Uraria balancae Schindl., Hediotis
leptoneura (Pit.) Comb.,
Phrynium placentarium (Lour.) Merr.

Cc loi thuc ung

b mt

19

Ophiopogon regnieri Bois.,

Bauhinia penicellioba Pierre. Ex Gan.

D dy, gan

28

Liriope spicata (Thumb.) Lour., Dioscore kratica

Prain & Burk., Eriocaudon sexangulare L.,
Phyllanthus urinaria L., ...

10

Cm mu, mn nht

23

Psychotria morindoides Hutch., Begonia aptera Bl.,

Belgonia siamensis Gagn.,
Commelina benghalensis L., ...

11

Cc bnh khc (cm

cm, d ng, mn
nga,...)

42

Ixora coccinea L., Randia spinosa Bl.,

Scoparia dulcius L., Vitex trifolia L.,...

33

953

HI NGH KHOA HC TON QUC V SINH THI V TI NGUYN SINH VT LN TH 5

Khai thc, s dng ti nguyn cy thuc p ng nhu cu cha bnh v chm sc sc

khe cng ng l tp qun bao i nay ca dn tc C Tu v Vn Kiu vng m Vn
Quc gia Bch M. Trong qu trnh pht trin ca cng ng, h dn nhn bit c cc
loi cy thuc cha bnh. Qu trnh thu thp thng tin ghi nhn c nhng loi cy thuc
ch c s dng cha tr mt bnh nhng cng c loi cy thuc c s dng cha tr
hai hay nhiu bnh khc nhau. Qua iu tra, phng vn chng ti thng k c 6 loi cy
thuc c dng cha tr nhiu loi bnh (bng 5).
ng 5
Mt s cy c s dng cha tr nhiu bnh
TT

Tn ph thng

Tn khoa hc

Cng dng mi

C xc

Achyranthes aspera L.

C cy cha kinh nguyt khng u, cha

thn kinh suy nhc, r un nc ung cha
i vng, ngm cha au rng.

Ba gc vng

Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour)

Baill.

Cnh l h nng nm ln cha au lng, st

vo chn chng vt cn; l em gi cng cc
cy khc ung cha vi ho ct sng (c)

Li rn

Hedyotis corymbosa (L.)

Lamk.

C cy cha rn cn, u si, vim hng,...

Mng tang

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Rers.

Cnh, l nu xng cho ph n sau sinh mau

kho, l gi p cha au u, tri cho ln
nm cha u ma

B kt

Gleditsia autralis Hemls. ex

Forbes & Hemls.

Qu cha tiu m, tr cm khu, au rng,

xng , gi u,...

Khoai mi

Dioscorea persimilis Prain

et Burk.

Cha suy nhc c th, ng rut, l, di tinh,

m hi trm, tng lc.

T nhng phn tch trn cho thy cng mt cy thuc nhng mi ngi li c kinh
nghim, phng thc iu tr c nhiu bnh khc nhau. iu chng t, ngun tri thc v
s dng thc vt y rt phong ph v phng thc cha tr bnh kh c o. Mi phng
thc li ch tn ti trong mt vi ngi vi gia nh hay trong mt cng ng nh. y l ngun
tri thc qu gi nhng c nguy c mai mt cao do vy cn phi c bin php thu thp v bo tn
ngun tri thc qu gi ny.
3. Cng dng mi ca mt s loi cy thuc
Trong s cc cy c ng bo dn tc C Tu v Vn Kiu dng lm thuc khu vc
nghin cu, chng ti cha pht hin c cy thuc mi. Tuy nhin, mt s loi c nhiu
cng dng cha bnh cng nh phng thc iu tr mi. y chnh l kho tng tri thc
phong ph v qu bu, chng ta cn trn trng v k tha. Nghin cu ca chng ti cho
thy, ngi C Tu v Vn Kiu l nhng dn tc hiu bit kh cn k v cy thuc cng
nh s dng cy thuc trong iu tr bnh. Mt s bi thuc gia truyn ca cc thy lang, b
m kh ni ting. ng ch l bi thuc ca lang y Trn Vn S, Thng L, Nam ng,
dn tc C Tu s dng r ca loi Morinda longifolia Craib. cha bnh gan, loi
Strychnos wallichiana Steud ex DC. cha hi, hoc Curculigo gracilis (Kurz.) Hook. F
cha huyt p cao. Bng 6 di y gii thiu mt s loi cy thuc c cng dng cha
bnh mi in hnh.
954

HI NGH KHOA HC TON QUC V SINH THI V TI NGUYN SINH VT LN TH 5

ng 6
Mt s cy thuc c cng dng mi
TT

Tn ph thng

Tn khoa hc

Cng dng mi

Thch tng rng

Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trevis.

C cy, 3-6g, sc ung cha bnh

Aizheimer.

Lng thuyn

Curculigo gracilis (Kurz.) Hook. F

Cy gi nt, sao, un ung cha bnh

vim thn, cao huyt p.

Nhu rng

Morinda longifolia Craib.

R dng cha bnh gan.

Cao cng

Ophiopogon reptans Hook. F.

R tr bnh t thp, lit na ngi.

C xc

Achyranthes aspera L.

R un nc ung cha i vng, ngm

cha au rng

Bng bc

Mallotus barbatus (Wall) Muell.- Arg.

R cha vim rut, sa d con, l cha

di tru

Ba gc vng

Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour) Baill.

