S dng cht thi sn xut gch khng nung

Gch khng nung (gch ong, gch x vi) c s dng t lu, nhng cn nhiu hn ch v hin ch chim khong 8% tng s gch xy bao che.

sn xut ra 40 t vin gch nung t nay n 2020 phi tiu tn 60 triu tn than. Ring nm 2020 phi s dng 6.3 triu tn than. Vic sn xut gch nung, c bit l l ng th cng thi ra kh quyn lng ln kh CO2, SO2 c hi nh hng ln n mi trng sng, sc kho con ngi, gim nng sut cy trng. Nhm gim thiu tc ng mi trng do sn xut gch nung gy ra, mi y Th tng Chnh ph c Quyt nh s 121/2008 ngy 29/8/2008, ph duyt Quy hoch tng th pht trin vt liu xy dng n nm 2020. Trong phn nh hng Quy hoch pht trin vt liu xy dng khng nung n nm 2020 xc nh: + Pht trin sn xut v ti ch cht thi xy dng vt liu xy dng t cc nguyn liu nh xi mng, mt, ct v tro x nhit in, theo hng cng ngh hin i quy m ln, kch thc ln v nh thay th dn gch xy sn xut t t st nung. + T l gch khng nung trong tng s gch xy n nm 2010 chim 10 15% nm 2015 chim 20 - 25%, nm 2020 chim 30 - 40% tng s gch xy sn xut trong nc. Gch khng nung dn thay th gch nung, tng bc khc phc nhim mi trng, gim dn s dng ti nguyn t st v than cho vic sn xut gch nung. Ngay t gia th k XX, trc p lc tn thu ti nguyn, gim thiu nhim mi trng ca bi thi cc nh my tuyn than, cc nh khoa hc trn th gii trin khai nghin cu cc tnh cht c bn ca xt, so snh vi t st ch bin sn xut th nghim gch t ngun xt thi. Kt qu cho thy gch c sn xut t xt thi c tnh cht tng ng so vi gch sn xut t t st v c th s dng lm vt liu xy dng cho cc cng trnh xy dng cng nghip, giao thng v dn dng. Do gi thnh sn xut gch t xt thi l tng i cao, nhng u tin gii quyt vn nhim mi trng, tn thu v tit kim ti nguyn, chnh ph nhiu nc trn th gii ban hnh cc chnh sch h tr v min gim thu v khuyn khch s dng gch c sn xut t xt thi cc nh my tuyn than. CHLB Nga: Cng ngh sn xut t nguyn liu xt thi c p dng ti cc nh my tuyn than Abasebxki, Karagandiski, Novokuznheski vng Luski. Thnh phn khong vt ch yu c trong xt thi gm: SiO2 51,41%; Al2O3 16,36%; Fe2O3 8,37% v MKN 22,57%. Sn phm gch c bn nn 110 - 120 kg/cm2 c cung cp cho cng ty xy dng dn dng v cng nghip. CH Php, Occidental Industries (OCI) l Cng ty ni ting th gii v chuyn giao cng ngh sn xut gch t xt thi. Vi nguyn liu xt c thnh phn c ht 0-0,5mm chim t l hn 80% v tro t 90-92%, sn phm gch c sn xut theo cng ngh OCI c bn nn n 300 kg/cm2 .

