Mt s bin php bo mt d liu thng thng

Bo v d liu l vic v cng thit yu, bi d liu l ti sn quan

trng nht ca ngi dng trn my tnh. C th ni nhu cu s
dng my tnh v mng u xut pht t d liu.
Thng thng khi quyt nh la chn mt phng php bo v my tnh th d liu
gi vai tr tin quyt. H iu hnh v cc ng dng c th ci t li, nhng d liu
ngi c to bi ngi dng l duy nht, nu b mt s khng c g thay th c,
thm ch cn c th gy ra nhng thit hi v cng ln cho c nhn, t chc. C rt
nhiu nguyn nhn khch quan, ch quan lm mt d liu nh li h thng, virus hoc
t tay xa nhm. Ngoi ra mt s d liu rt b mt, quan trng chng ta khng ch
mun mt n m cn khng mun ngi khc xem nu khng c cho php.
Trong bi vit ny chng ti s cng bn c tm hiu mt s bin php bo v d liu
trn my tnh, ty thuc vo mc quan trng v iu kin ring m bn c th la
chn phng php ph hp cho d liu ca mnh.
Backup d liu kp thi v thng xuyn
Bc quan trng nht trong vic bo v d liu khi b tht lc l thc hin backup
thng xuyn. Chng ta cn thc hin backup theo chu k bao lu? iu ny ph
thuc vo lng d liu s b mt nu h thng b nh sp hon ton. Chng ta c th
thc hin backup hng tun, hng ngy, hay hng gi.
Mt s li backup thng gp
Chng ta c th s dng tin ch backup c tch hp trong h iu hnh Windows
(ntbackup.exe) thc hin nhng tin trnh backup c bn, ngoi ra, c th s
dng Wizard Mode n gin ha tin trnh to v khi phc cc file backup, hay
c th cu hnh th cng cc ci t backup v
ln lch thc hin tc v backup t ng ha
tc v ny.
Ngoi cng c trn, c rt nhiu cng c
backup nhm ba khc vi nhiu ty chn nng
cao hn. Cho d chng ta la chn cng c
no, th vic lu tr mt bn copy d phng
ca file backup l rt quan trng phng
trng hp nhng bng/a cha file backup b
ph hy cng vi d liu gc. Hin nay c mt
phng php rt hiu qu m chng ta c th
s dng lu tr d phng bn backup l
backup trc tuyn.
p dng bo mt chia s v bo mt cp file
bo mt d liu, thao tc u tin l ci t giy php cho file v th mc. Nu ang
chia s d liu qua mng, chng ta c th ci t cc giy php chia s kim sot
nhng ti khon ngi dng no c th hay khng th truy cp vo nhng file ny qua
mng. Vi Windows 2000 v Windows XP, chng ta thc hin ci t giy php bng
cch click vo nt Permissions trn tab Sharing ca ca s thuc
tnh Properties ca th mc hay file.
Tuy nhin, nhng giy php cp chia s s khng c hiu lc vi ngi dng ang
s dng my tnh lu tr d liu chia s. Nu my tnh c nhiu ngi s dng th
chng ta phi s dng cc giy php cp file (cn c gi l giy php NTFS v
chng ch xut hin trn nhng th mc v file c lu tr trn phn vng c nh
dng NTFS). Nhng giy php cp file, c ci t trong tab Security ca hp
thoi thuc tnh Properties, bo mt hn so vi cc giy php cp chia s.
Trong c hai trng hp, chng ta c th ci t giy php cho ti khon ngi dng
hay nhm, v c th cho php hay t chi nhiu cp truy cp khc nhau t read-
only (ch c) ti ton quyn truy cp.
t mt khu bo v ti liu
Mt s ng dng, nh Microsoft Office v Adobe Acrobat, cho php chng ta ci t
mt khu trn nhiu ti liu khc nhau. m nhng ti liu ny chng ta s phi nhp
vo mt khu ci t cho chng. Trong Microsoft Word 2003, t mt khu cho
ti liu, vo menu Tools | Options ri click vo tab Security. Chng ta c th ci t mt
khu m file ny v t mt khu chng chnh sa. Ngoi ra chng ta c th ci t
kiu m ha c s dng.
Cch kha th mc bng mt khu vi lnh file *.BAT
Mt s phn mm nn nh WinZip hay PKZip cng h tr c tnh nng m ha file nn.
S dng m ha EFS
Cc h iu hnh Windows t Windows 2000 n Windows 10 u c h tr tnh
nng m ha Encrypting File System (EFS m ha file h thng). Chng ta c
th s dng phng php m ha tch hp nn tng giy php ny bo v cc file
v th mc ring bit c lu tr trn phn vng nh dng NTFS. Thao tc m ha
file v th mc rt n gin, ch cn click vo nt Advanced trn tab General ca
trang thuc tnh Properties. Lu rng chng ta khng th s dng kt hp m ha
EFS v nn NTFS.
Cch m ha file, th mc bng EFS trn Windows 10
EFS s dng kt hp m ha i xng v bt i xng cho c bo mt v thc thi.
m ha file vi EFS, ngi dng phi c mt giy php EFS, c th c to bi
Windows Certification Authority, hay mt giy php t phn nu khng c Certificate
Authority no trn mng. Cc file EFS c th c m bi ti khon ngi dng m
ha chng, hay bi mt tc nhn khi phc chuyn dng. Vi Windows XP hay
Windows 2003 chng ta cn c th ch nh nhng ti khon ngi dng khc c
phn quyn truy cp vo nhng file c m ha bng EFS.
Lu rng EFS c s dng bo v d liu trn a. Nu gi mt file c m
ha EFS qua mng v ai s dng mt Sniffer (trnh phn tch d liu) nh cp
th h c th c d liu trong file ny.