Cnh l h nng nm ln cha au

lng, l em gi cng cc cy khc ung
cha vi ho ct sng.

Nhi

Bischofia javanica Blume

L un cha vim m o, thn v rc

cha vt su qung mau lnh

Huyt rng

Spatholobus harmandii Gagn.

20 -40g sao vng, sc ung hoc ngm

ru ung cha huyt h, di tinh.

10

Hong nn

Strychnos wallichiana Steud ex DC.

Cha phong hn, t thp, cha hi. Liu

dng 0,02-0,05g/ngy dng thuc sc.

11

Cc tinh tho

Eriocaudon sexangulare L.

Phi kh sc ung cha au gan

III. KT LUN
Cc loi cy thuc dng cha bnh khng nhng a dng v thnh phn loi
(249 loi thuc 82 h ca ngi C Tu, 27 loi thuc 21 h ca ngi Vn Kiu), v dng
sng (thn tho 61,0%, dng g, bi 39,0%), v b phn s dng (ngi C Tu s dng lm
thuc vn l cnh, l 77 loi chim 31%; tip n l c cy 73 loi chim 30%; r, c 68 cy
chim 28%; hoa qu 15 loi chim 7%; cc b phn khc 9 loi chim 4%. Ngi Vn Kiu
s dng r c 13 loi chim 42%; cnh l 8 loi chim 26%; c cy 5 loi chim 16%; cc b
phn khc (nha, dch thn,...) 4 loi chim 13% v hoa qu 1 loi chim 3%) m cn a dng
v cc nhm bnh c cha tr (11 nhm bnh). Kt qu nghin cu thng k c 11
loi cy thuc c cng dng mi trong iu tr bnh, 6 loi cy thuc c kh nng cha tr
nhiu bnh khc nhau.
Khai thc s dng cc loi cy thuc trong khu vc nghin cu cha nh hng nhiu n
sinh trng v pht trin ca qun th cy thuc khu vc nghin cu. Tuy nhin, mt s loi
b khai thc c cy hay r (6%), c (28%) vn cn tng i ln. c bit, cc loi b khai thc
c cy, c hoc r l nhng cy lu nm, c gi tr kinh t cao ng thi cng l cc loi c
nguy c b e do cao nh bnh vi vng ng, th phc linh, lan gm,...
955

HI NGH KHOA HC TON QUC V SINH THI V TI NGUYN SINH VT LN TH 5

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.

Hunh Vn Ko, Trn Thin n, 2006, a dng cy thuc vng ni Bch M, NXB. Thun Ha, Hu.

2.

Nguyn Th Phng Tho, Ninh Khc Bn, Bi Vn Thanh, Jacinto Regalado, 2007. Bo co
Khoa hc v Sinh thi v Ti nguyn sinh vt, Hi ngh Khoa hc ton quc ln th 2, H Ni,
26/10/2007. NXB. Nng nghip, H Ni, trang 105-109.

3.

Trn Quang Phc, 2008. iu tra, nh gi v xut gii php khai thc, s dng hp l cy c
ch nhm gp phn pht trin kinh t-x hi ca ng bo dn tc Pak v Vn Kiu 3 x vng
m (T Long, Hc Ngh v A Bung) thuc Khu Bo tn thin nhin k Rng-tnh Qung Tr.
Lun vn Thc s Lm nghip.

TRADDITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS COLLECTED

FROM THE C TU AND VAN KIEU ETHNIC COMMUNITIES
IN THE BUFFER ZONE OF BACH MA NATIONAL PARK
NINH KHAC BAN, VU HUONG GIANG, TRAN MY LINH,
LE QUYNH LIEN, NGUYEN QUOC BINH, TRAN THIEN AN,
HUYNH VAN KEO, JACINTO REGALADO

SUMMARY
The flora of Bach Ma National Park is highly diverse and rich. Around Bach Ma National Park, there
are about 6500 people with about 2,000 ethnic people belong to the Van Kieu and Co Tu minority ethnic
groups. Exploitation and use of medicinal plants for medical and health care are popular in these two
ethnic groups. Here, our survey result showed that knowledge in using medicinal plants of the Van Kieu
and Co Tu people is very diverse in species composition (Co Tu people use 249 species, the Van Kieu
27 species), in life forms (61.0% herbaceous, tree wood, dust, 39.0%), in use of parts (stems, leaves
77 species, accounting for 31%, 73 species of both plants accounted for 30%; roots 68 plants accounted
for 28%, 15 fruit trees accounted for 7%, other 9 parts plants 4%) and also diverse in disease groups
(11 groups). Based on the knowledge, the authors has also announced 11 plant species as new medicinal
plants (Huperzia serrata (Thumb.) Trevis., Curculigo gracilis (Kurz.) Hook. F, Morinda longifolia Craib.,
Ophiopogon reptans Hook. F., Achyranthes aspera L., Mallotus barbatus (Wall.) Muell.- Arg., Rauvolfia
verticillata (Lour) Baill., Bischofia javanica Blume, Spatholobus harmandii Gagn., Strychnos wallichiana
Steud ex DC., Eriocaudon sexangulare L.), 6 species can be used in various diseases (Achyranthes
aspera L., Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour) Baill., Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lamk., Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Rers.,
Gleditsia autralis Hemls. ex Forbes & Hemls., Dioscorea persimilis Prain et Burk.).

956