Trung Quc l nc trin khai p dng rng ri cng ngh sn xut gch t xt thi. Ngay t nm 1990, Trung Quc ch trng pht trin cng ngh sn xut vt liu xy dng t xt thi vi khu hiu: "Sn xut gch khng cn t st, t gch khng cn than". Hin nay, c 3 Trung tm chuyn t vn chuyn giao cng ngh sn xut gch t xt thi m Bc Kinh, Hc Long v Sn ng. Cc nh my sn xut gch t xt thi ni ting nh Hao Tai, Long Quan Bc Kinh c cng sut 60 triu vin/nm; Dng Quang Sn ng c cng sut 50 triu vin/nm. Cht lng gch c bn nn t t 250 - 300 kg/cm2. Gi thnh sn xut khong 0,2 - 0,3 nhn dn t/vin. Nhng li ch ca ti ch vt liu xy dng cng nh tro x lm gch khng nung: - Gim thiu cht thi thng qua vic ti s dng, ti ch v hay gim nguyn liu - Ko di tui th ca cc bi chn lp thng qua vic gim thiu lng cht thi chn lp; - Gim chi ph vn chuyn; - Nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng v gip tit kim nng lng; v th gim pht thi lin quan n vic to ra nhng nguyn liu ny. - Cung cp mt gii php to ra li nhun v c chi ph thp hn so vi vic trc tip chn lp cht thi xy dng: - Chi ph c kh nng thp hn hay khng phi tr cho vic chn lp; - L mt ngun doanh thu cho vic bn hay ti s dng vt liu xy dng. i vi nh my nhit in: Khi c xng tuyn, tro x ca nh my nhit in s c x l ngay ti u ngun thi. Tro x nguyn khai c phn tuyn thnh x don, tro tuyn v than tuyn trong mi trng nc, khng pht tn bi vo mi trng. Cc nguy c gy nhim mi trng b hn ch v kim sot c. Vic x l sn phm tuyn s thun li hn rt nhiu so vi khi cha tuyn. S c cc quy nh cht ch cho vic vn chuyn sn phm tro tuyn v than tuyn n ni tiu th v bo qun sn phm, kim sot trit ngun ph thi ny. Vi u im v hiu qu kinh t k thut trong sn xut, s dng vt liu khng nung nh tit kim ti nguyn t canh tc, tit kim nng lng, bo v mi trng, an ninh x hi c y mnh s lm thay i thi quen s dng vt liu xy ca ngi tiu dng. Chc chn sn phm gch khng nung s c bc pht trin mnh m trong thi gian ti. S dng gch xy khng nung (b tng nh, b tng chng p sn xut t tro x) cho nh cao tng c hiu qu kinh t kh cao. Trong hn hp ny (tro tuyn, xi mng, vi, thch cao, bt nhm), tro tuyn t tro bay nhit in l thnh phn chnh, chim n 70% khi lng. Nhu cu tro tuyn t cht lng cung ng cho th trng sn xut gch khng nung, gch b tng nh v b tng kh chng p l rt ln. Ngun ca cc cht thi dng cho sn xut gch khng nung. - Cht thi ra t: - Vic ph d cc kt cu c v xung cp; - Xy dng cc to nh mi;

- o ng nha - Cc hot ng bao gm; nh vn phng, nh , ng x, cu, h thng tu in ngm - Mt phn ca dng cht thi ny c trn ln vo dng cht thi sinh hot lm n knh cng, chim din tch trong cc bi chn lp, v gim cht lng cht thi c th x l bng phng php vi sinh hoc cng ngh thu hi nng lng. Ti nh my nhit in s dng than, trong qu trnh t to ra lng tro v x rt ln, chim khong 30% n 35% lng than s dng. Trong khong 20% x hnh thnh ri xung y l thnh x y l cn gi l x don, phn cn li khong 80% theo khi l gi l tro bay. Cc cht thi c th s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut vt liu xy dng nh x l cao luyn gang thp, ph thi sn xut gch ngi v snh s, thu tinh Khi sn xut H2SO4 t pyrit, x than ca qu trnh nung thiu pyrit ch yu l st nu c th dng lm ph gia cho sn xut xi mng. t khai thc hm l c kch thc v cng nht nh c th tn dng lm vt liu xy dng hoc lm ng giao thng hoc cc qung thi khng cha cc nguyn t c hi gy nhim mi trng c th dng sn xut cc vt liu xy dng. . Thu dn cht thi rn : Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh tho gom cht thi rn: -Yu t a hnh -Qui hoch th -Thi tit -Phng tin thu dn cht thi rn. - thc ca cng chng 2. H thng v cc phng thc thu dn : -Dch v thu gom rc ti cc khu dn c -H thng thu dn cht thi rn thnh ph: Gm 2 loi: - H thng ch thng: c th s dng cc phng tin thu gom rc sau: xe ti c h thng gn nng c hc; xe ti c khung nghing, xe mc ch cc cht thi rn nng nh gch v t ct - H thng thng ti ch: c 2 h thng thit b thu dn rc chnh: * h thng xc p hot ng xc rc v rc t ng * h thng trong vic rc vo xe ch yu bng tay 3. Phn loi cht thi rn : - Hot ng phn loi cht thi rn c th c tin hnh ti cc h gia nh, cc im trung chuyn, cc bi thi - Ti cc h gia nh: y l hot ng mang tnh hp tc ca tng c th vi c quan ph trch v sinh mi trng khu vc. Cc cht thi c th c phn loi theo c im l ho hoc kch thc ca chng vd : ti ng rieng rc thc phm, ti ng giy cc loi, ti ng mnh v thu tinh vvv