S dng cng c m ha a
Trong mt s phin bn ca Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 v
Windows Server 2008 R2 tch hp mt cng c m ha a kh mnh c tn
BitLocker. Mc nh, cng c ny s dng b m ha AES (Advanced Encryption
Standard) vn hnh theo ch CBC (Cipher-Block Chaining).
BitLocker v EFS khc nhau nh th no?
Ngoi ra chng ta c th s dng nhiu cng c m ha a nhm ba khc cho php
m ha ton b a. Khi m ha ton b a, ngi dng s khng th truy cp vo
d liu trong . D liu s c m ha t ng khi c ghi vo a ny, v s t
ng c gii m trc khi c ti vo b nh. Mt s cng c c th to nhng
vng lu tr v hnh bn trong mt phn vng, sau hot ng nh a n bn
trong mt a. Nhng ngi dng khc ch c th thy d liu trong a ngoi.
Nhng cng c m ha a c th c s dng m ha a di ng. Mt s
cho php to mt mt khu ch cng vi nhng mt khu ph vi quyn thp hn
cp cho nhng ngi dng khc, nh Whole Disk Encryption, Drive Crypt,
Tn dng Public Key Infrastructure
Mt Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) l mt h thng qun l nhng cp Private
Key v Public Key, v cc giy php s. Do cc Key v giy php c pht hnh bi
mt cng c nhm ba ng tin cy nn bo mt nn tng giy php m h thng ny
cung cp kh mnh.
Chng ta c th bo mt d liu mun chia s vi ngi khc bng cch m ha d
liu ny vi mt Public Key v ngi c chia s. Tt c ngi dng trong mng s
thy d liu ny, tuy nhin duy nht ngi dng c Private Key tng ng vi Public
Key mi c th gii m.
n d liu vi kiu m ha Steganography
Steganography l mt kiu m ha to email n trong ch c ngi gi v ngi
nhn mi bit n s tn ti ca email ny.
Chng ta c th s dng mt ng dng Steganography n d liu bn trong d liu
khc. V d, chng ta c th n mt email vn bn trong mt file nh .JPG hay mt file
nhc MP3,
Steganography khng thc hin m ha email, do n thng c s dng vi cc
phn mm m ha. Trc tin d liu s c m ha, sau n n bn trong file
khc bng mt phn mm Steganography.
Mt s cng c m ha kiu Steganography yu cu s hon i ca mt Key b mt,
trong khi s khc li s dng Key mt m Private v Public. Mt v d in hnh ca
phn mm Steganography l StegoMagic. y l mt phn mm min ph gip m ha
email v n chng trong cc file .TXT, .WAV, hay .BMP.
Bo v d liu gi i bng cch bo mt IP
D liu ca chng ta c th b tin tc nh cp khi ang truyn qua mng bng mt
phn mm Sniffer. bo v d liu khi ang truyn qua mng chng ta c th s
dng Internet Protocol Security (IPSec), tuy nhin c h thng gi v h thng nhn
phi h tr IPSec. K t h iu hnh Windows 2000, Windows c tch hp kh
nng h tr cho IPSec. Cc ng dng khng phi nhn bit IPSec v n vn hnh ti
m hnh mng cp thp.
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) l giao thc c IPSec s dng m
ha d liu. IPSec c th vn hnh theo ch ng hm cung cp kh nng bo
v ti cng ni, hay trong ch truyn cung cp kh nng bo v khi d liu ang
c truyn. s dng IPSec trong Windows, chng ta phi to mt chnh sch
IPSec, la chn phng thc thm nh quyn v nhng b lc IP s s dng. cu
hnh nhng ci t ca IPSec, m ca s thuc tnh Properties ca giao
thc TCP/IP trn tab Options ca Advanced TCP/IP Settings.
Bo mt d liu truyn qua mng Wifi
D liu m chng ta gi qua mng Wifi d b tc ng hn so vi khi gi qua mng
Ethernet. Tin tc khng cn phi truy cp vt l ti mng hay cc thit b trn , bt c
ngi dng no s dng laptop c kch hot Wifi v mt ng ten thu pht sng
mnh c th nh cp d liu hay t nhp vo mng v truy cp vo d liu c lu
tr trn mng nu im truy cp Wifi khng c cu hnh bo mt.
Bo mt WiFi t nhng bc c bn
Chng ta ch nn gi v lu tr d liu nhng mng Wifi c m ha. m ha
mng Wifi, tt nht nn s dng WPA/WPA2 kt hp vi AES thay v Wired Equivalent
Protocol (WEP).
S dng Rights Management duy tr kim sot
Nu cn gi d liu cho nhng ngi dng khc nhng chng ta li lo lng v vic bo
v d liu ny khi khng cn nm trn h thng ca chng ta na th chng ta c th
s dng Windows Rights Management Services (RMS) kim sot hnh vi
ca ngi nhn i vi d liu h nhn c. V d, chng ta c th phn quyn
ngi nhn c th c ti liu Word nhn c nhng khng th hiu chnh, copy hay
lu ti liu ny. Ngoi ra chng ta c th chn ngi nhn chuyn tip email m chng
ta gi i, hay ci t thi hn s dng cho email hay ti liu ngi nhn khng th
truy cp sau thi hn .
s dng RMS, chng ta cn cu hnh Windows Server 2003 nh mt my ch
RMS. Ngi dng cn s dng Internet Explorer hay ci t phn mm my trm
truy cp vo cc ti liu c RMS bo v. Nhng ngi dng c phn quyn cn
phi ti mt giy php t my ch RMS.
Hy vng mt s gii php trn y c th gip cho my tnh cng nh d liu ca bn
an ton hn trong thi i an ninh mng ang b e da ny.