-Ti trm trung chuyn: phn loi bng cc phng php nh: li tm, thi kh t tnh. nc ta trm trung chuyn cha c hnh thnh, rc s c tp trung t 2, 3 khu ph v c ch n bi thi chung ca a phong - Ti bi thi: cc loi rc thi khng cn c x dng vo mc ch khc s c ch n bi thi v c chn lp cn thn. Cc cht thi rn sau phn loi c th c ti s dng hoc lm nguyn liu cho 1s ngnh cng nghip hay th cng nghip khc. 4. Cc mc ch s dng cht thi rn S dng li, lm nguyn liu cho mt s ngnh cng nghip, th cng nghip, lm nhin liu cht t, vt liu xy dng, lm phn bn, lm thc n cho gia sc... l nhng hot ng nhm tn dng v gim thiu khi lng cht thi rn 4.1 S dng li: Nhiu loi cht thi rn c s dng li m khng cn thm k thut nng cp , ti ch Loi cht rn ny sau khi s dng ang cn nguyn vn, cht lung tt, bao gm: chai thu tinh, chai , hp, ti hp plastic, dng khng thch hp , c ca ch nhn ny c chuyn sang ch nhn khc... 4.2 Ti ch: Mt s loi cht rn c s dng nh l mt phn nguyn liu , ph gia cho nhiu ngnh sn xut cng nghip , th cng nghip nh: thu tinh v, lp xe hng, nha hng, st , x than (lm ph gia cho sn xut xi mng)... 4.3 Lm cht t: Rm r, l cy, g , mt....l ngun cht t rt tt. 4.4 Vt liu xy dng: Gch , ngi v x than ... c s dng ri dng nng thn, gch babanh c lm t x than trn vi ximng, vi 4.5 Lm thc n cho gia sc: rm r rc thc phm c s dng lm thc n cho gia sc 5. Ch bin phn vi sinh: qu trnh phn hu cht thi rn to ra sn phm mi bao gm phn Compost, kh metan, protein, ru v cc thnh phn h c khc Qu trnh phn hu sinh hc cht thi rn Sn phm Qu trnh Yu cu ch bin Ghi ch phn hu Nghin cht ,phn loi Compost Humus cht thi rn bng th kh Thc hin trong Tiu hu ym Nghin cht ,phn loi phng th nghim kh metan kh cht thi rn bng th kh trng hp s dung kh sinh hc Qu trnh sinh Nghin cht ,phn loi Thc hin trong hc to ra protein ,ru cht thi rn bng th kh phng th nghim protein kt hp vi Qu trnh ln ng Nghin cht ,phn loi phng php thu men glocoz cht thi rn bng th kh phn 6. Sn xut kh sinh vt (Biogas): u im: Gim sc p v kh t t nhin Hn ch nn cht cy rng ly ci

Tn dng ngun phn gia sc gp phn lm sch mi trng mang li li ch v kinh t Hot ng ca h thng trong b sinh kh hn hp phn v nc b phn hu ym kh thnh kh metan di tc ng ln men ca vi khun. nhit trong b l 35oC vi khun s hot ng rt mnh v s sn sut c nhiu kh. Nhit cng thp th hoy ng sinh kh ca sinh vt cng gim ( n 10oC th hot ng ngng hn.Thi gian trung bnh cho vi khun hot ng ln men trong iu kin nhit i l 50 ngy) b hot ng tt cn m bo 1 s yu t sau: - Hng ngy np lng ohn nc theo t l hp l - m bo pH = 8 - Kim tra hot ng ca vi khun